1
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Xu Y, Wu Y, Hu Y, Xu M, Liu Y, Ding Y, Chen J, Huang X, Wen L, Li J, Zhu C. Bacteria-based multiplex system eradicates recurrent infections with drug-resistant bacteria via photothermal killing and protective immunity elicitation. Biomater Res 2023; 27:27. [PMID: 37024953 PMCID: PMC10080897 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high mortality associated with drug-resistant bacterial infections is an intractable clinical problem resulting from the low susceptibility of these bacteria to antibiotics and the high incidence of recurrent infections. METHODS Herein, a photosynthetic bacteria-based multiplex system (Rp@Al) composed of natural Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Rp) and Food and Drug Administration-approved aluminum (Al) adjuvant, was developed to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections and prevent their recurrence. We examined its photothermal performance and in vitro and in vivo antibacterial ability; revealed its protective immunomodulatory effect; verified its preventative effect on recurrent infections; and demonstrated the system's safety. RESULTS Rp@Al exhibits excellent photothermal properties with an effective elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, Rp@Al enhances dendritic cell activation and further triggers a T helper 1 (TH1)/TH2 immune response, resulting in pathogen-specific immunological memory against recurrent MRSA infection. Upon second infection, Rp@Al-treated mice show significantly lower bacterial burden, faster abscess recovery, and higher survival under near-lethal infection doses than control mice. CONCLUSIONS This innovative multiplex system, with superior photothermal and immunomodulatory effects, presents great potential for the treatment and prevention of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcui Xu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Mengran Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowan Huang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Longping Wen
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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2
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Holay M, Krishnan N, Zhou J, Duan Y, Guo Z, Gao W, Fang RH, Zhang L. Single Low-Dose Nanovaccine for Long-Term Protection against Anthrax Toxins. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9672-9678. [PMID: 36448694 PMCID: PMC9970955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax infections caused by Bacillus anthracis are an ongoing bioterrorism and livestock threat worldwide. Current approaches for management, including extended passive antibody transfusion, antibiotics, and prophylactic vaccination, are often cumbersome and associated with low patient compliance. Here, we report on the development of an adjuvanted nanotoxoid vaccine based on macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles bound with anthrax toxins. This design leverages the natural binding interaction of protective antigen, a key anthrax toxin, with macrophages. In a murine model, a single low-dose vaccination with the nanotoxoids generates long-lasting immunity that protects against subsequent challenge with anthrax toxins. Overall, this work provides a new approach to address the ongoing threat of anthrax outbreaks and bioterrorism by taking advantage of an emerging biomimetic nanotechnology.
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3
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Hu Y, Smith D, Frazier E, Zhao Z, Zhang C. Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonists as Adjuvants for Nanoparticle-Based Nicotine Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1293-1304. [PMID: 33497574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine vaccine was considered a promising therapy against smoking addiction. The level of immune response that a nicotine vaccine can induce is pivotal to its efficacy. In this study, Toll-like receptor 9 agonists, namely, CpG ODN 1555 and CpG ODN 1826, were incorporated into a nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine (NanoNicVac) to enhance its immunogenicity. The results showed that NanoNicVac containing either CpG ODN 1555 or CpG ODN 1826 could be rapidly internalized by dendritic cells. In mice trials, it was found that NanoNicVac with CpG ODN 1555 and CpG ODN 1826 induced 3.3- and 3.2-fold higher anti-nicotine antibody titer than that by the native NanoNicVac after two injections, respectively. Instead of enhancing the immunogenicity of the vaccine, however, mixtures of the two CpG ODNs were observed to exert an immune-suppressing effect on NanoNicVac. Finally, the histopathological examination on major organs of the mice immunized with the NanoNicVacs proved that NanoNicVac with either CpG ODN 1555 or CpG ODN 1826 as adjuvants did not cause detectable toxicity to the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Evan Frazier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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4
