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Rodrigues SG, van der Merwe S, Krag A, Wiest R. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101859. [PMID: 38219459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Fuior EV, Zvintzou E, Filippatos T, Giannatou K, Mparnia V, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV, Kypreos KE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α in Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2696. [PMID: 37893070 PMCID: PMC10604751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand-binding transcription factors with pivotal action in regulating pleiotropic signaling pathways of energetic metabolism, immune responses and cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant body of evidence indicates that the PPARα receptor is an important modulator of plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, with pluripotent effects influencing the lipid and apolipoprotein cargo of both atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins and their functionality. Clinical evidence supports an important role of PPARα agonists (fibric acid derivatives) in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, although the effects of clinical trials are contradictory and point to a reduction in the risk of nonfatal and fatal myocardial infarction events. In this manuscript, we provide an up-to-date critical review of the existing relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valeria Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Theodosios Filippatos
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Katerina Giannatou
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Mparnia
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Kyriakos E. Kypreos
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (E.V.F.); (E.Z.); (M.S.)
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio Achaias, Greece; (K.G.); (V.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Gamma-Muricholic Acid Inhibits Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Abolishment of Steatosis-Dependent Peroxidative Impairment by FXR/SHP/LXRα/FASN Signaling. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051255. [PMID: 36904254 PMCID: PMC10005659 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) reflects the outcome of steatosis-based peroxidative impairment. Here, the effect and mechanism of γ-muricholic acid (γ-MCA) on NASH were investigated on the basis of its actions in hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, peroxidative injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, and its NAFLD activity score (NAS). The agonist action of γ-MCA on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) upregulated the small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression of hepatocytes. An increase in SHP attenuated the triglyceride-dominated hepatic steatosis which was induced in vivo by a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and in vitro by free fatty acids depending on the inhibition of liver X receptor α (LXRα) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). In contrast, FXR knockdown abrogated the γ-MCA-dependent lipogenic inactivation. When compared to their excessive production in HFHC diet-induced rodent NASH, products of lipid peroxidation (MDA and 4-HNE) exhibited significant reductions upon γ-MCA treatment. Moreover, the decreased levels of serum alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases demonstrated an improvement in the peroxidative injury of hepatocytes. By TUNEL assay, injurious amelioration protected the γ-MCA-treated mice against hepatic apoptosis. The abolishment of apoptosis prevented lobular inflammation, which downregulated the incidence of NASH by lowering NAS. Collectively, γ-MCA inhibits steatosis-induced peroxidative injury to ameliorate NASH by targeting FXR/SHP/LXRα/FASN signaling.
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Lee Y, Kim BR, Kang GH, Lee GJ, Park YJ, Kim H, Jang HC, Choi SH. The Effects of PPAR Agonists on Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in ApoE-/-FXR-/- Mice. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1243-1253. [PMID: 34986301 PMCID: PMC8743579 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor, is a potent regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as of bile acid metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that FXR deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FXR in atherosclerosis and NAFLD and the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists in mouse models with FXR deficiency. METHODS En face lipid accumulation analysis, liver histology, serum levels of glucose and lipids, and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism were compared between apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- and ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice. The effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonists were also compared in both groups of mice. RESULTS Compared with ApoE-/- mice, ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice showed more severe atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and higher levels of serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, accompanied by increased mRNA expression of FAS, ApoC2, TNFα, IL-6 (liver), ATGL, TGH, HSL, and MGL (adipocytes), and decreased mRNA expressions of CPT2 (liver) and Tfam (skeletal muscle). Treatment with a PPARα agonist, but not with a PPARγ agonist, partly reversed atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis, and decreased plasma triglyceride levels in the ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice, in association with increased mRNA expression of CD36 and FATP and decreased expression of ApoC2 and ApoC3 (liver). CONCLUSION Loss of FXR is associated with aggravation of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in ApoE-deficient mice, which could be reversed by a PPARα agonist through induction of fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, and triglyceride hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenna Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Bo-Rahm Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Geun-Hyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gwan Jae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Sung Hee Choi Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7029, Fax: +82-31-787-4052, E-mail:
