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Cornelius AP, Rodrigues-Rosa A. A faculty-led resident strike team as a force expander during disaster. Am J Disaster Med 2024; 19:5-13. [PMID: 38597642 DOI: 10.5055/ajdm.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic produced an unprecedented strain on the United States medical system. Prior to the pandemic, there was an estimated 20,000 physician shortage. This has been further stressed by physicians falling ill and the increased acuity of the COVID-19 patients. Federal medical team availability was stretched to its capabilities with the large numbers of deployments. With such severe staffing shortages, creative ways of force expansion were undertaken. New Orleans, Louisiana, was one of the hardest hit areas early in the pandemic. As the case counts built, a call was put out for help. The Louisiana State University (LSU) system responded with a faculty-led resident strike team out of the LSU Health Shreveport Academic Medical Center. Residents and faculty alike volunteered, forming a multispecialty, attending-led medical strike team of approximately 10 physicians. Administrative aspects such as institution-specific credentialing, malpractice coverage, resident distribution, attending physician oversight, among other aspects were addressed, managed, and agreed upon between the LSU Health Shreveport and the New Orleans hospital institutions and leadership prior to deployment in April 2020. In New Orleans, the residents managed patients within the departments of emergency medicine, medical floor, and intensive care unit (ICU). The residents assigned to the medical floor became a new hospitalist service team. The diversity of specialties allowed the team to address patient care in a multidisciplinary manner, leading to comprehensive patient care plans and unhindered team dynamic and workflow. During the first week alone, the team admitted and cared for over 100 patients combined from the medical floor and ICU. In a disaster situation compounded by staff shortages, a resident strike team is a beneficial solution for force expansion. This article qualitatively reviews the first published incidence of a faculty-led multispecialty resident strike team being used as a force expander in a disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Cornelius
- John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth Emergency Medicine Residency; Associate Professor, Clinical Emergency Medicine TCU/UNT, Fort Worth, Texas; Associate Professor, Louisiana State University-Shreveport Academic Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0405-1433
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Cowlishaw S, O'Dwyer C, Bowd C, Sadler N, O'Donnell M, Forbes D, Howard A. Pandemic impacts and experiences after disaster in Australia: qualitative study of compound impacts following the Black Summer bushfires. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e43. [PMID: 38305026 PMCID: PMC10897690 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first cases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia were recorded in January 2020, which was during the 'Black Summer' bushfires of 2019-20 and prior to additional disasters in some regions. Few studies have considered the compound impact of disasters and the pandemic. AIMS To improve understanding of the impact on mental health and well-being of the pandemic in disaster-affected communities. METHOD We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 18) with community members and online focus groups (n = 31) with help providers from three regions of rural Australia affected by bushfires and the pandemic. RESULTS Six themes were produced: (a) 'Pulling together, pulling apart', describing experiences after bushfires and prior to impacts of the pandemic; (b) 'Disruption of the 'normal response', encompassing changes to post-disaster recovery processes attributed to the pandemic; (c) 'Escalating tensions and division in the community', describing impacts on relationships; (d) 'Everywhere you turn you get a slap in the face', acknowledging impacts of bureaucratic 'red tape'; (e) 'There are layers of trauma', highlighting intersecting traumas and pre-existing vulnerabilities; and (f) 'Where does the help come from when we can't do it?', encompassing difficulties accessing services and impacts on the helping workforce. CONCLUSIONS This study furthers our understanding of compound disasters and situates pandemic impacts in relation to processes of adjustment and recovery from bushfires. It highlights the need for long-term approaches to resilience and recovery, investment in social infrastructure, multi-component approaches to workforce issues, and strategies to increase mental health support and pathways across services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. O'Dwyer
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Bowd
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - N. Sadler
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. Forbes
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - A. Howard
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Logie CH, Toccalino D, MacKenzie F, Hasham A, Narasimhan M, Donkers H, Lorimer N, Malama K. Associations between climate change-related factors and sexual health: A scoping review. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2299718. [PMID: 38190290 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2299718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
There is growing attention to the ways in which climate change may affect sexual health, yet key knowledge gaps remain across global contexts and climate issues. In response, we conducted a scoping review to examine the literature on associations between climate change and sexual health. We searched five databases (May 2021, September 2022). We reviewed 3,183 non-duplicate records for inclusion; n = 83 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these articles, n = 30 focused on HIV and other STIs, n = 52 focused on sexual and gender-based violence (GBV), and n = 1 focused on comprehensive sexuality education. Thematic analysis revealed that hurricanes, drought, temperature variation, flooding, and storms may influence HIV outcomes among people with HIV by constraining access to antiretroviral treatment and worsening mental health. Climate change was associated with HIV/STI testing barriers and worsened economic conditions that elevated HIV exposure (e.g. transactional sex). Findings varied regarding associations between GBV with storms and drought, yet most studies examining flooding, extreme temperatures, and bushfires reported positive associations with GBV. Future climate change research can examine understudied sexual health domains and a range of climate-related issues (e.g. heat waves, deforestation) for their relevance to sexual health. Climate-resilient sexual health approaches can integrate extreme weather events into programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Danielle Toccalino
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frannie MacKenzie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aryssa Hasham
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manjulaa Narasimhan
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Holly Donkers
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Lorimer
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kalonde Malama
