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Ma Y, Jiang T, Zhu X, Xu Y, Wan K, Zhang T, Xie M. Efferocytosis in dendritic cells: an overlooked immunoregulatory process. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415573. [PMID: 38835772 PMCID: PMC11148234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the process of engulfing and removing apoptotic cells, plays an essential role in preserving tissue health and averting undue inflammation. While macrophages are primarily known for this task, dendritic cells (DCs) also play a significant role. This review delves into the unique contributions of various DC subsets to efferocytosis, highlighting the distinctions in how DCs and macrophages recognize and handle apoptotic cells. It further explores how efferocytosis influences DC maturation, thereby affecting immune tolerance. This underscores the pivotal role of DCs in orchestrating immune responses and sustaining immune equilibrium, providing new insights into their function in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangxing Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaorong Xie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Mann V, Sundaresan A, Shishodia S. Overnutrition and Lipotoxicity: Impaired Efferocytosis and Chronic Inflammation as Precursors to Multifaceted Disease Pathogenesis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:241. [PMID: 38666853 PMCID: PMC11048223 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Overnutrition, driven by the consumption of high-fat, high-sugar diets, has reached epidemic proportions and poses a significant global health challenge. Prolonged overnutrition leads to the deposition of excessive lipids in adipose and non-adipose tissues, a condition known as lipotoxicity. The intricate interplay between overnutrition-induced lipotoxicity and the immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to elucidate the consequences of impaired efferocytosis, caused by lipotoxicity-poisoned macrophages, leading to chronic inflammation and the subsequent development of severe infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic overnutrition promotes adipose tissue expansion which induces cellular stress and inflammatory responses, contributing to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, sustained exposure to lipotoxicity impairs the efferocytic capacity of macrophages, compromising their ability to efficiently engulf and remove dead cells. The unresolved chronic inflammation perpetuates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, exacerbating tissue damage and promoting the development of various diseases. The interaction between overnutrition, lipotoxicity, and impaired efferocytosis highlights a critical pathway through which chronic inflammation emerges, facilitating the development of severe infectious diseases, autoimmunity, cancer, and chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these intricate connections sheds light on potential therapeutic avenues to mitigate the detrimental effects of overnutrition and lipotoxicity on immune function and tissue homeostasis, thereby paving the way for novel interventions aimed at reducing the burden of these multifaceted diseases on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shishir Shishodia
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (V.M.); (A.S.)
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3
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Zhang M, Wei J, Sun Y, He C, Ma S, Pan X, Zhu X. The efferocytosis process in aging: Supporting evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects for age-related diseases. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00109-7. [PMID: 38499245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is characterized by an ongoing struggle between the buildup of damage caused by a combination of external and internal factors. Aging has different effects on phagocytes, including impaired efferocytosis. A deficiency in efferocytosis can cause chronic inflammation, aging, and several other clinical disorders. AIM OF REVIEW Our review underscores the possible feasibility and extensive scope of employing dual targets in various age-related diseases to reduce the occurrence and progression of age-related diseases, ultimately fostering healthy aging and increasing lifespan. Key scientific concepts of review Hence, the concurrent implementation of strategies aimed at augmenting efferocytic mechanisms and anti-aging treatments has the potential to serve as a potent intervention for extending the duration of a healthy lifespan. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the concept and physiological effects of efferocytosis. Subsequently, we investigated the association between efferocytosis and the hallmarks of aging. Finally, we discuss growing evidence regarding therapeutic interventions for age-related disorders, focusing on the physiological processes of aging and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Chang He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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4
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Yang Y, Hong Q, Zhang X, Liu Z. Rheumatoid arthritis and the intestinal microbiome: probiotics as a potential therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331486. [PMID: 38510244 PMCID: PMC10950920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by swollen joints, discomfort, stiffness, osteoporosis, and reduced functionality. Genetics, smoking, dust inhalation, high BMI, and hormonal and gut microbiota dysbiosis are all likely causes of the onset or development of RA, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Compared to healthy controls, patients with RA have a significantly different composition of gut microbiota. It is well known that the human gut microbiota plays a key role in the initiation, maintenance, and operation of the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has local or systematic adverse effects on the host immune system, resulting in host susceptibility to various diseases, including RA. Studies on the intestinal microbiota modulation and immunomodulatory properties of probiotics have been reported, in order to identify their potential possibility in prevention and disease activity control of RA. This review summarized current studies on the role and potential mechanisms of gut microbiota in the development and progression of RA, as well as the preventative and therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of probiotics on RA. Additionally, we proposed the challenges and difficulties in the application of probiotics in RA, providing the direction for the research and application of probiotics in the prevention of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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5
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Mohammad-Rafiei F, Negahdari S, Tahershamsi Z, Gheibihayat SM. Interface between Resolvins and Efferocytosis in Health and Disease. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:53-65. [PMID: 37794303 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation resolution acts as a vital process for active host response, tissue support, and homeostasis maintenance, during which resolvin D (RvD) and E (RvE) as mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids display specific and stereoselective anti-inflammations like restricting neutrophil infiltration and pro-resolving activities. On the other side of the coin, potent macrophage-mediated apoptotic cell clearance, namely efferocytosis, is essential for successful inflammation resolution. Further studies mentioned a linkage between efferocytosis and resolvins. For instance, resolvin D1 (RvD1), which is endogenously formed from docosahexaenoic acid within the inflammation resolution, thereby provoking efferocytosis. There is still limited information regarding the mechanism of action of RvD1-related efferocytosis enhancement at the molecular level. The current review article was conducted to explore recent data on how the efferocytosis process and resolvins relate to each other during the inflammation resolution in illness and health. Understanding different aspects of this connection sheds light on new curative approaches for medical conditions caused by defective efferocytosis and disrupted inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad-Rafiei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Samira Negahdari
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Tahershamsi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Munich, Germany.
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Xie XD, Dong SS, Liu RJ, Shi LL, Zhu T. Mechanism of Efferocytosis in Determining Ischaemic Stroke Resolution-Diving into Microglia/Macrophage Functions and Therapeutic Modality. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4. [PMID: 38409642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
After ischaemic cerebral vascular injury, efferocytosis-a process known as the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by various phagocytes in both physiological and pathological states-is crucial for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and regaining prognosis. The mechanisms of efferocytosis in ischaemic stroke and its influence on preventing inflammation progression from secondary injury were still not fully understood, despite the fact that the fundamental process of efferocytosis has been described in a series of phases, including AC recognition, phagocyte engulfment, and subsequent degradation. The genetic reprogramming of macrophages and brain-resident microglia after an ischaemic stroke has been equated by some researchers to that of the peripheral blood and brain. Based on previous studies, some molecules, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), CD300A, and sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), were discovered to be largely associated with aspects of apoptotic cell elimination and accompanying neuroinflammation, such as inflammatory cytokine release, phenotype transformation, and suppressing of antigen presentation. Exacerbated stroke outcomes are brought on by defective efferocytosis and improper modulation of pertinent signalling pathways in blood-borne macrophages and brain microglia, which also results in subsequent tissue inflammatory damage. This review focuses on recent researches which contain a number of recently discovered mechanisms, such as studies on the relationship between benign efferocytosis and the regulation of inflammation in ischaemic stroke, the roles of some risk factors in disease progression, and current immune approaches that aim to promote efferocytosis to treat some autoimmune diseases. Understanding these pathways provides insight into novel pathophysiological processes and fresh characteristics, which can be used to build cerebral ischaemia targeting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ru-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu-Liu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China.
