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Chen R, Xie L, Fan Y, Hua X, Chung CY. Vesicular translocation of PARP-1 to cytoplasm causes ADP-ribosylation and disassembly of vimentin filaments during microglia activation induced by LPS. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1363154. [PMID: 38590714 PMCID: PMC10999663 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1363154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation plays a significant role in various biological processes including genomic stability maintenance, transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism, and cell death. Using macrodomain pull-down assay with microglia lysates and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, we identified vimentin as a major protein highly ADP-ribosylated by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 (PARP-1) in response to LPS. ABT-888, a potent inhibitor of PARP-1/2 blocks the disassembly and ADP-ribosylation of vimentin. PARP-1 is a highly abundant nuclear protein. Its nuclear functions in repairing DNA damages induced by various stress signals, such as inflammatory stresses, have been well studied. In contrast, limited studies have been done on the cytoplasmic role(s) of PARP-1. Our study focuses on the cytoplasmic role of PARP-1 during microglia activation. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting, we showed that a significant amount of PARP-1 is present in the cytosol of microglia cells stimulated and activated by LPS. Live cell imaging showed the translocation of nuclear PARP-1-EGFP to the cytoplasm in vesicular structures upon LPS stimulation. ABT-888 and U0126 can block this translocation. Immunofluorescence staining with various organelle marker antibodies revealed that PARP-1 vesicles show colocalization with Lamin A/C, suggesting they might be derived from the nuclear envelope through nuclear envelope budding. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PARP-1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm via vesicles upon LPS stimulation and that cytoplasmic PARP-1 causes ADP-ribosylation and disassembly of vimentin filaments during microglia activation induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lirui Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangmei Hua
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Y. Chung
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
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2
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Wang C, Liu A, Chen J, Liu S, Wei W. Sensitive detection of PARP-1 activity by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy based on biomineralization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1249:340937. [PMID: 36868772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP)ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has attracted much attention as a tumor marker in recent years. Based on the large negative charge and hyperbranched structure of PARP-1 amplified products (PAR), many detection methods have been established. Herein, we proposed a label-free electrochemical impedance detection method based on the large amount of phosphate groups (PO43-) on the surface of PAR. Although EIS method has high sensitivity, it is not sensitive enough to discern PAR effectively. Therefore, biomineralization was incorporated to increase the resistance value (Rct) distinctly because of the poor electrical conductivity of CaP. During biomineralization process, plentiful Ca2+ was captured by PO43- of PAR through electrostatic interaction, resulting in an increasing Rct of modified ITO electrode. In contrast, when PRAP-1 was absent, only a little Ca2+ was adsorbed on the phosphate backbone of the activating dsDNA. As a result, the biomineralization effect was slight and only a negligible Rct change occurred. Experiment results showed that Rct was associated closely with the activity of PARP-1. There was a linear correlation between them when the activity value was in the range of 0.005-1.0 U. The calculated detection limit was 0.003 U. Results of real samples detection and the recovery experiments were satisfactory, indicating the method has an excellent application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Anran Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Xu S, Cheng S, Yang J, Wang Y. Clinical application of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: from molecular mechanisms to the current status. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 36611214 PMCID: PMC9826575 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a kind of gynecological tumor, ovarian cancer is not as common as cervical cancer and breast cancer, but its malignant degree is higher. Despite the increasingly mature treatment of ovarian cancer, the five-year survival rate of patients is still less than 50%. Based on the concept of synthetic lethality, poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors target tumor cells with defects in homologous recombination repair(HRR), the most significant being the target gene Breast cancer susceptibility genes(BRCA). PARP inhibitors capture PARP-1 protein at the site of DNA damage to destroy the original reaction, causing the accumulation of PARP-DNA nucleoprotein complexes, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs) and cell death. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer for several years and achieved good results. However, with the widespread use of PARP inhibitors, more and more attention has been paid to drug resistance and side effects. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the mechanism of PARP inhibitors, to be familiar with the adverse reactions of the drug, to explore the markers of its efficacy and prognosis, and to deal with its drug resistance. This review elaborates the use of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilin Xu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiani Yang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Yu Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
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4
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PARP-1 Expression and BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer Patients' CTCs. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071731. [PMID: 35406503 PMCID: PMC8996866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent estimates have shown that approx. 70% of individuals with BRCA1 mutations will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. To make matters worse, breast cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations are more likely to have the more aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. PARPs, belong to a family of nuclear enzymes, which are involved in many cellular processes, including DNA repair. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast cancer. The aim of the study was the determination of PARP-1 expression in the context of the presence of BRCA1 mutations in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. PARP-1 (nuclear) expression and BRCA1 mutations were mainly detected in triple negative breast cancer patients, and the latter were correlated with decreased survival. Our data suggest that PARP-1, in conjunction with BRCA1, could potentially be used as (a) biomarker(s) for patients’ stratification. Abstract BRCA1 and PARP are involved in DNA damage repair pathways. BRCA1 mutations have been linked to higher likelihood of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The aim of the study was to determine PARP-1 expression and BRCA1 mutations in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of BC patients. Fifty patients were enrolled: 23 luminal and 27 TNBC. PARP expression in CTCs was identified by immunofluorescence. Genotyping was performed by PCR-Sanger sequencing in the same samples. PARP-1 expression was higher in luminal (61%) and early BC (54%), compared to TNBC (41%) and metastatic (33%) patients. In addition, PARP-1 distribution was mostly cytoplasmic in luminal patients (p = 0.024), whereas it was mostly nuclear in TNBC patients. In cytokeratin (CK)-positive patients, those with the CK+PARP+ phenotype had longer overall survival (OS, log-rank p = 0.046). Overall, nine mutations were detected; M1 and M2 were completely new and M4, M7 and M8 were characterized as pathogenic. M7 and M8 were predominantly found in metastatic TNBC patients (p = 0.014 and p = 0.002). Thus, PARP-1 expression and increased mutagenic burden in TNBC patients’ CTCs, could be used as an indicator to stratify patients regarding therapeutic approaches.
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Karpińska A, Pilz M, Buczkowska J, Żuk PJ, Kucharska K, Magiera G, Kwapiszewska K, Hołyst R. Quantitative analysis of biochemical processes in living cells at a single-molecule level: a case of olaparib-PARP1 (DNA repair protein) interactions. Analyst 2021; 146:7131-7143. [PMID: 34726203 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative description of biochemical processes inside living cells and at single-molecule levels remains a challenge at the forefront of modern instrumentation and spectroscopy. This paper demonstrates such single-cell, single-molecule analyses performed to study the mechanism of action of olaparib - an up-to-date, FDA-approved drug for germline-BRCA mutated metastatic breast cancer. We characterized complexes formed with PARPi-FL - fluorescent analog of olaparib in vitro and in cancer cells using the advanced fluorescent-based method: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) combined with a length-scale dependent cytoplasmic/nucleoplasmic viscosity model. We determined in vitro olaparib-PARP1 equilibrium constant (6.06 × 108 mol L-1). In the cell nucleus, we distinguished three states of olaparib: freely diffusing drug (24%), olaparib-PARP1 complex (50%), and olaparib-PARP1-RNA complex (26%). We show olaparib accumulation in 3D spheroids, where intracellular concentration is twofold higher than in 2D cells. Moreover, olaparib concentration was tenfold higher (506 nmol L-1vs. 57 nmol L-1) in cervical cancer (BRCA1 high abundance) than in breast cancer cells (BRCA1 low abundance) but with a lower toxic effect. Thus we confirmed that the amount of BRCA1 protein in the cells is a better predictor of the therapeutic effect of olaparib than its penetration into cancer tissue. Our single-molecule and single-cell approach give a new perspective of drug action in living cells. FCS provides a detailed in vivo insight, valuable in drug development and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Karpińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Pilz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Buczkowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł J Żuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Karolina Kucharska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gaweł Magiera
- Department of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Hołyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Thakur N, Yim K, Abdul-Ghafar J, Seo KJ, Chong Y. High Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Expression Does Relate to Poor Survival in Solid Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5594. [PMID: 34830749 PMCID: PMC8615806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a DNA damage repair protein, and its inhibitors have shown promising results in clinical trials. The prognostic significance of PARP is inconsistent in studies of various cancers. In the present study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to reveal the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of PARP expression in multiple solid cancers. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for relevant research articles published from 2005 to 2021. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with confidence interval (CI) was calculated to investigate the relationship between PARP expression and survival in multiple solid cancers. In total, 10,667 patients from 31 studies were included. A significant association was found between higher PARP expression and overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.34-1.76, p < 0.001), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.10-1.21, p < 0.001), and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.08, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that PARP overexpression was significantly related to poor OS in patients with breast cancers (HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.28-1.49, p < 0.001), ovary cancers (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.10-1.33, p = 0.001), lung cancers (HR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.29-3.45, p = 0.003), and liver cancers (HR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.94-5.58, p < 0.001). Regarding ethnicity, Asian people have almost twice their worst survival rate compared to Caucasians. The pooled odds ratio analysis showed a significant relationship between higher PARP expression and larger tumour size, poor tumour differentiation, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, higher TNM stage and lymphovascular invasion, and positive immunoreactivity for Ki-67, BRCA1, and BRCA2. In addition, nuclear expression assessed by the QS system using Abcam and Santa Cruz Biotechnology seems to be the most commonly used and reproducible IHC method for assessing PARP expression. This meta-analysis revealed that higher PARP expression was associated with a worse OS, DFS, and PFS in patients with solid cancers. Moreover, inhibition of this pathway through its specific inhibitors may extend the survival of patients with higher PARP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yosep Chong
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea; (N.T.); (K.Y.); (J.A.-G.); (K.J.S.)