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Murphy M, Ellsberg M, Balogun A, García-Moreno C. Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3328-3345. [PMID: 36259449 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review provides an overview of existing research on risk and protective factors associated with violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and natural disaster settings. PubMed (Medline); PsycINFO; Scopus; and Cochrane Center trials registrar were searched as well as relevant internet repositories for VAWG research. The inclusion criteria covered studies that were published between January 1995 and December 2020, documented risk and/or protective factors for VAWG in conflict or natural disaster-affected settings and included primary or secondary data analysis. A total of 1,413 records were initially identified and 86 articles (covering 77 studies) were included in the final analysis. The findings show that many preexisting risk factors for VAWG are exacerbated in armed conflict and natural disaster-affected settings. Poverty and economic stress, men's substance abuse, exposure to violence, changing gender roles in contexts of inequitable gender norms, and a lack of social support are some of the risk factors associated with male perpetration or female experience of violence. In addition, risk factors specific to experiences during armed conflict or in a natural disaster (e.g., displacement, insecurity or congestion in and around displacement camps, militarization of society, killing of family, destruction of property, etc.) are associated with higher prevalence of VAWG in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murphy
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Mary Ellsberg
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Aminat Balogun
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Claudia García-Moreno
- The Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Cannon CEB, Ferreira R, Buttell F. A disaster's disparate impacts: analysing perceived stress and personal resilience across gender and race. DISASTERS 2023; 47:563-583. [PMID: 35904212 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This research sought to identify differences in perceived stress and personal resilience across gender, race, and different types of stressors (such as rent or mortgage stress) among a sample of United States residents experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. It used a cross-sectional, convenience sampling design for primary survey data collected over 10 weeks starting in April 2020 (n=374). Independent t-tests and binary logistic regression were performed to determine statistically significant differences between gender and race for perceived stress and personal resilience and to pinpoint key contributing factors. Results indicate women exhibited higher levels of stress, with non-IPV (intimate partner violence) reporting women evidencing higher levels of resilience than IPV reporting women. Racial minority women were more likely to experience nutritional stress, whereas White women were more likely to worry about rent or mortgage stress. These findings provide insight into disparate impacts across vulnerable populations at the start of a crisis with implications for improving pre- and post-disaster interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E B Cannon
- Assistant Professor, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, United States
- Research Fellow, Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Regardt Ferreira
- Associate Professor, Tulane University School of Social Work, United States
- Research Fellow, Department of Social Work, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Fred Buttell
- Research Fellow, Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, South Africa
- Professor, Tulane University School of Social Work, United States
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Florek S, Piegza M, Dębski P, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R. How COVID-19 pandemic period influences on the selected mental health parameters of Polish respondents? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1126471. [PMID: 37303919 PMCID: PMC10248506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are many different articles about COVID-19 pandemic period and its influence on people and their behavior. Nevertheless, there is little research on the slightly later period of the pandemic, that is, the time when specific adaptation mechanisms in society should start to take place. Methods Our research was conducted by means of an online survey. Four hundred and eighty five adults participated, including 349 (71.96%) women and 136 (28.04%) men. The Buss-Perry aggression scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale were used. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 13.3 software. Results Within the study population, positive correlations were noted between anxiety and generalized aggression, anger, hostility, physical and psychological aggression. In the female group, anxiety correlates positively with generalized aggression, anger, hostility, verbal and physical aggression. Among male subjects, anxiety correlates positively with aggression, anger, and hostility. Alcohol consumption has a significant association with verbal aggression. Statistically, more women experience anxiety, more men have inflated scores on the AUDIT scale and on verbal and physical aggression. Younger people are more likely than older people to experience anxiety and have inflated scores on hostility. Those with secondary education scored significantly higher on the GAD-7 scale and the aggression scale (and all subscales except anger) compared to respondents with higher education. Discussion As a result of adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety is no longer a factor in increased evels of alcohol consumption. The pandemic has not affected differences in alcohol consumption between men and women. The presence of a positive correlation between anxiety and aggression and the sociodemographic structure of those characterized by increased aggression are also unchanged. Anxiety directly influences aggressive behavior in a relatively strong way. Appropriate health-promoting measures should be implemented to protect the public from the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cannon CEB, Ferreira R, Buttell F, O'Connor A. Intimate Partner Violence Survivorship, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Disaster: Implications for Future Disasters. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231176205. [PMID: 37226434 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231176205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence among a sample of intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors (n = 77) who filed for restraining orders in rural Louisiana during the COVID-19 pandemic. IPV survivors were individually interviewed to assess their self-reported levels of perceived stress, resilience, potential PTSD, COVID-19-related experiences, and sociodemographic characteristics. Data were analyzed to differentiate group membership between two groups; non-PTSD and probable PTSD. Results suggest the probable PTSD group had lower levels of resilience and higher levels of perceived stress compared to the non-PTSD group. Findings suggest the importance of providing services during disaster to reduce PTSD for IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E B Cannon
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Regardt Ferreira
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Social Work, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Fred Buttell
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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8
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Rothschild J, Haase E. Women's mental health and climate change Part II: Socioeconomic stresses of climate change and eco-anxiety for women and their children. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 160:414-420. [PMID: 36254375 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a significant public health crisis that is both rooted in pre-existing inequitable socioeconomic and racial systems and will further worsen these social injustices. In the face of acute and slow-moving natural disasters, women, and particularly women of color, will be more susceptible to gender-based violence, displacement, and other socioeconomic stressors, all of which have adverse mental health outcomes. Among the social consequences of climate change, eco-anxiety resulting from these negative impacts is also increasingly a significant factor in family planning and reproductive justice, as well as disruptions of the feminine connection to nature that numerous cultures historically and currently honor. This narrative review will discuss these sociologic factors and also touch on ways that practitioners can become involved in climate-related advocacy for the physical and mental well-being of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, Carson Tahoe Regional Medical Center, Nevada, Carson City, USA.,University of Nevada School of Medicine at Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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9