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7
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Mohammad-Rafiei F, Moadab F, Mahmoudi A, Navashenaq JG, Gheibihayat SM. Efferocytosis: a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:370. [PMID: 37925389 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is characterized as the rapid and efficient process by which dying or dead cells are removed. This type of clearance is initiated via "find-me" signals, and then, carries on by "eat-me" and "don't-eat-me" ones. Efferocytosis has a critical role to play in tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. However, some evidence suggests it as a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. In other words, some pathogens have degraded efferocytosis by employing efferocytic mechanisms to bypass innate immune detection and promote infection, despite the function of this process for the control and clearance of pathogens. In this review, the efferocytosis mechanisms from the recognition of dying cells to phagocytic engulfment are initially presented, and then, its diverse roles in inflammation and immunity are highlighted. In this case, much focus is also laid on some bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), Influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Leishmania, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad-Rafiei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Zheng W, Zhou Z, Guo X, Zuo X, Zhang J, An Y, Zheng H, Yue Y, Wang G, Wang F. Efferocytosis and Respiratory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14871. [PMID: 37834319 PMCID: PMC10573909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are the smallest units that make up living organisms, which constantly undergo the processes of proliferation, differentiation, senescence and death. Dead cells need to be removed in time to maintain the homeostasis of the organism and keep it healthy. This process is called efferocytosis. If the process fails, this may cause different types of diseases. More and more evidence suggests that a faulty efferocytosis process is closely related to the pathological processes of respiratory diseases. In this review, we will first introduce the process and the related mechanisms of efferocytosis of the macrophage. Secondly, we will propose some methods that can regulate the function of efferocytosis at different stages of the process. Next, we will discuss the role of efferocytosis in different lung diseases and the related treatment approaches. Finally, we will summarize the drugs that have been applied in clinical practice that can act upon efferocytosis, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guoqiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
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Khalaji A, Yancheshmeh FB, Farham F, Khorram A, Sheshbolouki S, Zokaei M, Vatankhah F, Soleymani-Goloujeh M. Don't eat me/eat me signals as a novel strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20507. [PMID: 37822610 PMCID: PMC10562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stands as one of the prominent global causes of death, with its incidence burden continuously increasing, leading to a substantial rise in mortality rates. Cancer treatment has seen the development of various strategies, each carrying its drawbacks that can negatively impact the quality of life for cancer patients. The challenge remains significant within the medical field to establish a definitive cancer treatment that minimizes complications and limitations. In the forthcoming years, exploring new strategies to surmount the failures in cancer treatment appears to be an unavoidable pursuit. Among these strategies, immunology-based ones hold substantial promise in combatting cancer and immune-related disorders. A particular subset of this approach identifies "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in cancer cells, contrasting them with their counterparts in non-cancerous cells. This distinction could potentially mark a significant breakthrough in treating diverse cancers. By delving into signal transduction and engineering novel technologies that utilize distinct "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals, a valuable avenue may emerge for advancing cancer treatment methodologies. Macrophages, functioning as vital components of the immune system, regulate metabolic equilibrium, manage inflammatory disorders, oversee fibrosis, and aid in the repair of injuries. However, in the context of tumor cells, the overexpression of "Don't eat me" signals like CD47, PD-L1, and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), an anti-phagocytic subunit of the primary histocompatibility complex class I, enables these cells to evade macrophages and proliferate uncontrollably. Conversely, the presentation of an "eat me" signal, such as Phosphatidylserine (PS), along with alterations in charge and glycosylation patterns on the cellular surface, modifications in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) epitopes, and the exposure of Calreticulin and PS on the outer layer of the plasma membrane represent universally observed changes on the surface of apoptotic cells, preventing phagocytosis from causing harm to adjacent non-tumoral cells. The current review provides insight into how signaling pathways and immune cells either stimulate or obstruct these signals, aiming to address challenges that may arise in future immunotherapy research. A potential solution lies in combination therapies targeting the "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in conjunction with other targeted therapeutic approaches. This innovative strategy holds promise as a novel avenue for the future treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Khalaji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatereh Baharlouei Yancheshmeh
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Khorram
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shiva Sheshbolouki
- Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vatankhah
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soleymani-Goloujeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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The Interface of Tumour-Associated Macrophages with Dying Cancer Cells in Immuno-Oncology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233890. [PMID: 36497148 PMCID: PMC9741298 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are essential players in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and modulate various pro-tumorigenic functions such as immunosuppression, angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, along with resistance to anti-cancer therapies. TAMs also mediate important anti-tumour functions and can clear dying cancer cells via efferocytosis. Thus, not surprisingly, TAMs exhibit heterogeneous activities and functional plasticity depending on the type and context of cancer cell death that they are faced with. This ultimately governs both the pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic activity of TAMs, making the interface between TAMs and dying cancer cells very important for modulating cancer growth and the efficacy of chemo-radiotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the interface of TAMs with cancer cell death from the perspectives of cell death pathways, TME-driven variations, TAM heterogeneity and cell-death-inducing anti-cancer therapies. We believe that a better understanding of how dying cancer cells influence TAMs can lead to improved combinatorial anti-cancer therapies, especially in combination with TAM-targeting immunotherapies.
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11
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Belyaeva IV, Kosova AN, Vasiliev AG. Tuberculosis and Autoimmunity. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:298-318. [PMID: 35736650 PMCID: PMC9228380 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a common and dangerous chronic bacterial infection worldwide. It is long-established that pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases is mainly promoted by inadequate immune responses to bacterial agents, among them Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a multifaceted process having many different outcomes and complications. Autoimmunity is one of the processes characteristic of tuberculosis; the presence of autoantibodies was documented by a large amount of evidence. The role of autoantibodies in pathogenesis of tuberculosis is not quite clear and widely disputed. They are regarded as: (1) a result of imbalanced immune response being reactive in nature, (2) a critical part of TB pathogenicity, (3) a beginning of autoimmune disease, (4) a protective mechanism helping to eliminate microbes and infected cells, and (5) playing dual role, pathogenic and protective. There is no single autoimmunity-mechanism development in tuberculosis; different pathways may be suggested. It may be excessive cell death and insufficient clearance of dead cells, impaired autophagy, enhanced activation of macrophages and dendritic cells, environmental influences such as vitamin D insufficiency, and genetic polymorphism, both of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host.
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12
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Silberberg E, Filep JG, Ariel A. Weathering the Storm: Harnessing the Resolution of Inflammation to Limit COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863449. [PMID: 35615359 PMCID: PMC9124752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is a temporally and spatially coordinated process that in its innate manifestations, primarily involves neutrophils and macrophages. The shutdown of infection or injury-induced acute inflammation requires termination of neutrophil accumulation within the affected sites, neutrophil demise, and clearance by phagocytes (efferocytosis), such as tissue-resident and monocyte-derived macrophages. This must be followed by macrophage reprogramming from the inflammatory to reparative and consequently resolution-promoting phenotypes and the production of resolution-promoting lipid and protein mediators that limit responses in various cell types and promote tissue repair and return to homeostatic architecture and function. Recent studies suggest that these events, and macrophage reprogramming to pro-resolving phenotypes in particular, are not only important in the acute setting, but might be paramount in limiting chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and various uncontrolled cytokine-driven pathologies. The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a worldwide health and economic crisis. Severe COVID-19 cases that lead to high morbidity are tightly associated with an exuberant cytokine storm that seems to trigger shock-like pathologies, leading to vascular and multiorgan failures. In other cases, the cytokine storm can lead to diffuse alveolar damage that results in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and lung failure. Here, we address recent advances on effectors in the resolution of inflammation and discuss how pro-resolution mechanisms with particular emphasis on macrophage reprogramming, might be harnessed to limit the universal COVID-19 health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Silberberg
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - János G. Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Amiram Ariel, ; János G. Filep,
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Amiram Ariel, ; János G. Filep,
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13
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Design of Smart Nanomedicines for Effective Cancer Treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121791. [PMID: 35525473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a novel field of study that involves the use of nanomaterials to address challenges and issues that are associated with conventional therapeutics for cancer treatment including, but not limited to, low bioavailability, low water-solubility, narrow therapeutic window, nonspecific distribution, and multiple side effects of the drugs. Multiple strategies have been exploited to reduce the nonspecific distribution, and thus the side effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), including active and passive targeting strategies and externally controllable release of the therapeutic cargo. Site-specific release of the drug prevents it from impacting healthy cells, thereby significantly reducing side effects. API release triggers can be either externally applied, as in ultrasound-mediated activation, or induced by the tumor. To rationally design such nanomedicines, a thorough understanding of the differences between the tumor microenvironment versus that of healthy tissues must be pared with extensive knowledge of stimuli-responsive biomaterials. Herein, we describe the characteristics that differentiate tumor tissues from normal tissues. Then, we introduce smart materials that are commonly used for the development of smart nanomedicines to be triggered by stimuli such as changes in pH, temperature, and enzymatic activity. The most recent advances and their impact on the field of cancer therapy are further discussed.
