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Pastò B, Buzzatti G, Schettino C, Malapelle U, Bergamini A, De Angelis C, Musacchio L, Dieci MV, Kuhn E, Lambertini M, Passarelli A, Toss A, Farolfi A, Roncato R, Capoluongo E, Vida R, Pignata S, Callari M, Baldassarre G, Bartoletti M, Gerratana L, Puglisi F. Unlocking the potential of Molecular Tumor Boards: from cutting-edge data interpretation to innovative clinical pathways. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 199:104379. [PMID: 38718940 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The emerging era of precision medicine is characterized by an increasing availability of targeted anticancer therapies and by the parallel development of techniques to obtain more refined molecular data, whose interpretation may not always be straightforward. Molecular tumor boards gather various professional figures, in order to leverage the analysis of molecular data and provide prognostic and predictive insights for clinicians. In addition to healthcare development, they could also become a tool to promote knowledge and research spreading. A growing body of evidence on the application of molecular tumor boards to clinical practice is forming and positive signals are emerging, although a certain degree of heterogeneity exists. This work analyzes molecular tumor boards' potential workflows, figures involved, data sources, sample matrices and eligible patients, as well as available evidence and learning examples. The emerging concept of multi-institutional, disease-specific molecular tumor boards is also considered by presenting two ongoing nationwide experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenno Pastò
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Giulia Buzzatti
- Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Clorinda Schettino
- Clinical Trials Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Alice Bergamini
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano 20132, Italy; Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Oncology Unit - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Lucia Musacchio
- Department of Women and Child Health, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy; Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Kuhn
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20122, Italy; Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova 16132, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Anna Passarelli
- Department of Urology and Gynaecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena 41124, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Rossana Roncato
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy; Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy; Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni Addolorata, Roma 00184, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vida
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Department of Urology and Gynaecology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli 80131, Italy
| | | | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gerratana
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy.
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano 33081, Italy
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Korte B, Mathios D. Innovation in Non-Invasive Diagnosis and Disease Monitoring for Meningiomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4195. [PMID: 38673779 PMCID: PMC11050588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are tumors of the central nervous system that vary in their presentation, ranging from benign and slow-growing to highly aggressive. The standard method for diagnosing and classifying meningiomas involves invasive surgery and can fail to provide accurate prognostic information. Liquid biopsy methods, which exploit circulating tumor biomarkers such as DNA, extracellular vesicles, micro-RNA, proteins, and more, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach for tumor classification, prognostication, and evaluating treatment response. Currently, a clinically approved liquid biopsy test for meningiomas does not exist. This review provides a discussion of current research and the challenges of implementing liquid biopsy techniques for advancing meningioma patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Korte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University Medical Campus, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dimitrios Mathios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University Medical Campus, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Bhambhani C, Kang Q, Hovelson DH, Sandford E, Olesnavich M, Dermody SM, Wolfgang J, Tuck KL, Brummel C, Bhangale AD, He K, Gutierrez MG, Lindstrom RH, Liu CJ, Tuck M, Kandarpa M, Mierzwa M, Casper K, Prince ME, Krauss JC, Talpaz M, Henry NL, Giraldez MD, Ramnath N, Tomlins SA, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC, Tewari M. ctDNA transiting into urine is ultrashort and facilitates noninvasive liquid biopsy of HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177759. [PMID: 38516891 PMCID: PMC11018327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDTransrenal cell-free tumor DNA (TR-ctDNA), which transits from the bloodstream into urine, has the potential to enable noninvasive cancer detection for a wide variety of nonurologic cancer types.MethodsUsing whole-genome sequencing, we discovered that urine TR-ctDNA fragments across multiple cancer types are predominantly ultrashort (<50 bp) and, therefore, likely to be missed by conventional ctDNA assays. We developed an ultrashort droplet digital PCR assay to detect TR-ctDNA originating from HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) and confirmed that assaying ultrashort DNA is critical for sensitive cancer detection from urine samples.ResultsTR-ctDNA was concordant with plasma ctDNA for cancer detection in patients with HPV+ OPSCC. As proof of concept for using urine TR-ctDNA for posttreatment surveillance, in a small longitudinal case series, TR-ctDNA showed promise for noninvasive detection of recurrence of HPV+ OPSCC.ConclusionOur data indicate that focusing on ultrashort fragments of TR-ctDNA will be important for realizing the full potential of urine-based cancer diagnostics. This has implications for urine-based detection of a wide variety of cancer types and for facilitating access to care through at-home specimen collections.FundingNIH grants R33 CA229023, R21 CA225493; NIH/National Cancer Institute grants U01 CA183848, R01 CA184153, and P30CA046592; American Cancer Society RSG-18-062-01-TBG; American Cancer Society Mission Boost grant MBGI-22-056-01-MBG; and the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics
