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Sánchez RM, Bermeo Losada JF, Marín Martínez JA. The research landscape concerning environmental factors in neurodevelopmental disorders: Endocrine disrupters and pesticides-A review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101132. [PMID: 38561126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental epidemiology and toxicology have seen a growing interest in the environmental factors that contribute to the increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, with the purpose of establishing appropriate prevention strategies. A literature review was performed, and 192 articles covering the topic of endocrine disruptors and neurodevelopmental disorders were found, focusing on polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol A, and pesticides. This study contributes to analyzing their effect on the molecular mechanism in maternal and infant thyroid function, essential for infant neurodevelopment, and whose alteration has been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. The results provide scientific evidence of the association that exists between the environmental neurotoxins and various neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, other possible molecular mechanisms by which pesticides and endocrine disruptors may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Mira Sánchez
- Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Medioambientales y Neurodesarrollo ICMYN, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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He J, Xu J, Zheng M, Pan K, Yang L, Ma L, Wang C, Yu J. Thyroid dysfunction caused by exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and the underlying mechanism: A review. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 391:110909. [PMID: 38340975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid disease has been rapidly increasing, but its causes remain unclear. At present, many studies have focused on the relationship between environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) and the pathogenesis of thyroid disease. Herein, we summarize such studies exploring the effects of exposure to common EEDs on thyrotoxicosis, finding that EEDs appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of thyroid-related diseases such as thyroid cancer, goiter, thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. To explore this causative effect in detail, we have analyzed the following three aspects of how EEDs are believed to exert their impacts on the occurrence and development of thyroid disease: (1) damage to the thyroid tissue structure, including disrupted mitochondria and the stratification of thyroid follicular epithelial cells; (2) disruption of thyroid hormone signaling, including thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion disorders, destruction of normal function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, disturbed estrogen signaling in the body, alterations to the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, inhibition of the release of thyroglobulin from thyroid cells, and reductions in the levels of sodium iodide co-transporters, thyroid peroxidase, deiodinase, and transthyretin; and (3) molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of thyroid function, including competitive binding to T3 and T4 receptors, disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, activation of the ERK and Akt pathways, oxidative stress, regulation of the expression of the proto-oncogene k-Ras, tumor suppressor gene PTEN, and thyroid TSHR gene, and induction of autophagy in thyroid cells. Overall, this article reviews how EEDs can affect the occurrence and development of thyroid disease via multiple routes, thus providing new ideas to intervene for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Mucong Zheng
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Kai Pan
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Lilin Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Lina Ma
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Chuyang Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China.
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Pundee R, Kallayanatham N, Pengpumkiat S, Chungcharoen J, Phommalachai C, Konthonbut P, Choochouy N, Sowanthip P, Khangkhun P, Yimsabai J, Woskie S. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. TOXICS 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33477987 PMCID: PMC7835790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ritthirong Pundee
- Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand;
| | - Nichcha Kallayanatham
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Sumate Pengpumkiat
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Jutamanee Chungcharoen
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Chavisa Phommalachai
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Pajaree Konthonbut
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Nattagorn Choochouy
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Lampang Campus, Lampang 52190, Thailand;
| | - Preecha Sowanthip
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phanthawee Khangkhun
- Bureau of Elderly Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Jutharak Yimsabai
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital, 90 Sithamma Traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA;
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Requena M, López-Villén A, Hernández AF, Parrón T, Navarro Á, Alarcón R. Environmental exposure to pesticides and risk of thyroid diseases. Toxicol Lett 2019; 315:55-63. [PMID: 31445060 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides has been associated with thyroid dysfunction, particularly changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This study assessed the association between environmental exposure to pesticides and the risk of developing thyroid diseases. A population-based case-control study was carried out among Spanish populations living in areas categorized as of high or low pesticide use according to agronomic criteria, which were used as surrogates for environmental exposure to pesticides. The study population consisted of 79.431 individuals diagnosed with goiter, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis (according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) and 1.484.257 controls matched for age, sex and area of residence. Data were collected from computerized hospital records for the period 1998 to 2015. Prevalence rates and risk of having thyroid diseases were significantly higher in areas with higher pesticide use, with a 49% greater risk for hypothyroidism, 45% for thyrotoxicosis, 20% for thyroiditis and 5% for goiter. Overall, this study indicates an association between increased environmental exposure to pesticides as a result of a greater agricultural use and diseases of the thyroid gland, thus supporting and extending previous evidence. This study also provides support to the methodology proposed for real-life risk simulation, thus contributing to a better understanding of the real life threat posed by exposure to multiple pesticides from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Requena
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Antonio F Hernández
- Dept. Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain.