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Wong S, Nowland T. Practitioner Experiences with Domestic and Family Violence in COVID-19. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 43:423-441. [PMID: 36718130 PMCID: PMC9878256 DOI: 10.1002/anzf.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of COVID-19 as a global public health crisis in 2020 was quickly followed by predictions regarding likely increases in occurrences of domestic and family violence (DFV). The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the pandemic on practitioner experiences of DFV in one service organisation in New South Wales, Australia. Qualitative focus group interviews were performed with senior practitioners at Relationships Australia (NSW), and a grounded theory approach was employed in formulation of a perspective which highlighted social isolation under public health management social distancing measures as that which distinguished practitioner experiences of DFV during COVID-19. Social isolation was conceived as the overarching factor across categorisations of practitioner responses, including: (a) situations of client domestic relations; (b) client general life circumstances; (c) emerging client self-awareness; (d) organisational and social systems changes; and (e) necessary work practice changes. Organisational and workplace recommendations address the relative difference of pandemic management measures from natural disaster occurrences, with respect to supporting people experiencing DFV.
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10
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Newnham EA, Gao X, Guragain B, Jiao F, Nathan E, Boyes M, Leaning J. Daily stressors and mental health following disaster: A school-based assessment of adolescent disaster survivors in China and Nepal. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1721-1733. [PMID: 36067255 PMCID: PMC10087694 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Postdisaster daily stressors, the economic and social challenges caused or exacerbated by disasters, have significant consequences for mental health but are rarely investigated in child and adolescent populations. We assessed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, and anxiety among adolescents affected by disasters in China and Nepal and examined the specific contributions of disaster-related trauma exposure and daily stressors across mental health outcomes. A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a stratified random sampling design. Adolescents living in disaster-affected areas of southern China and Nepal (N = 4,215, 52.7% female, age range: 15-19 years) completed translated, validated measures. Mixed effects logistic regression analyses were conducted using a priori risk factors. PTSS were reported by 22.7% of participants and were higher among Nepali adolescents but did not differ between genders. Depressive symptoms were reported by 45.2% of the sample and were higher among Nepali adolescents and girls in both countries. Across all settings, disaster-related trauma exposure was a significant risk factor for PTSS, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, China: odds ratios (ORs) = 1.44-2.06, Nepal, ORs = 1.21-2.53. High levels of household and interpersonal daily stressors further improved the models and contributed significantly to all mental health difficulties, China: ORs = 1.77-1.98, Nepal: ORs = 1.49-1.90. Postdisaster economic insecurity and interpersonal stressors are thus, likely to worsen adolescent mental health outcomes. Programs that identify and address structural inequalities for adolescents in disaster-affected settings will have cascading effects for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Newnham
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Feng Jiao
- Public Health School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | - Elizabeth Nathan
- Women and Infants' Research Foundation, Perth, Australia.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jennifer Leaning
- FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Usher K, Durkin J, Douglas L, Coffey Y, Bhullar N. Coping styles and mental health outcomes of community members affected by black summer 2019-20 bushfires in Australia. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2022; 31:1176-1185. [PMID: 35731685 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate coping styles, posttraumatic stress, and mental health symptoms among a sample of community members affected by 2019-20 Australian bushfires. Using a convenience sampling approach, an online survey was used to assess a range of coping strategies, posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among the affected community members of Black Summer bushfires. The results revealed that study participants reported moderate symptoms of depression and stress, and severe levels of anxiety. Additionally, participants reported use of both approach and avoidance coping strategies following the bushfire event as well as experiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress, such as having intrusive thoughts and symptoms of avoidance and hyperarousal. Despite the durability of many individuals, others remain affected by the event and there is evidence there may be longer term mental health consequences of the bushfires for some people. Given these findings, it is imperative that mental health services be readily available for people in the bushfire-affected areas. Mental health nurses have an important role to play in supporting individuals affected by disasters. Awareness of the short- and long-term impacts of disasters on the mental health of people is paramount for mental health nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Durkin
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lesley Douglas
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yumiko Coffey
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navjot Bhullar
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Psychology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of Women with Different Socioeconomic Backgrounds and Victimization Experiences in Portugal. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The heavy economic, social, and psychological toll of pandemic lockdowns around the world and their disproportionate effect on women are widely acknowledged, but different socioeconomic backgrounds and contexts may influence the degree to which stay-at-home measures impact their lives. Additionally, knowing that violence against women tends to increase during times of crisis, we are testing if the additional burden of victimization represents an added load to the perceived social impacts of the lockdown. Using 2021 survey data from a random sample of 1541 Portuguese women, the paper explores, through logistic regression models, the social impact of the lockdown on the lives of women, its socioeconomic determinants, and the role played by violence against women during the pandemic. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown did not equally affect all facets of women’s social lives, and women with higher education status and that experienced income reductions due to the measures taken to control the pandemic are more prone to experience a more severe negative impact of the lockdown on the various facets of their lives. Additionally, having been a victim during the pandemic partially mediates the effect of education and income reduction on the social outcomes of the lockdown.