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7
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Gouri A, Benarba B, Dekaken A, Aoures H, Benharkat S. Prediction of Late Recurrence and Distant Metastasis in Early-stage Breast Cancer: Overview of Current and Emerging Biomarkers. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1008-1025. [PMID: 32164510 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200312105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a significant number of breast cancer (BC) patients have been diagnosed at an early stage. It is therefore critical to accurately predict the risk of recurrence and distant metastasis for better management of BC in this setting. Clinicopathologic patterns, particularly lymph node status, tumor size, and hormonal receptor status are routinely used to identify women at increased risk of recurrence. However, these factors have limitations regarding their predictive ability for late metastasis risk in patients with early BC. Emerging molecular signatures using gene expression-based approaches have improved the prognostic and predictive accuracy for this indication. However, the use of their based-scores for risk assessment has provided contradictory findings. Therefore, developing and using newly emerged alternative predictive and prognostic biomarkers for identifying patients at high- and low-risk is of great importance. The present review discusses some serum biomarkers and multigene profiling scores for predicting late recurrence and distant metastasis in early-stage BC based on recently published studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gouri
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Annaba, Algeria
| | - B Benarba
- Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Algeria
| | - A Dekaken
- Department of Internal Medicine, El Okbi Public Hospital, Guelma, Algeria
| | - H Aoures
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, EHS El Bouni, Annaba, Algeria
| | - S Benharkat
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Annaba, Algeria
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8
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Desai D, Khandwala P, Parsi M, Potdar R. PARP inhibitors: shifting the paradigm in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Med Oncol 2021; 38:61. [PMID: 33891252 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, being one of the most fatal cancers, is the 7th leading cause of death globally. Cancer that is resistant to current treatment proves that there is a need for personalized and targeted therapy, based on the tumor and genomic markers. Pembrolizumab and Larotrectinib are examples of current medications used as targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer has many different molecular subgroups, providing the opportunity for the development of new drugs that can target these groups. Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a group of drugs inhibiting PARP to decrease the stability of the cancer cells. Currently, PARPi are mostly used in ovarian and breast cancer. There are multiple studies that have shown positive effects of PARPi in decreasing the tumor burden in advanced pancreatic cancer. PARPi are the future of pancreatic cancer management, and hence it is important to understand their mechanism, resistance pathways, and their application in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Desai
- Internal Medicine, Crozer Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, 19013, USA.
| | - Pushti Khandwala
- Internal Medicine, Crozer Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, 19013, USA
| | - Meghana Parsi
- Internal Medicine, Crozer Chester Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Upland, PA, 19013, USA
| | - Rashmika Potdar
- Hematology/Oncology Department, Alliance Cancer Specialist, Crozer Chester Medical Center, Upland, USA
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9
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The Prognostic Values of PARP-1 Expression in Uveal Melanoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020285. [PMID: 33572586 PMCID: PMC7911114 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. In advanced cases, the prognosis is very poor. Thus far, no effective methods of pharmacotherapy of this cancer have been found. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of PARP-1, the best-known member of the family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, in uveal melanoma and its associations with clinicopathological parameters, overall survival, and disease-free survival. Methods: The study included 91 patients who underwent enucleation due to uveal melanoma. PARP-1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: High PARP-1 expression was associated with more frequent chromosome 3 loss, higher histopathological grade, bigger tumor size, and absence of intrascleral extension. High PARP-1 expression was associated with shorter overall survival time and disease-free survival time. Conclusions: The above findings indicate that high expression of PARP-1 can be considered as an unfavorable prognostic factor in uveal melanoma.
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10
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Ferreira MT, Berger L, Rouleau M, Poirier GG. Assessment of PARP-1 Distribution in Tissues of Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:413-435. [PMID: 32436762 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420926022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) enzyme has received much attention in the last decade due to its promising role in cancer therapeutics. Despite the expanding use of PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy, little is known about PARP-1 tissue distribution. Our study provides a detailed survey of PARP-1 tissue and cellular distribution using well-preserved cynomolgus monkey organs and a well-characterized, highly specific monoclonal PARP-1 antibody. Overall, PARP-1 was detected in most organs, but its distribution was restricted to specific cells within each tissue, suggesting that PARP-1 expression is tightly regulated. The strongest expression was in the pituitary, the ovary, the male adrenal gland, and the thymus. One of the key findings of this study was the stronger expression of PARP-1 in proliferating cells rather than mature cells. This observation not only provides clues to the importance of PARP-1 in processes such as DNA replication and transcription in these cell types, but it also provides the basis for further investigation into the effects of its inhibition in the context of malignancy. Overall, this study greatly expands the current knowledge of PARP-1 tissue expression, enabling the identification of tissues where PARP inhibition may be most efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tedim Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada.,CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Berger
- CHU de Québec, St-François d'Assise Hospital, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada.,CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Québec City, QC, Canada
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11
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Polymorphisms in PARP1 predict disease-free survival of triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline/taxane based adjuvant chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7349. [PMID: 32355298 PMCID: PMC7192942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive disease and of poor prognosis. It is very important to identify novel biomarkers to predict therapeutic response and outcome of TNBC. We investigated the association between polymorphisms in PARP1 gene and clinicopathological characteristics or survival of 272 patients with stage I-III primary TNBC treated with anthracycline/taxane based adjuvant chemotherapy. We found that after adjusted by age, grade, tumor size, lymph node status and vascular invasion, rs7531668 TA genotype carriers had significantly better DFS rate than TT genotype carriers, the 5 y DFS was 79.3% and 69.2% (P = 0.046, HR 0.526 95% CI 0.280-0.990). In lymph node negative subgroup, DFS of rs6664761 CC genotype carriers was much better than TT genotype carriers (P = 0.016, HR 0.261 95% CI 0.088-0.778) and DFS of rs7531668 AA genotype carriers was shorter than TT genotype carriers (P = 0.015, HR 3.361 95% CI 1.259-8.969). In subgroup of age ≤ 50, rs6664761 TC genotype predicted favorable DFS than TT genotype (P = 0.042, HR 0.405 95% CI 0.170-0.967). Polymorphisms in PARP1 gene had no influence on treatment toxicities. After multivariate analysis, tumor size (P = 0.037, HR = 2.829, 95% CI: 1.063-7.525) and lymph node status (P < 0.001, HR = 9.943, 95% CI: 2.974-33.243) were demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors. Our results suggested that polymorphisms in PARP1 gene might predict the DFS of TNBC patients treated with anthracycline/taxane based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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12
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Zhu H, Wei M, Xu J, Hua J, Liang C, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang B, Yu X, Shi S. PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 32122376 PMCID: PMC7053129 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease with a poor prognosis, and existing therapies offer only limited effectiveness. Mutation gene sequencing has shown several gene associations that may account for its carcinogenesis, revealing a promising research direction. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors target tumor cells with a homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency based on the concept of synthetic lethality. The most prominent target gene is BRCA, in which mutations were first identified in breast cancer and ovarian cancer. PARP inhibitors can trap the PARP-1 protein at a single-stranded break/DNA lesion and disrupt its catalytic cycle, ultimately leading to replication fork progression and consequent double-strand breaks. For tumor cells with BRCA mutations, HRR loss would result in cell death. Pancreatic cancer has also been reported to have a strong relationship with BRCA gene mutations, which indicates that pancreatic cancer patients may benefit from PARP inhibitors. Several clinical trials are being conducted and have begun to yield results. For example, the POLO (Pancreatic Cancer Olaparib Ongoing) trial has demonstrated that the median progression-free survival was observably longer in the olaparib group than in the placebo group. However, PARP inhibitor resistance has partially precluded their use in clinical applications, and the major mechanism underlying this resistance is the restoration of HRR. Therefore, determining how to use PARP inhibitors in more clinical applications and how to avoid adverse effects, as well as prognosis and treatment response biomarkers, require additional research. This review elaborates on future prospects for the application of PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Miaoyan Wei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, Xuhui District, China.
