1
|
Zhu C, Huai Q, Zhang X, Dai H, Li X, Wang H. Insights into the roles and pathomechanisms of ceramide and sphigosine-1-phosphate in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:311-330. [PMID: 36594091 PMCID: PMC9760443 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.78525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide, encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions that are not caused by other etiology, such as overt alcohol consumption, from simple steatosis to more aggressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that involves liver inflammation and fibrosis, and to the lethal cirrhosis that may result in liver cancer and liver failure. The molecular mechanisms governing the transition from steatosis to NASH remain not fully understood, but the hepatic lipidome is extensively altered in the setting of steatosis and steatohepatitis, which also correlate with disease progression. With the tremendous advancement in the field of lipidomics in last two decades, a better understanding of the specific role of sphingolipids in fatty liver disease has taken shape. Among the numerous lipid subtypes that accumulate, ceramides are particularly impactful. On the one hand, excessive ceramides deposition in the liver cause hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, ceramides as lipotoxic lipid have significant effects on hepatic inflammation, apoptosis and insulin resistance that contribute to NAFLD. In this review, we summarize and evaluate current understanding of the multiple roles of ceramides in the onset of fatty liver disease and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying their effects, and we also discuss recent advances and challenges in pharmacological interventions targeting ceramide metabolism for the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Huai
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hanren Dai
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,✉ Corresponding author: Hua Wang, Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China and Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. E-mail: ; Xiaolei Li, Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. E-mail:
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,✉ Corresponding author: Hua Wang, Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China and Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. E-mail: ; Xiaolei Li, Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun C, Wang Z, Hu L, Zhang X, Chen J, Yu Z, Liu L, Wu M. Targets of statins intervention in LDL-C metabolism: Gut microbiota. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:972603. [PMID: 36158845 PMCID: PMC9492915 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing researches have considered gut microbiota as a new “metabolic organ,” which mediates the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. In addition, the liver is an important organ of lipid metabolism, and abnormal lipid metabolism can cause the elevation of blood lipids. Among them, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is related with ectopic lipid deposition and metabolic diseases, and statins are widely used to lower LDL-C. In recent years, the gut microbiota has been shown to mediate statins efficacy, both in animals and humans. The effect of statins on microbiota abundance has been deeply explored, and the pathways through which statins reduce the LDL-C levels by affecting the abundance of microbiota have gradually been explored. In this review, we discussed the interaction between gut microbiota and cholesterol metabolism, especially the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins mediated by gut microbiota, via AMPK-PPARγ-SREBP1C/2, FXR and PXR-related, and LPS-TLR4-Myd88 pathways, which may help to explain the individual differences in statins efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ChangXin Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZePing Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - LanQing Hu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoNan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - JiYe Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZongLiang Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - LongTao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: LongTao Liu
| | - Min Wu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Min Wu
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yde J, Wu Q, Borg JF, Fenton RA, Moeller HB. A systems-level analysis of bile acids effects on rat colon epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G34-G48. [PMID: 34643455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00178.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid diarrhea is a chronic condition caused by increased delivery of bile acids to the colon. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To investigate genes involved in bile acid diarrhea, systems-level analyses were used on a rat bile acid diarrhea model. Twelve male Wistar Munich rats, housed in metabolic cages, were fed either control or bile acid-mixed (1% wt/wt) diets for 10 days. Food intake, water intake, urine volume, body weight, and fecal output were monitored daily. After euthanasia, colonic epithelial cells were isolated using calcium chelation and processed for systems-level analyses, that is, RNA-sequencing transcriptomics and mass spectrometry proteomics. Bile acid-fed rats suffered diarrhea, indicated by increased drinking, feces weight, and fecal water content compared with control rats. Urine output was unchanged. With bile acid feeding, RNA-sequencing revealed 204 increased and 401 decreased mRNAs; mass spectrometry revealed 183 increased and 111 decreased proteins. Among the altered genes were genes associated with electrolyte and water transport (including Slc12a7, Clca4, and Aqp3) and genes associated with bile acid transport (Slc2b1, Abcg2, Slc51a, Slc51b, and Fabps). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (Pearson's r = 0.28) between changes in mRNA expression and changes in protein expression. However, caution must be exercised in making a direct correlation between experimentally determined transcriptomes and proteomes. Genes associated with bile acid transport responded to bile acid feeding, suggesting that colonic bile acid transport also occur by regulated protein facilitated mechanisms in addition to passive diffusion. In summary, the study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feeding rats with a bile acid caused changes in fecal output, underlining this bile acid diarrhea model's usefulness. Colonic epithelial expression of genes associated with facilitated transport of bile acids was altered during bile acid feeding. The study raises the possibility of regulated colonic transepithelial transport of bile acids in response to luminal bile acids. In addition, this study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan F Borg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Wu D, Tian Y. Fibroblast growth factor 19 protects the heart from oxidative stress-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy via activation of AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:62-68. [PMID: 29778534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes affects cardiac structure and function, where it leads to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress play an important role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19, an enterokine, is synthesized and released into the ileum. In the present study, we revealed that FGF19 induced an antioxidant response through stimulating the expression of nuclear erythroid factor 2 (NE-F2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and as well as reducing ROS production through the AMPK signaling pathway. Additionally, AMPK inhibition by the AMPK-specific inhibitor compound C decreased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression. Taken together, these results suggested that FGF19, through the anti-oxidative defense system, attenuated the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and restored cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China; Department of Pathophysiology and the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shang Q, Guo GL, Honda A, Shi D, Saumoy M, Salen G, Xu G. Bile acid flux through portal but not peripheral veins inhibits CYP7A1 expression without involvement of ileal FGF19 in rabbits. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G479-86. [PMID: 24994853 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00062.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It was proposed that CYP7A1 expression is suppressed through the gut-hepatic signaling pathway fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/19-fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, which is initiated by activation of farnesoid X receptor in the intestine rather than in the liver. The present study tested whether portal bile acid flux alone without ileal FGF19 could downregulate CYP7A1 expression in rabbits. A rabbit model was developed by infusing glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) through the splenic vein to bypass ileal FGF19. Study was conducted in four groups of rabbits: control; bile fistula + bovine serum albumin solution perfusion (BF); BF + GDCA (by portal perfusion); and BF + GDCA-f (by femoral perfusion). Compared with only BF, BF + GDCA (6 h portal perfusion) suppressed CYP7A1 mRNA, whereas BF + GDCA-f (via femoral vein) with the same perfusion rate of GDCA did not show inhibitory effects. Meanwhile, there was a decrease in ileal FGF19 expression and portal FGF19 protein levels, but an equivalent increase in biliary bile acid outputs in both GDCA perfusion groups. This study demonstrated that portal bile acid flux alone downregulated CYP7A1 expression with diminished FGF19 expression and protein levels, whereas the same bile acid flux reaching the liver through the hepatic artery via femoral vein had no inhibitory effect on CYP7A1. We propose that bile acid flux through the portal venous system may be a kind of "intestinal factor" that suppresses CYP7A1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Shang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and
| | - Akira Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daniel Shi
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Monica Saumoy
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Gerald Salen
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Guorong Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hofmann AF, Hagey LR. Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1553-95. [PMID: 24838141 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r049437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 80 years there have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the chemistry and biology of bile acids. We present here a brief history of the major achievements as we perceive them. Bernal, a physicist, determined the X-ray structure of cholesterol crystals, and his data together with the vast chemical studies of Wieland and Windaus enabled the correct structure of the steroid nucleus to be deduced. Today, C24 and C27 bile acids together with C27 bile alcohols constitute most of the bile acid "family". Patterns of bile acid hydroxylation and conjugation are summarized. Bile acid measurement encompasses the techniques of GC, HPLC, and MS, as well as enzymatic, bioluminescent, and competitive binding methods. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results from vectorial transport of bile acids by the ileal enterocyte and hepatocyte; the key transporters have been cloned. Bile acids are amphipathic, self-associate in solution, and form mixed micelles with polar lipids, phosphatidylcholine in bile, and fatty acids in intestinal content during triglyceride digestion. The rise and decline of dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by the ingestion of 3,7-dihydroxy bile acids is chronicled. Scientists from throughout the world have contributed to these achievements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatic bile acid synthesis is controlled, in part, by a complex enterohepatic feedback regulatory mechanism. In this review, we focus on the role of the intestinal FGF15/19 hormone in modulating bile acid levels, and additional metabolic effects on glucose metabolism, nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), and liver regeneration. We also highlight the newly identified intestinal protein, Diet1, which is a modulator of FGF15/19 levels. RECENT FINDINGS Low FGF19 levels are associated with bile acid diarrhea and NAFLD. In contrast, high FGF19 levels are associated with diabetes remission following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, suggesting new therapeutic approaches against type 2 diabetes. The effect of FGF15/19 on liver plasticity is a double-edged sword: whereas elevated FGF15/19 levels improve survival of mice after partial hepatectomy, FGF19 mitogenic activity is associated with liver carcinoma. Finally, a recent study has identified Diet1, an intestinal factor that influences FGF15/19 levels in mouse intestine and human enterocytes. Diet1 represents the first factor shown to influence FGF15/19 levels at a post-transcriptional level. SUMMARY The biological effects of FGF15/19 make it an attractive target for treating metabolic dysregulation underlying conditions such as fatty liver and type 2 diabetes. Further elucidation of the role of Diet1 in FGF15/19 secretion may provide a control point for the pharmacological modulation of FGF15/19 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Reue
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Human Genetics, Gonda 6506A, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095. Tel: (310) 794-5631; Fax: (310) 794-5446;
| | - Jessica M. Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cross-talk between liver and intestine in control of cholesterol and energy homeostasis. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:77-88. [PMID: 24560594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major hurdle for organisms to dispose of cholesterol is the inability to degrade the sterol nucleus which constitutes the central part of the molecule. Synthesis of the sterol nucleus requires a complex, energy costly, metabolic pathway but also generates a diverse array of intermediates serving crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism and signal transduction. This may be the reason why this complex pathway has survived evolutionary pressure. The only way to get rid of substantial amounts of cholesterol is conversion into bile acid or direct excretion of the sterol in the feces. The lack of versatility in disposal mechanisms causes a lack of flexibility to regulate cholesterol homeostasis which may underlie the considerable human pathology linked to cholesterol removal from the body. Export of cholesterol from the body requires an intricate communication between intestine and the liver. The last decade this inter-organ cross talk has been focus of intense research leading to considerable new insight. This novel information on particular the cross-talk between liver and intestine and role of bile acids as signal transducing molecules forms the focus of this review.