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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Shah RA, Alkhouri N, Kowdley KV. Emerging drugs for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a focused review of farnesoid X receptor agonists. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:251-260. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1796968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amaya-Montoya M, Pinzón-Cortés JA, Silva-Bermúdez LS, Ruiz-Manco D, Pérez-Matos MC, Jiménez-Mora MA, Mendivil CO. ApoE and apoC-III-defined HDL subtypes: a descriptive study of their lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein content and activity. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:106. [PMID: 32450892 PMCID: PMC7249299 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The functionality of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is a better cardiovascular risk predictor than HDL concentrations. One of the key elements of HDL functionality is its apolipoprotein composition. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and cholesterol-ester transfer protein (CETP) are enzymes involved in HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. This study assessed the concentration and activity of LCAT and CETP in HDL subspecies defined by their content of apolipoproteins E (apoE) and C-III (apoC-III) in humans. Methods Eighteen adults (ten women and eight men, mean age 55.6, BMI 26.9 Kg/m2, HbA1c 5.4%) were studied. HDL from each participant were isolated and divided into four subspecies containing respectively: No apoE and no apoC-III (E-C-), apoE but not apoC-III (E + C-), apoC-III but no apoE (E-C+) and both apoE and apoC-III (E + C+). The concentration and enzymatic activity of LCAT and CETP were measured within each HDL subspecies using immunoenzymatic and fluorometric methods. Additionally, the size distribution of HDL in each apolipoprotein-defined fraction was determined using non-denaturing electrophoresis and anti-apoA-I western blotting. Results HDL without apoE or apoC-III was the predominant HDL subtype. The size distribution of HDL was very similar in all the four apolipoprotein-defined subtypes. LCAT was most abundant in E-C- HDL (3.58 mg/mL, 59.6% of plasma LCAT mass), while HDL with apoE or apoC-III had much less LCAT (19.8, 12.2 and 8.37% of plasma LCAT respectively for E + C-, E-C+ and E + C+). LCAT mass was lower in E + C- HDL relative to E-C- HDL, but LCAT activity was similar in both fractions, signaling a greater activity-to-mass ratio associated with the presence of apoE. Both CETP mass and CETP activity showed only slight variations across HDL subspecies. There was an inverse correlation between plasma LCAT activity and concentrations of both E-C+ pre-beta HDL (r = − 0.55, P = 0.017) and E-C- alpha 1 HDL (r = − 0.49, P = 0.041). Conversely, there was a direct correlation between plasma CETP activity and concentrations of E-C+ alpha 1 HDL (r = 0.52, P = 0.025). Conclusions The presence of apoE in small HDL is correlated with increased LCAT activity and esterification of plasma cholesterol. These results favor an interpretation that LCAT and apoE interact to enhance anti-atherogenic pathways of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Amaya-Montoya
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo A Pinzón-Cortés
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina S Silva-Bermúdez
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Manco
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria C Pérez-Matos
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario A Jiménez-Mora
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos O Mendivil
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Carrera 7 # 116-05, Of. 413, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Section of Endocrinology, Carrera 7 No. 117 - 15, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NAFLD has grown to become the most prevalent liver disease in the world, with a quarter of the general population estimated to have the disease. NASH, characterized as NAFLD with inflammation, is associated with worsening fibrosis along with increased incidence of HCC. Despite high prevalence of this disease, no pharmacologic treatments approved by regulatory agencies are available. AREAS COVERED This review briefly discusses present understanding of NASH pathology and currently available treatments. We also discuss data on the role of OCA as an FXR agonist in modulating disease in NASH. A comprehensive literature search of review articles, original research articles, and prospective clinical trials from 1998 to the present was performed. EXPERT OPINION Based on 18-month interim findings of the REGENERATE trial, OCA likely improves fibrosis in NASH and therefore may have a beneficial effect in delaying or even preventing cirrhosis. The side effect of an atherogenic lipoprotein profile may adversely affect long-term outcomes, though studies have shown that co-administration of statins is able to mitigate this effect. OCA is likely to become an option for treatment, but the specific context within which it may be prescribed still needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj A Shah
- Liver Institute Northwest , Seattle, WA, USA
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Impact of obeticholic acid on the lipoprotein profile in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2020; 72:25-33. [PMID: 31634532 PMCID: PMC6920569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor agonist, increases total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of OCA therapy on lipoprotein sub-particles. METHOD This study included 196 patients (99 OCA group and 97 placebo group) who were enrolled in the FLINT trial and had samples available for lipid analysis and liver biopsies at enrollment and end-of-treatment (EOT) at 72 weeks. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were evaluated at baseline, 12 and 72 weeks after randomization, and 24 weeks following EOT. RESULTS Baseline lipoprotein profiles were similar among OCA and placebo groups. OCA did not affect total VLDL particle concentrations, but OCA vs. placebo treatment was associated with decreased large VLDL particle concentration at 12 weeks (baseline-adjusted mean: 6.8 vs. 8.9 nmol/L; p = 0.002), mirrored by an increase in less atherogenic, small VLDL particle concentration (33.9 vs. 28.0 nmol/L; p = 0.02). After 12 weeks, total LDL particle concentration was higher in the OCA group than the placebo group (1,667 vs. 1,329 nmol/L; p <0.0001), characterized by corresponding increases in both less atherogenic, large-buoyant LDL (475 vs. 308 nmol/L; p ≤0.001) and more atherogenic small-dense LDL particles (1,015 vs. 872 nmol/L; p = 0.002). The changes in LDL particle concentrations were similar between treatment groups (OCA and placebo) 24 weeks following EOT due to improvement in the OCA cohort. Compared to placebo, a reduction in total HDL particle concentration, particularly large and medium HDL particles, was noted in the OCA-treated patients, but this resolved after drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION OCA therapy is associated with increases in small VLDL particles, large and small LDL particles, and a reduction in HDL particles at 12 weeks. These lipoprotein concentrations reverted to baseline values 24 weeks after drug discontinuation. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a chronic liver disease that is associated with an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease. Recently, obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor agonist, improved liver disease but led to an increase in cholesterol. However, the impact of OCA on cholesterol is not well understood. In the present study, we show that OCA therapy is associated with a detrimental increase in lipoprotein levels, which improves after drug discontinuation. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers: NCT01265498.