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain; Andalusian Council of Health at Almería Province, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Alarcón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
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Marotta V, Russo G, Gambardella C, Grasso M, La Sala D, Chiofalo MG, D'Anna R, Puzziello A, Docimo G, Masone S, Barbato F, Colao A, Faggiano A, Grumetto L. Human exposure to bisphenol AF and diethylhexylphthalate increases susceptibility to develop differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:885-894. [PMID: 30609493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants represent potential threats to the human health, being ubiquitous in the environment and exerting toxicity even at low doses. This study aims at investigating the role of fifteen multiclass organic pollutants, assumed as markers of environmental pollution, most of which exerting endocrine-disrupting activity, in thyroid cancer development. The increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) may be related to the rising production and environmental dissemination of pollutants. Fifty-five patients, twenty-seven with diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules and twenty-eight suffering from differentiated thyroid cancer, were enrolled and the concentration levels of seven bisphenols, two phthalates (i.e. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its main metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate) (MEHP)), two chlorobenzenes, (1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene), and 3 phenol derivatives (2-chlorophenol, 4- nonylphenol, and triclosan) were determined in their serum by using a validated analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet tandem fluorescence detection. A significant relationship was found between malignancy and the detection in the serum of both bisphenol AF and DEHP. Indeed, their presence confers a more than fourteen times higher risk of developing differentiated thyroid cancer. Relationship between these two pollutants and the risk of malignancy was dose-independent and not mediated by higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Even if a conclusive evidence cannot still be drawn and larger prospective studies are needed, the exposure to low doses of environmental endocrine-disrupting contaminants can be considered consistent with the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gambardella
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Marica Grasso
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico La Sala
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Chiofalo
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Raffaella D'Anna
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Puzziello
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Docimo
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy.
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Suhartono S, Kartini A, Subagio HW, Budiyono B, Utari A, Suratman S, Sakundarno M. Pesticide Exposure and Thyroid Function in Elementary School Children Living in an Agricultural Area, Brebes District, Indonesia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2018; 9:137-144. [PMID: 29995019 PMCID: PMC6466981 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2018.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living in agricultural areas are at risk of exposure to pesticides due to their involvement in agricultural activities. Pesticides are one of the chemicals classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in children. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 66 children in two elementary schools located in an agricultural area in Brebes District, Indonesia, in 2015. To determine the pesticide exposure history, we analyzed urine samples and completed a questionnaire. Meanwhile, thyroid function tests were performed. RESULTS Organophosphate pesticide metabolites were detected in urine samples of 15 (23%) of 66 children. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels >4.5 μIU/mL were detected in 24 (36%) children. Free thyroxine (FT4) levels of all participants were normal. The mean TSH level in children with positive urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites (7.74 μIU/ mL) was significantly (p=0.005) higher than that in those who were negative (4.34 μIU/mL). The prevalence of hypothyroidism in children with positive urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites (67%) was significantly higher than that in those who were negative (27%; PR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.3). CONCLUSION A history of pesticide exposure could be used as a risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in children living in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhartono Suhartono
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Apoina Kartini
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Hertanto Wahyu Subagio
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Budiyono Budiyono
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Agustini Utari
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Diponegoro National Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Suratman Suratman
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Mateus Sakundarno
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