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Moser BA, Steinhardt RC, Escalante-Buendia Y, Boltz DA, Barker KM, Cassaidy BJ, Rosenberger MG, Yoo S, McGonnigal BG, Esser-Kahn AP. Increased vaccine tolerability and protection via NF-κB modulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8700. [PMID: 32917696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Improving adjuvant responses is a promising pathway to develop vaccines against some pathogens (e.g., HIV or dengue). One challenge in adjuvant development is modulating the inflammatory response, which can cause excess side effects, while maintaining immune activation and protection. No approved adjuvants yet have the capability to independently modulate inflammation and protection. Here, we demonstrate a method to limit inflammation while retaining and often increasing the protective responses. To accomplish this goal, we combined a partial selective nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitor with several current adjuvants. The resulting vaccines reduce systemic inflammation and boost protective responses. In an influenza challenge model, we demonstrate that this approach enhances protection. This method was tested across a broad range of adjuvants and antigens. We anticipate these studies will lead to an alternative approach to vaccine formulation design that may prove broadly applicable to a wide range of adjuvants and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Moser
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R C Steinhardt
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Y Escalante-Buendia
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D A Boltz
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10W. 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - K M Barker
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10W. 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - B J Cassaidy
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M G Rosenberger
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - B G McGonnigal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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5
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Chuang CC, Tsai MH, Yen HJ, Shyu HF, Cheng KM, Chen XA, Chen CC, Young JJ, Kau JH. A fucoidan-quaternary chitosan nanoparticle adjuvant for anthrax vaccine as an alternative to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115403. [PMID: 31826481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy of fucoidan-N-(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propylchitosan nanoparticles (FUC-HTCC NPs) as adjuvants for anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). Positively and negatively surface-charged FUC-HTCC NPs were prepared via polyelectrolyte complexation by varying the mass ratio of FUC and HTCC. When cultured with L929 cells or JAWS II dendritic cells, both charged NPs showed high cell viability and low cytotoxicity, observed via MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase release assay, respectively. In addition, we have monitored excellent NPs uptake efficacy by dendritic cells and observed that combining FUC-HTCC NPs with AVA significantly increases the magnitude of IgG-anti-protective antigen titers in A/J mice compared to that by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides plus AVA or AVA alone, and PA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a analysis confirmed that FUC-HTCC NPs strongly stimulated humoral immunity. Furthermore, FUC-HTCC NPs plus AVA provided a superior survival rate (100%) of A/J mice compared to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides plus AVA (75%) or AVA alone (50%) following anthrax lethal toxin challenge. The findings support FUC-HTCC NPs as a potential adjuvant of AVA for rapid induction of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ju Yen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Fen Shyu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Xin-An Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Cheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jenn-Jong Young
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jyh-Hwa Kau
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City 23742, Taiwan, ROC.
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6
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Yu P, Yan J, Wu W, Tao X, Lu X, Liu S, Zhu W. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the immune response to rabies vaccination in mice. Virol J 2018; 15:174. [PMID: 30424815 PMCID: PMC6234694 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a fatal disease that is preventable when post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered in a timely fashion. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9, and their immunopotentiation activity in an inactivated aluminum-adjuvanted rabies vaccine for dogs has been identified using mouse and dog models. Methods A human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) of humans and a CpG ODNs with cross-immunostimulatory activity in humans and mice were used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of CpG ODN in a mouse model that simulates human PEP. Results HDCV combined with CpG ODN (HDCV–CpG) stimulated mice to produce rabies virus-specific neutralizing antibody (RVNA) earlier and increased the seroconversion rate. Compared with HDCV alone, either HDCV–1.25 μg CpG or HDCV–5 μg CpG increased the levels of RVNA. In particular, 5 μg CpG ODN per mouse significantly boosted the levels of RVNA compared with HDCV alone. IFN-γ producing splenocytes generated in the HDCV-5 μg CpG group were significantly increased compared to the group treated with HDCV alone. When the immunization regimen was reduced to three injections or the dose was reduced to half of the recommended HDCV combined with CpG ODN, the RVNA titers were still higher than those induced by HDCV alone. After viral challenge, 50% of mice immunized with a half-dose HDCV–CpG survived, while the survival rate of mice immunized with HDCV alone was 30%. Conclusions The immunopotentiation activity of CpG ODNs for a commercially available human rabies vaccine was first evaluated in a mouse model on the basis of the Essen regimen. Our results suggest that the CpG ODN used in this study is a potential adjuvant to rabies vaccines for human use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1089-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghong Yan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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7