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Muire PJ, Thompson MA, Christy RJ, Natesan S. Advances in Immunomodulation and Immune Engineering Approaches to Improve Healing of Extremity Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084074. [PMID: 35456892 PMCID: PMC9032453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed healing of traumatic wounds often stems from a dysregulated immune response initiated or exacerbated by existing comorbidities, multiple tissue injury or wound contamination. Over decades, approaches towards alleviating wound inflammation have been centered on interventions capable of a collective dampening of various inflammatory factors and/or cells. However, a progressive understanding of immune physiology has rendered deeper knowledge on the dynamic interplay of secreted factors and effector cells following an acute injury. There is a wide body of literature, both in vitro and in vivo, abstracted on the immunomodulatory approaches to control inflammation. Recently, targeted modulation of the immune response via biotechnological approaches and biomaterials has gained attention as a means to restore the pro-healing phenotype and promote tissue regeneration. In order to fully realize the potential of these approaches in traumatic wounds, a critical and nuanced understanding of the relationships between immune dysregulation and healing outcomes is needed. This review provides an insight on paradigm shift towards interventional approaches to control exacerbated immune response following a traumatic injury from an agonistic to a targeted path. We address such a need by (1) providing a targeted discussion of the wound healing processes to assist in the identification of novel therapeutic targets and (2) highlighting emerging technologies and interventions that utilize an immunoengineering-based approach. In addition, we have underscored the importance of immune engineering as an emerging tool to provide precision medicine as an option to modulate acute immune response following a traumatic injury. Finally, an overview is provided on how an intervention can follow through a successful clinical application and regulatory pathway following laboratory and animal model evaluation.
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15
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Wang J, Yu C, Zhuang J, Qi W, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wu H, Qi J, Zhao RC. The role of phosphatidylserine on the membrane in immunity and blood coagulation. Biomark Res 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35033201 PMCID: PMC8760663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively charged aminophospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), is located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells, and may be exposed to the outer leaflet under some immune and blood coagulation processes. Meanwhile, Ptdser exposed to apoptotic cells can be recognized and eliminated by various immune cells, whereas on the surface of activated platelets Ptdser interacts with coagulation factors prompting enhanced production of thrombin which significantly facilitates blood coagulation. In the case where PtdSer fails in exposure or mistakenly occurs, there are occurrences of certain immunological and haematological diseases, such as the Scott syndrome and Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, viruses (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV)) can invade host cells through binding the exposed PtdSer. Most recently, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been similarly linked to PtdSer or its receptors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively understand PtdSer and its functional characteristics. Therefore, this review summarizes Ptdser, its eversion mechanism; interaction mechanism, particularly with its immune receptors and coagulation factors; recognition sites; and its function in immune and blood processes. This review illustrates the potential aspects for the underlying pathogenic mechanism of PtdSer-related diseases, and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Changxin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junyi Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wanwei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yiyang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingxuan Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Centre of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy (BZ0381), Beijing, China.
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16
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Zhao J, Zhang W, Wu T, Wang H, Mao J, Liu J, Zhou Z, Lin X, Yan H, Wang Q. Efferocytosis in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:773344. [PMID: 34926460 PMCID: PMC8678611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.773344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and restoring homeostasis after injury. In most cases of physiological apoptotic cell death, efferocytosis prevents inflammation and other pathological conditions. When apoptotic cells are not effectively cleared, destruction of the integrity of the apoptotic cell membrane integrity, leakage of intracellular contents, and secondary necrosis may occur. Efferocytosis is the mechanism by which efferocytes quickly remove apoptotic cells from tissues before they undergo secondary necrosis. Cells with efferocytosis functions, mainly microglia, help to eliminate apoptotic cells from the CNS. Here, we discuss the impacts of efferocytosis on homeostasis, the mechanism of efferocytosis, the associations of efferocytosis failure and CNS diseases, and the current clinical applications of efferocytosis. We also identify efferocytosis as a novel potential target for exploring the causes and treatments of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Mao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huige Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Li X, Li Y, Xu A, Zhou D, Zhang B, Qi S, Chen Z, Wang X, Ou X, Cao B, Qu C, Huang J. Apoptosis-induced translocation of centromere protein F in its corresponding autoantibody production in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1992104. [PMID: 34676150 PMCID: PMC8525945 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1992104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigen have important value in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the mechanism of autoantibody production is poorly understood. We previously showed that autoantibodies against the centromere protein F (CENPF) may be useful as an early diagnostic marker for HCC. Here we explored the mechanism of cell apoptosis-based CENPF autoantibody production and verified the correlation of CENPF autoantibody level with HCC development. We demonstrated that CENPF was overexpressed and aberrantly localized throughout the nuclei and cytoplasm in human HCC cells compared with hepatic cells. CENPF overexpression promoted the production of CENPF autoantibodies in a manner that correlated with tumor growth of mouse HCC model. During apoptosis of HCC cells, CENPF protein translocated to apoptotic vesicles and relocalized at the cell surface. Through isolating apoptotic components, we found apoptotic body and blebs with lower CD31 and CD47 expression more effectively induced DC phagocytosis and maturation compared with apoptotic intact cells in vitro, and this DC response was independent of CENPF expression. Moreover, injection of mice with apoptotic bodies and blebs effectively induced an immune response and the production of CENPF-specific antibodies. Our findings provide a first elucidation of mechanisms underlying the CENPF autoantibody production via cell apoptosis-induced CENPF translocation, and demonstrate a direct correlation between CENPF autoantibody levels and HCC progression, suggesting the potential of CENPF autoantibody as an HCC diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anjian Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghu Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Saiping Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfeng Qu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Nduwumwami AJ, Hengst JA, Yun JK. Sphingosine kinase inhibition enhances dimerization of calreticulin at the cell surface in mitoxantrone-induced immunogenic cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:300-310. [PMID: 34158403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) alter the cellular localization of calreticulin (CRT) causing it to become cell surface exposed within the plasma membrane lipid raft microdomain (ectoCRT) where it serves as a damage associated molecular pattern that elicits an antitumor immune response. We have identified the sphingolipid metabolic pathway as an integral component of the process of ectoCRT exposure. Inhibition of the sphingosine kinases (SphKs) enhances mitoxantrone-induced production of hallmarks of ICD including ectoCRT production, with an absolute mean difference of 40 MFI (95% CI: 19 to 62; P=0.0014) and 1.3 fold increase of ATP secretion with an absolute mean difference of 87 RLU (95% CI: 55 to 120; P<0.0001). Mechanistically, sphingosine kinase inhibition increases mitoxantrone-induced accumulation of ceramide species including C16:0 ceramide 2.8 fold with an absolute mean difference of 1.390 pmoles/nmoles Pi (95% CI: 0.798 to 1.983; P=0.0023). We further examined the localization of ectoCRT to the lipid raft microdomain and demonstrate that ectoCRT forms disulfide bridged dimers. Together, our findings suggest that ceramide accumulation impinges on the homeostatic function of the endoplasmic reticulum to induce ectoCRT exposure and that structural alterations of ectoCRT may underlie its immunogenicity. Our findings further suggest that inhibition of the SphKs may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic immunogenic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents while reducing overt toxicity/immunosuppressive effects by allowing for the modification of dosing regimens or directly lowering the dosages of ICD-inducing agents employed in therapeutic regimens. Significance Statement This study demonstrates that inhibition of sphingosine kinase enhances the mitoxantrone-induced cell surface exposure of a dimeric form of the normally endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone calreticulin as part of the process of a unique form of regulated cell death termed immunogenic cell death. Importantly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of immunogenic cell death-inducing agents, such as mitoxantrone, while reducing their overt toxicity and immunosuppressive effects leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asvelt J Nduwumwami
- Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jeremy A Hengst
- Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jong K Yun
- Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
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19