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Porreca I, D’Angelo F, De Franceschi L, Mattè A, Ceccarelli M, Iolascon A, Zamò A, Russo F, Ravo M, Tarallo R, Scarfò M, Weisz A, De Felice M, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Pesticide toxicogenomics across scales: in vitro transcriptome predicts mechanisms and outcomes of exposure in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38131. [PMID: 27905518 PMCID: PMC5131489 DOI: 10.1038/srep38131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro Omics analysis (i.e. transcriptome) is suggested to predict in vivo toxicity and adverse effects in humans, although the causal link between high-throughput data and effects in vivo is not easily established. Indeed, the chemical-organism interaction can involve processes, such as adaptation, not established in cell cultures. Starting from this consideration we investigate the transcriptomic response of immortalized thyrocytes to ethylenthiourea and chlorpyrifos. In vitro data revealed specific and common genes/mechanisms of toxicity, controlling the proliferation/survival of the thyrocytes and unrelated hematopoietic cell lineages. These results were phenotypically confirmed in vivo by the reduction of circulating T4 hormone and the development of pancytopenia after long exposure. Our data imply that in vitro toxicogenomics is a powerful tool in predicting adverse effects in vivo, experimentally confirming the vision described as Tox21c (Toxicity Testing in the 21st century) although not fully recapitulating the biocomplexity of a living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio D’Angelo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattè
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Filomena Russo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
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Mokarizadeh A, Faryabi MR, Rezvanfar MA, Abdollahi M. A comprehensive review of pesticides and the immune dysregulation: mechanisms, evidence and consequences. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 25:258-78. [PMID: 25757504 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, in many communities, there is a growing concern about possible adverse effects of pesticides on human health. Reports indicate that during environmental or occupational exposure, pesticides can exert some intense adverse effects on human health through transient or permanent alteration of the immune system. There is evidence on the relation between pesticide-induced immune alteration and prevalence of diseases associated with alterations of the immune response. In the present study, direct immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption and antigenicity have been introduced as the main mechanisms working with pesticides-induced immune dysregulation. Moreover, the evidence on the relationship between pesticide exposure, dysregulation of the immune system and predisposition to different types of psychiatric disorders, cancers, allergies, autoimmune and infectious diseases are criticized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Mokarizadeh
- a Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj , Iran and
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10
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Campos É, Freire C. Exposure to non-persistent pesticides and thyroid function: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:481-97. [PMID: 27265299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous pesticides are recognized for their endocrine-disrupting properties. Non-persistent pesticides such as organophosphates, dithiocarbamates and pyrethroids may interfere with thyroid function as suggested by animal studies. However, the influence of chronic exposure to these compounds on thyroidal functions in humans remains to be determined. The present study aimed to review epidemiological evidence for an association between exposure to non-persistent pesticides and circulating levels of thyroid hormones (thyroxin [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Virtual Health Library (BVS) databases. Articles were limited to original studies and reports published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Nineteen epidemiological studies were identified, 17 of which were cross-sectional, 14 were of occupationally exposed workers and 11 used exposure biomarkers. Fungicides and organophosphates (OP) insecticides were the most studied pesticides. Although methodological heterogeneity between studies was noted, particularly regarding study design, exposure assessment, and control of confounding, most of them showed associations with changes in T3 and T4, and/or TSH levels, while results from a few of these are consistent with experimental data supporting the findings that non-persistent pesticide exposure exerts hypothyroid-like effects. However, reporting quality was moderate to poor in 50% of the studies, particularly regarding method of selection of participants and discussion of external validity. Overall, current knowledge regarding the impact of non-persistent pesticides on human thyroid function is still limited. Given the widespread use of pesticides, future research should assess effects of exposure to currently-used pesticides in cohort studies combining comprehensive questionnaire-based assessment and biomarkers. Investigators need to pay particular attention to exposure during critical windows of brain development and exposure in agricultural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élida Campos
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Freire
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
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Abstract