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Cheng WK, Plumb AW, Lai JCY, Abraham N, Dutz JP. Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27524984 PMCID: PMC4965457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines generate humoral immunity, targeting highly variable epitopes and thus fail to achieve long-term protection. T cells recognize and respond to several highly conserved epitopes across influenza serotypes. A strategy of raising strong cytotoxic T cell memory responses to epitopes conserved across serotypes would provide cross serotype protection, eliminating the need for annual vaccination. We explored the adjuvant potential of epicutaneous (ec) and subcutaneous (sc) delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in conjunction with sc protein immunization to improve protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infections using a mouse model. We found enhanced long-term protection with epicutaneous CpG ODN (ecCpG) compared to subcutaneous CpG ODN (scCpG) as demonstrated by reduced viral titers in the lungs. This correlated with increased antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airways and the lungs. The memory T cell response after immunization with ecCpG adjuvant was comparable to memory response by priming with IAV infection in the lungs. In addition, ecCpG was more efficient than scCpG in inducing the generation of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. The adjuvant effect of ecCpG was accompanied with its ability to modulate tissue-homing molecules on T cells that may direct them to the site of infection. Together, this work provides evidence for using ecCpG to induce strong antibody and memory T cell responses to confer protection against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Adam William Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cheuk-Yan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Peter Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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8
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Kim DH, Sohn JH, Park HJ, Lee JH, Park JW, Choi JM. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Inhibits Cockroach-Induced Asthma via Induction of IFN-γ⁺ Th1 Cells or Foxp3⁺ Regulatory T Cells in the Lung. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:264-75. [PMID: 26922937 PMCID: PMC4773215 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), a TLR9 agonist, activates innate immunity and induces Th1 response. Although the immune modulatory effect of CpG-ODN has been extensively studied, its function in cockroach extract-induced allergic asthma has not been studied. Here, we investigated the inhibitory function of CpG-ODN in cockroach extract-induced asthma in mice with different treatment schemes. Methods Scheme 1: BALB/C mice were intra-nasally co-administered by cockroach extract and CpG-ODN twice a week for 3 weeks; Scheme 2: The mice were intra-nasally pre-treated with CpG-ODN at day 0 and cockroach allergen challenge was performed from day 3 as in scheme 1. Scheme 3: Cockroach allergen challenge was performed as in scheme 1 and CpG-ODN was post-treated at day 21. Then, BAL cell count, flow cytometric analysis of alveolar macrophages, regulatory T cells, and lung tissue histology, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, serum IgE, cockroach specific IgE, IgG1/IgG2a ratio, and airway hyper-responsiveness were evaluated. Results Mice with repeated intra-nasal exposure to CpG-ODN showed a dramatic decrease in eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway hyper-responsiveness with reduction of IL-13, IL-5, and serum IgE, cockroach specific IgE and IgG1/IgG2a ratio. This inhibitory function might be related to the up-regulation of IL-10 and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the lung. Interestingly, one-time challenge of CpG-ODN either prior or posterior to cockroach extract exposure could modulate airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness via increase of Th1 response. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that CpG-ODN treatment modulates Th2 inflammation in the lung by induction of regulatory T cells or Th1 response in a cockroach-induced asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Sohn
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jai Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Won Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Je Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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9