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van Daalen KR, Kallesøe SS, Davey F, Dada S, Jung L, Singh L, Issa R, Emilian CA, Kuhn I, Keygnaert I, Nilsson M. Extreme events and gender-based violence: a mixed-methods systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e504-e523. [PMID: 35709808 PMCID: PMC10073035 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events are expected to increase due to anthropogenic climate change. This systematic review explores extreme events and their effect on gender-based violence (GBV) experienced by women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. We searched ten databases until February, 2022. Grey literature was searched using the websites of key organisations working on GBV and Google. Quantitative studies were described narratively, whereas qualitative studies underwent thematic analysis. We identified 26 381 manuscripts. 41 studies were included exploring several types of extreme events (ie, storms, floods, droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires) and GBV (eg, sexual violence and harassment, physical violence, witch killing, early or forced marriage, and emotional violence). Studies were predominantly cross-sectional. Although most qualitative studies were of reasonable quality, most quantitative studies were of poor quality. Only one study included sexual and gender minorities. Most studies showed an increase in one or several GBV forms during or after extreme events, often related to economic instability, food insecurity, mental stress, disrupted infrastructure, increased exposure to men, tradition, and exacerbated gender inequality. These findings could have important implications for sexual-transformative and gender-transformative interventions, policies, and implementation. High-quality evidence from large, ethnographically diverse cohorts is essential to explore the effects and driving factors of GBV during and after extreme events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Savić Kallesøe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Infectious Disease Genomics and One Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Fiona Davey
- Health Equity Network, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Dada
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education, and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Jung
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucy Singh
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rita Issa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Alma Emilian
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Quintas J, Guerreiro A, de Carvalho MJL, Duarte V, Pedro AR, Gama AF, Keygnaert I, Dias S. The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116489. [PMID: 35682079 PMCID: PMC9180313 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The social conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic had a great potential to affect the mental health of individuals. Meta-analyses indicate a rise in these problems in these periods among general populations, patients and health professionals, even with substantial heterogeneous results. This paper examines mental health impacts specifically during the first wave of COVID-19. An online survey was conducted with a Portuguese convenience sample (N = 1.062) comprising questions about substance use, perceived stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and self-damage behaviors. The results concerning substance use show an extensive use of medication to sleep or calm down, especially among women and older respondents, a small percentage of alcohol consumers with a high pattern of use and less frequent cannabis consumption, even with a quarter of users who began only in the COVID-19 period. The rates of perceived stress and PTSD were higher compared with international prevalence estimations during the pandemic conditions. Both correlated measures were worse for women and young people. Another problematic issue was the rate of suicidal ideation, with a relevant proportion of starters during this period. These data reinforce the need to promote access to mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quintas
- CJS—Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Crime, Justice and Security, School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- CJS—Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Crime, Justice and Security, School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia (UMAIA), 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
| | - Maria João Leote de Carvalho
- NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CICS.NOVA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vera Duarte
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia (UMAIA), 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- CICS.NOVA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pedro
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (A.F.G.); (S.D.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Gama
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (A.F.G.); (S.D.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- WHO Collaborating Centre: International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Centre for Social Studies on Migration and Refugees (CESSMIR), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sónia Dias
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (A.F.G.); (S.D.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
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Mannell J, Minckas N, Burgess R, Chirwa ED, Jewkes R, Gibbs A. Does experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention in South Africa. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051969. [PMID: 35487735 PMCID: PMC9058688 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations and potential pathways between women's lifetime exposure to traumatic events and their recent experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV). SETTING South African informal settlements near Durban. PARTICIPANTS 677 women, living in informal settlements, aged 18-30 years, currently out of school or formal employment. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported experiences of IPV in the past 12 months and exposure to traumatic neighbourhood events (including witnessing murder, being robbed or kidnapped, witnessing and experiencing rape). RESULTS Exposure to traumatic events was common among the 677 women surveyed. Over 70% had experienced at least one in their lifetime; one quarter (24%) had experienced 3 or more different events. Women exposed to any traumatic event had a 43% increase in the odds of experiencing IPV in comparison to those with no exposure (aOR 1.43, p≤0.000). Exposure to non-partner rape is more strongly associated with IPV than any other traumatic experience. Pathways from exposure to traumatic events and non-partner rape to recent IPV experience are mediated by a latent variable of poor mental health. Food insecurity is associated with all forms of traumatic experience, and is also indirectly associated with IPV through views by women that are unsupportive of gender equality. CONCLUSIONS Women living in South African informal settlements who witness or experience traumatic events were likely to experience IPV, and this increases when women were exposed to multiple types of events. Our model suggests that experiencing traumatic events, and non-partner rape in particular, has negative effects on women's mental health in ways that may increase their vulnerability to IPV. IPV prevention interventions should consider the broader impacts of women's exposure to neighbourhood violence and severe poverty on IPV risk in settings where these are endemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03022370; post-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esnat D Chirwa