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Mike JK, Ferriero DM. Efferocytosis Mediated Modulation of Injury after Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:1025. [PMID: 33925299 PMCID: PMC8146813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of morbidity and long-term disabilities in children. While we have made significant progress in describing HI mechanisms, the limited therapies currently offered for HI treatment in the clinical setting stress the importance of discovering new targetable pathways. Efferocytosis is an immunoregulatory and homeostatic process of clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) and cellular debris, best described in the brain during neurodevelopment. The therapeutic potential of stimulating defective efferocytosis has been recognized in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will explore the involvement of efferocytosis after a stroke and HI as a promising target for new HI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krystofova Mike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Donna Marie Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Neurology Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Ou YH, Liang J, Czarny B, Wacker MG, Yu V, Wang JW, Pastorin G. Extracellular Vesicle (EV) biohybrid systems for cancer therapy: Recent advances and future perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:45-61. [PMID: 33609664 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of cell-derived lipid-bilayer membrane vesicles secreted by almost all mammalian cells and involved in intercellular communication by shuttling various biological cargoes. Over the last decade, EVs - namely exosomes and microvesicles - have been extensively explored as next-generation nanoscale drug delivery systems (DDSs). This is in large due to their endogenous origin, which enables EVs to circumvent some of the limitations associated with existing cancer therapy approaches (i.e. by preventing recognition by the immune system and improving selectivity towards tumor tissue). However, successful translation of these cell-derived vesicles into clinical applications has been hindered by several factors, among which the loading of exogenous therapeutic molecules still represents a great challenge. In order to address this issue and to further advance these biologically-derived systems as drug carriers, EV-biohybrid nano-DDSs, obtained through the fusion of EVs with conventional synthetic nano-DDSs, have recently been proposed as a valuable alternative as DDSs. Building on the idea of "combining the best of both worlds", a combination of these two unique entities aims to harness the beneficial properties associated with both EVs and conventional nano-DDSs, while overcoming the flaws of the individual components. These biohybrid systems also provide a unique opportunity for exploitation of new synergisms, often leading to improved therapeutic outcomes, thus paving the way for advancements in cancer therapy. This review aims to describe the recent developments of EV-biohybrid nano-DDSs in cancer therapy, to highlight the most promising results and breakthroughs, as well as to provide a glimpse on the possible intrinsic targeting mechanisms of EVs that can be bequeathed to their hybrid systems. Finally, we also provide some insights in the future perspectives of EV-hybrid DDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Victor Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Herrmann D, Seitz G, Fuchs J, Armeanu-Ebinger S. Susceptibility of rhabdomyosarcoma cells to macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:279-286. [PMID: 22737603 PMCID: PMC3382875 DOI: 10.4161/onci.18612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of advanced stage rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is still sobering. In recent years, outcome has not been further improved by conventional therapy. Therefore, novel treatment options such as macrophage-directed immunotherapy have to be investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze the phagocytosis of RMS cells by macrophages and to modulate the susceptibility using monoclonal antibodies and cytotoxic drugs. Expression of the macrophage activating ligand calreticulin and CD47, the counterpart of the inhibitory receptor SIRPα, was analyzed with Affymetrix mRNA expression arrays and immunohistochemistry on 11 primary RMS samples. Results were verified in two RMS cell lines using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Macrophage cytotoxic activity was quantified by a MTT colorimetric assay in co-culture experiments of RMS cells with monocyte-derived, GM-CSF stimulated macrophages. Gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed a high expression of CD47 and calreticulin in alveolar and embryonal RMS tissue specimens. Extracellular expression of CD47 on RMS cell lines was confirmed by flow cytometry, whereas calreticulin was exclusively detected in the endoplasmatic reticulum. After co-culturing of RMS cells with macrophages, viability dropped to 50-60%. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was not influenced by a blocking antibody against CD47. However, susceptibility was significantly enhanced after pre-treatment of RMS cells with the anthracycline drug doxorubicin. Furthermore, translocation of calreticulin onto the cell surface was detected by flow cytometry. The immunologic effect of doxorubicin may improve the efficacy of adoptive cellular immunotherapy and chemotherapy of childhood RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Herrmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology; University Children's Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Li M, Liao L, Tian W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573511. [PMID: 33134295 PMCID: PMC7561711 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal and continuous event during tissue development, restoration, repair, and regeneration. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that apoptosis is essential for the activation of tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A striking development in recent years comes from research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, cells secrete vesicles of various sizes containing various components. Apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) have been found to transit to neighboring cells or cells in distant tissues through the circulation. These vesicles could act as containers to transmit the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid signals to target cells. ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, muscle, kidney, etc. Moreover, several specific signaling pathways mediating the anabolic effects of ApoEVs have been classified. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest findings on the function of ApoEVs in tissue regeneration and disease prevention. These findings may reveal unexpected clues regarding the regulatory network between cell death and tissue regeneration and suggest novel targets for regenerative medicine. The findings discussed here also raise the question whether and to what extent ApoEVs contribute to embryonic development. This question is all the more urgent because the exact functions of apoptotic events during numerous developmental processes are still largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Nagata S, Segawa K. Sensing and clearance of apoptotic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 68:1-8. [PMID: 32853880 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages specifically engulf apoptotic cells but not healthy cells. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is localized at the inner leaflet of plasma membranes as a result of the action of flippases (ATP11A and 11C). When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase 3 cleaves and inactivates the flippases, while simultaneously cleaving XKR8 to activate its phospholipid scramblase activity. PtdSer is thus swiftly and irreversibly exposed to the cell surface as an 'eat me' signal. Tissue resident macrophages recognize the apoptotic cells using a PtdSer-receptor TIM4 and engulf them with TAM tyrosine-kinase receptors, and integrins. The PtdSer 'eat me' signal appears to override 'don't eat me' signals in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Kárpáti É, Papp A, Schneider AE, Hajnal D, Cserhalmi M, Csincsi ÁI, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. Interaction of the Factor H Family Proteins FHR-1 and FHR-5 With DNA and Dead Cells: Implications for the Regulation of Complement Activation and Opsonization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32765490 PMCID: PMC7378360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement plays an essential role in the opsonophagocytic clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells. Dysregulation of this process may lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Factor H (FH), a major soluble complement inhibitor, binds to dead cells and inhibits excessive complement activation on their surface, preventing lysis, and the release of intracellular material, including DNA. The FH-related (FHR) proteins share common ligands with FH, due to their homology with this complement regulator, but they lack the domains that mediate the complement inhibitory activity of FH. Because their roles in complement regulation is controversial and incompletely understood, we studied the interaction of FHR-1 and FHR-5 with DNA and dead cells and investigated whether they influence the regulatory role of FH and the complement activation on DNA and dead cells. FH, FHR-1, and FHR-5 bound to both plasmid DNA and human genomic DNA, where both FHR proteins inhibited FH-DNA interaction. The FH cofactor activity was inhibited by FHR-1 and FHR-5 due to the reduced binding of FH to DNA in the presence of the FHRs. Both FHRs caused increased complement activation on DNA. FHR-1 and FHR-5 bound to late apoptotic and necrotic cells and recruited monomeric C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3, and vice versa. Interactions of the FHRs with pentraxins resulted in enhanced activation of both the classical and the alternative complement pathways on dead cells when exposed to human serum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that FHR-1 and FHR-5 are competitive inhibitors of FH on DNA; moreover, FHR-pentraxin interactions promote opsonization of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Schneider
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Hajnal
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Cserhalmi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Csincsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Naeini MB, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. The role of phosphatidylserine recognition receptors in multiple biological functions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:23. [PMID: 32226456 PMCID: PMC7098104 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed and degraded by phagocytes through efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is a highly regulated process. It is triggered upon the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis, which in turn promotes the expression of "eat me" signals on the surface of dying cells and the release of soluble "find me" signals for the recruitment of phagocytes. To date, many "eat me" signals have been recognized, including phosphatidylserine (PS), intercellular adhesion molecule-3, carbohydrates (e.g., amino sugars, mannose) and calreticulin. Among them, PS is the most studied one. PS recognition receptors are different functionally active receptors expressed by phagocytes. Various PS recognition receptors with different structure, cell type expression, and ability to bind to PS have been recognized. Although PS recognition receptors do not fall into a single classification or family of proteins due to their structural differences, they all share the common ability to activate downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In this review, available evidence regarding molecular mechanisms underlying PS recognition receptor-regulated clearance of apoptotic cells is discussed. In addition, some efferocytosis-independent biological functions of PS recognition receptors are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Bemani Naeini
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran
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Phosphatidylserine recognition and Rac1 activation are required for Müller glia proliferation, gliosis and phagocytosis after retinal injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1488. [PMID: 32001733 PMCID: PMC6992786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia, the principal glial cell type in the retina, have the potential to reenter the cell cycle after retinal injury. In mammals, proliferation of Müller glia is followed by gliosis, but not regeneration of neurons. Retinal injury is also accompanied by phagocytic removal of degenerated cells. We here investigated the possibility that proliferation and gliosis of Müller glia and phagocytosis of degenerated cells may be regulated by the same molecular pathways. After N-methyl-N–nitrosourea-induced retinal injury, degenerated photoreceptors were eliminated prior to the infiltration of microglia/macrophages into the outer nuclear layer, almost in parallel with cell cycle reentry of Müller glia. Inhibition of microglia/macrophage activation with minocycline did not affect the photoreceptor clearance. Accumulation of lysosomes and rhodopsin-positive photoreceptor debris within the cytoplasm of Müller glia indicated that Müller glia phagocytosed most photoreceptor debris. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylserine and Rac1, key regulators of the phagocytic pathway, prevented cell cycle reentry, migration, upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein, and phagocytic activity of Müller glia. These data provide evidence that phosphatidylserine and Rac1 may contribute to the crosstalk between different signaling pathways activated in Müller glia after injury.