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13
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Identification and quantification of DNA repair protein poly(ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in human tissues and cultured cells by liquid chromatography/isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 75:48-59. [PMID: 30743082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a multifunctional DNA repair protein of the base excision repair pathway and plays a major role in the repair of DNA strand breaks and in replication and transcriptional regulation among other functions. Mounting evidence points to the predictive and prognostic value of PARP1 expression in human cancers. Thus, PARP1 has become an important target in cancer therapy, leading to the development of inhibitors as anticancer drugs. In the past, PARP1 expression levels in tissue samples have generally been estimated by indirect and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical methods. Accurate measurement of PARP1 in normal tissues and malignant tumors of patients will be essential for evaluating PARP1 as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in cancer and other diseases, and for the development and use of its inhibitors in cancer therapy. In this work, we present an approach involving liquid chromatography-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry to positively identify and accurately quantify PARP1 in human tissues and cultured cells. We identified and quantified PARP1 in human normal ovarian tissues and malignant ovarian tumors, and in three pairs of human cell lines, each pair consisting of a normal cell line and its cancerous counterpart. Significantly greater expression of PARP1 was observed in malignant ovarian tissues than in normal ovarian tissues. In the case of one pair of cell lines, the cancerous cell line also exhibited greater expression of PARP1 than in normal cell line. We also show the simultaneous measurement of PARP1 and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in a given protein extract. The approach presented in this work is expected to contribute to the accurate quantitative assessment of PARP1 levels in basic research and clinical studies.
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14
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Xu F, Sun Y, Yang SZ, Zhou T, Jhala N, McDonald J, Chen Y. Cytoplasmic PARP-1 promotes pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and resistance. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:474-483. [PMID: 30614530 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) play important roles in repairing damaged DNA during intrinsic cell death. We recently linked PARP-1 to death receptor (DR)-activated extrinsic apoptosis, the present studies sought to elucidate the function of cytoplasmic PARP-1 in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and therapy. Using human normal and pancreatic cancer tissues, we analyzed the prevalence of cytoplasmic PARP-1 expression. In normal human pancreatic tissues, PARP-1 expression was present in the nucleus; however, cytoplasmic PARP-1 expression was identified in pancreatic cancers. Therefore, cytoplasmic PARP-1 mutants were generated by site-direct mutagenesis, to determine a causative effect of cytoplasmic PARP-1 on pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and sensitivity to therapy with TRA-8, a humanized DR5 antibody. PARP-1 cytoplasmic mutants rendered TRA-8 sensitive pancreatic cancer cells, BxPc-3 and MiaPaCa-2, more resistant to TRA-8-induced apoptosis; whereas wild-type PARP-1, localizing mainly in the nucleus, had no effects. Additionally, cytoplasmic PARP-1, but not wild-type PARP-1, increased resistance of BxPc-3 cells to TRA-8 therapy in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. Inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity attenuated cytoplasmic PARP-1-mediated TRA-8 resistance. Furthermore, increased cytoplasmic PARP-1, but not wild-type PARP-1, was recruited into the TRA-8-activated death-inducing signaling complex and associated with increased and sustained activation of Src-mediated survival signals. In contrast, PARP-1 knockdown inhibited Src activation. Taken together, we have identified a novel function and mechanism underlying cytoplasmic PARP-1, distinct from nuclear PARP-1, in regulating DR5-activated apoptosis. Our studies support an innovative application of available PARP inhibitors or new cytoplasmic PARP-1 antagonists to enhance TRAIL therapy for TRAIL-resistant pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jay McDonald
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Department, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Department, Birmingham, AL
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15
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Valencia-González HA, Ruíz G, Ortiz-Sánchez E, García-Carrancá A. Cancer Stem Cells from Tumor Cell Lines Activate the DNA Damage Response Pathway after Ionizing Radiation More Efficiently Than Noncancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7038953. [PMID: 31073313 PMCID: PMC6470433 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7038953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a subpopulation of tumor cells, called cancer stem cells (CSC), has been characterized, and these have emerged as a major topic in cancer research. CSC are proposed to repair DNA damage more efficiently than the rest of tumor cells, resisting chemotherapy or radiotherapy and causing clinical recurrence and metastasis. We aimed to determine the molecular basis of radioresistance and first compared the response to ionizing radiation (IR) between cancer stem cell-enriched cultures grown as spheres and conventional tumor cell line cultures grown as monolayer, from HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. To verify that our sphere cultures were enriched in CSC, we evaluated the double staining of CD49f and ALDH activity for HeLa cells by flow cytometry. We then evaluated whether differences could exist in sensor elements in the DNA damage response pathway among these cultures. We found that CSC cultures showed less sensitivity to radiation than conventional tumor cell line cultures. We observed a higher baseline expression of activated response sensor proteins of DNA damage, such as ATM, H2A.X, and PARP1, in untreated CSC cultures. These findings provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that DNA damage response sensor proteins are present and preferentially activated in CSC, as opposed to the bulk of cells in monolayer cultures. Likewise, they provide the basis for biological differences in response to IR between CSC and other tumor cell populations. Understanding the DNA damage response pathway may provide therapeutic targets to sensitize CSC to cytotoxic therapies to improve current cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Abraham Valencia-González
- 1Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
- 2Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Graciela Ruíz
- 2Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- 2Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- 2Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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16
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Zhao H, Li D, Zhang B, Qi Y, Diao Y, Zhen Y, Shu X. PP2A as the Main Node of Therapeutic Strategies and Resistance Reversal in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122277. [PMID: 29261144 PMCID: PMC6149800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), is defined as a type of tumor lacking the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The ER, PR and HER2 are usually the molecular therapeutic targets for breast cancers, but they are ineffective for TNBC because of their negative expressions, so chemotherapy is currently the main treatment strategy in TNBC. However, drug resistance remains a major impediment to TNBC chemotherapeutic treatment. Recently, the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been found to regulate the phosphorylation of some substrates involved in the relevant target of TNBC, such as cell cycle control, DNA damage responses, epidermal growth factor receptor, immune modulation and cell death resistance, which may be the effective therapeutic strategies or influence drug sensitivity to TNBCs. Furthermore, PP2A has also been found that could induce ER re-expression in ER-negative breast cancer cells, and which suggests PP2A could promote the sensitivity of tamoxifen to TNBCs as a resistance reversal agent. In this review, we will summarize the potential therapeutic value of PP2A as the main node in developing targeting agents, disrupting resistance or restoring drug sensitivity in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Duojiao Li
- Kamp Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yunpeng Diao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiaohong Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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17
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Huang L, Liu Q, Chen S, Shao Z. Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with paclitaxel as neoadjuvant regimen for triple negative breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5739-5744. [PMID: 29238206 PMCID: PMC5716301 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s145934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platinum salts have demonstrated sufficient efficacy and safety for consideration of their use in a neoadjuvant setting for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed 145 TNBC cases to compare the activity and tolerability of cisplatin and carboplatin. Two groups received weekly paclitaxel and platinum salts. Results In total, 87% of patients in the cisplatin group and 82% of patients in the carboplatin group experienced a clinical objective response after four cycles (complete response or partial response; P=0.570). Pathological complete response (pCR) occurred similarly in the cisplatin group and the carboplatin group (44% versus 42%, P=0.789). In survival analysis, there was no difference between the two regimens. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia and leukopenia. Conclusion There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of adverse events. Both types of platinum salts and weekly paclitaxel are feasible therapies that achieved high pCR rates and tolerability in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ohmoto A, Yachida S. Current status of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and future directions. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5195-5208. [PMID: 29138572 PMCID: PMC5667784 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which play a key role in DNA damage/repair pathways, have been developed as antitumor agents based on the concept of synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality is the idea that cell death would be efficiently induced by simultaneous loss of function of plural key molecules, for example, by exposing tumor cells with inactivating gene mutation of BRCA-mediated DNA repair to chemically induced inhibition of PARPs. Indeed, three PARP inhibitors, olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib have already been approved in the US or Europe, mainly for the treatment of BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer. Clinical trials of various combinations of PARP inhibitors with cytotoxic or molecular-targeted agents are also underway. In particular, expanded applications of PARP inhibitors are anticipated following recent reports that defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR) are associated with mutations in repair genes other than BRCA1/BRCA2, such as ATM, ATR, PALB2, RAD51, CHEK1 and CHEK2, as well as with epigenetic loss of BRCA1 function through promoter methylation or overexpression of the BRCA2-interacting transcriptional repressor EMSY. Current topics of interest include selection of the best agent in each clinical context, identification of new treatment targets for HRR-proficient cases, and development of PARP inhibitor-based regimens that are less toxic and that prolong overall survival as well as progression-free survival. In addition, potential long-term side effects and suitable biomarkers for predicting efficacy and mechanisms of clinical resistance are in discussion. This review summarizes representative preclinical and clinical data for PARP inhibitors and discusses their potential for future applications to treat various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo.,Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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19
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RBR-type E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF144A targets PARP1 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation and regulates PARP inhibitor sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94505-94518. [PMID: 29212245 PMCID: PMC5706891 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), a critical DNA repair protein, is frequently upregulated in breast tumors with a key role in breast cancer progression. Consequently, PARP inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics for breast cancers with DNA repair deficiencies. However, relatively little is known about the regulatory mechanism of PARP1 expression and the determinants of PARP inhibitor sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Here, we report that ring finger protein 144A (RNF144A), a RING-between-RING (RBR)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase with an unexplored functional role in human cancers, interacts with PARP1 through its carboxy-terminal region containing the transmembrane domain, and targets PARP1 for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Moreover, induced expression of RNF144A decreases PARP1 protein levels and renders breast cancer cells resistant to the clinical-grade PARP inhibitor olaparib. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous RNF144A increases PARP1 protein levels and enhances cellular sensitivity to olaparib. Together, these findings define RNF144A as a novel regulator of PARP1 protein abundance and a potential determinant of PARP inhibitor sensitivity in breast cancer cells, which may eventually guide the optimal use of PARP inhibitors in the clinic.