Increasing quantities of evidence-based data incriminate a large number of environmental pollutants for toxic effects on the thyroid. Among the many chemical contaminants, halogenated organochlorines and pesticides variably affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and disrupt thyroid function. PCBs and their metabolites and PBDEs bind to thyroid transport proteins, such as transthyretin, displace thyroxine, and disrupt thyroid function. Meanwhile, at the molecular level, PCB congeners may activate phosphorylation of Akt, p-Akt, and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) protein resulting in inhibition of the natrium/iodide symporter. Given therefore the growing concern developing around these multiple toxic chemicals today invading numerous environments and their long-term deleterious effects not only on the thyroid but also on general health, we strongly advocate their strict regulation and, moreover, their gradual reduction. A good degree of "lateral thinking", we feel, will lead to a use of chemicals that will enhance life while concurrently carefully protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Evgenidion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Thyroid Section, University of Athens, 20 Papadiamantopoulou Str., 10520, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Stathatos
- Department of Medicine, Thyroid Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Arora S, Kumar A. Binary combinations of organophosphorus pesticides exhibit differential toxicity under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 115:93-100. [PMID: 25682586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition has been demonstrated to be useful as a biomarker for exposure to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides in many environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of housefly (Musca domestica) head AChE (HF-AChE) exposed to five OPs as individual compounds and their binary mixtures under in vitro conditions. To examine the effects of oxidation on OP potency in the HF-AChE system, bromine water was used as an oxidisng agent. With oxidation, the sensitivity of HF-AChE to chlorpyrifos (CPF), malathion (MLT) and triazophos (TRZ) increased significantly. Monocrotophos (MCP) and profenofos (PRF) did not exhibit any significant differences in toxicity under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. The toxicological interaction of five organophosphorus pesticides was evaluated using the concentration addition model, the combination index-isobologram equation and the toxic unit approach. All three models provided similar predictions for the 10 binary combinations of OPs under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. In the present study, the antagonistic effects of the binary combination of OPs (CPF+PRF, CPF+MLT, MCP+MLT, PRF+MLT, MLT+TRZ and PRF+TRZ) were observed under oxidised conditions. This may be due to dispositional and/or receptor antagonism. Most of the binary combinations assayed under un-oxidised conditions exhibited synergistic responses. Triazophos showed very strong synergism in binary combinations with CPF, MCP and PRF un-oxidised conditions. In contrast, under oxidised conditions, only CPF+TRZ exhibited synergism. The results obtained indicate differential toxicity of binary combinations of OPs under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. This information could be a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms of OPs interactions and the interpretation of future in vivo studies with mixtures of OP insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Arora
- ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 12, India; Land and Water, CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Anu Kumar
- Land and Water, CSIRO, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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Abbassy MA, Marei AESM, Al-Ashkar MAM, Mossa ATH. Adverse biochemical effects of various pesticides on sprayers of cotton fields in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Khan DA, Ahad K, Ansari WM, Khan H. Pesticide exposure and endocrine dysfunction in the cotton crop agricultural workers of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013; 25:181-91. [PMID: 23460586 DOI: 10.1177/1010539511417422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated pesticide effects on reproductive and thyroid hormones of cotton farmers of southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 88 cotton farmers (42 spray applicators and 46 cotton pickers) were randomly included with an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. Sampling was done in high spraying and peak picking seasons. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyroxine (TT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were carried out by enzymatic immunoassay. Plasma cholinesterase (PChE) levels were measured by Ellman's method. Serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were significantly high in spray applicators (P < .01).Serum FSH and testosterone levels were significantly raised in cotton pickers (P < .01). Serum prolactin was decreased significantly in both groups (P < .01).Serum fT4 was significantly reduced in cotton pickers (P < .01). Pesticide exposure is associated with thyroid and reproductive hormone levels disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad A Khan
- National University of Science and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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15