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Leonel ECR, Campos SGP, Bedolo CMB, Guerra LHA, Vilamaior PSL, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Amorim CA, Taboga SR. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A impacts in the mammary gland morphology of adult Mongolian gerbils. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104374. [PMID: 31917966 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptive effects caused by bisphenol A (BPA) are well known. Despite this, to date, evaluation of its long term effects is limited, meaning that there is still much to be unveiled in terms of alterations caused by perinatal exposure to BPA. Our aim was to determine if perinatal exposure to two different doses of BPA causes long term morphological and molecular alteration effects in the mammary gland (MG). We evaluated MG from Mongolian gerbil offspring exposed perinatally (during gestation and lactation) to 50 or 5000 μg/kg/day BPA. At 90 days of age the animals were subjected to a single dose of N-nitroso-N-methylurea in order to mimic a carcinogenic environment. At 6 months of age, animals in estrous were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the MGs. The MG architecture presented considerable changes in terms of detached epithelial cells, inflammation, glandular hyperplasia, and collagen fiber deposition. Furthermore, a higher index of epithelial cell proliferation was detected in comparison to the intact control group. In addition, we verified a higher molecular expression of EZH2 in the vehicle treated group, indicating that corn oil applied alone can alter the expression of this epigenetic biomarker. In conclusion, BPA perinatal exposure promotes significant changes in glandular cytoarchitecture and increases glandular epithelium proliferation rate, leading to the retention of stem-like properties. This event could compromise the fate and differentiation potential of mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Federal University of São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Baraldi Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiani Andrade Amorim
- Laboratory of Gynecology, Institute of Experimental and Clinique Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Macrophage-targeted, enzyme-triggered fluorescence switch-on system for detection of embolism-vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. J Control Release 2019; 302:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Staphylococcal Superantigens: Pyrogenic Toxins Induce Toxic Shock. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030178. [PMID: 30909619 PMCID: PMC6468478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are potent activators of the immune system. These protein toxins bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCRs), resulting in the activation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. The bridging of TCRs with MHC class II molecules by superantigens triggers an early “cytokine storm” and massive polyclonal T-cell proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 elicit fever, inflammation, multiple organ injury, hypotension, and lethal shock. Upon MHC/TCR ligation, superantigens induce signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, which results in NFκB activation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In addition, gene profiling studies have revealed the essential roles of innate antimicrobial defense genes in the pathogenesis of SEB. The genes expressed in a murine model of SEB-induced shock include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial stress responses, immunoproteasome components, and IFN-stimulated genes. This review focuses on the signaling pathways induced by superantigens that lead to the activation of inflammation and damage response genes. The induction of these damage response genes provides evidence that SEB induces danger signals in host cells, resulting in multiorgan injury and toxic shock. Therapeutics targeting both host inflammatory and cell death pathways can potentially mitigate the toxic effects of staphylococcal superantigens.
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Effect of soluble cleavage products of important receptors/ligands on efferocytosis: Their role in inflammatory, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:43-57. [PMID: 30639340 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), is a physiologic, multifaceted and dynamic process and a fundamental mechanism for the preservation of tissue homeostasis by avoiding unwanted inflammation and autoimmune responses through special phagocytic receptors. Defective efferocytosis is associated with several disease states, including cardiovascular disease and impaired immune surveillance, as occurs in cancer and autoimmune disease. A major cause of defective efferocytosis is non-functionality of surface receptors on either the phagocytic cells or the ACs, such as TAM family tyrosine kinase, which turns to a soluble form by cleavage/shedding or alternative splicing. Recently, soluble forms have featured prominently as potential biomarkers, indicative of prognosis and enabling targeted therapy using several commonly employed drugs and inhibitors, such as bleomycin, dexamethasone, statins and some matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors such as TAPI-1 and BB3103. Importantly, to design drug carriers with enhanced circulatory durability, the adaptation of soluble forms of physiological receptors/ligands has been purported. Research has shown that soluble forms are more effective than antibody forms in enabling targeted treatment of certain conditions, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we sought to summarize the current knowledge of these soluble products, how they are generated, their interactions, roles, and their potential use as biomarkers in prognosis and treatment related to inflammatory, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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31
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Apoptosis and apoptotic body: disease message and therapeutic target potentials. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180992. [PMID: 30530866 PMCID: PMC6340950 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is widely known as programmed cell death eliciting no inflammatory responses. The intricacy of apoptosis has been a focus of an array of researches, accumulating a wealth of knowledge which led to not only a better understanding of the fundamental process, but also potent therapies of diseases. The classic intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways of apoptosis, along with regulatory factors have been well delineated. Drugs and therapeutic measures designed based on current understanding of apoptosis have long been employed. Small-molecule apoptosis inducers have been clinically used for eliminating morbid cells and therefore treating diseases, such as cancer. Biologics with improved apoptotic efficacy and selectivity, such as recombinant proteins and antibodies, are being extensively researched and some have been approved by the FDA. Apoptosis also produces membrane-bound vesicles derived from disassembly of apoptotic cells, now known as apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). These little sealed sacs containing information as well as substances from dying cells were previously regarded as garbage bags until they were discovered to be capable of delivering useful materials to healthy recipient cells (e.g., autoantigens). In this review, current understandings and knowledge of apoptosis were summarized and discussed with a focus on apoptosis-related therapeutic applications and ApoBDs.