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20
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Votino C, Laudanna C, Parcesepe P, Giordano G, Remo A, Manfrin E, Pancione M. Aberrant BLM cytoplasmic expression associates with DNA damage stress and hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:327-340. [PMID: 27169843 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloom syndrome is a rare and recessive disorder characterized by loss-of-function mutations of the BLM gene, which encodes a RecQ 3'-5' DNA helicase. Despite its putative tumor suppressor function, the contribution of BLM to human sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly understood. METHODS The transcriptional regulation mechanism underlying BLM and related DNA damage response regulation in independent CRC subsets and a panel of derived cell lines was investigated by bioinformatics analysis, the transcriptomic profile, a CpG island promoter methylation assay, Western blot, and an immunolocalization assay. RESULTS In silico analysis of gene expression data sets revealed that BLM is overexpressed in poorly differentiated CRC and exhibits a close connection with shorter relapse-free survival even after adjustment for prognostic factors and pathways that respond to DNA damage response through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling. Functional characterization demonstrated that CpG island promoter hypomethylation increases BLM expression and associates with cytoplasmic BLM mislocalization and increased DNA damage response both in clinical CRC samples and in derived cancer cell lines. The DNA-damaging agent S-adenosylmethionine suppresses BLM expression, leading to the inhibition of cell growth following accumulation of DNA damage. In tumor specimens, cytoplasmic accumulation of BLM correlates with DNA damage and γH2AX and phosphorylated ATM foci and predicts long-term progression-free survival in metastatic patients treated with irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings of this study provide the first evidence that cancer-linked DNA hypomethylation and cytosolic BLM mislocalization might reflect compromised levels of DNA-repair activity and enhanced hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Votino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Carmelo Laudanna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine "Gaetano Salvatore", University "Magna Grecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pietro Parcesepe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Verona, 37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Andrea Remo
- Department of Pathology, "Mater Salutis" Hospital, 37045, Legnago, VR, Italy
| | - Erminia Manfrin
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Yang SX, Polley EC, Nguyen D. Association of γH2AX at Diagnosis with Chemotherapy Outcome in Patients with Breast Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:945-951. [PMID: 28382166 PMCID: PMC5381256 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
γH2AX plays a role in DNA damage response signaling and facilitates the repair of DNA double strand breaks. However, it remains unknown whether constitutive tumor γH2AX expression is associated with treatment outcome in patients. γH2AX status was detected in primary tumors from 24% of 826 patients with stage I, II and III breast cancer by immunohistochemistry; overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. At median follow-up of 176 months (range 13 - 282 months), we found substantial survival heterogeneity in γH2AX-positive patients (P=0.002) among uniform treatment groups including radiation or endocrine therapy alone and no-treatment, as well as chemotherapy alone (being worst), in contrast to γH2AX-negative patients (P=0.2). In the chemotherapy group (n=118), median survival was 63 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 29 - 83) in patients with γH2AX-positive tumors compared with 170 months (95% CI 94 - 235) in those with γH2AX-negative tumors (P=0.0017). γH2AX remained a poor prognosis factor in the group by multivariable analysis (adjusted hazard ratio 2.12, P=0.009). Our data demonstrate that constitutive γH2AX positivity is significantly associated with survival heterogeneity in patients among uniform treatment groups, and its expression at diagnosis independently predicts poor chemotherapy outcome in breast cancer.
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22
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Qiao W, Pan L, Kou C, Li K, Yang M. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase expression in breast cancer: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172413. [PMID: 28212434 PMCID: PMC5315304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that the poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) level is a promising indicator of breast cancer. However, its prognostic value remains controversial. The present meta-analysis evaluated the prognostic value of PARP expression in breast cancer. Materials and methods Eligible studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases through July 20, 2016. Studies investigating PARP expression as well as reporting survival data in breast cancer were included. Two independent reviewers carried out all literature searches. The pooled relative risk (RR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were applied to assess the association between PARP expression and the clinicopathological features and survival outcome in breast cancer. Results A total of 3506 patients from eight eligible studies were included. We found that higher PARP expression indicated a worse clinical outcome in early stage breast cancer, with a HR of 3.08 (95% CI, 1.14–8.29, P = 0.03) for disease-free survival and a HR of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.20–2.76; P = 0.005) for overall survival. Moreover, increased PARP expression was significantly associated with higher nuclear grade (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12–2.04; P = 0.008) in breast cancer. A similar correlation was detected in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.04–3.17; P = 0.04). Conclusions Our findings indicated that elevated PARP expression correlated with worse prognosis in early stage breast cancer. Furthermore, high PARP expression was associated with higher nuclear grade and TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kim Y, Kim A, Sharip A, Sharip A, Jiang J, Yang Q, Xie Y. Reverse the Resistance to PARP Inhibitors. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:198-208. [PMID: 28255272 PMCID: PMC5332874 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the DNA repair machineries is activated by Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) enzyme. Particularly, this enzyme is involved in repair of damages to single-strand DNA, thus decreasing the chances of generating double-strand breaks in the genome. Therefore, the concept to block PARP enzymes by PARP inhibitor (PARPi) was appreciated in cancer treatment. PARPi has been designed and tested for many years and became a potential supplement for the conventional chemotherapy. However, increasing evidence indicates the appearance of the resistance to this treatment. Specifically, cancer cells may acquire new mutations or events that overcome the positive effect of these drugs. This paper describes several molecular mechanisms of PARPi resistance which were reported most recently, and summarizes some strategies to reverse this type of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Kim
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Aleksei Kim
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Sharip
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Sharip
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Juhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University, School of Science and Technology, Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Gross E, van Tinteren H, Li Z, Raab S, Meul C, Avril S, Laddach N, Aubele M, Propping C, Gkazepis A, Schmitt M, Meindl A, Nederlof PM, Kiechle M, Lips EH. Identification of BRCA1-like triple-negative breast cancers by quantitative multiplex-ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis of BRCA1-associated chromosomal regions: a validation study. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:811. [PMID: 27756336 PMCID: PMC5070367 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with a BRCA1-like molecular signature has been demonstrated to remarkably respond to platinum-based chemotherapy and might be suited for a future treatment with poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In order to rapidly assess this signature we have previously developed a multiplex-ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)-based assay. Here we present an independent validation of this assay to confirm its important clinical impact. Methods One-hundred-forty-four TNBC tumor specimens were analysed by the MLPA-based “BRCA1-like” test. Classification into BRCA1-like vs. non-BRCA1-like samples was performed by our formerly established nearest shrunken centroids classifier. Data were subsequently compared with the BRCA1-mutation/methylation status of the samples. T-lymphocyte infiltration and expression of the main target of PARP inhibitors, PARP1, were assessed on a subset of samples by immunohistochemistry. Data acquisition and interpretation was performed in a blinded manner. Results In the studied TNBC cohort, 63 out of 144 (44 %) tumors were classified into the BRCA1-like category. Among these, the MLPA test correctly predicted 15 out of 18 (83 %) samples with a pathogenic BRCA1-mutation and 20 of 22 (91 %) samples exhibiting BRCA1-promoter methylation. Five false-negative samples were observed. We identified high lymphocyte infiltration as one possible basis for misclassification. However, two falsely classified BRCA1-mutated tumors were also characterized by rather non-BRCA1-associated histopathological features such as borderline ER expression. The BRCA1-like vs. non-BRCA1-like signature was specifically enriched in high-grade (G3) cancers (90 % vs. 58 %, p = 0.0004) and was also frequent in tumors with strong (3+) nuclear PARP1 expression (37 % vs. 16 %; p = 0.087). Conclusions This validation study confirmed the good performance of the initial MLPA assay which might thus serve as a valuable tool to select patients for platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Moreover, frequent PARP1 upregulation in BRCA1-like tumors may also point to susceptibility to treatment with PARP inhibitors. Limitations are the requirement of high tumor content and high-quality DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gross
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Harm van Tinteren
- Biometrics Department, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Raab
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Meul
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.,Present address: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nadja Laddach
- MRC-Holland, Willem Schoutenstraat 6, 1057 DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Aubele
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Propping
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Apostolos Gkazepis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra M Nederlof
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther H Lips