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Garçon N, Silvano J, Kuper CF, Baudson N, Gérard C, Forster R, Segal L. Non-clinical safety evaluation of repeated intramuscular administration of the AS15 immunostimulant combined with various antigens in rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:238-56. [PMID: 26032931 PMCID: PMC5033012 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Combination of tumor antigens with immunostimulants is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. We assessed animal model toxicity of AS15 combined with various tumor antigens: WT1 (rabbits), or p501, dHER2 and recPRAME (cynomolgus monkeys), administered in seven or 20 dose regimens versus a saline control. Clinical and ophthalmological examinations, followed by extensive post‐mortem pathological examinations, were performed on all animals. Blood hematology and biochemistry parameters were also assessed. Antigen‐specific antibody titers were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Additional assessments in monkeys included electrocardiography and immunohistochemical evaluations of the p501 expression pattern. Transient increases in body temperature were observed 4 h or 24 h after injections of recPRAME + AS15 and dHER2 + AS15. Edema and erythema were observed up to 1 week after most injections of recPRAME + AS15 and all injections of dHER2 + AS15. No treatment‐related effects were observed for electrocardiography parameters. Mean fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in all treated groups compared to controls, but no differences could be observed at the end of the treatment‐free period. Transient but significant differences in biochemistry parameters were observed post‐injection: lower albumin/globulin ratios (p501 + AS15), and higher bilirubin, urea and creatinine (dHER2 + AS15). Pathology examinations revealed significant increases in axillary lymph node mean weights (recPRAME + AS15) compared to controls. A 100% seroconversion rate was observed in all treated groups, but not in controls. p501 protein expression was observed in prostates of all monkeys from studies assessing p501 + AS15. These results suggest a favorable safety profile of the AS15‐containing candidate vaccines, supporting the use of AS15 for clinical development of potential anticancer vaccines. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The aim of the current paper was to assess the safety profile of vaccine candidates containing the AS15 immunostimulant combined with different antigens in two animal models. Several antigens were tested for this purpose: WT1 (rabbits), p501, dHER2 and recPRAME (cynomolgus monkeys). Only transient differences in hematology and biochemical parameters could be observed, while pathology testing revealed no safety concerns. Our findings support the use of AS15 for clinical development of potential immunotherapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garçon
- GSK Vaccines, 1300, Wavre, Belgium.,Bioaster, 321 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - J Silvano
- CiToxLAB France, 27005, Evreux, France
| | - C F Kuper
- TNO Quality of Life, 3700, AJ Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - N Baudson
- GSK Vaccines, 1330 Rixensart, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - C Gérard
- GSK Vaccines, 1330 Rixensart, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - R Forster
- CiToxLAB France, 27005, Evreux, France
| | - L Segal
- GSK Vaccines, 1330 Rixensart, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
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10
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Yang H, Wei Z, Schenerman M. A Statistical Approach to Determining Criticality of Residual Host Cell DNA. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 25:234-46. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.972514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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The impact of "omic" and imaging technologies on assessing the host immune response to biodefence agents. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:237043. [PMID: 25333059 PMCID: PMC4182007 DOI: 10.1155/2014/237043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between host and pathogen is important for the development and assessment of medical countermeasures to infectious agents, including potential biodefence pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis, Ebola virus, and Francisella tularensis. This review focuses on technological advances which allow this interaction to be studied in much greater detail. Namely, the use of “omic” technologies (next generation sequencing, DNA, and protein microarrays) for dissecting the underlying host response to infection at the molecular level; optical imaging techniques (flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy) for assessing cellular responses to infection; and biophotonic imaging for visualising the infectious disease process. All of these technologies hold great promise for important breakthroughs in the rational development of vaccines and therapeutics for biodefence agents.
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12
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Nijnik A. Immunomodulatory approaches for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:590-5. [PMID: 23870826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With increasing pathogen resistance to antibiotics, population ageing, and threat of pandemics there is a strong interest in the development of new approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases. Immunomodulatory therapies are defined as interventions that target the host rather than the pathogen, modulating the immune response with the aim of disease prevention or treatment. Our growing understanding of the immune system continues to offer novel drug targets and approaches for immunomodulatory interventions. In this review we will cover prominent examples of immunomodulatory therapies already in clinical use, as well as the recent advances in the development of new immunomodulators in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology and the Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Canada.
