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Jia T, Xing Z, Wang And H, Li G. Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on intestinal mucosal barrier function in rats after cardiopulmonary bypass. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:498-508. [PMID: 34878923 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211062509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass can result in damage to the intestines, leading to the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Dexmedetomidine is reported to confer anti-inflammatory properties. Here, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the intestinal mucosa barrier damage in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass. It was observed that cardiopulmonary bypass greatly decreased the levels of hemodynamic parameters than SHAM group, whereas dexmedetomidine pretreatment in a cardiopulmonary bypass model rat prevented this reduction. Also, it showed that compared with control animals, cardiopulmonary bypass caused obvious mucosal damage, which was attenuated in dexmedetomidine + cardiopulmonary bypass group. The above findings were in line with that of dexmedetomidine pretreatment, which increased the expression of tight junction proteins, but it decreased the levels of DAO, D-LA, FABP2, and endotoxin. Moreover, the results demonstrated that due to pre-administration of dexmedetomidine, the level of pro-inflammatory factors was decreased, while the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine was increased. Also, it showed that dexmedetomidine suppressed TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway that was activated by cardiopulmonary bypass. Together, these results revealed that dexmedetomidine pretreatment relieves intestinal microcirculation, attenuates intestinal damage, and inhibits the inflammatory response of cardiopulmonary bypass model rats, demonstrating that in CPB-induced damage of intestinal mucosal barrier function, dexmedetomidine pretreatment plays a protective role by inactivating TLR4/JAK2/STAT3-mediated inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jia
- Anesthesiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Anesthesiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wang And
- Anesthesiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
| | - Guoli Li
- Anesthesiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P. R. China
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Umei N, Lai A, Miller J, Shin S, Roberts K, Ai Qatarneh S, Ichiba S, Sakamoto A, Cook KE. Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) thrombosis using a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator. J Transl Med 2021; 19:179. [PMID: 33910585 PMCID: PMC8081007 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) research using large animals requires a significant amount of resources, slowing down the development of new means of ECMO anticoagulation. Therefore, this study developed and evaluated a new rat ECMO model using a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator. Methods The circuit consisted of tubing, a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator, and a roller pump. The mock-oxygenator was designed to simulate the geometry and blood flow patterns of the fiber bundle in full-scale oxygenators but with a low (2.5 mL) priming volume. Rats were placed on arteriovenous ECMO at a 1.9 mL/min flow rate at two different heparin doses (n = 3 each): low (15 IU/kg/h for eight hours) versus high (50 IU/kg/h for one hour followed by 25 IU/kg/h for seven hours). The experiment continued for eight hours or until the mock-oxygenator failed. The mock-oxygenator was considered to have failed when its blood flow resistance reached three times its baseline resistance. Results During ECMO, rats maintained near-normal mean arterial pressure and arterial blood gases with minimal hemodilution. The mock-oxygenator thrombus weight was significantly different (p < 0.05) between the low (0.02 ± 0.006 g) and high (0.003 ± 0.001 g) heparin delivery groups, and blood flow resistance was also larger in the low anticoagulation group. Conclusions This model is a simple, inexpensive system for investigating new anticoagulation agents for ECMO and provides low and high levels of anticoagulation that can serve as control groups for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Umei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Angela Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Suji Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kalliope Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Saif Ai Qatarneh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shingo Ichiba
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Keith E Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Ordodi VL, Paunescu V, Mic AA, Ionac M, Sandesc D, Mic FA. A Small Scale Oxygenator for Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Rats. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:750-5. [PMID: 16969752 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) devices replace transiently the function of both heart and lungs, allowing the investigator to work safely on a stopped heart. Although this technology has greatly improved since its first applications in the early 1950's there is still no definitive rat CPB model, various experiments reporting drawbacks like pulmonary edema, large priming volumes, etc. We present a new oxygenator that can be used in cardiopulmonary bypass experiments in rats, simple in design and efficient in function, in which the process of blood oxygenation takes place in a vertical cylinder filled up with air or oxygen, with blood being spread onto the wall and then trickling down in a thin layer that facilitates the oxygen transfer. The oxygenation is efficient, the pO2 reaches levels of almost 150 mmHg (physiological level is around 100 mmHg) in conditions of oxygen saturation of over 99% (normal levels 95%-98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Ordodi