- Gender and Health Division, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Division, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Division, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Rudenstine S, Schulder T, Bhatt KJ, McNeal K, Ettman CK, Galea S. Suicidal ideation during COVID-19: The contribution of unique and cumulative stressors. Psychiatry Res 2022; 310:114475. [PMID: 35219267 PMCID: PMC8858638 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The link between large-scale disasters and population-level risk of suicide remains unclear. The present study sought to investigate suicidal ideation (SI) in relation to COVID-19 related stress, including material and social stress, in a predominantly low-SES ethno-racially diverse sample in New York City during a peak in COVID-19 cases in April 2020. Using binary logistic regressions of data collected with self-report surveys, we found that individuals who identified as Asian, as well as those with high total, material, and social stress levels, and persons without access to primary care providers had significantly higher adjusted odds of SI. These results indicate the specific burden faced by Asian participants due to increases in targeted racism, the importance of cumulative stress and specific stressor type, as well as the role of healthcare access on SI during the pandemic. Such findings suggest the need for specific interventions that target individuals who may be at higher risk of suicide after large-scale traumatic events and during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Rudenstine
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031.
| | - Talia Schulder
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
| | - Krish J. Bhatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722W 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kat McNeal
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031
| | | | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
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17
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Zhang Y, Workman A, Russell MA, Williamson M, Pan H, Reifels L. The long-term impact of bushfires on the mental health of Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2087980. [PMID: 35957633 PMCID: PMC9359172 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2087980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term health effects of bushfires include the potential to trigger new and exacerbate existing mental health problems. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to determine the prevalence of long-term mental health issues in Australian populations exposed to bushfires. METHOD A systematic search was conducted in five databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify studies focusing on Australian populations impacted by bushfires with the prevalence of mental health issues reported at 2+ years after bushfire. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool was utilised. We conducted meta-analyses to determine the prevalence of general psychological distress in the general population, and a narrative synthesis. RESULTS We included 21 articles based on 5 studies and conducted on 3 bushfire events. Meta-analyses showed a pooled prevalence of 14% (95% CI 12%-16%) for psychological distress in the general population at 2-4 years post bushfire. The overall prevalence of long-term psychological problems in firefighters at 2-7 years ranged from 28% to 47.6%. The prevalence of some psychological issues decreased with time and was directly proportional to the level of bushfire impact. CONCLUSIONS As the magnitude of long-term bushfire-related mental health impacts in Australia is severe, it is important to monitor psychological problems and assist communities in future. Future research needs include: (a) more studies on the full range of long-term psychological impacts of bushfires, and (b) consensus on instruments and diagnostic criteria to define mental health issues. HIGHLIGHTS First systematic review of long-term bushfire mental health issues in Australia.Indicating substantial mental health problems among affected populations.Long-term issues were linked to bushfire impact and elevated among firefighters.Highlighting need for further rigorous research on long-term disaster sequalae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Zhang
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Annabelle Workman
- Melbourne Climate Futures, Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa A Russell
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michelle Williamson
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Haotai Pan
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lennart Reifels
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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18