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Pockros PJ, Fuchs M, Freilich B, Schiff E, Kohli A, Lawitz EJ, Hellstern PA, Owens-Grillo J, Van Biene C, Shringarpure R, MacConell L, Shapiro D, Cohen DE. CONTROL: A randomized phase 2 study of obeticholic acid and atorvastatin on lipoproteins in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Liver Int 2019; 39:2082-2093. [PMID: 31402538 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic and severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although NASH has no approved treatments, obeticholic acid (OCA), a synthetic bile acid and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, was shown to improve histological features of NASH and fibrosis. Considering that FXR activation influences plasma lipoprotein concentrations, the Combination OCA aNd sTatins for monitoRing Of Lipids (CONTROL) study evaluated how statins can regulate lipoprotein metabolism with OCA treatment in patients with NASH. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study began with a 5-week screening/statin washout; 84 patients with NASH were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive placebo or 5 mg, 10 mg or 25 mg OCA once daily during the 16-week double-blind phase. Concurrent once daily atorvastatin (10 mg/days) was initiated at Week 4 with subsequent titration. Enrolled patients had biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of NASH with no evidence of hepatic decompensation. Plasma was collected to analyse lipoprotein parameters. RESULTS At Week 4, all OCA groups had an increase from baseline in mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and mean LDL particle concentration (LDLpc), mostly owing to large, less atherogenic LDLc particles. Atorvastatin 10 mg decreased LDLc and LDLpc levels below baseline in all OCA groups by Week 8; higher doses did not provide additional clinical benefits. CONCLUSIONS The CONTROL study showed that OCA-induced increases in LDLc in patients with NASH were mitigated with atorvastatin. The combination of OCA and atorvastatin was generally safe and well tolerated (NCT02633956).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Pockros
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Scripps Clinic, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Eugene Schiff
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anita Kohli
- Institute for Liver Health, Chandler, AZ, USA
| | - Eric J Lawitz
- Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Role of Bile Acids in Dysbiosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7659509. [PMID: 31341422 PMCID: PMC6613006 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7659509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health threat around the world and is characterized by dysbiosis. Primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and converted into secondary bile acids by gut microbiota. Recent studies support the role of bile acids in modulating dysbiosis and NAFLD, while the mechanisms are not well elucidated. Dysbiosis may alter the size and the composition of the bile acid pool, resulting in reduced signaling of bile acid receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors are essential in lipid and glucose metabolism, and impaired bile acid signaling may cause NAFLD. Bile acids also reciprocally regulate the gut microbiota directly via antibacterial activity and indirectly via FXR. Therefore, bile acid signaling is closely linked to dysbiosis and NAFLD. During the past decade, stimulation of bile acid receptors with their agonists has been extensively explored for the treatment of NAFLD in both animal models and clinical trials. Early evidence has suggested the potential of bile acid receptor agonists in NAFLD management, but their long-term safety and effectiveness need further clarification.