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, County Hospital Timisoara, Romania
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Burn F, Ciocan S, Mendez Carmona N, Berner M, Sourdon J, Carrel TP, Tevaearai Stahel HT, Longnus SL. Oxygen-transfer performance of a newly designed, very low-volume membrane oxygenator. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 21:352-8. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lu S, Pan S, Wang C, Hu K, Hong T. Establishment of an animal model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in rabbits. Perfusion 2012; 27:414-8. [PMID: 22619272 DOI: 10.1177/0267659112447653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to establish an animal model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in rabbits. METHODS Ten New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2573±330 g were used in this study. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was established in these animals through cannulation of the right carotid artery and jugular vein for arterial perfusion and venous return. The components of the perfusion circuit were specially designed. Arterial blood pressure was measured with a blood pressure meter through cannulation of the right femoral artery. The heart rate and blood gas parameters were also monitored by electrocardiography and a blood gas analyzer (Radiometer ABL800, Bronshøj, Denmark), respectively. RESULTS The rabbit model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was established successfully. The hemodynamic and blood gas parameters were changed within an acceptable range during the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation process. The specially designed miniature membrane oxygenator was sufficient to meet the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation needs in this animal model. CONCLUSION The rabbit model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation established through right carotid artery and jugular vein cannulation is feasible, easily operated and economical. It is an ideal model for further research of the pathophysiology and organ protection offered through the application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Development of an ultra mini-oxygenator for use in low-volume, buffer-perfused preparations. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:308-15. [PMID: 22505202 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small animal models are widely used in basic research. However, experimental systems requiring extracorporeal circuits are frequently confronted with limitations related to equipment size. This is particularly true for oxygenators in systems with limited volumes. Thus we aimed to develop and validate an ultra mini-oxygenator for low-volume, buffer-perfused systems. METHODS We have manufactured a series of ultra mini-oxygenators with approximately 175 aligned, microporous, polypropylene hollow fibers contained inside a shell, which is sealed at each of the two extremities to isolate perfusate and gas compartments. With this construction, gas passes through hollow fibers, while perfusate circulates around fibers. Performance of ultra mini-oxygenators (oxygen partial pressure (PO2), gas and perfusate flow, perfusate pressure and temperature drop) were assessed with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer in an in vitro perfusion circuit and an ex vivo rat heart preparation. RESULTS Mean priming volume of ultra mini-oxygenators was 1.2±0.5 mL and, on average, 86±6% of fibers were open (n=17). In vitro, effective oxygenation (PO2=400-500 mmHg) was achieved for all flow rates up to 50 mL/min and remained stable for at least 2 hours (n=5). Oxygenation was also effective and stable (PO2=456±40 mmHg) in the isolated heart preparation for at least 60 minutes ("venous" PO2=151±11 mmHg; n=5). CONCLUSIONS We have established a reproducible procedure for fabrication of ultra mini-oxygenators, which provide reliable and stable oxygenation for at least 60-120 min. These oxygenators are especially attractive for pre-clinical protocols using small, rather than large, animals.
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Sun YJ, Cao HJ, Jin Q, Diao YG, Zhang TZ. Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on rat intestinal barrier function during cardiopulmonary bypass. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2137-42. [PMID: 21547135 PMCID: PMC3084401 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i16.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test the ability of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) to attenuate intestinal injury in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (eight each): sham-operated control; sham-operated low-dose PHC control (0.6 mg/kg); sham-operated high-dose PHC control (2.0 mg/kg); CPB vehicle control; CPB low-dose PHC (0.6 mg/kg); and CPB high-dose PHC (2.0 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery 2 h after CPB for determination of plasma diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate and endotoxin levels. Spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and lung were removed for biochemical analyses. Intestinal tissue ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy.