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gui Y, Xu S, Yang X, Gu L, Zhang Z, Luo X, Chen L. A meta-analysis of biomarkers for the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer patients. Biomark Med 2016; 10:771-90. [PMID: 27339713 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2015-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers that has the ability to predict triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) prognosis especially in patients undergoing chemotherapy is very important. Methods: The cohort studies that reported association between chemotherapy biomarker expression and survival outcome in TNBC patients were included in our analysis. Results: The promising markers that emerged for the prediction of disease-free survival and overall survival included Ki67, BRCA1 methylation and LC3B. Furthermore, Ki67 appeared to be also significantly associated with worse disease-free survival in TNBC patients who received anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that in TNBC patients receiving chemotherapy, Ki67 is a predictor for poor prognosis, BRCA1 methylation and LC3B are also potential prognostic markers. In addition, the TNBC patients with high Ki67 expression seems to display resistance to anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gui
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuman Xu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lu Gu
- Burn Research Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- National Key Laboratory of Trauma & Burns, Chongqing Key Lab. of Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Burn Research Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- National Key Laboratory of Trauma & Burns, Chongqing Key Lab. of Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangdong Luo
- Burn Research Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- National Key Laboratory of Trauma & Burns, Chongqing Key Lab. of Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- National Key Laboratory of Trauma & Burns, Chongqing Key Lab. of Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
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26
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The prognostic and predictive significance of PARP-1 in locally advanced breast cancer of Egyptian patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 23:571-9. [PMID: 25611238 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP-1 is a chromatin-associated enzyme that has a role in DNA repair and cell death. PARP-1 inhibitors are suggested therapy specifically for BRCA deficient breast carcinoma; however, their efficacy in sporadic breast cancer is under investigations. This study aimed to evaluate the PARP-1 in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) cases to determine its predictive significance for outcome and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on 84 LABC cases. Immunohistochemical expression of nuclear PARP-1 (nPARP-1) and cytoplasmic PARP-1 (cPARP-1) was evaluated in pretreatment needle core biopsies (NCBs). Results were correlated with clinicopathologic features, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and response to NCT in postoperative specimens. RESULTS High nPARP-1expression was observed in 64/84 (76%) of cases and was significantly associated with a lower lymph node stage (P=0.04). High cPARP-1 was observed in 40/84 (48%) of cases and it was significantly associated with lower lymph node stage (P=0.022) and lower tumor grade (P=0.050). High nPARP-1 expression was significantly associated with high cPARP-1 expression (P=0.005). Low cPARP-1 expression was associated with no response to chemotherapy in tumor site (P=0.021). According to the univariate survival analysis, high nPARP-1 and high cPARP-1 were significantly associated to longer OS (P=0.017 and P=0.019, respectively). High nPARP-1 but not cPARP-1 showed trend toward improved OS in multivariate Cox-regression analysis (P=0.053). CONCLUSION PARP-1 immunohistochemical expression is a marker of good prognosis and is predictive of response to NCT in LABC.
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27
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Veskimäe K, Staff S, Grönholm A, Pesu M, Laaksonen M, Nykter M, Isola J, Mäenpää J. Assessment of PARP protein expression in epithelial ovarian cancer by ELISA pharmacodynamic assay and immunohistochemistry. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11991-11999. [PMID: 27155850 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) involved in base excision repair (BER) has been shown to be a clinically effective treatment strategy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) defective in homologous recombination (HR). The aim of this study was to evaluate fresh EOC tumor tissue in regard to PAR (Poly (ADP-ribose)) concentration as a surrogate marker for PARP activity and PARP protein expression in archival samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prospective study cohort consisted of 57 fresh tumor samples derived from patients undergoing primary (n = 38) or interval debulking surgery (n = 19) for EOC and parallel archival paraffin-embedded tumor samples. PARP activity in fresh frozen tumor tissue was assessed by an enzymatic chemiluminescence assay and PARP protein expression in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue by IHC. No correlation was detected between PARP enzyme activity and PARP staining by IHC (p = 0.82). High PARP activity was associated with platinum sensitivity both in the entire study cohort (p = 0.022) and in the high-grade subgroup (p = 0.017). High PARP activity was also associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) (32 vs 14 months, log-rank p = 0.009). However, PARP immunostaining pattern was not predictive of patient survival. In conclusion, we present a novel finding of high PARP activity associated with platinum sensitivity and improved PFS in EOC. There was no association between PARP IHC and pharmacodynamic assay, and the correlation of PARP IHC with clinico-pathological characteristics and patient survival was poor. Pharmacodynamic assay rather than IHC seems to reflect better biologically significant PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veskimäe
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - S Staff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Grönholm
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Laaksonen
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Nykter
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Isola
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Mäenpää
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Guestini F, McNamara KM, Ishida T, Sasano H. Triple negative breast cancer chemosensitivity and chemoresistance: current advances in biomarkers indentification. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:705-20. [PMID: 26607563 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1125469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous clinicopathological entity constituting approximately 15 - 20% of all breast cancer (BC) patients. It shows high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. At this juncture, because of the lack of specific targeted therapies available and the development in patients of resistance to some therapeutic agents, clinical and translational settings have gained importance over the past decades. AREAS COVERED The development of novel, safe and effective alternatives for the treatment of TNBC are in high demand. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the state of the art of TNBC, its current therapies and potential therapeutic targets. In particular, focus is put on recent advances regarding the identification of emerging biomarkers as prognostic and/or predictive markers, including surrogate markers for molecular tumor subtyping and identifying potential responders to new therapies. EXPERT OPINION Effective development of informative markers could constitute an important armamentarium tool for identifying appropriate therapies to challenge the aggressiveness of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Guestini
- a Department of Anatomic Pathology , Tohoku University School of Medicine , Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan
| | - Keely May McNamara
- a Department of Anatomic Pathology , Tohoku University School of Medicine , Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- b Department of Surgical Oncology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Aoba-ku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- a Department of Anatomic Pathology , Tohoku University School of Medicine , Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan
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29
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Mazzotta A, Partipilo G, De Summa S, Giotta F, Simone G, Mangia A. Nuclear PARP1 expression and its prognostic significance in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6143-53. [PMID: 26614429 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays important roles in DNA damage response pathways and is often overexpressed in various human tumors. Currently, the use of PARP inhibitors for breast cancer (BC) therapy is the subject of debate, and there is an urgent need to understand much the expression and prognostic role of the PARP1 protein. The aim was to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PARP1 in BC patients. The PARP1 and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) protein expressions were evaluated in 114 BCs by immunohistochemistry. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Our results showed that nuclear PARP1 expression was significantly associated with peritumoral vascular invasion (P = 0.046), chemotherapeutic treatment (P = 0.026), oestrogen receptor (ER; P = 0.013), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; P = 0.003) and BRCA1 (P < 0.001) expression. Survival analyses showed a significant association with clinical outcome in the subgroup of ER-negative patients (P = 0.017 for DFS and P = 0.048 for OS) and in the subgroup of patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents (P = 0.042 for DFS and P = 0.046 for OS). A significant correlation was also found for DFS in patients characterized by tumors without peritumoral vascular invasion (P = 0.022). More importantly, multivariate analyses revealed that high nuclear PARP1 expression was associated with decreased DFS (P = 0.012) and OS (P = 0.026). In conclusion, PARP1 expression may be used as an independent prognostic factor in BC patients. In addition, this study demonstrated that high PARP1 expression may represent a marker of poorer prognosis both for patients with worse clinical outcome and in less aggressive clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Mazzotta
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Partipilo
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giotta
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Simone
- Pathology Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Anita Mangia
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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30
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Michels J, Adam J, Goubar A, Obrist F, Damotte D, Robin A, Alifano M, Vitale I, Olaussen KA, Girard P, Cremer I, Castedo M, Soria JC, Kroemer G. Negative prognostic value of high levels of intracellular poly(ADP-ribose) in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2470-7. [PMID: 26387143 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells are often characterized by alterations in vitamin B-related metabolic processes, including the overexpression and hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and the downregulation of pyridoxal kinase (PDXK), correlating with elevated apoptosis resistance. Low PDXK expression is an established negative prognostic factor in NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We determined by immunohistochemistry the expression of PARP1 and the level of its product, poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), in two independent cohorts of patients with resected NSCLC. RESULTS Intratumoral high levels (above median) of PAR (but not PARP1 protein levels) had a negative prognostic impact in both the training (92 stage I subjects) and validation (133 stage I and II subjects) cohorts, as determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The simultaneous assessment of PAR and PDXK protein levels improved risk stratification. CONCLUSION NSCLC patients with high intratumoral PARP1 activity (i.e. elevated PAR levels above median) and low PDXK expression (below median) had a dismal prognosis, while patients with low PARP1 activity and high PDXK expression had a favorable outcome. Altogether, these results underscore the clinical potential and possible therapeutic relevance of these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michels