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Savitsky B, Radomislensky I, Goldman S, Kaim A, Bodas M. The surfacing portion of the Iceberg of the Domestic Violence Phenomenon-data from the Israeli National Trauma Registry. Isr J Health Policy Res 2021; 10:69. [PMID: 34857052 PMCID: PMC8637030 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-021-00499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic violence against women, which is an ancient phenomenon, is still thriving worldwide. The burden of domestic violence that is non-fatal on scene and its consequences in Israel are unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence-based data regarding domestic violence-related hospitalizations among women in Israel. Methods The study is a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients included in the Israeli National Trauma Registry between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2020. All women aged 14 and older, hospitalized due to a violence-related injury in one of the six-level I Trauma Centers or one of the 15 regional Trauma Centers in Israel were included (n = 676). Results Domestic violence contributes to moderate, severe, and critical injuries in a quarter of abused hospitalized women. Among these women, 20% underwent surgery, and in-hospital mortality was recorded for 2% of the patients. For most cases (53%), the spouse or ex-spouse caused the injury. The family relationship with the perpetrator was distributed differently between the population groups. The proportion of brothers who attacked sisters was greatest among Arabs (14.4%), while the phenomenon of attacking a mother was infrequent in the Arab sub-group. In contrast, among Jewish women, the proportion of those injured by a son was high, especially among the group of Jewish immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) (17%) and other countries (26%). In a multivariable logistic regression model with at least moderate injury as a dependent variable, in comparison to Israeli Arabs, Jews had a higher odds for sustaining at least moderate injuries, while the odds of Jewish immigrants not from FSU or Ethiopia were the highest (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.0–9.9). The annual hospitalization risk was 1.3/100,000 and 5.8/100,000, respectively for Jews and Arabs in 2020, almost fivefold higher among Arab women in comparison to Jewish women (RR = 4.6, 95% CI 2.9–7.3). Conclusions Domestic violence prevention should pay special attention to populations at risk, such as Arab women and new immigrants, as those women are especially vulnerable and often without sufficient family support and lack of economic resources to exit the trap of domestic violence. The collaboration between social and health services, the police, and the local authorities is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Savitsky
- Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,School of Health Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Irina Radomislensky
- Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sharon Goldman
- Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arielle Kaim
- Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Moran Bodas
- Israel National Center for Trauma and Emergency Medicine Research, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Public Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Heaney E, Hunter L, Clulow A, Bowles D, Vardoulakis S. Efficacy of Communication Techniques and Health Outcomes of Bushfire Smoke Exposure: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10889. [PMID: 34682636 PMCID: PMC8536189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Public health officials communicate the relevant risks of bushfire smoke exposure and associated health protection measures to affected populations. Increasing global bushfire incidence in the context of climate change motivated this scoping review. English-language publications related to adverse health outcomes following bushfire smoke exposure and publications relating to communication during natural disasters were included. Bushfire smoke events potentially increase healthcare contact, especially presentations triggered by respiratory illness. At-risk populations include those with underlying cardiorespiratory disease, elderly, paediatric, pregnant persons, and First Nations people. We found that social media, television, and radio are among the most common information sources utilised in bushfire smoke events. Message style, content, and method of delivery can directly influence message uptake and behaviour modification. Age, rurality, and geographical location influence information source preferences. Culturally and linguistically diverse groups and those with hearing, vision, and mobility-related disabilities may benefit from targeted health recommendations. This review emphasises the health effects of bushfire smoke exposure and related communication recommendations during and after bushfire smoke events. Additional investigation may further clarify the health effects of bushfire smoke exposure and efficacy of related health messaging, particularly in at-risk populations. Quantitative comparison of communication methods may yield more specific recommendations for future bushfire smoke events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Heaney
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (E.H.); (L.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Hunter
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (E.H.); (L.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Angus Clulow
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (E.H.); (L.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Devin Bowles
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (D.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (D.B.); (S.V.)
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20
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The Impact of Wildfires on Mental Health: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11090126. [PMID: 34562964 PMCID: PMC8466569 DOI: 10.3390/bs11090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the many consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency, severity, and, thus, impact of wildfires across the globe. The destruction and loss of one's home, belongings, and surrounding community, and the threat to personal safety and the safety of loved ones can have significant consequences on survivors' mental health, which persist for years after. The objective of this scoping review was to identify primary studies examining the impact of wildfires on mental health and to summarize findings for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use. Literature searches on Pubmed and Embase were conducted in February and April of 2021, respectively, with no date restrictions. A total of 254 studies were found in the two database searches, with 60 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Three other studies were identified and included based on relevant in-text citations during data abstraction. The results show an increased rate of PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety at several times of follow-up post-wildfire, from the subacute phase, to years after. An increased rate of mental health disorders post-wildfire has been found in both the adult and pediatric population, with a number of associated risk factors, the most significant being characteristics of the wildfire trauma itself. Several new terms have arisen in the literature secondary to an increased awareness and understanding of the impact of natural disasters on mental health, including ecological grief, solastalgia, and eco-anxiety. There are a number of patient factors and systemic changes that have been identified post-wildfire that can contribute to resilience and recovery.