| | - Erin Sandford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Mary Olesnavich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | - Jenny Wolfgang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Kirsten L. Tuck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | | | - Kuang He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | | | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Pathology
| | - Melissa Tuck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Michelle Mierzwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Keith Casper
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark E. Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John C. Krauss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - N. Lynn Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria D. Giraldez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Urology
| | - Paul L. Swiecicki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Sundby RT, Rhodes SD, Komlodi-Pasztor E, Sarnoff H, Grasso V, Upadhyaya M, Kim A, Evans DG, Blakeley JO, Hanemann CO, Bettegowda C. Recommendations for the collection and annotation of biosamples for analysis of biomarkers in neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis clinical trials. Clin Trials 2024; 21:40-50. [PMID: 37904489 PMCID: PMC10922556 DOI: 10.1177/17407745231203330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofibromatosis 1 and schwannomatosis are characterized by potential lifelong morbidity and life-threatening complications. To date, however, diagnostic and predictive biomarkers are an unmet need in this patient population. The inclusion of biomarker discovery correlatives in neurofibromatosis 1/schwannomatosis clinical trials enables study of low-incidence disease. The implementation of a common data model would further enhance biomarker discovery by enabling effective concatenation of data from multiple studies. METHODS The Response Evaluation in Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis biomarker working group reviewed published data on emerging trends in neurofibromatosis 1 and schwannomatosis biomarker research and developed recommendations in a series of consensus meetings. RESULTS Liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising assay for neurofibromatosis 1/schwannomatosis biomarker discovery and validation. In addition, we review recommendations for a range of biomarkers in clinical trials, neurofibromatosis 1/schwannomatosis-specific data annotations, and common data models for data integration. CONCLUSION These Response Evaluation in Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis consensus guidelines are intended to provide best practices for the inclusion of biomarker studies in neurofibromatosis 1/schwannomatosis clinical trials, data, and sample annotation and to lay a framework for data harmonization and concatenation between trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Taylor Sundby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven D Rhodes
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Edina Komlodi-Pasztor
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Herb Sarnoff
- Research and Development, Infixion Bioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Patient Representative, REiNS International Collaboration, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vito Grasso
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Patient Representative, REiNS International Collaboration, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Meena Upadhyaya
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - AeRang Kim
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), ERN GENTURIS, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaishri O Blakeley
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Filoni E, Musci V, Di Rito A, Inchingolo R, Memeo R, Mannavola F. Multimodal Management of Colorectal Liver Metastases: State of the Art. Oncol Rev 2024; 17:11799. [PMID: 38239856 PMCID: PMC10794467 DOI: 10.3389/or.2023.11799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver is the most common site of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases. Treatment of CRC liver metastases (CRLM) includes different strategies, prevalently based on the clinical and oncological intent. Valid approaches in liver-limited or liver-prevalent disease include surgery, percutaneous ablative procedures (radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation), intra-arterial perfusional techniques (chemo-embolization, radio-embolization) as well as stereotactic radiotherapy. Systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy and other biological agents, are the only options for patients with no chance of locoregional approaches. The use of chemotherapy in other settings, such as neoadjuvant, adjuvant or conversion therapy of CRLM, is commonly accepted in the clinical practice, although data from several clinical trials have been mostly inconclusive. The optimal integration of all these strategies, when applicable and clinically indicated, should be ever considered in patients affected by CRLM based on clinical evidence and multidisciplinary experience. Here we revised in detail all the possible therapeutic approaches of CRLM focusing on the current evidences, the studies still in progress and the often contradictory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Filoni
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Musci
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Rito
- Radiotherapy Unit, P.O. “Mons A.R. Dimiccoli”, Barletta, Italy
| | - Riccardo Inchingolo
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, “F. Miulli” General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, “F. Miulli” General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