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Donkers JM, Roscam Abbing RLP, van de Graaf SFJ. Developments in bile salt based therapies: A critical overview. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 161:1-13. [PMID: 30582898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, amphipathic molecules known for their facilitating role in fat absorption, are also recognized as signalling molecules acting via nuclear and membrane receptors. Of the bile acid-activated receptors, the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (Gpbar1 or TGR5) have been studied most extensively. Bile acid signaling is critical in the regulation of bile acid metabolism itself, but it also plays a significant role in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Activation of FXR and TGR5 leads to reduced hepatic bile salt load, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation, increased energy expenditure, and anti-inflammatory effects. These beneficial effects render bile acid signaling an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. Here, we summarize recent findings on bile acid signaling and discuss potential and current limitations of bile acid receptor agonist and modulators of bile acid transport as future therapeutics for a wide-spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1382. [PMID: 30559664 PMCID: PMC6287190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from well-known functions of bile acids in digestion and solubilization of lipophilic nutrients and drugs in the small intestine, the emerging evidence from the past two decades identified the role of bile acids as signaling, endocrine molecules that regulate the glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through complex and intertwined pathways that are largely mediated by activation of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor 1, TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1). Interactions of bile acids with the gut microbiota that result in the altered composition of circulating and intestinal bile acids pool, gut microbiota composition and modified signaling pathways, are further extending the complexity of biological functions of these steroid derivatives. Thus, bile acids signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of various metabolic diseases and metabolic syndrome opening the new potential avenue in their treatment. In addition, there is a significant effort to unveil some specific properties of bile acids relevant to their intrinsic potency and selectivity for particular receptors and to design novel modulators of these receptors with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. This resulted in synthesis of few semi-synthetic bile acids derivatives such as 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (obeticholic acid, OCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA), and 12-monoketocholic acid (12-MKC) that are proven to have positive effect in metabolic and hepato-biliary disorders. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge related to bile acids implications in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, as well as a potential application of bile acids in metabolic syndrome treatment with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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16
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: An enigmatic pharmacology – Antagonists and agonists. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:286-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Papazyan R, Liu X, Liu J, Dong B, Plummer EM, Lewis RD, Roth JD, Young MA. FXR activation by obeticholic acid or nonsteroidal agonists induces a human-like lipoprotein cholesterol change in mice with humanized chimeric liver. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:982-993. [PMID: 29559521 PMCID: PMC5983391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist that regulates bile acid and lipid metabolism. FXR activation induces distinct changes in circulating cholesterol among animal models and humans. The mechanistic basis of these effects has been elusive because of difficulties in studying lipoprotein homeostasis in mice, which predominantly package circulating cholesterol in HDLs. Here, we tested the effects of OCA in chimeric mice whose livers are mostly composed (≥80%) of human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice exhibited a human-like ratio of serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at baseline. OCA treatment in chimeric mice increased circulating LDL-C and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, demonstrating that these mice closely model the cholesterol effects of FXR activation in humans. Mechanistically, OCA treatment increased hepatic cholesterol in chimeric mice but not in control mice. This increase correlated with decreased SREBP-2 activity and target gene expression, including a significant reduction in LDL receptor protein. Cotreatment with atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol, rescued LDL receptor protein levels, and normalized serum LDL-C. Treatment with two clinically relevant nonsteroidal FXR agonists elicited similar lipoprotein and hepatic changes in chimeric mice, suggesting that the increase in circulating LDL-C is a class effect of FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121.
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18
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Shrestha S, Wu BJ, Guiney L, Barter PJ, Rye KA. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and its inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:772-783. [PMID: 29487091 PMCID: PMC5928430 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r082735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cholesterol in plasma is in an esterified form that is generated in potentially cardioprotective HDLs. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates bidirectional transfers of cholesteryl esters (CEs) and triglycerides (TGs) between plasma lipoproteins. Because CE originates in HDLs and TG enters the plasma as a component of VLDLs, activity of CETP results in a net mass transfer of CE from HDLs to VLDLs and LDLs, and of TG from VLDLs to LDLs and HDLs. As inhibition of CETP activity increases the concentration of HDL-cholesterol and decreases the concentration of VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol, it has the potential to reduce atherosclerotic CVD. This has led to the development of anti-CETP neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and antisense oligonucleotides. Small molecule inhibitors of CETP have also been developed and four of them have been studied in large scale cardiovascular clinical outcome trials. This review describes the structure of CETP and its mechanism of action. Details of its regulation and nonlipid transporting functions are discussed, and the results of the large scale clinical outcome trials of small molecule CETP inhibitors are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudichhya Shrestha
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam Guiney
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J Barter