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21
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Usher K, Bradbury Jones C, Bhullar N, Durkin DJ, Gyamfi N, Fatema SR, Jackson D. COVID-19 and family violence: Is this a perfect storm? Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:1022-1032. [PMID: 34008291 PMCID: PMC8242793 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disasters including public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic are known to increase instances of family violence against women, children, and other diverse populations. This paper discusses and provides evidence of disaster-related vulnerability of and violence towards specific groups of people. We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic presents the 'perfect storm' for family violence, where a set of rare circumstances combine, resulting in a significant aggravation of the resulting event. Given the mental health implications of family violence, mental health professionals need to be aware of this issue during the pandemic and ready to assist with the development of strategies to overcome the situation where possible. To provide protection and prevent violence, there is a need to include at-risk groups in disaster response and community planning. Such a plan could involve gender and disaster working groups at the local community, state, and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Usher
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Navjot Bhullar
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Naomi Gyamfi
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Debra Jackson
- University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Warne N, Rice F. Links between depressive symptoms and the observer perspective for autobiographical memories and imagined events: a high familial risk study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1922418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Warne
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Thurston AM, Stöckl H, Ranganathan M. Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004377. [PMID: 33958379 PMCID: PMC8112410 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disasters triggered by climate and other natural hazards are increasing in frequency, severity and duration worldwide. Disasters disproportionately impact women and girls, with some evidence suggesting that violence against women and girls (VAWG) increases in disaster settings. Suggested risk factors for postdisaster VAWG include increased life stressors, failure of law enforcement, exposure to high-risk environments, exacerbation of existing gender inequalities and unequal social norms. We aim to systematically appraise the global literature on the association between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG. METHODS We conducted a systematic review using the following databases: Embase, Global Health, Medline, PubMed and Social Policy and Practice and searched grey literature. We included quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods studies published in English language that examined the association between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG. We summarised the findings using a narrative synthesis approach. RESULTS Of 555 non-duplicate records, we included a total of 37 quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies. Among the quantitative studies, eight studies found a positive association between disaster exposure and increased VAWG, and four additional studies found positive associations with some violence types but not others. Qualitative findings offered insights into three hypothesised pathways: disaster exposure associated with (1) an increase of stressors that trigger VAWG; (2) an increase of enabling environments for VAWG and (3) an exacerbation of underlying drivers of VAWG. CONCLUSION As the first known global systematic review on the relationship between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG, this review contributes to the evidence base. We were limited by the quality of quantitative studies, specifically study designs, the measurement of variables and geographic scope. The severe health consequences of VAWG and increasing frequency of extreme events means that rigorously designed and better quality studies are needed to inform evidence-based policies and safeguard women and girls during and after disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Mari Thurston
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meghna Ranganathan
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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24
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Gama A, Pedro A, de Carvalho M, Guerreiro A, Duarte V, Quintas J, Matias A, Keygnaert I, Dias S. Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal. PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1159/000514341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The measures implemented to combat the COVID-19 pandemic led populations to confinement at home, with increased risk of domestic violence due to extended shared time between victims and offenders. Evidence on domestic violence in times of pandemic is lacking. This study examines the occurrence of domestic violence, associated factors and help seeking during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted in Portugal between April and October 2020 by NOVA National School of Public Health. The survey was disseminated through partner networks, media, and institutions working within the scope of violence. Data were collected on the experience of domestic violence, and help seeking during the pandemic. In a total of 1,062 respondents, 146 (13.7%) reported having suffered domestic violence during the pandemic, including psychological (13.0%, <i>n</i> = 138), sexual (1.0%, <i>n</i> = 11), and physical (0.9%, <i>n</i> = 10) abuse. Overall, the lower the age, the more the reported domestic violence. Also, a higher proportion of participants who perceived difficulties to make ends meet during the pandemic reported domestic violence. Differences between women and men and across educational levels on reported domestic violence were not statistically significant. Bivariate logistic analyses showed that, among women, reported domestic violence was more likely among those with up to secondary education compared to higher education. Most of the victims did not seek help (62.3%), the main reasons being considering it unnecessary, that help would not change anything, and feeling embarrassed about what had happened. Only 4.3% of the victims sought police help. The most common reasons for not coming forward to form a complaint were considering the abuse was not severe and believing the police would not do anything. Our findings indicate that domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic was experienced by both sexes and across different age groups. There is a need for investing in specific support systems for victims of domestic violence to be applied to pandemic contexts, especially targeting those in more vulnerable situations and potentially underserved.
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25
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Cowlishaw S, Metcalf O, Varker T, Stone C, Molyneaux R, Gibbs L, Block K, Harms L, MacDougall C, Gallagher HC, Bryant R, Lawrence-Wood E, Kellett C, O'Donnell M, Forbes D. Anger Dimensions and Mental Health Following a Disaster: Distribution and Implications After a Major Bushfire. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:46-55. [PMID: 33136348 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Anger is an important dimension of affect and a prominent feature of posttraumatic mental health, but it is commonly overlooked in postdisaster settings. We aimed to examine the distribution and implications of significant anger problems in the aftermath of a natural disaster, via analyses of Beyond Bushfires survey data from 736 residents of rural communities 5 years after the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, Australia. Assessments included the five-item Dimensions of Anger Reaction (DAR-5) scale along with measures of PTSD, depression, and significant mental illness, and indicators of life satisfaction, suicidality, hostile aggressive behavior, and violence exposure. The results indicated that approximately 10% of respondents from areas highly affected by the bushfires scored above the provisional cutoff criteria for significant anger problems on the DAR-5, which was a more than 3-fold increase, OR = 3.26, relative to respondents from areas of low-to-moderate bushfire impact. The rates were higher among women, younger participants, and those who were unemployed, and co-occurred commonly, although not exclusively, with other postdisaster mental health problems. Anger problems were also associated with lower life satisfaction, β = -.31, an 8-fold increase in suicidal ideation, OR = 8.68, and a nearly 13-fold increase in hostile aggressive behavior, OR = 12.98. There were associations with anger problems and violence exposure, which were reduced when controlling for covariates, including probable PTSD. The findings provide evidence indicating that anger is a significant issue for postdisaster mental health and should be considered routinely alongside other posttraumatic mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Metcalf
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracey Varker
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caleb Stone
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn Molyneaux
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Block
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Harms
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin MacDougall
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - H Colin Gallagher
- Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ellie Lawrence-Wood
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Connie Kellett
- Victorian Department of Justice and Community Safety, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Relationship between Panic Buying and Per Capita Income during COVID-19. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12239968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Panic buying and hoarding express common human behavior in times of crisis. Early in COVID-19, as the pandemic crisis intensified, toilet paper was one of the emblematic cases of panic buying. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to cross official per capita income data and real toilet paper transactions obtained from groceries spread around the city of São Paulo (Brazil), this study compares sales levels during the period in which panic purchases took place to the sales levels off that period. As expected, that data disclose noticeable panic buying. Regression analysis reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between average income per capita and panic buying. The results also indicate that panic buying happens in every income class, including low-income ones and contribute to enhancing the understanding of demand behavior during periods of crisis.