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32
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Inflammasomes, Autophagy, and Cell Death: The Trinity of Innate Host Defense against Intracellular Bacteria. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2471215. [PMID: 30728749 PMCID: PMC6341260 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2471215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is an innate host defense mechanism initiated upon sensing pathogens or danger in the cytosol. Both autophagy and cell death are cell autonomous processes important in development, as well as in host defense against intracellular bacteria. Inflammasome, autophagy, and cell death pathways can be activated by pathogens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), cell stress, and host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Phagocytosis and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), type I IFN, NFκB activation of proinflammatory cytokines, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. ROS and IFNγ are also prominent inducers of autophagy. Pathogens, PAMPs, and DAMPs activate TLRs and intracellular inflammasomes, inducing apoptotic and inflammatory caspases in a context-dependent manner to promote various forms of cell death to eliminate pathogens. Common downstream signaling molecules of inflammasomes, autophagy, and cell death pathways interact to initiate appropriate measures against pathogens and determine host survival as well as pathological consequences of infection. The integration of inflammasome activation, autophagy, and cell death is central to pathogen clearance. Various pathogens produce virulence factors to control inflammasomes, subvert autophagy, and modulate host cell death in order to evade host defense. This review highlights the interaction of inflammasomes, autophagy, and host cell death pathways in counteracting Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. Contrasting evasion strategies used by B. pseudomallei, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Legionella pneumophila to avoid and dampen these innate immune responses will be discussed.
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Lai Y, Xu X, Zhu Z, Hua Z. Highly efficient siRNA transfection in macrophages using apoptotic body-mimic Ca-PS lipopolyplex. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6603-6623. [PMID: 30425477 PMCID: PMC6205523 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s176991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery and development of RNA interference has made a tremendous contribution to the biochemical and biomedical field. However, liposomal transfection protocols to deliver siRNAs to certain types of cells, eg, immune cells, are not viable due to exceedingly low transfection efficiency. While viral delivery and electroporation are two widely adopted approaches to transfect immune cells, they are associated with certain drawbacks such as complexity of preparation, biosafety issues, and high cytotoxicity. We believe amendments can be made to liposomal formulas and protocols to achieve a highly efficient knockdown of genes by liposome-loaded siRNAs. Aim The aim of this study was to use the apoptotic-mimic Ca-PS lipopolyplex to achieve highly efficient siRNA knockdown of genes in the hard-to-transfect macrophages with reduced cytotoxicity and more efficient cellular uptake. Results We devised an anionic liposomal formula containing phosphatidylserine to mimic the apoptotic body, the Ca-PS lipopolyplex. Ca-PS lipopolyplex was proven to be capable of delivering and effecting efficient gene knockdown in multiple cell lines at lowered cytotoxicity. Among the two types of macrophages, namely Ana-1 and bone-marrow derived macrophages, Ca-PS lipopolyplex showed an improvement in knockdown efficiency, as high as 157%, over Lipo2000. Further investigations revealed that Ca-PS promotes increased cellular uptake, lysosomal escape and localization of siRNAs to the perinuclear regions in macrophages. Lastly, transfection by Ca-PS lipopolyplex did not induce spontaneous polarization of macrophages. Conclusion The apoptotic body-mimic Ca-PS lipopolyplex is a stable, non-cytotoxic liposomal delivery system for siRNAs featuring vastly improved potency for macrophages and lowered cytotoxicity. It is speculated that Ca-PS lipopolyplex can be applied to other immune cells such as T cells and DC cells, but further research efforts are required to explore its promising potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Lai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China,
| | - Xuebo Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China,
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China,
| | - Zichun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China, .,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, China,
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34
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Heckmann BL, Tummers B, Green DR. Crashing the computer: apoptosis vs. necroptosis in neuroinflammation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:41-52. [PMID: 30341422 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays critical roles in development, homeostasis, and both control and progression of a plethora of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative pathologies. Besides classical apoptosis, several different forms of PCD have now been recognized, including necroptosis. The way a cell dies determines the reaction of the surrounding environment, and immune activation in response to cell death proceeds in a manner dependent on which death pathways are activated. Apoptosis and necroptosis are major mechanisms of cell death that typically result in opposing immune responses. Apoptotic death usually leads to immunologically silent responses whereas necroptotic death releases molecules that promote inflammation, a process referred to as necroinflammation. Diseases of the nervous system, in particular neurodegenerative diseases, are characterized by neuronal death and progressive neuroinflammation. The mechanisms of neuronal death are not well defined and significant cross-talk between pathways has been suggested. Moreover, it has been proposed that the dying of neurons is a catalyst for activating immune cells in the brain and sustaining inflammatory output. In the current review we discuss the effects of apoptotis and necroptosis on inflammatory immune activation, and evaluate the roles of each cell death pathway in a variety of pathologies with specific focus on neurodegeneration. A putative model is proposed for the regulation of neuronal death and neuroinflammation that features a role for both the apoptotic and necroptotic pathways in disease establishment and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Krakauer T. Living dangerously: Burkholderia pseudomallei modulates phagocyte cell death to survive. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:64-69. [PMID: 30396496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, B. pseudomallei produces virulence factors to evade innate host response and survive within host cells. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that play critical roles in host defense against pathogens by their ability to detect and eliminate microbes. Host defense processes against B. pseudomallei including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, autophagy, apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokine release are all initiated by these two phagocytes in the fight against this bacterium. In vitro studies with mouse macrophage cell lines revealed multiple evasion strategies used by B. pseudomallei to counteract these innate processes. B. pseudomallei invades and replicates in neutrophils but little is known regarding its evasion mechanisms. The bidirectional interaction of neutrophils and macrophages in controlling B. pseudomallei infection has also been overlooked. Here the hypothesis that B. pseudomallei hijacks neutrophils and uses them to transport and infect new phagocytes is proposed as an evasion strategy to survive and persist in host phagocytes. This two-pronged approach by B. pseudomallei to replicate in two different types of phagocytes and to modulate their cell death modes is effective in promoting persistence and survival of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, United States.
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36
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Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Kovanen PT, Sahebkar A. Efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions: Malfunctioning regulatory pathways and control mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Borisevich SV, Stovba LF, Paveliev DI. POXVIRUS DISEASE OF SQUIRRELS (POXVIRIDAE, CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, SQPV - SQUIRREL POXVIRUS). Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:53-57. [PMID: 36494921 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-2-53-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new taxon of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae that may represent a new genus of smallpox viruses is considered in this review. The distribution of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) throughout the UK during the 20th century and the decrease in the population of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) is one of the most well-documented cases of ecological change of local fauna by the introduced species. The tendency to expand the distribution of the smallpox virus from Great Britain to the Western part of Europe has been noted. The genetic peculiarities of the genome of the poxvirus of squirrels, which determine its biological properties, as well as evolutionary relationships with other poxviruses, are separately described. Determination of the size of the genome by restriction analysis, sequencing of the whole genome, determination of the content of G/C nucleotide pairs, and functional mapping of the majority of genes made it possible to construct a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this is a new representative of the subfamily Chordоpoxvirinae located between the viruses of the molluscum contagiosum and parapoxviruses. Serological and molecular biological methods are used to reveal and identify the causative agent of smallpox. The use of electron microscopy is limited in grey squirrels, due to the absence of organ damage and reproduction of the virus. Identification of the DNA of the causative agent of poxvirus of squirrels based on the use of different types of polymerase chain reaction (nested and in real time) overcomes all these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L F Stovba
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute
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38