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13
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Schully KL, Sharma S, Peine KJ, Pesce J, Elberson MA, Fonseca ME, Prouty AM, Bell MG, Borteh H, Gallovic M, Bachelder EM, Keane-Myers A, Ainslie KM. Rapid vaccination using an acetalated dextran microparticulate subunit vaccine confers protection against triplicate challenge by bacillus anthracis. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1349-61. [PMID: 23354770 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A rapid immune response is required to prevent death from Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis. METHOD We formulated a vaccine carrier comprised of acetalated dextran microparticles encapsulating recombinant protective antigen (rPA) and resiquimod (a toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist). RESULTS We were able to protect against triplicate lethal challenge by vaccinating twice (Days 0, 7) and then aggressively challenging on Days 14, 21, 28. A significantly higher level of antibodies was generated by day 14 with the encapsulated group compared to the conventional rPA and alum group. Antibodies produced by the co-encapsulated group were only weakly-neutralizing in toxin neutralization; however, survival was not dependent on toxin neutralization, as all vaccine formulations survived all challenges except control groups. Post-mortem culture swabs taken from the hearts of vaccinated groups that did not produce significant neutralizing titers failed to grow B. anthracis. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that protective antibodies are not required for rapid protection; indeed, cytokine results indicate that T cell protection may play a role in protection from anthrax. We report the first instance of use of a particulate carrier to generate a rapid protective immunity against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schully
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department Biological Defense Research Directorate Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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14
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Beierlein JM, Anderson AC. New developments in vaccines, inhibitors of anthrax toxins, and antibiotic therapeutics for Bacillus anthracis. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:5083-94. [PMID: 22050756 DOI: 10.2174/092986711797636036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent responsible for anthrax infections, poses a significant biodefense threat. There is a high mortality rate associated with untreated anthrax infections; specifically, inhalation anthrax is a particularly virulent form of infection with mortality rates close to 100%, even with aggressive treatment. Currently, a vaccine is not available to the general public and few antibiotics have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of inhalation anthrax. With the threat of natural or engineered bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the limited population for whom the current drugs are approved, there is a clear need for more effective treatments against this deadly infection. A comprehensive review of current research in drug discovery is presented in this article, including efforts to improve the purity and stability of vaccines, design inhibitors targeting the anthrax toxins, and identify inhibitors of novel enzyme targets. High resolution structural information for the anthrax toxins and several essential metabolic enzymes has played a significant role in aiding the structure-based design of potent and selective antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Beierlein
- Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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15
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Hancock REW, Nijnik A, Philpott DJ. Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10:243-54. [PMID: 22421877 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite our efforts to halt the increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance, bacteria continue to become less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs over time, and rates of discovery for new antibiotics are declining. Thus, it is essential to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy. One promising approach involves host-directed immunomodulatory therapies, whereby natural mechanisms in the host are exploited to enhance therapeutic benefit. The objective is to initiate or enhance protective antimicrobial immunity while limiting inflammation-induced tissue injury. A range of potential immune modulators have been proposed, including innate defence regulator peptides and agonists of innate immune components such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 British Columbia, Canada.
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16
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Abstract
Two striking facts surround the practice of vaccination: It is the sole medical approach to have fully annihilated a disease, yet the development of most effective vaccines took place without considering the intricate cellular processes they wish to effectuate. While extremely potent vaccines have been developed that can protect practically a lifetime after a single dose, numerous other vaccines have utterly failed or provide only marginal protection. Here, we aim to illustrate why this difference in efficacy exists, and underline why specific cytotoxic T cell-inducing vaccines could combat persistent major diseases. Moreover, we discuss how the combinatorial use of nucleic acid adjuvants in vaccines could aid the development of the latter and move vaccine design from the empirical stage into an era of "educated design."
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17
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Pauli NT, Henry Dunand CJ, Wilson PC. Exploiting human memory B cell heterogeneity for improved vaccine efficacy. Front Immunol 2011; 2:77. [PMID: 22566866 PMCID: PMC3342318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The major goal in vaccination is establishment of long-term, prophylactic humoral memory to a pathogen. Two major components to long-lived humoral memory are plasma cells for the production of specific immunoglobulin and memory B cells that survey for their specific antigen in the periphery for later affinity maturation, proliferation, and differentiation. The study of human B cell memory has been aided by the discovery of a general marker for B cell memory, expression of CD27; however, new data suggests the existence of CD27⁻ memory B cells as well. These recently described non-canonical memory populations have increasingly pointed to the heterogeneity of the memory compartment. The novel B memory subsets in humans appear to have unique origins, localization, and functions compared to what was considered to be a "classical" memory B cell. In this article, we review the known B cell memory subsets, the establishment of B cell memory in vaccination and infection, and how understanding these newly described subsets can inform vaccine design and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T. Pauli
- Committee on Immunology, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Carole J. Henry Dunand
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Committee on Immunology, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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18