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Dong Q, Chen C, Hu Y, Zhang W, Yang X, Qi Y, Zhu C, Chen X, Shen X, Ji W. Clinical application of molecular residual disease detection by circulation tumor DNA in solid cancers and a comparison of technologies: review article. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2274123. [PMID: 37955635 PMCID: PMC10653633 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2274123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular residual disease (MRD), detected by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be involved in the entire process of solid tumor management, including recurrence prediction, efficacy evaluation, and risk stratification. Currently, the detection technologies are divided into two main categories, as follows: tumor-agnostic and tumor informed. Tumor-informed assay obtains mutation information by sequencing tumor tissue samples before blood MRD monitoring, followed by formulation of a personalized MRD panel. Tumor-agnostic assays are carried out using a fixed panel without the mutation information from primary tumor tissue. The choice of testing strategy may depend on the level of evidence from ongoing randomized clinical trials, investigator preference, cost-effectiveness, patient economics, and availability of tumor tissue. The review describes the difference between tumor informed and tumor agnostic detection. In addition, the clinical application of ctDNA MRD in solid tumors was introduced, with emphasis on lung cancer, colorectal cancer, Urinary system cancer, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantong Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenbin Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanbo Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiteng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingxue Qi
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co.Ltd, The state Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- The Medical Department, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co.Ltd, The state Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China
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Shuai Y, Ma Z, Ju J, Wei T, Gao S, Kang Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Yue J, Yuan P. Liquid-based biomarkers in breast cancer: looking beyond the blood. J Transl Med 2023; 21:809. [PMID: 37957623 PMCID: PMC10644618 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, using circulating tumor cell (CTC), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA), exosomes and etc. as liquid biomarkers has received enormous attention in various tumors, including breast cancer (BC). To date, efforts in the area of liquid biopsy predominantly focus on the analysis of blood-based markers. It is worth noting that the identifications of markers from non-blood sources provide unique advantages beyond the blood and these alternative sources may be of great significance in offering supplementary information in certain settings. Here, we outline the latest advances in the analysis of non-blood biomarkers, predominantly including urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, stool and etc. The unique advantages of such testings, their current limitations and the appropriate use of non-blood assays and blood assays in different settings are further discussed. Finally, we propose to highlight the challenges of these alternative assays from basic to clinical implementation and explore the areas where more investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Shuai
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Endoscopy, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jie Ju
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tong Wei
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Songlin Gao
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yikun Kang
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zixuan Yang
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian Yue
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of VIP Medical Services, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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陈 颖. [Research progress on circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker for minimal residual disease in solid tumors]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2023; 25:1072-1077. [PMID: 37905766 PMCID: PMC10621050 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2304040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a novel biomarker for tumor evaluation, offering advantages such as high sensitivity and specificity, minimal invasiveness, and absence of radiation. Currently, various techniques including gene sequencing and PCR are employed for ctDNA detection. The utilization of ctDNA for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) enables comprehensive assessment of tumor status and early identification of tumor recurrence, achieving a remarkable detection sensitivity of 0.01%. Therefore, ctDNA holds promise as a biomarker for early diagnosis, treatment response monitoring, and prognosis prediction in solid tumors. This article reviews the commonly used methods for detecting ctDNA and their advantages in evaluating tumor MRD and guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- 颖 陈
- 汕头大学医学院深圳儿科临床学院,广东深圳518034
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Costas L, Onieva I, Pelegrina B, Marin F, Carmona Á, López-Querol M, Frias-Gomez J, Peremiquel-Trillas P, Martínez JM, Dorca E, Brunet J, Pineda M, Ponce J, Matias-Guiu X, de Sanjosé S, Bosch FX, Alemany L, Paytubi S. Evaluation of Somatic Mutations in Urine Samples as a Noninvasive Method for the Detection and Molecular Classification of Endometrial Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3681-3690. [PMID: 37439797 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current diagnostic methods for endometrial cancer lack specificity, leading to many women undergoing invasive procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic mutations in urine to accurately discriminate patients with endometrial cancer from controls. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Overall, 72 samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) with molecular identifiers targeting 47 genes. We evaluated urine supernatant samples from women with endometrial cancer (n = 19) and age-matched controls (n = 20). Cell pellets from urine and plasma samples from seven cases were sequenced; further, we also evaluated paired tumor samples from all cases. Finally, immunohistochemical markers for molecular profiling were evaluated in all tumor samples. RESULTS Overall, we were able to identify mutations in DNA from urine supernatant samples in 100% of endometrial cancers. In contrast, only one control (5%) showed variants at a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥ 2% in the urine supernatant samples. The molecular classification obtained by using tumor samples and urine samples showed good agreement. Analyses in paired samples revealed a higher number of mutations and VAF in urine supernatants than in urine cell pellets and blood samples. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of somatic mutations using urine samples may offer a user-friendly and reliable tool for endometrial cancer detection and molecular classification. The diagnostic performance for endometrial cancer detection was very high, and cases could be molecularly classified using these noninvasive and self-collected samples. Additional multicenter evaluations using larger sample sizes are needed to validate the results and understand the potential of urine samples for the early detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costas