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif Paris-Sud University, Villejuif
| | - J Adam
- Paris-Sud University, Villejuif Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif INSERM U981, Villejuif
| | | | - F Obrist
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris
| | - D Damotte
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - M Alifano
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome Department of Biology, University of Rome 'TorVergata', Rome, Italy
| | - K A Olaussen
- Paris-Sud University, Villejuif INSERM U981, Villejuif
| | - P Girard
- Thoracic Department, Mutualiste Montsouris Institute, Paris
| | - I Cremer
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - M Castedo
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris
| | - J-C Soria
- Paris-Sud University, Villejuif INSERM U981, Villejuif Department of Drug Development, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif
| | - G Kroemer
- INSERM UMR1138 Group 11, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Metabolomics Platform, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif Department of Biology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Parekh T, Dodwell D, Sharma N, Shaaban AM. Radiological and Pathological Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: A Brief Literature Review. Pathobiology 2015; 82:124-32. [PMID: 26330353 DOI: 10.1159/000433582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in breast cancer correlates with pathological response at surgery. A tailored approach using biomarkers to predict response to NACT has become a research priority. Predictors of response can be divided into pathological and radiological biomarkers. Advances in gene expression profiling and diffusion-weighted MRI techniques are used to predict tumour response, and combinations thereof are the future of predicting response to NACT in early-stage breast cancer. METHODS We searched Medline, CINAHL and Embase databases for studies on NACT. Key words used were NACT, breast cancer, pathological* complete response, primary chemotherapy, radiological*, predictor*, gene expression and biomarkers limited to the English language. Pathological markers such as tumour subtypes, topoisomerase IIα expression, Ki67, apoptosis-related markers and gene expression profiling were included. RESULTS From 119 articles, 42 studies were reviewed; the majority of studies identified used pathological clinical response as an end point to NACT, whilst others used complete clinical response. Despite extensive studies, results regarding long-term survival following NACT and potential predictors are inconclusive. CONCLUSION Future development of a predictive model combining key pathological and radiological biomarkers could provide personalised treatment regimens that improve pathological complete response rates and longer-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Parekh
- St James' University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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32
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Sistigu A, Manic G, Obrist F, Vitale I. Trial watch - inhibiting PARP enzymes for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1053594. [PMID: 27308587 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1053594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a members of family of enzymes that catalyze poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and/or mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation), two post-translational protein modifications involved in crucial cellular processes including (but not limited to) the DNA damage response (DDR). PARP1, the most abundant family member, is a nuclear protein that is activated upon sensing distinct types of DNA damage and contributes to their resolution by PARylating multiple DDR players. Recent evidence suggests that, along with DDR, activated PARP1 mediates a series of prosurvival and proapoptotic processes aimed at preserving genomic stability. Despite this potential oncosuppressive role, upregulation and/or overactivation of PARP1 or other PARP enzymes has been reported in a variety of human neoplasms. Over the last few decades, several pharmacologic inhibitors of PARP1 and PARP2 have been assessed in preclinical and clinical studies showing potent antineoplastic activity, particularly against homologous recombination (HR)-deficient ovarian and breast cancers. In this Trial Watch, we describe the impact of PARP enzymes and PARylation in cancer, discuss the mechanism of cancer cell killing by PARP1 inactivation, and summarize the results of recent clinical studies aimed at evaluating the safety and therapeutic profile of PARP inhibitors in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome, Italy
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "TorVergata", Rome, Italy
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PARP1 and phospho-p65 protein expression is increased in human HER2-positive breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 150:569-79. [PMID: 25833211 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that basal breast cancers, which may have an inherent "BRCAness" phenotype and sensitivity to inhibitors of poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP), express elevated levels of PARP1. Our lab recently reported that HER2+ breast cancers also exhibit sensitivity to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) by attenuating the NF-κB pathway. In this study, we assessed PARP1 and phospho-p65, a marker of activated NF-κB levels in human breast cancer tissues. PARP1 and PARP2 copy number, mRNA, and protein expression was assessed by interrogating the PAM-50 defined breast cancer patient set from the TCGA using cBioPortal. PARP1 and phospho-p65 immunohistochemistry and correlation to clinical parameters was conducted using 307 primary breast cancer specimens (132 basal, 82 luminal, 93 HER2+) through univariate and multivariate analyses. In the PAM50 breast cancer data set, PARP1 and 2 expression was altered in 24/58 (41 %) HER2+, 32/81 (40 %) basal, and 75/324 (23 %) luminal A/B breast cancer patients. This correlated with a statistically significant increase in PARP1 protein levels in HER2+ and basal but not luminal breast cancers (p = 0.003, p = 0.027, p = 0.289, respectively). No change in PARP2 protein level was observed. Interestingly, using breast cancer specimens from 307 patients, HER2 positivity correlated with elevated PARP1 expression (p < 0.0001) and was three times more likely than HER2 negative breast cancers to exhibit high PARP1 levels. No significant differences were noted between race, ER status, or PR status for PARP1 expression. Additionally, we found a significant correlation between HER2 status and phospho-p65 expression (p < 0.0001). Lastly, a direct correlation between PARP1 and phospho-p65 (p < 0.0001) was noted. These results indicate a potential connection between HER2, PARP1, and phospho-p65. Furthermore, these data suggest that the PARPi sensitivity we previously observed in HER2+ breast cancer cells may be due to elevated PARP1 expression.
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Karpel-Massler G, Pareja F, Aimé P, Shu C, Chau L, Westhoff MA, Halatsch ME, Crary JF, Canoll P, Siegelin MD. PARP inhibition restores extrinsic apoptotic sensitivity in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114583. [PMID: 25531448 PMCID: PMC4273972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to apoptosis is a paramount issue in the treatment of Glioblastoma (GBM). We show that targeting PARP by the small molecule inhibitors, Olaparib (AZD-2281) or PJ34, reduces proliferation and lowers the apoptotic threshold of GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods The sensitizing effects of PARP inhibition on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and potential toxicity were analyzed using viability assays and flow cytometry in established GBM cell lines, low-passage neurospheres and astrocytes in vitro. Molecular analyses included western blots and gene silencing. In vivo, effects on tumor growth were examined in a murine subcutaneous xenograft model. Results The combination treatment of PARP inhibitors and TRAIL led to an increased cell death with activation of caspases and inhibition of formation of neurospheres when compared to single-agent treatment. Mechanistically, pharmacological PARP inhibition elicited a nuclear stress response with up-regulation of down-stream DNA-stress response proteins, e.g., CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homology protein (CHOP). Furthermore, Olaparib and PJ34 increased protein levels of DR5 in a concentration and time-dependent manner. In turn, siRNA-mediated suppression of DR5 mitigated the effects of TRAIL/PARP inhibitor-mediated apoptosis. In addition, suppression of PARP-1 levels enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. Treatment of human astrocytes with the combination of TRAIL/PARP inhibitors did not cause toxicity. Finally, the combination treatment of TRAIL and PJ34 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo when compared to treatment with each agent alone. Conclusions PARP inhibition represents a promising avenue to overcome apoptotic resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fresia Pareja
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pascaline Aimé
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lily Chau
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Zhai L, Li S, Li X, Li H, Gu F, Guo X, Liu F, Zhang X, Fu L. The nuclear expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) in invasive primary breast tumors is associated with chemotherapy sensitivity. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:130-7. [PMID: 25480692 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that expression levels of DNA repair genes are frequently associated with chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis in breast cancer (BC) subtypes. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), one of the major DNA single-strand break (SSBs) repair proteins, has been demonstrated a role in BC development. Because many of the chemotherapeutic agents target the tumor cell DNA, a DNA damage repair protein function is expected to impact therapeutic responses. However, the predictive effect of PARP1 in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) treated BC is still controversial. To investigate whether PARP1 expression in BC is a possible biomarker to predict chemotherapeutic response, we assessed PARP1 expression in BC specimens based on collagen gel droplet embedded culture-drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) (in vitro) results and chemotherapeutic response of NC (in vivo). The surgical specimens from 108 patients with BC were recruited for CD-DST and PARP1 immunohistochemistry. We found that higher nuclear PARP1 (nPARP1) expression correlated with increased in vitro chemosensitivity against docetaxel (p=0.001) and epirubicin (p=0.022) based on CD-DST results. We also found that tumors with high nPARP1 expression were more sensitive to anthracycline/taxane based chemotherapy and associated with pathologic responses to NC using univariate and multivariate analyses (p=0.019 and p=0.037, respectively). Taken together, we conclude that nuclear expression of PARP1 is a useful marker to predict BC therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhai
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China; 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, China.