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Ikeuchi H, Kinjo T, Klinman DM. Effect of suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides on the development of inflammation-induced papillomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:752-7. [PMID: 21367957 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to the development of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in the well-established 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-l3-acetate (TPA) model of skin carcinogenesis. Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) containing repetitive TTAGGG motifs have been shown to block deleterious inflammatory reactions in murine models of autoimmunity, pneumonitis, and shock. This article examines whether treatment with suppressive (Sup) ODN can interfere with DMBA/TPA-induced inflammation, thereby reducing papilloma formation. Results indicate that Sup ODN block TPA-dependent skin hyperplasia, edema, and leukocytic infiltration. Sup ODN also inhibit the upregulation of genes encoding pro-oncogenic chemokines and other markers of inflammation including CXCL2, CCL2, COX-2, and ODC (ornithine decarboxylase). Of greatest import, Sup ODN reduce papilloma formation in a dose- and sequence-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Sup ODN may provide a novel means of preventing inflammation and associated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ikeuchi
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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19
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Peterson JW, Moen ST, Healy D, Pawlik JE, Taormina J, Hardcastle J, Thomas JM, Lawrence WS, Ponce C, Chatuev BM, Gnade BT, Foltz SM, Agar SL, Sha J, Klimpel GR, Kirtley ML, Eaves-Pyles T, Chopra AK. Protection Afforded by Fluoroquinolones in Animal Models of Respiratory Infections with Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis. Open Microbiol J 2010; 4:34-46. [PMID: 21127743 PMCID: PMC2995158 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801004010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful treatment of inhalation anthrax, pneumonic plague and tularemia can be achieved with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and initiation of treatment is most effective when administered as soon as possible following exposure. Bacillus anthracis Ames, Yersinia pestis CO92, and Francisella tularensis SCHU S4 have equivalent susceptibility in vitro to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration is 0.03 μg/ml); however, limited information is available regarding in vivo susceptibility of these infectious agents to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics in small animal models. Mice, guinea pig, and rabbit models have been developed to evaluate the protective efficacy of antibiotic therapy against these life-threatening infections. Our results indicated that doses of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin required to protect mice against inhalation anthrax were approximately 18-fold higher than the doses of levofloxacin required to protect against pneumonic plague and tularemia. Further, the critical period following aerosol exposure of mice to either B. anthracis spores or Y. pestis was 24 h, while mice challenged with F. tularensis could be effectively protected when treatment was delayed for as long as 72 h postchallenge. In addition, it was apparent that prolonged antibiotic treatment was important in the effective treatment of inhalation anthrax in mice, but short-term treatment of mice with pneumonic plague or tularemia infections were usually successful. These results provide effective antibiotic dosages in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits and lay the foundation for the development and evaluation of combinational treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny W Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, Texas 77555-0610
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20
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Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Tomaru K, Shirota H, Tross D, Ikeuchi H. Immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides: Effect on gene expression and utility as vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2010; 28:1919-23. [PMID: 20188247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), promote the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells. CpG ODN are finding use as vaccine adjuvants, where they increase the speed, magnitude and duration of vaccine-specific immune responses. For example, CpG ODN significantly prolong the protection induced by AVA (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed). Unexpectedly, a majority of animals immunized with CpG-adjuvanted AVA maintain resistance to anthrax infection even after their Ab titers decline to sub-protective levels. This survival is mediated by the de novo production of protective Abs by high affinity long-lived memory B cells. The immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN was probed at the molecular level by microarray. Results show that a small group of 'inducers' rapidly up-regulated a large network genes following CpG treatment of mice. This stimulatory activity is quenched by 'suppressors' that down-regulate the expression of targeted genes, including most of the 'inducers'. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying CpG-mediated immune activation and therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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21
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Klinman DM, Yamamoto M, Tross D, Tomaru K. Anthrax prevention and treatment: utility of therapy combining antibiotic plus vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:1477-86. [PMID: 19769541 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903307347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001 confirmed this pathogen's ability to cause widespread panic, morbidity and mortality. While individuals exposed to anthrax can be successfully treated with antibiotics, pre-exposure vaccination can reduce susceptibility to infection-induced illness. Concern over the safety and immunogenicity of the licensed US vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)) has fueled research into alternatives. Second-generation anthrax vaccines based on purified recombinant protective antigen (rPA) have entered clinical trials. These rPA vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent illness, but the magnitude and duration of the resultant protective response is modest. Efforts are underway to bolster the immunogenicity of rPA by combining it with adjuvants and other immunostimulatory agents. Third generation vaccines are under development that utilize a wide variety of immunization platforms, antigens, adjuvants, delivery methods and routes of delivery to optimize the induction of a protective immunity. For the foreseeable future, vaccination will rely on first and second generation vaccines co-administered with immune adjuvants. Optimal post-exposure treatment of immunologically naive individuals should include a combination of vaccine plus antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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22
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Recombinant Sindbis virus vectors designed to express protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis protect animals from anthrax and display synergy with ciprofloxacin. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1696-9. [PMID: 19759250 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00173-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Sindbis viruses were engineered to express alternative forms of the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. The recombinant viruses induced PA-specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies in Swiss Webster mice. Vaccination with the recombinant viruses induced immunity that offered some protection from a lethal Ames strain spore challenge and synergized the protective effects of ciprofloxacin.