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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van der Tuin SJL, Li Z, Berbée JFP, Verkouter I, Ringnalda LE, Neele AE, van Klinken JB, Rensen SS, Fu J, de Winther MPJ, Groen AK, Rensen PCN, Willems van Dijk K, Wang Y. Lipopolysaccharide Lowers Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein by Activating F4/80 +Clec4f +Vsig4 +Ly6C - Kupffer Cell Subsets. J Am Heart Assoc 2018. [PMID: 29525783 PMCID: PMC5907564 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreases hepatic CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) expression albeit that the underlying mechanism is disputed. We recently showed that plasma CETP is mainly derived from Kupffer cells (KCs). In this study, we investigated the role of KC subsets in the mechanism by which LPS reduces CETP expression. METHODS AND RESULTS In CETP-transgenic mice, LPS markedly decreased hepatic CETP expression and plasma CETP concentration without affecting hepatic macrophage number. This was paralleled by decreased expression of the resting KC markers C-type lectin domain family 4, member f (Clec4f) and V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4 (Vsig4), while expression of the infiltrating monocyte marker lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus C (Ly6C) was increased. Simultaneously, the ratio of plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol over non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol transiently increased. After ablation hepatic macrophages via injection with liposomal clodronate, the reappearance of hepatic gene and protein expression of CETP coincided with Clec4f and Vsig4, but not Ly6C. Double-immunofluorescence staining showed that CETP co-localized with Clec4f+ KCs and not Ly6C+ monocytes. In humans, microarray gene-expression analysis of liver biopsies revealed that hepatic expression and plasma level of CETP both correlated with hepatic VSIG4 expression. LPS administration decreased the plasma CETP concentration in humans. In vitro experiments showed that LPS reduced liver X receptor-mediated CETP expression. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic expression of CETP is exclusively confined to the resting KC subset (ie, F4/80+Clec4f+Vsig4+Ly6C-). LPS activated resting KCs, leading to reduction of Clec4f and Vsig4 expression and reduction of hepatic CETP expression, consequently decreasing plasma CETP and raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. This sequence of events is consistent with the anti-inflammatory role of HDL in the response to LPS and may be relevant as a defense mechanism against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J L van der Tuin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Verkouter
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda E Ringnalda
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert K Groen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands .,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Werumeus Buning J, Dimova LG, Perton FG, Tietge UJF, van Beek AP, Dullaart RPF. Downregulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by glucocorticoids: a randomised study on HDL. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:494-503. [PMID: 28542805 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is not decreased in hypercortisolism despite high triglycerides, which may be ascribed to effects on the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) pathway. We explored if CETP mRNA expression is modulated by glucocorticoid treatment in vitro. Effects of doubling the hydrocortisone (HCT) replacement dose on plasma CETP activity, and HDL characteristics were tested in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human THP-1 macrophages were incubated with corticosterone in vitro in the presence or absence of a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, followed by determination of CETP mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, a randomised double-blind cross-over study was performed in 47 patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency (university medical setting; 10 weeks exposure to a higher HCT dose (0·4-0·6 mg/kg body weight) vs. 10 weeks of a lower HCT dose (0·2-0·3 mg/kg body weight). RESULTS Corticosterone dose dependently decreased CETP mRNA in THP-1 macrophages. Corticosterone also decreased CETP mRNA expression after LXR pretreatment. In patients, CETP activity decreased with doubling of the HCT dose (P = 0·049), coinciding with an increase in HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and the HDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I ratio (reflecting HDL size; P < 0·01 for each). The increase in the HDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I ratio was correlated with the decrease in plasma CETP activity (r = -0·442, P = 0·002). CONCLUSION Glucocorticoids downregulate CETP gene expression in a human macrophage cell system. In line, a higher glucocorticoid replacement dose decreases plasma CETP activity in patients, thereby contributing to higher HDL cholesterol and an increase in estimated HDL size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Werumeus Buning
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lidya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank G Perton
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Chávez-Talavera O, Tailleux A, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1679-1694.e3. [PMID: 28214524 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are signaling molecules that coordinately regulate metabolism and inflammation via the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors activate transcriptional networks and signaling cascades controlling the expression and activity of genes involved in bile acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and inflammation by acting predominantly in enterohepatic tissues, but also in peripheral organs. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on the inter-organ signaling and interplay with the gut microbiota of bile acids and their receptors in meta-inflammation, with a focus on their pathophysiologic roles in obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
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22