Collapse
|
11
|
Morton GJ, Kaiyala KJ, Foster-Schubert KE, Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. Carbohydrate feeding dissociates the postprandial FGF19 response from circulating bile acid levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E241-5. [PMID: 24297792 PMCID: PMC3913810 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) improves glycemic control in diabetic animals and is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract after meals in response to bile acid stimulation. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand how ingestion of carbohydrates, protein or lipids affect both FGF19 and bile acid concentrations in human plasma, with the hypothesis that variation in the bile acid response to different macronutrients would predict differences in plasma FGF19 levels. DESIGN This was a randomized, within-subjects crossover study. SETTING The study was conducted at a university clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS There were 16 healthy human subjects included in the study. INTERVENTIONS Isocaloric, isovolemic beverages composed primarily of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids were provided to each participant on 3 separate occasions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The magnitudes of postprandial rises of plasma FGF19 and total bile acid levels were determined. RESULTS All beverages induced an initial transient decline of plasma FGF19 levels during the first 60 minutes after consumption. For FGF19, the ingestion of carbohydrate was associated with the fastest and highest increase of plasma levels, returning to baseline at 5 hours. By comparison, the protein beverage induced a modest but significant elevation of FGF19 levels that peaked at the end of the 6-hour sampling interval, whereas a lipid beverage was without effect. In contrast, total bile acid levels increased in plasma only in response to a high-lipid beverage, demonstrating a marked divergence between the FGF19 and bile acid response to lipid vs carbohydrate. CONCLUSIONS A bile acid-independent mechanism is implicated in the effect of meals to raise plasma FGF19 concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine (G.J.M., K.E.F.-S., D.E.C., M.W.S.) and Department of Dental Public Health Sciences (K.J.K.), School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (K.E.F.-S., D.E.C.), Seattle, Washington 98108
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vlaardingerbroek H, Ng K, Stoll B, Benight N, Chacko S, Kluijtmans LAJ, Kulik W, Squires EJ, Olutoye O, Schady D, Finegold ML, van Goudoever JB, Burrin DG. New generation lipid emulsions prevent PNALD in chronic parenterally fed preterm pigs. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:466-77. [PMID: 24478031 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is associated with the development of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants. Fish oil-based lipid emulsions can reverse PNALD, yet it is unknown if they can prevent PNALD. We studied preterm pigs administered TPN for 14 days with either 100% soybean oil (IL), 100% fish oil (OV), or a mixture of soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), olive oil, and fish oil (SL); a group was fed formula enterally (ENT). In TPN-fed pigs, serum direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and plasma bile acids increased after the 14 day treatment but were highest in IL pigs. All TPN pigs had suppressed hepatic expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and plasma 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations, yet hepatic CYP7A1 protein abundance was increased only in the IL versus ENT group. Organic solute transporter alpha (OSTα) gene expression was the highest in the IL group and paralleled plasma bile acid levels. In cultured hepatocytes, bile acid-induced bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression was inhibited by phytosterol treatment. We show that TPN-fed pigs given soybean oil developed cholestasis and steatosis that was prevented with both OV and SL emulsions. Due to the presence of phytosterols in the SL emulsion, the differences in cholestasis and liver injury among lipid emulsion groups in vivo were weakly correlated with plasma and hepatic phytosterol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hester Vlaardingerbroek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|