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23
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Abstract
Exposure to anthrax leaves susceptible hosts at prolonged risk of infection since spores can persist in vivo for months before germinating to cause life-threatening disease. Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed US vaccine) induces immunity too slowly to protect susceptible individuals post-exposure. Antibiotics prevent the proliferation of vegetative bacilli but do not block latent spores from germinating. Thus, anthrax-exposed individuals must remain on antibiotic therapy for months to eliminate the threat posed by delayed spore germination. Unfortunately, long-term antibiotic treatment is poorly tolerated and frequently discontinued. This work explores whether administering a single dose of a long-acting antibiotic (Dalbavancin) combined with a rapidly immunogenic vaccine/adjuvant combination can provide seamless protection from anthrax with minimal patient compliance. Results show that significant protection is achieved by delivering a single dose of this therapeutic combination any time before through 3 days after anthrax exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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24
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Amemiya K, Meyers JL, Rogers TE, Fast RL, Bassett AD, Worsham PL, Powell BS, Norris SL, Krieg AM, Adamovicz JJ. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides augment the murine immune response to the Yersinia pestis F1-V vaccine in bubonic and pneumonic models of plague. Vaccine 2009; 27:2220-9. [PMID: 19428836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current U.S. Department of Defense candidate plague vaccine is a fusion between two Yersinia pestis proteins: the F1 capsular protein, and the low calcium response (Lcr) V-protein. We hypothesized that an immunomodulator, such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)s, could augment the immune response to the plague F1-V vaccine in a mouse model for plague. CpG ODNs significantly augmented the antibody response and efficacy of a single dose of the plague vaccine in murine bubonic and pneumonic models of plague. In the latter study, we also found an overall significant augmentation the immune response to the individual subunits of the plague vaccine by CpG ODN 2006. In a long-term, prime-boost study, CpG ODN induced a significant early augmentation of the IgG response to the vaccine. The presence of CpG ODN induced a significant increase in the IgG2a subclass response to the vaccine up to 5 months after the boost. Our studies showed that CpG ODNs significantly augmented the IgG antibody response to the plague vaccine, which increased the probability of survival in murine models of plague (P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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25
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Tross D, Klinman DM. Effect of CpG oligonucleotides on vaccine-induced B cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:5785-90. [PMID: 18832738 PMCID: PMC2562272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adding synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs to Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed human vaccine) increases the speed and magnitude of the resultant Ab response. Ab titers persist in the protective range for >1 year, significantly longer than in animals vaccinated with AVA alone. Unexpectedly, a majority of mice immunized with CpG-adjuvanted AVA maintained resistance to anthrax infection even after their Ab titers had declined into the subprotective range. The survival of these animals was mediated by the de novo production of protective Abs by high affinity memory B cells re-stimulated immediately after challenge. Thus, a previously unrecognized benefit of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides adjuvants is their ability to expand the long-lived memory B cell population. Current findings demonstrate that CpG-adjuvanted AVA mediates protection both by stimulating a strong/persistent serum Ab response and by generating a high-affinity long-lived pool of memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Tross
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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26
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Klinman D, Shirota H, Tross D, Sato T, Klaschik S. Synthetic oligonucleotides as modulators of inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:958-64. [PMID: 18430787 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promote the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional APC. CpG ODN are finding use in the treatment of cancer, allergy, and infection. In contrast, ODN containing multiple TTAGGG motifs mimic the immunosuppressive activity of self-DNA, down-regulating the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines. Preclinical studies suggest that "suppressive" ODN may slow or prevent diseases characterized by pathologic immune stimulation, including autoimmunity and septic shock. Extensive studies in animal models suggest that the therapeutic value of CpG and TTAGGG ODN may be optimized by early administration.