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Mousa HS, Carbone M, Malinverno F, Ronca V, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. Novel therapeutics for primary biliary cholangitis: Toward a disease-stage-based approach. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:870-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Guo F, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Jiang P, Huang G, Chen S, Lyu X, Zheng P, Zhao X, Zeng Y, Wang S, He F. FXR induces SOCS3 and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34606-16. [PMID: 26416445 PMCID: PMC4741476 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is regarded as a vital repressor in the liver carcinogenesis mainly by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), highly expressed in liver, has an important role in protecting against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is unclear whether the tumor suppressive activity of FXR involves the regulation of SOCS3. In the present study, we found that activation of FXR by its specific agonist GW4064 in HCC cells inhibited cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, elevated p21 expression and repressed STAT3 activity. The above anti-tumor effects of FXR were dramatically alleviated by knockdown of SOCS3 with siRNA. Reporter assay revealed that FXR activation enhanced the transcriptional activity of SOCS3 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay displayed that FXR directly bound to IR9 DNA motif within SOCS3 promoter region. The in vivo study in nude mice showed that treatment with FXR ligand GW4064 could decelerate the growth of HCC xenografts, up-regulate SOCS3 and p21 expression and inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in the xenografts. These results suggest that induction of SOCS3 may be a novel mechanism by which FXR exerts its anti-HCC effects, and the FXR-SOCS3 signaling may serve as a new potential target for the prevention/treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhizhen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yijun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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24
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Haas JT, Staels B. Cholesteryl-ester transfer protein (CETP): A Kupffer cell marker linking hepatic inflammation with atherogenic dyslipidemia? Hepatology 2015; 62:1659-61. [PMID: 26282884 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Haas
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (E.G.I.D.), FR 3508, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM, UMR 1011, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (E.G.I.D.), FR 3508, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,INSERM, UMR 1011, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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25
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Wang Y, van der Tuin S, Tjeerdema N, van Dam AD, Rensen SS, Hendrikx T, Berbée JFP, Atanasovska B, Fu J, Hoekstra M, Bekkering S, Riksen NP, Buurman WA, Greve JW, Hofker MH, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Meijer OC, Smit JWA, Havekes LM, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein is predominantly derived from Kupffer cells. Hepatology 2015; 62:1710-22. [PMID: 26174697 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of Kupffer cells (KCs) in the pathophysiology of the liver has been firmly established. Nevertheless, KCs have been underexplored as a target for diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases owing to the lack of noninvasive diagnostic tests. We addressed the hypothesis that cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is mainly derived from KCs and may predict KC content. Microarray analysis of liver and adipose tissue biopsies, obtained from 93 obese subjects who underwent elective bariatric surgery, showed that expression of CETP is markedly higher in liver than adipose tissue. Hepatic expression of CETP correlated strongly with that of KC markers, and CETP messenger RNA and protein colocalized specifically with KCs in human liver sections. Hepatic KC content as well as hepatic CETP expression correlated strongly with plasma CETP concentration. Mechanistic and intervention studies on the role of KCs in determining the plasma CETP concentration were performed in a transgenic (Tg) mouse model expressing human CETP. Selective elimination of KCs from the liver in CETP Tg mice virtually abolished hepatic CETP expression and largely reduced plasma CETP concentration, consequently improving the lipoprotein profile. Conversely, augmentation of KCs after Bacille-Calemette-Guérin vaccination largely increased hepatic CETP expression and plasma CETP. Also, lipid-lowering drugs fenofibrate and niacin reduced liver KC content, accompanied by reduced plasma CETP concentration. CONCLUSIONS Plasma CETP is predominantly derived from KCs, and plasma CETP level predicts hepatic KC content in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam van der Tuin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathanja Tjeerdema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Biljana Atanasovska
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Wim A Buurman
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Greve
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Suhy A, Hartmann K, Papp AC, Wang D, Sadee W. Regulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression by upstream polymorphisms: reduced expression associated with rs247616. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:394-401. [PMID: 26061659 PMCID: PMC4499003 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is involved in reverse cholesterol transport by exchanging cholesteryl esters for triglycerides between high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles, effectively decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Variants within a large haplotype block upstream of CETP (rs247616, rs173539) have been shown to be significantly associated with reduced expression; however, the underlying mechanism has not been identified. METHODS We analyzed the linkage structure of our top candidate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs247616, and assessed each SNP of the haplotype block for potential interactions with transcription factor binding sites. We then used a reporter gene assay to assess the effect of three SNPs (rs247616, rs173539, and rs1723150) on expression in vitro. RESULTS Several variants in the upstream haplotype, including rs247616, rs173539, and rs1723150, disrupt or generate transcription factor binding sites. In reporter gene assays, rs247616 and rs173539 were found to significantly affected expression in HepG2 cells, whereas rs17231506 had no effect. rs247616 decreased expression by 1.7-fold (P<0.0001), whereas rs173539 increased expression by 2.2-fold (P=0.0006). CONCLUSION SNPs rs247616 and rs173539 are in high linkage disequilibrium (R=0.96, D'=1.00) and have the potential to regulate CETP expression. Although opposing effects suggest that regulation of CETP expression could vary between tissues, the minor allele of rs247616 and SNPs in high linkage with it were found to be associated with reduced expression across all tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Suhy
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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27