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Onieva
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelegrina
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Marin
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Cancer - CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta López-Querol
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Frias-Gomez
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Peremiquel-Trillas
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martínez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Dorca
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Brunet
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Cancer - CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Doctor Josep Trueta Girona University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Pineda
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Cancer - CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, ONCOBELL Program, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ponce
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Cancer - CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Xavier Bosch
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Paytubi
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health - CIBERESP, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Chaudhuri AA. Cell-Free DNA Liquid Biopsy: The Epitome of Personalized Precision Oncology. Radiat Res 2023; 200:92-95. [PMID: 37084268 PMCID: PMC10425279 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00044.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aadel A. Chaudhuri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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11
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Earland N, Chen K, Semenkovich NP, Chauhan PS, Zevallos JP, Chaudhuri AA. Emerging Roles of Circulating Tumor DNA for Increased Precision and Personalization in Radiation Oncology. Semin Radiat Oncol 2023; 33:262-278. [PMID: 37331781 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) technologies present a compelling opportunity to combine this emerging liquid biopsy approach with the field of radiogenomics, the study of how tumor genomics correlate with radiotherapy response and radiotoxicity. Canonically, ctDNA levels reflect metastatic tumor burden, although newer ultrasensitive technologies can be used after curative-intent radiotherapy of localized disease to assess ctDNA for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection or for post-treatment surveillance. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the potential utility of ctDNA analysis across various cancer types managed with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, including sarcoma and cancers of the head and neck, lung, colon, rectum, bladder, and prostate . Additionally, because peripheral blood mononuclear cells are routinely collected alongside ctDNA to filter out mutations associated with clonal hematopoiesis, these cells are also available for single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and could potentially be used to detect patients at high risk for radiotoxicity. Lastly, future ctDNA assays will be utilized to better assess locoregional MRD in order to more precisely guide adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery in cases of localized disease, and guide ablative radiotherapy in cases of oligometastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Earland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas P Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
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12
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Semenkovich NP, Szymanski JJ, Earland N, Chauhan PS, Pellini B, Chaudhuri AA. Genomic approaches to cancer and minimal residual disease detection using circulating tumor DNA. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006284. [PMID: 37349125 PMCID: PMC10314661 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies using cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are being used frequently in both research and clinical settings. ctDNA can be used to identify actionable mutations to personalize systemic therapy, detect post-treatment minimal residual disease (MRD), and predict responses to immunotherapy. ctDNA can also be isolated from a range of different biofluids, with the possibility of detecting locoregional MRD with increased sensitivity if sampling more proximally than blood plasma. However, ctDNA detection remains challenging in early-stage and post-treatment MRD settings where ctDNA levels are minuscule giving a high risk for false negative results, which is balanced with the risk of false positive results from clonal hematopoiesis. To address these challenges, researchers have developed ever-more elegant approaches to lower the limit of detection (LOD) of ctDNA assays toward the part-per-million range and boost assay sensitivity and specificity by reducing sources of low-level technical and biological noise, and by harnessing specific genomic and epigenomic features of ctDNA. In this review, we highlight a range of modern assays for ctDNA analysis, including advancements made to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. We further highlight the challenge of detecting ultra-rare tumor-associated variants, overcoming which will improve the sensitivity of post-treatment MRD detection and open a new frontier of personalized adjuvant treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Szymanski