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Gholamin S, Mitra SS, Feroze AH, Liu J, Kahn SA, Zhang M, Esparza R, Richard C, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Volkmer AK, Willingham S, Ponnuswami A, McCarty A, Lovelace P, Storm TA, Schubert S, Hutter G, Narayanan C, Chu P, Raabe EH, Harsh G, Taylor MD, Monje M, Cho YJ, Majeti R, Volkmer JP, Fisher PG, Grant G, Steinberg GK, Vogel H, Edwards M, Weissman IL, Cheshier SH. Disrupting the CD47-SIRPα anti-phagocytic axis by a humanized anti-CD47 antibody is an efficacious treatment for malignant pediatric brain tumors. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/381/eaaf2968. [PMID: 28298418 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric malignant primary brain tumors remain high in the absence of effective therapies. Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells via blockade of the anti-phagocytic CD47-SIRPα interaction using anti-CD47 antibodies has shown promise in preclinical xenografts of various human malignancies. We demonstrate the effect of a humanized anti-CD47 antibody, Hu5F9-G4, on five aggressive and etiologically distinct pediatric brain tumors: group 3 medulloblastoma (primary and metastatic), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pediatric glioblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Hu5F9-G4 demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models. Intraventricular administration of Hu5F9-G4 further enhanced its activity against disseminated medulloblastoma leptomeningeal disease. Notably, Hu5F9-G4 showed minimal activity against normal human neural cells in vitro and in vivo, a phenomenon reiterated in an immunocompetent allograft glioma model. Thus, Hu5F9-G4 is a potentially safe and effective therapeutic agent for managing multiple pediatric central nervous system malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Siddhartha S Mitra
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abdullah H Feroze
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suzana A Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rogelio Esparza
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chase Richard
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne K Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephen Willingham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anitha Ponnuswami
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron McCarty
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patricia Lovelace
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theresa A Storm
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simone Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cyndhavi Narayanan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Griffith Harsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michelle Monje
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Pediatrics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97231, USA
| | - Ravi Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jens P Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Maniyar N, Sharma NK, Patil S. Carcinogenesis-relevant biological events in the pathophysiology of the efferocytosis phenomenon. Oncol Rev 2017; 11:343. [PMID: 29285321 PMCID: PMC5733395 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2017.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective removal of cells undergoing programmed cell death, which is referred to as efferocytosis, prevents the leakage of intracellular contents into the surrounding tissue, which could lead to tissue damage and inflammation. Efferocytosis involves a coordinated orchestration of multiple steps that lead to a swift, coherent and immunologically silent removal of dying cells. The release of wound healing cytokines, which resolve inflammation and enhance tissue repair, is an important feature of efferocytosis. However, in addition to the healing cytokines released during efferocytosis, the immunosuppressive action of cytokines promotes the tumor microenvironment, enhances the motility of cancer cells and promotes the evasion of antitumor immunity. The aim of the present review was to comprehensively discuss the efferocytosis phenomenon, the important players associated with this process and their role in cancer-related biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Sachin Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikunj Maniyar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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40
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Barth ND, Marwick JA, Vendrell M, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. The "Phagocytic Synapse" and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1708. [PMID: 29255465 PMCID: PMC5723006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and subsequent phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is important for embryonic development, maintenance of tissues that require regular cellular renewal and innate immunity. The timely removal of apoptotic cells prevents progression to secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents, preventing cellular stress and inflammation. In addition, altered phagocyte behavior following apoptotic cell contact and phagocytosis engages an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which impacts upon development and progression of inflammatory and immune responses. Defective apoptotic cell clearance underlies the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is considerable functional redundancy in the receptors that mediate apoptotic cell clearance, highlighting the importance of this process in diverse physiological processes. A single phagocyte may utilize multiple receptor pathways for the efficient capture of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (tethering) and the subsequent initiation of signaling events necessary for internalization. In this review, we will consider the surface alterations and molecular opsonization events associated with apoptosis that may represent a tunable signal that confers distinct intracellular signaling events and hence specific phagocyte responses in a context-dependent manner. Efficient molecular communication between phagocytes and apoptotic targets may require cooperative receptor utilization and the establishment of efferocytic synapse, which acts to stabilize adhesive interactions and facilitate the organization of signaling platforms that are necessary for controlling phagocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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41
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Jung M, Weigert A, Mertens C, Rehwald C, Brüne B. Iron Handling in Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Is There a New Role for Lipocalin-2? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1171. [PMID: 28979267 PMCID: PMC5611490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process. Besides somatic mutations in tumor cells, stroma-associated immunity is a major regulator of tumor growth. Tumor cells produce and secrete diverse mediators to create a local microenvironment that supports their own survival and growth. It is becoming apparent that iron acquisition, storage, and release in tumor cells is different from healthy counterparts. It is also appreciated that macrophages in the tumor microenvironment acquire a tumor-supportive, anti-inflammatory phenotype that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Apparently, this behavior is attributed, at least in part, to the ability of macrophages to support tumor cells with iron. Polarization of macrophages by apoptotic tumor cells shifts the profile of genes involved in iron metabolism from an iron sequestering to an iron-release phenotype. Iron release from macrophages is supposed to be facilitated by ferroportin. However, lipid mediators such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, released form apoptotic tumor cells, upregulate lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) in macrophages. This protein is known to bind siderophore-complexed iron and thus, may participate in iron transport in the tumor microenvironment. We describe how macrophages handle iron in the tumor microenvironment, discuss the relevance of an iron-release macrophage phenotype for tumor progression, and propose a new role for Lcn-2 in tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty 15, Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Rehwald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, IME, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Killing Is Not Enough: How Apoptosis Hijacks Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Promote Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 930:205-39. [PMID: 27558823 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a group of heterogeneous cells of the innate immune system that are crucial to the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation. Moreover, they control tissue homeostasis in healthy tissue and command a broad sensory arsenal to detect disturbances in tissue integrity. Macrophages possess a remarkable functional plasticity to respond to irregularities and to initiate programs that allow overcoming them in order to return back to normal. Thus, macrophages kill malignant or transformed cells, rearrange extracellular matrix, take up and recycle cellular as well as molecular debris, initiate cellular growth cascades, and favor directed migration of cells. As an example, apoptotic death of bystander cells is sensed by macrophages, initiating functional responses that support all hallmarks of cancer. In this chapter, we describe how tumor cell apoptosis hijacks tumor-associated macrophages to promote tumor growth. We propose that tumor therapy should not only kill malignant cells but also target the interaction of the host with apoptotic cancer cells, as this might be efficient to limit the protumor action of apoptotic cells and boost the antitumor potential of macrophages. Leaving the apoptotic cell/macrophage interaction untouched might also limit the benefit of conventional tumor cell apoptosis-focused therapy since surviving tumor cells might receive overwhelming support by the wound healing response that apoptotic tumor cells will trigger in local macrophages, thereby enhancing tumor recurrence.
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Abstract
Given the dual and intrinsically contradictory roles of myeloid cells in both protective and yet also damaging effects of inflammatory and immunological processes, we suggest that it is important to consider the mechanisms and circumstances by which these cells are removed, either in the normal unchallenged state or during inflammation or disease. In this essay we address these subjects from a conceptual perspective, focusing as examples on four main myeloid cell types (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells) and their clearance from the circulation or from naive and inflamed tissues. While the primary clearance process appears to involve endocytic uptake into macrophages, various tissue cell types can also recognize and remove dying cells, though their overall quantitative contribution is unclear. In fact, surprisingly, given the wealth of study in this area over the last 30 years, our conclusion is that we are still challenged with a substantial lack of mechanistic and regulatory understanding of when, how, and by what mechanisms migratory myeloid cells come to die and are recognized as needing to be removed, and indeed the precise processes of uptake of either the intact or fragmented cells. This reflects the extreme complexity and inherent redundancy of the clearance processes and argues for substantial investigative effort in this arena. In addition, it leads us to a sense that approaches to significant therapeutic modulation of selective myeloid clearance are still a long way off.