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Tuxen MK, Cold S, Tange UB, Balslev E, Nielsen DL. Phase II study of neoadjuvant pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide ± trastuzumab followed by docetaxel in locally advanced breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2014; 53:1440-5. [PMID: 24991893 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2014.921727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gilabert M, Launay S, Ginestier C, Bertucci F, Audebert S, Pophillat M, Toiron Y, Baudelet E, Finetti P, Noguchi T, Sobol H, Birnbaum D, Borg JP, Charafe-Jauffret E, Gonçalves A. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) overexpression in human breast cancer stem cells and resistance to olaparib. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104302. [PMID: 25144364 PMCID: PMC4140711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have been recognized as playing a major role in various aspects of breast cancer biology. To identify specific biomarkers of BCSCs, we have performed comparative proteomics of BCSC-enriched and mature cancer cell populations from the human breast cancer cell line (BCL), BrCA-MZ-01. Methods ALDEFLUOR assay was used to sort BCSC-enriched (ALDH+) and mature cancer (ALDH−) cell populations. Total proteins were extracted from both fractions and subjected to 2-Dimensional Difference In-Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Differentially-expressed spots were excised and proteins were gel-extracted, digested and identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Results 2-D DIGE identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) as overexpressed in ALDH+ cells from BrCA-MZ-01. This observation was confirmed by western blot and extended to four additional human BCLs. ALDH+ cells from BRCA1-mutated HCC1937, which had the highest level of PARP1 overexpression, displayed resistance to olaparib, a specific PARP1 inhibitor. Conclusion An unbiased proteomic approach identified PARP1 as upregulated in ALDH+, BCSC-enriched cells from various human BCLs, which may contribute to clinical resistance to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Gilabert
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Medical Oncology, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Simon Launay
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Medical Oncology, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Medical Oncology, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Pophillat
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Toiron
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Tetsuro Noguchi
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Cancer Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Hagay Sobol
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Cancer Genetics, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Biopathology, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Oncology, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Gonçalves
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Department of Medical Oncology, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068 INSERM, U7258 CNRS, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Yadav L, Khan S, Shekh K, Jena G. Influence of 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, in the evaluation of the genotoxicity of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and zidovudine in female mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Davis SL, Eckhardt SG, Tentler JJ, Diamond JR. Triple-negative breast cancer: bridging the gap from cancer genomics to predictive biomarkers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2014; 6:88-100. [PMID: 24790649 PMCID: PMC3987651 DOI: 10.1177/1758834013519843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a challenge clinically due to a lack of response to hormonal and HER2-targeted agents coupled with an aggressive disease course. As the biology of this breast cancer subtype is better understood, it is clear that TNBC is a heterogeneous disease and one targeted therapy is unlikely to be active in all patients. Biomarkers predictive of response to treatment are thus of great importance in TNBC. This review outlines studies evaluating biomarkers predictive of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to targeted therapies in the advanced setting. The development of validated biomarkers in conjunction with novel targeted therapies represents an opportunity to improve patient outcomes in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lindsey Davis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Tentler
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer R Diamond
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop 8117, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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RANK expression as a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:307-15. [PMID: 24737168 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RANK ligand (RANKL) is crucial for the development of mouse mammary glands during pregnancy. RANKL functions as a major paracrine effector of the mitogenic action of progesterone in mammary epithelium via its receptor RANK and has a role in expansion and regenerative potential of mammary stem cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of RANKL attenuates the development of mammary carcinoma and inhibits metastatic progression in multiple mouse models. Primary breast carcinoma samples from the neoadjuvant GeparTrio study were analyzed to correlate the expression of human RANK and RANKL with pathological complete response (pCR), disease-free (DFS), and overall (OS) survival. Pre-treatment FFPE core biopsies (n = 601) were analyzed for percentage and intensity of immunohistochemical RANK and RANKL expression. Antibodies against human RANK (N-1H8; Amgen) and human RANKL (M366; Amgen) were used. RANK protein was expressed in 160 (27 %) patients. Increased RANK expression was observed in 14.5 % of patients and correlated with high tumor grade (p < 0.023) and negative hormone receptor (HR) status (p < 0.001). Patients with high RANK expression showed a higher pCR rate (23.0 % vs. 12.6 %, p = 0.010), shorter DFS (p = 0.038), and OS (p = 0.011). However, prognostic and predictive information was not an independent parameter. Only 6 % of samples expressed RANKL, which was not correlated with any clinical features. Higher RANK expression in the primary tumor is associated with a higher sensitivity to chemotherapy, but also a higher risk of relapse and death. Our study provides a basis for further exploration of the antitumor activity of clinical antibodies against RANKL.
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Abstract
Lessons have recently been learned in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This article explains how diagnosis of a pathologic complete response (pCR) can avoid an unfavorable prognosis in patients with high-risk breast cancer; how the surrogacy of pCR for long-term survival remains questionable; how translational biomarker studies have not been helpful in identifying patients with a high chance of treatment benefit; assessment of the prognosis of patients without a pCR for identifying patients at high risk and which clinical trials will be available for these patients in the near future; and which patients might require less locoregional treatment.
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Donizy P, Pietrzyk G, Halon A, Kozyra C, Gansukh T, Lage H, Surowiak P, Matkowski R. Nuclear-cytoplasmic PARP-1 expression as an unfavorable prognostic marker in lymph node‑negative early breast cancer: 15-year follow-up. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1777-87. [PMID: 24535158 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP-1 plays an important role in DNA damage repair and maintaining genome integrity by repairing DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) by base excision repair (BER). The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of PARP-1 in breast cancer (BC) patients and to assess the relationship between the subcellular localization of this protein and clinicopathological characteristics. The reactivity of PARP-1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a homogeneous group of 83 stage II ductal BC patients with a 15-year follow-up. Immunostaining of PARP-1 was also evaluated in 4 human BC cell lines and resistance prediction profile for 11 anticancer agents was performed using 3 models of drug-resistant cell lines. Nuclear-cytoplasmic expression (NCE) was associated with shorter overall survival, which was not statistically significant during the 10-year follow-up but became statistically significant after 10 years of observation, during the 15-year follow-up (P=0.015). Analysis performed in subgroups of patients with (N+) and without (N-) nodal metastases showed that NCE was associated with poor clinical outcome in N- patients (P=0.017). Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant impact of NCE on unfavorable prognosis in N- early BC. The presence of PARP-1 NCE may be a new potential unfavorable prognostic factor in lymph node- negative early BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Donizy
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Pietrzyk
- Laboratory of Mammotomic Biopsy, 4th Military Hospital, 50-001 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halon
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cyprian Kozyra
- Department of Statistics, Wroclaw University of Economics, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hermann Lage
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Surowiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Donizy P, Halon A, Surowiak P, Pietrzyk G, Kozyra C, Matkowski R. Correlation between PARP-1 immunoreactivity and cytomorphological features of parthanatos, a specific cellular death in breast cancer cells. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e35. [PMID: 24441188 PMCID: PMC3896037 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In parthanatos, a PARP-1 (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1)-mediated cell death, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, large-scale DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation were observed. In contrast to apoptosis, it does not cause apoptotic bodies formation. Although PARP-1-mediated cell death presents loss of membrane integrity similar to necrosis, it does not induce cell swelling. The purpose of the study was to correlate the immunohistochemical parameters of PARP-1 reactivity and the selected cytomorphological features of parthanatos: the lack of apoptotic bodies and the absence of necrosis in breast cancer (BC) specimens. Immunohistochemistry for PARP-1 was performed on 83 BC specimens. Correlations between parameters of PARP-1 expression and sub-cellular localisation and the presence of apoptotic bodies and necrosis were evaluated. High expression of PARP-1 (immunoreactive score ≥6) was associated with the lack of apoptotic bodies (P=0.013) and with the absence of necrosis (P=0.002). The presence of apoptotic bodies was correlated with re-distribution of PARP-1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm in BC cells (P=0.029). Additionally, a tendency was observed between necrosis and loss of nuclear PARP-1 expression (P=0.049). Our study suggests that PARP-1 may play a crucial role in induction and regulation of specific type of cellular death called parthanatos.