RESULTS: In the sham-operated groups, high- and low-dose-PHC had no significant impact on the levels of DAO, D-lactate and endotoxin, or the incidence of intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). Serum levels of DAO, D-lactate, endotoxin and the incidence of intestinal BT were significantly increased in the surgical groups, compared with the sham-operated groups (0.543 ± 0.061, 5.697 ± 0.272, 14.75 ± 2.46, and 0/40 vs 1.038 ± 0.252, 9.377 ± 0.769, 60.37 ± 5.63, and 30/40, respectively, all P < 0.05). PHC alleviated the biochemical and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. Serum levels of DAO, D-lactate, and endotoxin and the incidence of intestinal BT in the high-dose PHC group were significantly lower than in the low-dose PHC group (0.637 ± 0.064, 6.972 ± 0.349, 29.64 ± 5.49, and 14/40 vs 0.998 ± 0.062, 7.835 ± 0.330, 38.56 ± 4.28, and 6/40, respectively, all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: PHC protects the structure and function of the intestinal mucosa from injury after CPB in rats.
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Cai DS, Jin BB, Pei L, Jin Z. Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on liver injury in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass model. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27:824-8. [PMID: 20523213 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e32833b650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hepatic injury after cardiac surgery is considered to be a consequence of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) could attenuate hepatic injury using a rat CPB model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (eight per group), including sham-operated control, sham low-dose PHC control (0.6 mg kg), sham high-dose PHC control (2.0 mg kg), vehicle control, low-dose PHC (0.6 mg kg) and high-dose PHC (2.0 mg kg)-treated groups. Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at the cessation of CPB and the serum levels of the liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were determined. The ultrastructure of liver tissue was also examined under an electron microscope. RESULTS In the sham-operated groups, high-dose PHC and low-dose PHC had no significant impact on the levels of respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, ALT or AST. Compared with the sham group, the serum levels of ALT and AST were increased significantly in the surgical groups. PHC alleviated all the biochemical and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. The ALT and AST levels in the high-dose PHC-treated groups were significantly lower than those in the vehicle control group. CONCLUSION Treatment with penehyclidine hydrochloride could improve liver function during CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Sheng Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First University Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Jungwirth B, de Lange F. Animal models of cardiopulmonary bypass: development, applications, and impact. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 14:136-40. [PMID: 20478954 DOI: 10.1177/1089253210370491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic and neurocognitive complications after cardiac surgery have been reported repeatedly. To better understand its etiology and design protective strategies, small animal models have been developed. This study describes the development of a survival rat cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model, along with the introduction of an appropriately sized oxygenator. This model led the way for even more complicated models with CPB, facilitating full cardiac arrest with anterograde cardioplegia administration, air embolization, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. In addition, the results of several of those rat CPB studies are summarized and their preclinical relevance is pointed out.
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Gourlay T, Modine T. The Influence of Cannulation Technique on Blood Flow to the Brain in Rats Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Cautionary “Tail”. Artif Organs 2010; 34:498-503. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim WG, Choi SH, Kim JH. Temperature Control Using a Heat Exchanger of a Cardioplegic System in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model for Rats. Artif Organs 2008; 32:993-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sun YJ, Chen WM, Zhang TZ, Cao HJ, Zhou J. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on tight junction protein expressions in intestinal mucosa of rats. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5868-75. [PMID: 18855986 PMCID: PMC2751897 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the tight junction protein expressions of intestinal mucosa in an experimental model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rats.
METHODS: Thirty anesthetized rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group S (n = 10) served as sham operation and group C (n = 20) served as CPB which underwent CPB for 1 h. Expression of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were determined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Plasma levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactate were determined using an enzymatic spectrophotometry.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemical localization of occludin and ZO-1 showed disruption of the tight junctions in enterocytes lining villi at the end of CPB and 2 h after CPB. The intensities of the occludin and ZO-1 at the end of CPB were lower than those of control group (76.4% ± 22.5% vs 96.5% ± 28.5% and 62.4% ± 10.1% vs 85.5% ± 25.6%, P < 0.05) and were further lower at 2 h after CPB (50.5% ± 10.5% and 45.3% ± 9.5%, P < 0.05). Plasma d-lactate and DAO levels increased significantly (8.688 ± 0.704 vs 5.745 ± 0.364 and 0.898 ± 0.062 vs 0.562 ± 0.035, P < 0.05) at the end of CPB compared with control group and were significantly higher at 2 h after CPB than those at the end of CPB (9.377 ± 0.769 and 1.038 ± 0.252, P < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between occludin or ZO-1 expression and DAO (r2 = 0.5629, r2 = 0.5424, P < 0.05) or d-lactate levels (r2 = 0.6512, r2 = 0.7073, P < 0.05) both at the end of CPB and 2 h after CPB.