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Sekeroglu V, Sekeroglu ZA, Demirhan E. Effects of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and/or thiacloprid on thyroid hormone levels in rat serum. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:40-6. [PMID: 22677783 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712448114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DEL) and thiacloprid (THIA) are the two commonly used synthetic insecticides applied either separately or as a mixture. The aim of this study was to assess thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the serum levels of thyroid hormones exposure to these compounds in rats. The animals were orally gavaged with a single dose of DEL (15 mg/kg), THIA (112.5 mg/kg) or DEL + THIA (15 + 112.5 mg/kg) for 24 h (acute treatments) or DEL (3 mg/kg per day), THIA (22.5 mg/kg per day) or DEL + THIA (3 + 22.5 mg/kg per day) for 30 days (subacute treatments). Although all independent and combined treatments with DEL and THIA changed the levels of TSH, these alterations were not significant. Statistically significant increases in free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) serum hormone levels were observed in the independent treatment with THIA and the combined treatment with DEL and THIA for 30 days. The results of this study suggest that in vivo exposure to subacute treatments of commercial formulations of THI and mixture of DEL + THIA increased serum FT3 and FT4 levels in rats. Further studies are required to determine the effects of endocrine disruptors and potential health risks of these insecticides in human, especially in children because of the importance of these hormones during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sekeroglu
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Ambali SF, Orieji C, Abubakar WO, Shittu M, Kawu MU. Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on alterations in thyroid hormones concentrations induced by subchronic coadministration of chlorpyrifos and lead in wistar rats. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:214924. [PMID: 21687644 PMCID: PMC3112502 DOI: 10.4061/2011/214924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the ameliorative effect of vitamin C on alteration in thyroid hormones induced by low-dose subchronic coadministration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead (Pb). Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Groups I and II were administered soya oil (2 mL/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg), respectively. Group III was coadministered CPF (4.25 mg/kg ~1/20th LD50) and Pb (250 mg/kg ~1/20th LD50), respectively. Group IV was pretreated with vitamin C (100 mg/kg) and then coadministered with CPF (4.25 mg/kg) and Pb (250 mg/kg), 30 min later. The regimens were administered by gavage for a period of 9 weeks. The marginal decrease in serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the significant increase in the concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and malonaldehyde in the group coadministered with CPF and Pb were ameliorated by vitamin C partly due to its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman F Ambali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 800007, Nigeria
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Vanisthasree K, Reddy AG, Kalakumar B, Haritha C, Anilkumar B. Hepatotoxicity studies in the progeny of pregnant dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos and lead acetate. Toxicol Int 2011; 18:67-9. [PMID: 21430926 PMCID: PMC3052590 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.75868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos (MCP) and lead acetate. Female pregnant albino rats of Wistar kyoto strain were divided into five groups and treated as follows, from day 3 of pregnancy till weaning of pups on postnatal day (PND) 21. Group 1 served as sham control, group 2 received methimazole 0.02% in drinking water, group 3 received MCP (0.3 mg/kg orally), group 4 received lead acetate at 0.2% in drinking water and group 5 received MCP + lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14
thday of gestation in dams. Eight pups from each group were euthanized on PND 21 and 90, and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione (GSH) of liver were studied on PND 21 and 90, while the activities of Na +/K+ATPase and Mg 2+ATPase in the liver were studied on PND 90. T3, T4, GSH, Na+/K+ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all the test groups as compared to group 1. From this study, it is concluded that both MCP and lead acetate have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid profile was altered significantly and the hepatotoxic effects were comparable to those induced by methimazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanisthasree
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, India
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Risk factors of thyroid tumors: role of environmental and occupational exposures to chemical pollutants. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2010; 58:359-67. [PMID: 20980113 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising incidence of thyroid cancer observed during the last few decades in most western countries is explained in large part by increasing numbers of diagnoses due to changes in medical screening practices. However, beside radiation exposure, exposure to environmental chemicals may also play a role in thyroid cancer etiology and in the increased incidence. This paper presents the main chemicals suspected to induce thyroid tumorigenesis, and epidemiological results on the association between chemical exposure and thyroid tumors. METHODS We reviewed experimental studies to identify the main chemicals possibly involved in thyroid tumorigenesis. We also reviewed the main epidemiological studies investigating the association between environmental chemical exposure and thyroid neoplasm in humans. RESULTS Environmentally abundant chemicals may disrupt thyroid function and/or play a role in tumorigenesis through a variety of mechanisms. Epidemiological results provide insufficient evidence of a causal link between exposure to environmental chemicals and thyroid tumors, but raise the hypothesis of an increased risk of thyroid neoplasm for workers in the leather, wood, and paper industries, and those exposed to certain solvents and pesticides. CONCLUSION This paper highlights the need for large epidemiological studies evaluating the exposure to various groups of environmental chemicals and its impact on the thyroid gland.