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Gautier T, Masson D, Lagrost L. The potential of cholesteryl ester transfer protein as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26212254 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1073713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over recent decades, attempts to ascertain the pro-atherogenic nature of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and to establish the relevance of its pharmacological blockade as a promising high density lipoproteins-raising and anti-atherogenic therapy have been disappointing. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on CETP as a multifaceted protein, on genetic variations at the CETP gene and on their possible consequences for cardiovascular risk in human populations. Specific attention is given to physiological modulation of endogenous CETP activity by the apoC1 inhibitor. Finally, the rationale behind the need for selection of patients to treat is discussed in the light of recent studies. EXPERT OPINION At this stage one can only speculate on the clinical outcome of pharmacological CETP inhibitors in high-risk populations, but recent advances give cause to adjust the expectations from now on. The CETP effect is probably largely influenced by the overall metabolic state, and whether CETP blockade may be relevant or not in promoting cholesterol disposal is still questioned. The possible need for a careful stratification of patients to treat with CETP inhibitors is outlined. Finally, manipulation of CETP activity should be considered with caution in the context of sepsis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France.,e 5 UMR866, UFR Sciences de Santé, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc , F-21000 Dijon, France
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28
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Mazuy C, Helleboid A, Staels B, Lefebvre P. Nuclear bile acid signaling through the farnesoid X receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1631-50. [PMID: 25511198 PMCID: PMC11113650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic molecules produced from cholesterol by the liver. Expelled from the gallbladder upon meal ingestion, BAs serve as fat solubilizers in the intestine. BAs are reabsorbed in the ileum and return via the portal vein to the liver where, together with nutrients, they provide signals to coordinate metabolic responses. BAs act on energy and metabolic homeostasis through the activation of membrane and nuclear receptors, among which the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an important regulator of several metabolic pathways. Highly expressed in the liver and the small intestine, FXR contributes to BA effects on metabolism, inflammation and cell cycle control. The pharmacological modulation of its activity has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for liver and metabolic diseases. This review highlights recent advances regarding the mechanisms by which the BA sensor FXR contributes to global signaling effects of BAs, and how FXR activity may be regulated by nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mazuy
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR1011-Bâtiment J&K, 59000 Lille, France
- University Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Audrey Helleboid
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR1011-Bâtiment J&K, 59000 Lille, France
- University Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR1011-Bâtiment J&K, 59000 Lille, France
- University Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR1011-Bâtiment J&K, 59000 Lille, France
- University Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
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29
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Liu M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Ma X, Li X, Xiang R, Zhu Y, Qin S, Yu Y, Jiang XC, Duan Y, Han J. Regulation of Hepatic Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Expression and Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase II. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14418-29. [PMID: 25914138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from high density lipoprotein to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. CETP expression can be transcriptionally activated by liver X receptor (LXR). Etoposide and teniposide are DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors. Etoposide has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis in rabbits with un-fully elucidated mechanisms. In this study we determined if Topo II activity can influence cholesterol metabolism by regulating hepatic CETP expression. Inhibition of Topo II by etoposide, teniposide, or Topo II siRNA increased CETP expression in human hepatic cell line, HepG2 cells, which was associated with increased CETP secretion and mRNA expression. Meanwhile, inhibition of LXR expression by LXR siRNA attenuated induction of CETP expression by etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide and teniposide induced LXRα expression and LXRα/β nuclear translocation while inhibiting expression of receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), an LXR co-repressor. In vivo, administration of teniposide moderately reduced serum lipid profiles, induced CETP expression in the liver, and activated reverse cholesterol transport in CETP transgenic mice. Our study demonstrates a novel function of Topo II inhibitors in cholesterol metabolism by activating hepatic CETP expression and reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and
| | - Yuanli Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Rong Xiang
- Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China, and
| | - Yang Yu
- Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China, and
| | - Xian-cheng Jiang
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York 11203
| | - Yajun Duan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
| | - Jihong Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Colleges of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
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30
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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31
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Hepatic farnesoid X-receptor isoforms α2 and α4 differentially modulate bile salt and lipoprotein metabolism in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115028. [PMID: 25506828 PMCID: PMC4266635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor FXR acts as an intracellular bile salt sensor that regulates synthesis and transport of bile salts within their enterohepatic circulation. In addition, FXR is involved in control of a variety of crucial metabolic pathways. Four FXR splice variants are known, i.e. FXRα1-4. Although these isoforms show differences in spatial and temporal expression patterns as well as in transcriptional activity, the physiological relevance hereof has remained elusive. We have evaluated specific roles of hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 by stably expressing these isoforms using liver-specific self-complementary adeno-associated viral vectors in total body FXR knock-out mice. The hepatic gene expression profile of the FXR knock-out mice was largely normalized by both isoforms. Yet, differential effects were also apparent; FXRα2 was more effective in reducing elevated HDL levels and transrepressed hepatic expression of Cyp8b1, the regulator of cholate synthesis. The latter coincided with a switch in hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool. Furthermore, FXRα2-transduction caused an increased neutral sterol excretion compared to FXRα4 without affecting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our data show, for the first time, that hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 differentially modulate bile salt and lipoprotein metabolism in mice.