CONCLUSION: CPB markedly down-regulates the expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins in intestinal mucosa of rats. The close correlation between expression of tight junctions (TJs) and plasma levels of DAO or d-lactate supports the hypothesis that intestinal permeability increases during and after CPB because of decreases in the expressions of TJs.
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Validation of a Rat Model of Cardiopulmonary Bypass With a New Miniaturized Hollow Fiber Oxygenator. ASAIO J 2008; 54:514-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181877a38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Podgoreanu MV, Grocott HP, Mackensen GB. A novel survival model of cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: a methodology paper. J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 3:51. [PMID: 18713467 PMCID: PMC2553064 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-3-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the growing population of cardiac surgery patients with impaired preoperative cardiac function and rapidly expanding surgical techniques, continued efforts to improve myocardial protection strategies are warranted. Prior research is mostly limited to either large animal models or ex vivo preparations. We developed a new in vivo survival model that combines administration of antegrade cardioplegia with endoaortic crossclamping during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the rat. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated for CPB (n = 10). With ultrasound guidance, a 3.5 mm balloon angioplasty catheter was positioned via the right common carotid artery with its tip proximal to the aortic valve. To initiate cardioplegic arrest, the balloon was inflated and cardioplegia solution injected. After 30 min of cardioplegic arrest, the balloon was deflated, ventilation resumed, and rats were weaned from CPB and recovered. To rule out any evidence of cerebral ischemia due to right carotid artery ligation, animals were neurologically tested on postoperative day 14, and their brains histologically assessed. Results Thirty minutes of cardioplegic arrest was successfully established in all animals. Functional assessment revealed no neurologic deficits, and histology demonstrated no gross neuronal damage. Conclusion This novel small animal CPB model with cardioplegic arrest allows for both the study of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as new cardioprotective strategies. Major advantages of this model include its overall feasibility and cost effectiveness. In future experiments long-term echocardiographic outcomes as well as enzymatic, genetic, and histologic characterization of myocardial injury can be assessed. In the field of myocardial protection, rodent models will be an important avenue of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fellery de Lange
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Ordodi VL, Paunescu V, Ionac M, Sandesc D, Mic AA, Tatu CA, Mic FA. Artificial device for extracorporeal blood oxygenation in rats. Artif Organs 2008; 32:66-70. [PMID: 18181805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood oxygenation devices are an essential component of any cardiopulomonary bypass circuit in various species of laboratory animals. When using larger animals like dogs or pigs, the human and pediatric blood oxygenators could be easily used, but the disadvantage of these species is the scarcity of biochemical and genetic assays for experimental follow-up. However, small rodents like rats have plenty of biochemical assays, but their size requires special oxygenators adapted for their small blood volume and often primed with blood of another animal or other physiological solution. We showed the new design of a blood oxygenator with direct blood-gas contact in an open circuit, specially designed for rats in which the blood oxygenation takes place in a slowly rotating plastic tube with blood spread onto its inner walls in a thin layer. The oxygenator is simple and efficient, does not require priming with the blood of another rat, has a small dead volume, is reusable, and easy to clean and sterilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Laurentiu Ordodi
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Günzinger R, Wildhirt SM, Schad H, Heimisch W, Gurdan M, Mendler N, Grammer J, Lange R, Bauernschmitt R. A rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest and hemodynamic assessment by conductance catheter technique. Basic Res Cardiol 2007; 102:508-17. [PMID: 17668258 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to induce systemic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction associated with a significant morbidity. Aim of the study was to develop an in vivo model of rat CPB with hypothermic cardiac arrest and the use of cardioplegia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The CPB circuit consisted of a venous reservoir, membrane oxygenator, heat exchanger, and roller pump. CPB was instituted in adult male Wistar rats (400-500 g) for 60 min at a flow rate of 120 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), including 15 min cooling to 32 degrees C, 30 min cardiac arrest with the use of cold crystalloid cardioplegia after aortic cross clamping, and 15 min of