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Caride A, Lafuente A, Cabaleiro T. Endosulfan effects on pituitary hormone and both nitrosative and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 197:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, Hoppin JA, Kamel F, Levan TD. Pesticide use and thyroid disease among women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:455-64. [PMID: 20061368 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disease is common, and evidence of an association between organochlorine exposure and thyroid disease is increasing. The authors examined the cross-sectional association between ever use of organochlorines and risk of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism among female spouses (n = 16,529) in Iowa and North Carolina enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study in 1993-1997. They also assessed risk of thyroid disease in relation to ever use of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and fumigants. Prevalence of self-reported clinically diagnosed thyroid disease was 12.5%, and prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was 6.9% and 2.1%, respectively. There was an increased odds of hypothyroidism with ever use of organochlorine insecticides (adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) = 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 1.6) and fungicides (OR(adj) = 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.8) but no association with ever use of herbicides, fumigants, organophosphates, pyrethroids, or carbamates. Specifically, ever use of the organochlorine chlordane (OR(adj) = 1.3 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.7), the fungicides benomyl (OR(adj) = 3.1 (95% CI: 1.9, 5.1) and maneb/mancozeb (OR(adj) = 2.2 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.3), and the herbicide paraquat (OR(adj) = 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.8) was significantly associated with hypothyroidism. Maneb/mancozeb was the only pesticide associated with both hyperthyroidism (OR(adj) = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.4) and hypothyroidism. These data support a role of organochlorines, in addition to fungicides, in the etiology of thyroid disease among female spouses enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Goldner
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-3020, USA.
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Association between organophosphate pesticides exposure and thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:19-26. [PMID: 19914268 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organophosphate pesticides to disturb thyroid gland function has been demonstrated by experimental studies on animal, but evidence of such effects on human remains scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to organophosphate compounds and serum levels of thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. A longitudinal study was conducted on 136 male subjects from the State of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico, occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides, during agricultural periods of high (rainy season) and low (dry season) levels of pesticide application. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was carried out on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, clinical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, residential chemical exposure, and occupational history. Urine and blood samples were taken the day after pesticide application to determine urine dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels, serum levels of TSH, total T(3), total T(4), serum PON1 activity, and serum p,p'-DEE levels. The analysis of the association between DAP levels and thyroid hormonal profile was carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Our results showed an increase in both TSH and T(4) hormones in serum associated with a increase in total dimethylphosphate levels (SigmaDMP) in urine (p-trend<0.001) and a decrease in total T(3) serum levels with an increase of SigmaDMP levels in the urine (p-trend=0.053). These results suggest that exposure to organophosphate pesticides may be responsible of increasing TSH and T(4) serum hormone levels and decreasing T(3) serum hormone levels, therefore supporting the hypothesis that organophosphate pesticides act as endocrine disruptors in humans.