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27
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Rees S, Wells R. Bushfires, COVID-19 and the urgent need for an Australian Task Force on gender, mental health and disaster. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2020; 54:1135-1136. [PMID: 32900210 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420954276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Rees
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth Wells
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although COVID-19 is a major worldwide health threat, there is another global public health emergency that is becoming a growing challenge. Domestic violence is a public health and human rights issue that primarily affects women and children worldwide. Several countries have reported a significant increase in domestic violence cases since the COVID-19-induced lockdowns and physical distancing measures were implemented. The COVID-19 health crisis is exacerbating another pre-existing public health problem by increasing the severity and frequency of domestic violence, thus demonstrating the need to adopt significant and long-term measures. OBJECTIVE Therefore, it is urgently necessary to promote and increase actions and policies to guarantee the safety and dignity of all victims of domestic violence worldwide. METHODS This paper describes preventive measures and action plans to combat violence against women and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION The prevention of domestic violence must indeed be every government's priority and every citizen's responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ertan
- La Teppe, Tain l'Hermitage, France.,Département de Neurologie, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- Centre Régional de Psychotraumatologie CVL, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Sarah Thierrée
- Centre Régional de Psychotraumatologie CVL, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hervé Javelot
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Pharmacologie Neuro Cardiovasculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Coraline Hingray
- Département de Neurologie, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France.,Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
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29
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Shakespeare-Finch J, Bowen-Salter H, Cashin M, Badawi A, Wells R, Rosenbaum S, Steel Z. COVID-19: An Australian Perspective. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1780748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shakespeare-Finch
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Holly Bowen-Salter
- International Centre of Allied Health Evidence (iCAHE), Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Miranda Cashin
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amalia Badawi
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruth Wells
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zachary Steel
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Westrupp EM, Karantzas G, Macdonald JA, Olive L, Youssef G, Greenwood CJ, Sciberras E, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Evans S, Mikocka-Walus A, Ling M, Cummins R, Hutchinson D, Melvin G, Fernando JW, Teague S, Wood AG, Toumbourou JW, Berkowitz T, Linardon J, Enticott PG, Stokes MA, McGillivray J, Olsson CA. Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0-18 Years. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:555750. [PMID: 33110413 PMCID: PMC7488979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risks to the mental health and wellbeing of Australian families. Employment and economic uncertainty, chronic stress, anxiety, and social isolation are likely to have negative impacts on parent mental health, couple and family relationships, as well as child health and development. OBJECTIVE This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0-18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. Specifically, this study will investigate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased risk for parents' mental health, lower well-being, loneliness, and alcohol use; parent-parent and parent-child relationships (both verbal and physical); and child and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS The study aims to recruit a close to representative sample of at least 2,000 adults aged 18 years and over living in Australia who are parents of a child 0-4 years (early childhood, N = 400), 5-12 years (primary school N = 800), and 13-18 years (secondary school, N = 800). The design will be a longitudinal cohort study using an online recruitment methodology. Participants will be invited to complete an online baseline self-report survey (20 min) followed by a series of shorter online surveys (10 min) scheduled every 2 weeks for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., estimated to be 14 surveys over 6 months). RESULTS The study will employ post stratification weights to address differences between the final sample and the national population in geographic communities across Australia. Associations will be analyzed using multilevel modeling with time-variant and time-invariant predictors of change in trajectory over the testing period. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Westrupp
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gery Karantzas
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqui A Macdonald
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - George Youssef
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Greenwood
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Subhadra Evans
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonina Mikocka-Walus
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathew Ling
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Cummins
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Delyse Hutchinson
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenn Melvin
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Julian W Fernando
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha Teague
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda G Wood
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Aston Neuroscience Institute and School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomer Berkowitz
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane McGillivray
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Deakin University, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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