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27
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Abstract
Preclinical and early clinical trials indicate synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CG dinucleotides (CpG ODN) have potent immunostimulatory effects and can enhance the anti-cancer activity of a variety of cancer treatments. Synergy between CpG ODN and monoclonal antibodies has been noted in various preclinical models. Early clinical trials indicate CpG ODN and monoclonal antibodies can be administered safely together. Preclinical models indicate CpG ODN can enhance the anti-tumor activity of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Thus, one possible approach to the use of CpG ODN was to use it in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy with the goal of enhancing presentation of tumor antigen from dying cancer cells. Promising results in a randomized phase II trial in patients with non-small cell lung cancer led to initiation of two large randomized phase III trials comparing CpG ODN plus chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone. Unfortunately, interim analysis of these trials indicated CpG ODN was unlikely to enhance efficacy of chemotherapy, and they were stopped. CpG ODN also holds promise as a component of cancer vaccines including those composed of protein antigen, peptides, whole tumor cells, and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Finally, CpG ODN has been combined with a variety of cytokines to enhance NK activation, promote development of an active anti-tumor immune response or induce apoptosis of malignant cells that express the TLR9 receptor. Overall, both preclinical and early clinical trials suggest CpG ODN may be a valuable component of a variety of approaches to cancer therapy. However, clinical development of this recently discovered, novel class of immunostimulatory agents is just beginning, and we still have much to learn about the optimal approach to their use, and their potential.
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28
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Wang X, Bao M, Wan M, Wei H, Wang L, Yu H, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang L. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide acts as a potent adjuvant for inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26:1893-901. [PMID: 18321616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop a CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN)-enhanced rabies vaccine for stimulating an earlier production of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNAb) with high titers, we designed a CpG ODN (BW006) and evaluated its adjuvant activities in enhancing the immune response to rabies vaccine with or without aluminum in mice. It was found that BW006 could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce an earlier and more vigorous RVNAb response, resulting in more effective protection of mice from rabies virus challenge. In addition, three shots of rabies vaccine with BW006 induced compatible RVNAb level with that induced by five shots of aluminum-adjuvanted rabies vaccine. These data reveal that BW006 could be used as a promising adjuvant to replace of or combine with aluminum for developing more effective rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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29
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Bielinska AU, Janczak KW, Landers JJ, Markovitz DM, Montefiori DC, Baker JR. Nasal immunization with a recombinant HIV gp120 and nanoemulsion adjuvant produces Th1 polarized responses and neutralizing antibodies to primary HIV type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:271-81. [PMID: 18260780 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that both robust neutralizing antibodies and potent cellular responses play important roles in controlling primary HIV-1 infection. In this study we have investigated the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to HIV gp120 monomer immunogen administered intranasally in a novel, oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant. Mice and guinea pigs intranasally immunized by the application of recombinant HIV gp120 antigen mixed in NE demonstrated robust serum anti-gp120 IgG, as well as bronchial, vaginal, and serum anti-gp120 IgA in mice. The serum of these animals demonstrated antibodies that cross-reacted with heterologous serotypes of gp120 and had significant neutralizing activity against two clade-B laboratory strains of HIV (HIVBaL and HIVSF162) and five primary HIV-1 isolates. The analysis of gp120-specific CTL proliferation, INF-gamma induction, and prevalence of anti-gp120 IgG2 subclass antibodies indicated that nasal vaccination in NE also induced systemic, Th1-polarized cellular immune responses. This study suggests that NE should be evaluated as a mucosal adjuvant for multivalent HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U. Bielinska
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Katarzyna W. Janczak
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeffrey J. Landers
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David M. Markovitz
- Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - James R. Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (MNIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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