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Jacot W, Thezenas S, Senal R, Viglianti C, Laberenne AC, Lopez-Crapez E, Bibeau F, Bleuse JP, Romieu G, Lamy PJ. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation, 53BP1 protein expression and PARP-1 activity as biomarkers of DNA repair deficit in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:523. [PMID: 24191908 PMCID: PMC4228368 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and the balance between BRCA1 and 53BP1 play a key role in the DNA repair and cell stress response. PARP inhibitors show promising clinical activity in metastatic triple negative (TN) or BRCA-mutated breast cancer. However, a comprehensive analysis of PARP-1 activity, BRCA1 promoter methylation and 53BP1 expression in tumours without known BRCA1 mutation has not yet been carried out. METHODS We investigated cytosolic PARP-1 activity, 53BP1 protein levels and BRCA1 promoter methylation in 155 surgical breast tumour samples from patients without familial breast cancer history or known BRCA1 mutations who were treated between January 2006 and November 2009 and evaluated their statistical association with classical predictive and prognostic factors. RESULTS The mitotic count score was the only parameter clearly associated with PARP-1 activity. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation (15.4% of all cancers) was significantly associated with uPA and PAI-1 levels, tumour grade, mitotic count score, hormone receptor and HER2 negative status and TN profile (29% of TN tumours showed BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation compared to 5% of grade II-III hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative and 2% of HER2-positive tumours). No statistical association was found between BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation and PARP-1 activity. High 53BP1 protein levels correlated with lymph node positivity, hormone receptor positivity, molecular grouping, unmethylated BRCA1 promoter and PARP-1 activity. In TN tumours, BRCA1 promoter methylation was only marginally associated with age, PARP-1 activity was not associated with any of the tested clinico-pathological factors and high 53BP1 protein levels were significantly associated with lymph node positivity. Only 3 of the 14 TN tumours with BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation presented high 53BP1 protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancers that harbour simultaneously high 53BP1 protein level and BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation and are the putative target population of drugs targeting DNA repair appear to be restricted to a small subgroup of TN tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jacot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute, Montpellier, France.
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Gampenrieder SP, Rinnerthaler G, Greil R. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapy in breast cancer: past, present, and future. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:732047. [PMID: 24027583 PMCID: PMC3762209 DOI: 10.1155/2013/732047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer was preserved for locally advanced and inflammatory disease, converting an inoperable to a surgical resectable cancer. In recent years, neoadjuvant therapy has become an accepted treatment option also for lower tumor stages in order to increase the rate of breast conserving therapy and to reduce the extent of surgery. Furthermore, treatment response can be monitored, and therefore, patient compliance may be increased. Neoadjuvant trials, additionally, offer the opportunity to evaluate new treatment options in a faster way and with fewer patients than large adjuvant trials. Compared to the metastatic setting, the issue of acquired resistance and pretreatments, which may distort treatment efficacy, can be avoided. New trial designs like window-of-opportunity trials or postneoadjuvant trials provide the chance to identify tumor sensitivity or to overcome tumor resistance in early tumor stages. In particular, in HER2-positive breast cancer, the neoadjuvant approach yielded great successes. The dual HER2 blockade with trastuzumab and pertuzumab recently showed the highest pCR rates ever reported. Many new drugs are in clinical testing with the aim to further increase pCR rates. Whether this endpoint really represents a surrogate for long-term outcome is not answered yet and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Gampenrieder
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Oncologic Center, Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Oncologic Center, Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Oncologic Center, Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Yuan K, Sun Y, Zhou T, McDonald J, Chen Y. PARP-1 regulates resistance of pancreatic cancer to TRAIL therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4750-9. [PMID: 23833311 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activating extrinsic apoptotic pathways targeting death receptors (DR) using agonistic antibodies or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is promising for cancer therapy. However, most pancreatic cancers are resistant to TRAIL therapy. The present studies aimed to identify combination therapies that enhance the efficacy of TRAIL therapy and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A xenograft model in nude mice was used to determine pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and therapeutic efficacy of TRA-8, a monoclonal agonistic antibody for DR5. Pancreatic cancer cells were used to characterize mechanisms underlying PARP-1 regulation of TRA-8-induced apoptosis in vitro. RESULTS PARP-1 was found highly expressed in the TRA-8-resistant PANC-1 and Suit-2 cells, compared with TRA-8-sensitive BxPc-3 and MiaPaca-2. Inhibition of PARP-1 with a pharmacologic inhibitor sensitized PANC-1 and Suit2 cells to TRA-8-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, siRNAs specifically knocking down PARP-1 markedly enhanced TRA-8-induced apoptosis in vitro and augmented the efficacy of TRA-8 therapy on tumorigenesis in vivo. PARP-1 knockdown increased TRA-8-induced activation of caspase-8 in the death-induced signaling complex (DISC). Immunoprecipitation with DR5 antibody identified the recruitment of PARP-1 and PARP-1-mediated protein poly-ADP-ribosylation (pADPr) modification in the DR5-associated DISC. Further characterization revealed that PARP-1-mediated pADPr modification of caspase-8 inhibited caspase-8 activation, which may contribute to its function in regulating TRA-8 resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide molecular insights into a novel function of PARP-1 in regulating the extrinsic apoptosis machinery and also support interventions combining PARP-1 inhibitors with DR agonists for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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von Minckwitz G, Martin M. Neoadjuvant treatments for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Ann Oncol 2013; 23 Suppl 6:vi35-9. [PMID: 23012300 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides a means both of improving subsequent surgical intervention and of testing novel therapies or combinations. Historically, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has responded well in the neoadjuvant setting, with rates of pathological complete response (pCR) commonly higher than for other breast tumour types. However, more than half of TNBC patients do not achieve a pCR and have a very poor prognosis. The lack of drug-targetable receptors on TNBC tumours has made improving the available interventions in TNBC an area of important medical need. The routine use of neoadjuvant anthracycline/taxane combinations in TNBC is currently being supplemented by ongoing investigations of their use with other types of agent. In particular, the substantial proportion of TNBC tumours associated with BRCA1 mutations is driving clinical research into the use of DNA-damaging agents such as platinums, as well as of potentiators of DNA damage such as the investigational agent iniparib and inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase such as olaparib. Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors and microtubule-targeting inhibitors of cell cycling are also under active investigation. The use of neoadjuvant treatment with pCR as a surrogate of overall survival will allow the rapid evaluation and comparison of these and other much-needed new treatments for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G von Minckwitz
- German Breast Group, GBG Forschungs GmbH, Neu-Isenburg, Germany.
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Mapping genetic alterations causing chemoresistance in cancer: identifying the roads by tracking the drivers. Oncogene 2013; 32:5315-30. [PMID: 23474753 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although new agents are implemented to cancer therapy, we lack fundamental understandings of the mechanisms of chemoresistance, the main obstacle to cure in cancer. Here we review clinical evidence linking molecular defects to drug resistance across different tumour forms and discuss contemporary experimental evidence exploring these mechanisms. Although evidence, in general, is sparse and fragmentary, merging knowledge links drug resistance, and also sensitivity, to defects in functional pathways having a key role in cell growth arrest or death and DNA repair. As these pathways may act in concert, there is a need to explore multiple mechanisms in parallel. Taking advantage of massive parallel sequencing and other novel high-throughput technologies and base research on biological hypotheses, we now have the possibility to characterize functional defects related to these key pathways and to design a new generation of studies identifying the mechanisms controlling resistance to different treatment regimens in different tumour forms.
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Montoni A, Robu M, Pouliot E, Shah GM. Resistance to PARP-Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:18. [PMID: 23450678 PMCID: PMC3583007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins have shown promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials as a monotherapy or in combination therapy for some cancers. Thus, usage of PARP-inhibitors (PARPi) in cancer therapy is bound to increase with time, but resistance of cancer cells to PARPi is also beginning to be observed. Here we review different known and potential mechanisms by which: (i) PARPi kill cancer cells; and (ii) cancer cells develop resistance to PARPi. Understanding the lethality caused by PARPi and the countermeasures deployed by cancers cells to survive PARPi will help us rationalize the use of this new class of drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Montoni
- Laboratory for Skin Cancer Research, (CHU-Q) Hospital Research Centre of Laval University, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
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Budczies J, Klauschen F, Sinn BV, Győrffy B, Schmitt WD, Darb-Esfahani S, Denkert C. Cutoff Finder: a comprehensive and straightforward Web application enabling rapid biomarker cutoff optimization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51862. [PMID: 23251644 PMCID: PMC3522617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene or protein expression data are usually represented by metric or at least ordinal variables. In order to translate a continuous variable into a clinical decision, it is necessary to determine a cutoff point and to stratify patients into two groups each requiring a different kind of treatment. Currently, there is no standard method or standard software for biomarker cutoff determination. Therefore, we developed Cutoff Finder, a bundle of optimization and visualization methods for cutoff determination that is accessible online. While one of the methods for cutoff optimization is based solely on the distribution of the marker under investigation, other methods optimize the correlation of the dichotomization with respect to an outcome or survival variable. We illustrate the functionality of Cutoff Finder by the analysis of the gene expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in breast cancer tissues. This distribution of these important markers is analyzed and correlated with immunohistologically determined ER status and distant metastasis free survival. Cutoff Finder is expected to fill a relevant gap in the available biometric software repertoire and will enable faster optimization of new diagnostic biomarkers. The tool can be accessed at http://molpath.charite.de/cutoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Budczies
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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