reperfusion and rewarming to 37 degrees C. Arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored, arterial blood samples were analyzed. Left ventricular (LV) function parameters were assessed by intraventricular conductance catheter. Important technical aspects are: ventilation is required during partial bypass; anticoagulation should be performed immediately prior to CPB to reduce blood loss; active suction on venous drainage allows higher pump flows; and the small priming volume of the extracorporeal circuit (8 ml) avoids the need for donor blood. RESULTS MAP remained stable prior to and during CPB.MAP and HR were significantly decreased 60 min after weaning from bypass. Hct was significantly lowered after hemodilution, but remained stable during CPB and 60 min after weaning from bypass. BE and pH remained stable throughout the experiment.Without inotropic support diastolic and systolic LV function parameters were impaired after 30 min of cardioplegic arrest followed by 15 min of reperfusion. Myocardial TNF-alpha mRNA levels were slightly increased (1.28-fold, p = 0.71), and IL-6 mRNA was significantly increased in the cardioplegia group (90.3-fold, p = 0.001). Both IL-6 and TNF-alpha plasma levels were significantly elevated in the cardioplegia group (TNF-alpha: 4.6-fold increase,p < 0.05; IL-6: 426.8-fold increase, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a rat CPB with mild hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. This rodent model is suitable to study clinically relevant problems related to CPB,myocardial protection and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Günzinger
- Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Günzinger* R, Wildhirt* SM, Schad H, Heimisch W, Mendler N, Grammer J, Lange R, Bauernschmitt R. A rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest and hemodynamic assessment by conductance catheter technique. Basic Res Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An Y, Xiao Y, Zhong Q. Good Recovery after Nontransthoracic Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Rats. Heart Surg Forum 2007; 10:E73-7. [PMID: 17311769 DOI: 10.1532/hsf98.20061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been shown to be associated with systemic inflammatory response leading to postoperative organ dysfunction. Unwanted side effects of CPB are well known but poorly understood due to the absence of a stable recovery animal model that is easy to handle and reduces experiment cost and time. The purpose of this study was to establish a good recoverable rat model of CPB to study the pathophysiology of these potential complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 480 +/- 20 g were randomly divided into either the CPB group (n = 10) or the sham group (n = 10). All rats were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated. The carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. The blood was drained from the right atrium via the right jugular and further transferred by a miniaturized roller pump to a hollow fiber oxygenator and back to the rat via the left carotid artery. Priming consisted of 8 mL of homologous blood and 6 mL of colloid. The surface of the hollow fiber oxgenator was 0.075 m2. Rats were catheterized and brought on bypass for 120 minutes at a flow rate of 100-120 mL/kg per minute. Oxygen flow/perfusion flow was 0.8 to 1.0, and the mean arterial pressure remained 60 to 80 mmHg. Blood gas analysis, lactate dehydrogenase, and survival rate were examined subsequently. RESULTS All CPB rats recovered from the operative process without incident and recovery remained uneventful in follow-up at 1 week. Normal cardiac function after successful weaning was confirmed by electrocardiography and blood pressure measurements. Mean arterial pressure remained stable. The results of blood gas analysis at different times were within normal range. No significant hemolysis could be detected with the use of lactate dehydrogenase during bypass. CONCLUSIONS The rat model of CPB can in principle simulate the clinical setting of human CPB. The non-transthoracic model is easy to establish and is associated with excellent recovery. This reproducible model may open the field for various studies on the pathophysiological process of CPB and systemic ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xin-Qiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Modine T, Azzaoui R, Ouk T, Fayad G, Lacroix D, Warembourg H, Bordet R, Gourlay T. Changes in Cerebral Vascular Reactivity Occur Early During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Rat. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:672-8. [PMID: 16863783 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to cause cerebrovascular dysfunction. The etiology of these complications is complex, but disruption of normal cerebral endothelial function as a consequence of inflammatory or hypoperfusion phenomena have been implicated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CPB time on cerebrovascular reactivity and to investigate the correlation of these findings with measured inflammatory markers. METHODS Cardiopulmonary bypass was carried out for 30 or 60 minutes on two groups of rats. Sham groups underwent the same surgical procedure without CPB. The middle cerebral artery was harvested and prepared for assessment of induced endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell responses. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha and immunohistochemical staining for intercellular adhesion molecule-1. RESULTS Acetylcholine caused a dose-dependent vasodilation in the control groups that was absent in animals undergoing CPB (21.3% +/- 1.3% increase in diameter at 30 minutes in the sham group compared with 5.4% +/- 1.1% in the corresponding CPB group, p < 0.001). Significantly, this was apparent after only 30 minutes of CPB. Cardiopulmonary bypass did not alter the response to sodium nitroprusside (45.3% +/- 8.6% after 30 minutes in the sham group compared with 57.8% +/- 8.0% in the corresponding CPB group, p < 0.2). Furthermore, the contractile response to serotonin remained intact in all groups (32.9 +/- 4.6 and 27.6 +/- 2.6 at 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, in the sham groups compared with 23.1 +/- 1.6 and 28.0 +/- 4.4 in the corresponding CPB groups, p < 0.2). Cardiopulmonary bypass also led to an early and marked increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular impairment appears early after the onset of CPB. The specific loss of acetylcholine-induced vasodilation suggests endothelial cell dysfunction rather than impaired vascular smooth muscle response to nitric oxide. This loss of endothelium-dependent regulatory factors after CPB may enhance vasoconstriction, impair cerebrovascular function, and contribute to neurologic injury after CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Modine
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Cardiologique, Lille, France
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Dieleman JM, de Lange F, Houston RJF, Biessels GJ, Bär PR, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP, Kalkman CJ. Cardiopulmonary bypass and long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in the rat. Life Sci 2006; 79:551-8. [PMID: 16504211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic and neurocognitive complications after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been reported repeatedly. To better understand its etiology and design protective strategies, an appropriate animal model may prove useful. Although impaired short-term neurocognitive function has been recently demonstrated after CPB in rats, the demonstration of persistent long-term neurocognitive changes would be more relevant from a clinical perspective. We hypothesized that CPB results in long-term impairment of neurocognitive performance in rats. Male rats were exposed to either 60 min of normothermic non-pulsatile CPB, using a roller-pump and a neonatal membrane oxygenator, or to cannulation only (sham animals). Long-term neurocognitive function was assessed at 4 to 7 weeks after CPB (Can test), and again after 12 weeks (Morris water maze) in both operated groups and in a non-operated control group, followed by histologic evaluation of the hippocampus. In separate groups of CPB and sham animals, we also measured TNF-alpha and IL-6 in plasma. There were no significant differences in long-term neurocognitive performance or histological outcome between the three groups. Cytokine patterns were also similar in both operated groups. We conclude that CPB did not appear to cause long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in this model of CPB in young healthy rats. The lack of long-term deficits may be due to the absence of clinically important etiologic factors such as atheromatous and gaseous embolization in this model. Similar cytokine patterns in both operated groups suggest that surgical trauma rather than exposure of blood to extra-corporeal circuit was probably responsible for the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Dieleman
- Division of Perioperative Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, mail stop Q04.2.313, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Modine T, Azzaoui R, Fayad G, Lacroix D, Bordet R, Warembourg H, Gourlay T. A recovery model of minimally invasive cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion 2006; 21:87-92. [PMID: 16615685 DOI: 10.1191/0267659106pf854oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop a rodent (rat) model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) that has been designed to mimic functionally the minimally invasive clinical setting. The circuit is similar to the clinical model in terms of its construction, configuration, material surface area to blood volume ratio, and priming volume to blood ratio. The overall priming volume was 10 mL. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats (422 +/- 32 g) were anaesthetized while maintaining spontaneous ventilation. Anticoagulation was achieved with heparin (500 IU/kg). Blood arterial pressure was monitored continuously. Normal central temperature was maintained throughout. Intermittent arterial blood gas levels also were monitored. All animals were cannulated in preparation for CPB; however, CPB, utilizing a double roller pump and a flow rate of 100 mL/kg/minute for 60 min, was initiated in only 18 animals, the remaining 18 animals acting as non-CPB controls (Sham). The animals were haemodynamically stable. After the operative procedure, the animals were allowed to recover from the anaesthesia and, after transfer to a recovery facility, were monitored for a period of 1 week. There were no differences between the groups in terms of blood gas analysis and blood pressure data; all animals survived the procedure and had an uneventful follow-up. Differences were found between the CPB animals and the Sham group in terms of TNFalpha used as a marker of inflammatory processes. This trend tends to support this model as an analogue for the clinical scenario for future studies of CPB-related inflammation. Overall, the CPB procedure was easy to perform and was associated with excellent survival. This recovery model is an effective tool to perform pathophysiological studies associated with minimally invasive CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Modine