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32
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Herr KJ, Tsang YHN, Ong JWE, Li Q, Yap LL, Yu W, Yin H, Bogorad RL, Dahlman JE, Chan YG, Bay BH, Singaraja R, Anderson DG, Koteliansky V, Viasnoff V, Thiery JP. Loss of α-catenin elicits a cholestatic response and impairs liver regeneration. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6835. [PMID: 25355493 PMCID: PMC4213774 DOI: 10.1038/srep06835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is unique in its capacity to regenerate after injury, during which hepatocytes actively divide and establish cell-cell contacts through cell adhesion complexes. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of α-catenin, a well-established adhesion component, dramatically disrupts liver regeneration. Using a partial hepatectomy model, we show that regenerated livers from α-catenin knockdown mice are grossly larger than control regenerated livers, with an increase in cell size and proliferation. This increased proliferation correlated with increased YAP activation, implicating α-catenin in the Hippo/YAP pathway. Additionally, α-catenin knockdown mice exhibited a phenotype reminiscent of clinical cholestasis, with drastically altered bile canaliculi, elevated levels of bile components and signs of jaundice and inflammation. The disrupted regenerative capacity is a result of actin cytoskeletal disorganisation, leading to a loss of apical microvilli, dilated lumens in the bile canaliculi, and leaky tight junctions. This study illuminates a novel, essential role for α-catenin in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Joann Herr
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying-hung Nicole Tsang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Wei En Ong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiushi Li
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Lai Yap
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Yin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - James E Dahlman
- 1] Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A [2] Department of Biology, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A [3] Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Yee Gek Chan
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roshni Singaraja
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- 1] Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A [2] Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A [3] Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A [4] Department of Anaesthesiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology ul, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore [3] Cancer Science Institute National University of Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Fibrates and fish oil, but not corn oil, up-regulate the expression of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:669-74. [PMID: 24746832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that reduces high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (chol) levels and may increase atherosclerosis risk. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural ligands, and fibrates are synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), a transcription factor that modulates lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of PUFA oils and fibrates on CETP expression. Hypertriglyceridemic CETP transgenic mice were treated with gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, bezafibrate or vehicle (control), and normolipidemic CETP transgenic mice were treated with fenofibrate or with fish oil (FO; n-3 PUFA rich), corn oil (CO, n-6 PUFA rich) or saline. Compared with the control treatment, only fenofibrate significantly diminished triglyceridemia (50%), whereas all fibrates decreased the HDL-chol level. Elevation of the CETP liver mRNA levels and plasma activity was observed in the fenofibrate (53%) and gemfibrozil (75%) groups. Compared with saline, FO reduced the plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acid (26%), total chol (15%) and HDL-chol (20%). Neither of the oil treatments affected the plasma triglyceride levels. Compared with saline, FO increased the plasma adiponectin level and reduced plasma leptin levels, whereas CO increased the leptin levels. FO, but not CO, significantly increased the plasma CETP mass (90%) and activity (23%) as well as increased the liver level of CETP mRNA (28%). In conclusion, fibrates and FO, but not CO, up-regulated CETP expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. We propose that these effects are mediated by the activation of PPARα, which acts on a putative PPAR response element in the CETP gene.
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34
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Cross-talk between liver and intestine in control of cholesterol and energy homeostasis. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:77-88. [PMID: 24560594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major hurdle for organisms to dispose of cholesterol is the inability to degrade the sterol nucleus which constitutes the central part of the molecule. Synthesis of the sterol nucleus requires a complex, energy costly, metabolic pathway but also generates a diverse array of intermediates serving crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism and signal transduction. This may be the reason why this complex pathway has survived evolutionary pressure. The only way to get rid of substantial amounts of cholesterol is conversion into bile acid or direct excretion of the sterol in the feces. The lack of versatility in disposal mechanisms causes a lack of flexibility to regulate cholesterol homeostasis which may underlie the considerable human pathology linked to cholesterol removal from the body. Export of cholesterol from the body requires an intricate communication between intestine and the liver. The last decade this inter-organ cross talk has been focus of intense research leading to considerable new insight. This novel information on particular the cross-talk between liver and intestine and role of bile acids as signal transducing molecules forms the focus of this review.
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