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44
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Abstract
In metazoans, removal of cells in situ is involved in larval maturation, metamorphosis, and embryonic development. In adults, such cell removal plays a role in the homeostatic maintenance of cell numbers and tissue integrity as well as in the response to cell injury and damage. This removal involves uptake of the whole or fragmented target cells into phagocytes. Depending on the organism, these latter may be near-neighbor tissue cells and/or professional phagocytes such as, in vertebrates, members of the myeloid family of cells, especially macrophages. The uptake processes appear to involve specialized and highly conserved recognition ligands and receptors, intracellular signaling in the phagocytes, and mechanisms for ingestion. The recognition of cells destined for this form of removal is critical and, significantly, is distinguished for the most part from the recognition of foreign materials and organisms by the innate and adaptive immune systems. In keeping with the key role of cell removal in maintaining tissue homeostasis, constant cell removal is normally silent, i.e., does not initiate a local tissue reaction. This article discusses these complex and wide-ranging processes in general terms as well as the implications when these processes are disrupted in inflammation, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, and Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206;
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45
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Karaji N, Sattentau QJ. Efferocytosis of Pathogen-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1863. [PMID: 29312342 PMCID: PMC5743670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prompt and efficient clearance of unwanted and abnormal cells by phagocytes is termed efferocytosis and is crucial for organism development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and regulation of the immune system. Dying cells are recognized by phagocytes through pathways initiated via "find me" signals, recognition via "eat me" signals and down-modulation of regulatory "don't eat me" signals. Pathogen infection may trigger cell death that drives phagocytic clearance in an immunologically silent, or pro-inflammatory manner, depending on the mode of cell death. In many cases, efferocytosis is a mechanism for eliminating pathogens and pathogen-infected cells; however, some pathogens have subverted this process and use efferocytic mechanisms to avoid innate immune detection and assist phagocyte infection. In parallel, phagocytes can integrate signals received from infected dying cells to elicit the most appropriate effector response against the infecting pathogen. This review focuses on pathogen-induced cell death signals that drive infected cell recognition and uptake by phagocytes, and the outcomes for the infected target cell, the phagocyte, the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Karaji
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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46
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Gonzalez L, Trigatti BL. Macrophage Apoptosis and Necrotic Core Development in Atherosclerosis: A Rapidly Advancing Field with Clinical Relevance to Imaging and Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 33:303-312. [PMID: 28232016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent 1 of the main causes of death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is 1 of the major contributors leading to ischemic heart disease. Macrophages actively participate in all stages of atherosclerosis development, from plaque initiation to the transition to vulnerable plaques. Macrophage apoptosis, in particular, has been recognized as a critical step in the formation of the necrotic core, a key characteristic of unstable lesions. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophage apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis in the development of atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their contribution to the development of the necrotic core and the clinical implications of this process for plaque stabilization. We consider the molecular triggers of macrophage apoptosis during atherogenesis, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the roles of key cellular mediators of apoptosis and efferocytosis, and mechanisms of defective efferocytosis in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, we discuss the important clinical implications of rapidly evolving macrophage science, such as novel approaches to imaging vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with macrophage-sensitive positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the role of macrophages in mediating beneficial pleiotropic actions of lipid-lowering therapies, and novel therapeutic modalities targeting ER stress, autophagy, and deficient efferocytosis. Advances in understanding the critical role of macrophages in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerosis have the potential to greatly improve the prevention and management of atherosclerotic diseases over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo Louis Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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47
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Cointe S, Rhéaume É, Martel C, Blanc-Brude O, Dubé E, Sabatier F, Dignat-George F, Tardif JC, Bonnefoy A. Thrombospondin-1-Derived Peptide RFYVVMWK Improves the Adhesive Phenotype of CD34 + Cells From Atherosclerotic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:327-337. [PMID: 27938493 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD34+ progenitor cells are growing in use for vascular repair. However, in diabetic individuals with cardiovascular diseases, these cells have dysfunctional engraftment capabilities, which compromise their use for autologous cell therapy. The thrombospondin-1-derived peptide RFYVVMWK has previously been reported to stimulate cell adhesiveness through CD47 and integrin activation pathways. Our aim was to test whether RFYVVMWK preconditioning could modulate CD34+ cell phenotype and enhance its proadhesive properties in diabetic patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear CD34+ cells isolated from 40 atherosclerotic patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20) or without (non-T2D; n = 20) were preconditioned with 30 μM RFYVVMWK or truncated peptide RFYVVM. CD34+ cell adhesion was assessed on a vitronectin-collagen matrix and on TNF-α or IL-1β-stimulated HUVEC monolayers. Adhesion receptors, platelet/CD34+ cell conjugates, and cell viability were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RFYVVMWK increased the adhesion of T2D CD34+ cells by eightfold to the vitronectin-collagen matrix (p < 0.001) corresponding to a threefold increase compared to unstimulated non-T2D CD34+ cells. The peptide induced the formation of platelet/CD34+ conjugates and increased the expression of TSP-1, CD29, CD51/CD61, and CD62P in both T2D and non-T2D cells. However, RFYVVMWK treatment did not affect the viability/apoptosis of CD34+ progenitor cells. In conclusion, priming CD34+ cells with RFYVVMWK may enhance their vascular engraftment during autologous proangiogenic cell therapy.
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48
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Aldarouish M, Wang C. Trends and advances in tumor immunology and lung cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:157. [PMID: 27686848 PMCID: PMC5043622 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several types of tumor, lung cancer is considered one of the most fatal and still the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Although chemotherapeutic agents can improve survival and quality of life compared with symptomatic treatment, cancers usually still progress after chemotherapy and are often aggravated by serious side effects. In the last few years there has been a growing interest in immunotherapy for lung cancer based on promising preliminary results in achieving meaningful and durable treatments responses with minimal manageable toxicity. This article is divided into two parts, the first part discusses the role of human immune system in controlling and eradicating cancer and the mechanisms of immune response evasion by tumor. The second part reviews the recent progress made in immunotherapy for lung cancer with results from trials evaluating therapeutic vaccines in addition to immune checkpoint blockade, specifically cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4, programmed death receptor 1 pathway, using monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Aldarouish
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cailian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Robb CT, Regan KH, Dorward DA, Rossi AG. Key mechanisms governing resolution of lung inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:425-48. [PMID: 27116944 PMCID: PMC4896979 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity normally provides excellent defence against invading microorganisms. Acute inflammation is a form of innate immune defence and represents one of the primary responses to injury, infection and irritation, largely mediated by granulocyte effector cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils. Failure to remove an inflammatory stimulus (often resulting in failed resolution of inflammation) can lead to chronic inflammation resulting in tissue injury caused by high numbers of infiltrating activated granulocytes. Successful resolution of inflammation is dependent upon the removal of these cells. Under normal physiological conditions, apoptosis (programmed cell death) precedes phagocytic recognition and clearance of these cells by, for example, macrophages, dendritic and epithelial cells (a process known as efferocytosis). Inflammation contributes to immune defence within the respiratory mucosa (responsible for gas exchange) because lung epithelia are continuously exposed to a multiplicity of airborne pathogens, allergens and foreign particles. Failure to resolve inflammation within the respiratory mucosa is a major contributor of numerous lung diseases. This review will summarise the major mechanisms regulating lung inflammation, including key cellular interplays such as apoptotic cell clearance by alveolar macrophages and macrophage/neutrophil/epithelial cell interactions. The different acute and chronic inflammatory disease states caused by dysregulated/impaired resolution of lung inflammation will be discussed. Furthermore, the resolution of lung inflammation during neutrophil/eosinophil-dominant lung injury or enhanced resolution driven via pharmacological manipulation will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Robb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - K H Regan
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - D A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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50
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Colonna L, Parry GC, Panicker S, Elkon KB. Uncoupling complement C1s activation from C1q binding in apoptotic cell phagocytosis and immunosuppressive capacity. Clin Immunol 2016; 163:84-90. [PMID: 26769276 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation contributes to inflammation in many diseases, yet it also supports physiologic apoptotic cells (AC) clearance and its downstream immunosuppressive effects. The roles of individual complement components in AC phagocytosis have been difficult to dissect with artificially depleted sera. Using human in vitro systems and the novel antibody complement C1s inhibitor TNT003, we uncoupled the role of the enzymatic activation of the classical pathway from the opsonizing role of C1q in mediating a) the phagocytosis of early and late AC, and b) the immunosuppressive capacity of early AC. We found that C1s inhibition had a small impact on the physiologic clearance of early AC, leaving their immunosuppressive properties entirely unaffected, while mainly inhibiting the phagocytosis of late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells. Our data suggest that C1s inhibition may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy to control classical pathway activation without causing significant AC accumulation in diseases without defects in AC phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Colonna
- University of Washington, Division of Rheumatology, 750 Republican Street, Box 358060, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Graham C Parry
- True North Therapeutics, Inc, 951 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Sandip Panicker
- True North Therapeutics, Inc, 951 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Keith B Elkon
- University of Washington, Division of Rheumatology, 750 Republican Street, Box 358060, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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