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Cardiologique, CHRU Lille, France
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Son HS, Sun K, Fang YH, Park SY, Hwang CM, Park SM, Lee SH, Kim KT, Lee IS. The effects of pulsatile versus non-pulsatile extracorporeal circulation on the pattern of coronary artery blood flow during cardiac arrest. Int J Artif Organs 2005; 28:609-16. [PMID: 16015571 DOI: 10.1177/039139880502800610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sudden cardiac arrest, the effective maintenance of coronary artery blood flow is of paramount importance for myocardial preservation as well as cardiac recovery and patient survival. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the effects of pulsatile versus non-pulsatile circulation to coronary artery flow and myocardial preservation in a cardiac arrest condition. METHODS A cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was constructed in a ventricular fibrillation model using fourteen Yorkshire swine weighing 25-35 kg each. The animals were randomly assigned to group I (n=7, non-pulsatile centrifugal pump) or group II (n=7, pulsatile T-PLS pump). Extracorporeal circulation was maintained for two hours at a pump flow of 2 L/min. The left anterior descending coronary artery flow was measured with an ultrasonic coronary artery flow measurement system at baseline (before bypass) and at every 20 minutes after bypass. Serologic parameters were collected simultaneously at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours after bypass in the systemic arterial and coronary sinus venous blood. The Mann-Whitney U test of STATISTICA 6.0 was used to determine intergroup significances using a p value of <0.05. RESULTS The resistance index of the coronary artery was lower in group II and the difference was significant at 40 min, 80 min, 100 min and 120 min (p<0.05). The mean velocity of the coronary artery was higher in group II throughout the study, and the difference was significant from 20 min after starting the pump (p<0.05). The coronary artery blood flow was higher in group II throughout the study, and the difference was significant from 40 min to 120 min (p<0.05) except at 80 min. Serologic parameters showed no differences between the groups at 1 hour and 2 hours after bypass in the systemic and coronary sinus blood (p=NS). CONCLUSION In the cardiac arrest condition, pulsatile extracorporeal circulation provides more blood flow, higher flow velocity and less resistance to coronary artery than non-pulsatile circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Dong GH, Xu B, Wang CT, Qian JJ, Liu H, Huang G, Jing H. A rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass with excellent survival. J Surg Res 2005; 123:171-5. [PMID: 15680374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the underlying mechanisms and developing protective strategies for the pathophysiological consequences of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been hampered due to the absence of a satisfactory long-term recovery animal model. The objective of this study was to establish a survival experimental model of CPB in rats to meet the requirement of these studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male SD rats (450-550 g) were randomly divided into CPB (n = 10) group and Sham group (n = 10). All rats were anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated for continuous blood pressure recordings and fluid replacement, respectively. The CPB circuit comprised a venous reservoir, a membrane oxygenator, and a roller pump. Blood was drained from the right atrium via a jugular vein catheter and returned to the right carotid artery. Priming consisted of 8 ml of homologous blood and 8 ml of colloid. CPB was conducted for 60 min at a flow rate of 100-150 ml/kg/min in the CPB group. Haemodynamic investigations, blood gas analysis, and survival studies were performed subsequently. RESULTS Our data show that the rat model principally simulated the clinical setting of CPB in terms of its construction, configuration, performance, material surface area, and priming volume to blood volume ratio. All CPB rats survived and the 2-week follow-up period remained uneventful. CONCLUSIONS The rat model of CPB was easy to establish and was associated with excellent survival. This model should facilitate the investigation of the pathophysiological processes concerning CPB-related multiple organ dysfunction and possible protective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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