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Goad RT, Goad JT, Atieh BH, Gupta RC. Carbofuran-Induced Endocrine Disruption in Adult Male Rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 14:233-9. [DOI: 10.1080/15376520490434476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Toft G, Flyvbjerg A, Bonde JP. Thyroid function in Danish greenhouse workers. Environ Health 2006; 5:32. [PMID: 17147831 PMCID: PMC1698912 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From animal studies it is known that currently used pesticides can disturb thyroid function. METHODS In the present study we investigated the thyroid function in 122 Danish greenhouse workers, to evaluate if greenhouse workers classified as highly exposed to pesticides experiences altered thyroid levels compared to greenhouse workers with lower exposure. Serum samples from the greenhouse workers were sampled both in the spring and the fall to evaluate if differences in pesticide use between seasons resulted in altered thyroid hormone levels. RESULTS We found a moderate reduction of free thyroxine (FT4) (10-16%) among the persons working in greenhouses with a high spraying load both in samples collected in the spring and the fall, but none of the other measured thyroid hormones differed significantly between exposure groups in the cross-sectional comparisons. However, in longitudinal analysis of the individual thyroid hormone level between the spring and the fall, more pronounced differences where found with on average 32% higher thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level in the spring compared to the fall and at the same time a 5-9% lower total triiodthyroxin (TT3), free triiodthyroxine (FT3) and FT4. The difference between seasons was not consistently more pronounced in the group classified as high exposure compared to the low exposure groups. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that pesticide exposure among Danish greenhouse workers results in only minor disturbances of thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Toft
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, build 2C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- The Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute and Medical Department M (Diabetes and Endocrinology), Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, build 2C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Liu P, Song X, Yuan W, Wen W, Wu X, Li J, Chen X. Effects of cypermethrin and methyl parathion mixtures on hormone levels and immune functions in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:449-57. [PMID: 16496128 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To study interaction and dose-related effects of mixed cypermethrin and methyl parathion on endocrine and immune functions, 120 Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of ten male and ten female rats, respectively, at the age of 2 months. All groups were force-fed every 2 days for 30 days with cypermethrin 0.0, 8.0, 0.0, 8.0, 1.8, 0.4 mg/kg bw and methyl parathion 0.0, 0.0, 0.23, 0.23, 0.0518, 0.0115 mg/kg bw. Controls received vehicle solvent only. Body weight gain and organ weights were measured. Serum or blood were used to test luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol (E(2)), testosterone, thyroid hormones (T(3), T(4), TSH), IgG, IgA, rate of neutrophil phagocytosis and of lymphocyte transformation. The effects on relative weights of ovaries and adrenals, IgA and rate of lymphocyte transformation were antagonistic interaction; the effect on estradiol was synergistic in female, whereas addictive in male rats; and the other indices indicated addictive interaction. Organ weights were similar in exposed and control animals except for adrenal (heavier in exposed rats, P<0.01). Serum levels of FSH and estradiol were higher in exposed groups than in controls (P<0.01). IgG levels were lower in exposed rats than in controls (P<0.01), and IgA levels were higher in exposed females than in controls (P<0.01). Lymphocyte transformation rates were lower (P<0.01) and neutrophil phagocytosis rates were higher (P<0.01) in exposed rats than in controls. Our results showed that exposure to low-dose mixtures of cypermethrin and methyl parathion may affect hormone levels (especially estradiol) and immune function in rats, and the NOAELs of combined compounds were located at 1/600 LD(50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University for Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Zaidi S, Tiwari R, Gandhi S, Patel K, Kumar S, Saiyed H. Neurobehavioral effects and hormones profile among spray painters. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2006; 44:93-7. [PMID: 16610541 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.44.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 spray painters and 35 control subjects to evaluate neurobehavioral function, and thyroid and reproductive hormones profile. This study indicated higher prevalence of psychological and neurological symptoms, and clinical findings among spray painters when compared with controls. Levels of TSH were significantly (p<0.01) elevated in spray painters over the control group (3.04 +/- 1.53 vs 1.88 +/- 1.07 microIU/ml, mean +/- SD), respectively. Two of the 25 spray painters acquired sub-clinical hypothyroidism, and one subject was detected with overt hypothyroidism. T4 levels were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed in spray painters while T3 was not changed significantly in both the groups. Reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, and testosterone) showed no significant changes in control and spray-painting group. However, two spray painters had abnormally high level of LH (26.43 and 12.22 IU/l; normal range 0.5-10 IU/l). These subjects were also found to have abnormally higher level of FSH (38.63 and 14.11 IU/l; normal range 1.3-11.5 IU/l). An isolated higher level of FSH (39.94 IU/l) was also observed in one spray painter. No abnormality in the level of LH was observed in control group while 3 subjects from this group had abnormally high level of FSH. Testosterone levels were under the normal range (3-12 ng/ ml) in both the groups. This study might suggest that spray painters are at risk of developing neurobehavioral, thyroid and reproductive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Zaidi
- National Institute of Occupational Health (Indian Council of Medical Research, I.C.M.R.), Meghaninagar Ahmedabad-380 016, Gujarat, India
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Mahjoubi-Samet A, Hamadi F, Soussia L, Fadhel G, Zeghal N. Dimethoate effects on thyroid function in suckling rats. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2005; 66:96-104. [PMID: 15959409 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(05)81705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our work is to study dimethoate effects on thyroid function given in drinking water (40 mg/kg body weight, equivalent to 0.2 g/L) to mothers from day zero until the 10th day after delivery. Pups and their mothers were sacrificed on day ten after parturition. Compared to a control group, dimethoate-treated pups showed a 48% decrease in body weight which could be attributed to a defect in thyroid hormones. Indeed, after treatment by dimethoate, plasma rates of free T4 and T3 decreased by 56% and 40% in the young and by 27% and 15% in dams respectively. We can attribute the reduction in plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine rates to a decrease in thyroid iodine levels (-75%) in the young and (-24%) in their mothers. The decrease in production of thyroid hormones after dimethoate treatment affect thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. In fact, plasma TSH levels were multiplied in dimethoate-treated group by factors of 2.31 in dams and 1.96 in their offspring. These biochemical modifications confirmed the histological thyroid aspects of pups and dams. In fact, in dimethoate-treated rats, some thyroid follicles of pups presented vesicular cavities without colloid; others contained colloid. However in dams, thyroid follicles presented cubical epithelial cells which surrounded empty vesicular cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mahjoubi-Samet
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Life Sciences department, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Route de la Soukra Km 3.5. BP 802. 3018 Sfax-Tunisie
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Abstract
Use of pesticides in India began in 1948 when DDT was imported for malaria control and BHC for locust control. India started pesticide production with manufacturing plant for DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC) (HCH) in the year 1952. In 1958, India was producing over 5000 metric tonnes of pesticides. Currently, there are approximately 145 pesticides registered for use, and production has increased to approximately 85,000 metric tonnes. Rampant use of these chemicals has given rise to several short-term and long-term adverse effects of these chemicals. The first report of poisoning due to pesticides in India came from Kerala in 1958 where, over 100 people died after consuming wheat flour contaminated with parathion. Subsequently several cases of pesticide-poisoning including the Bhopal disaster have been reported. Despite the fact that the consumption of pesticides in India is still very low, about 0.5 kg/ha of pesticides against 6.60 and 12.0 kg/ha in Korea and Japan, respectively, there has been a widespread contamination of food commodities with pesticide residues, basically due to non-judicious use of pesticides. In India, 51% of food commodities are contaminated with pesticide residues and out of these, 20% have pesticides residues above the maximum residue level values on a worldwide basis. It has been observed that their long-term, low-dose exposure are increasingly linked to human health effects such as immune-suppression, hormone disruption, diminished intelligence, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. In this light, problems of pesticide safety, regulation of pesticide use, use of biotechnology, and biopesticides, and use of pesticides obtained from natural plant sources such as neem extracts are some of the future strategies for minimizing human exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Gupta
- Toxicology Consulting Services Inc., C-44, Rajinder Nagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
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Bhatnagar VK, Karnik AB, Suthar AM, Zaidi SSA, Kashyap R, Shah MP, Kulkarni PK, Saiyed HN. Biological indices in formulators exposed to a combination of pesticides. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2002; 68:22-28. [PMID: 11731827 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-001-0214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2001] [Accepted: 09/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V K Bhatnagar
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, 380 016, India
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