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Noah Earland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Wang D, Zhao P, Lu T, Ren J, Zhu L, Han X, Zhang G, Dong X, Ma H, Yu M, Cai H. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220615. [PMID: 37250841 PMCID: PMC10224622 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is synthesized by tumor cells, including metastatic tumors, and circulates in the bloodstream. Evidence suggests that ctDNA is a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC), but its predictive efficacy in detecting CRC liver metastasis (CLM) remains unclear. Additionally, its utility in the clinical setting needs further investigation. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the utility of ctDNA as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of CLM and investigate the relationship between CLM and ctDNA positivity. A literature search was performed in electronic databases to identify relevant studies published up to March 19, 2022. We retrieved data on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) for both ctDNA-positive and ctDNA-negative colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) patients from the selected articles. Hazard ratios (HRs) were also calculated for these survival outcomes analysis was also performed. The stability of the combined meta-analysis was verified by sensitivity analysis and publication bias evaluation. Ten trials were included, and 615 patients were evaluated. In patients with CLM, pooled HRs revealed a substantial link between ctDNA positivity and RFS/DFS. Subgroup analysis revealed that ctDNA had a prospective detection value. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias evaluation indicated stable results. Although the results on pooled HR for OS suggested that ctDNA-positive patients had a shorter survival time, their pooled HRs had a relatively evident heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis and publication bias evaluation indicated that pooled HRs were extremely unstable. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ctDNA appears to be a prognostic biomarker for resectable CLM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Penglai Zhao
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Institution of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jingyao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ning Xia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ning Xia, 750004, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ning Xia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ning Xia, 750004, China
| | - Xiaoyong Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ning Xia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ning Xia, 750004, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- First Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haizhong Ma
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Miao Yu
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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14
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van 't Erve I, Medina JE, Leal A, Papp E, Phallen J, Adleff V, Chiao EJ, Arun AS, Bolhuis K, Simmons JK, Karandikar A, Valkenburg KC, Sausen M, Angiuoli SV, Scharpf RB, Punt CJA, Meijer GA, Velculescu VE, Fijneman RJA. Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment Response Evaluation by Ultra-Deep Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA and Matched White Blood Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:899-909. [PMID: 36534496 PMCID: PMC9975664 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has the potential to guide therapy selection and monitor treatment response in patients with metastatic cancer. However, germline and clonal hematopoiesis-associated alterations can confound identification of tumor-specific mutations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA), often requiring additional sequencing of tumor tissue. The current study assessed whether ctDNA-based treatment response monitoring could be performed in a tumor tissue-independent manner by combining ultra-deep targeted sequencing analyses of cfDNA with patient-matched white blood cell (WBC)-derived DNA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In total, 183 cfDNA and 49 WBC samples, along with 28 tissue samples, from 52 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer participating in the prospective phase III CAIRO5 clinical trial were analyzed using an ultra-deep targeted sequencing liquid biopsy assay. RESULTS The combined cfDNA and WBC analysis prevented false-positives due to germline or hematopoietic variants in 40% of patients. Patient-matched tumor tissue sequencing did not provide additional information. Longitudinal analyses of ctDNA were more predictive of overall survival than standard-of-care radiological response evaluation. ctDNA mutations related to primary or acquired resistance to panitumumab were identified in 42% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Accurate calling of ctDNA mutations for treatment response monitoring is feasible in a tumor tissue-independent manner by combined cfDNA and patient-matched WBC genomic DNA analysis. This tissue biopsy-independent approach simplifies sample logistics and facilitates the application of liquid biopsy ctDNA testing for evaluation of emerging therapy resistance, opening new avenues for early adaptation of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris van 't Erve
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie E Medina
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessandro Leal
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eniko Papp
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jillian Phallen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vilmos Adleff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elaine Jiayuee Chiao
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adith S Arun
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Bolhuis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mark Sausen
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Robert B Scharpf
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Wang B, Zou B, Xu S, Zhao C, Pei J, Wang S, Zhao K, Yu J, Liu J. Postoperative ctDNA detection predicts relapse but has limited effects in guiding adjuvant therapy in resectable stage I NSCLC. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1083417. [PMID: 36741027 PMCID: PMC9895084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1083417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, identifying resectable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy (ADT) remains a major challenge. Previous studies suggest that circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a promising biomarker for NSCLC. However, the effectiveness of ctDNA detection in guiding ADT for resectable stage I NSCLC patients remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of ctDNA detection in estimating prognosis and guiding ADT for resectable stage I NSCLC patients. Methods Individual patient data and ctDNA results data were collected from 270 patients across four independent cohorts. The detection of ctDNA was conducted at 3 days to 1 month after surgery. The endpoint for this study was relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Of the 270 resectable stage I NSCLC patients, 9 patients with ctDNA-positive and 261 patients with ctDNA-negative. We found that the risk of recurrence was significantly lower in the ctDNA-negative group compared to the ctDNA-positive group(HR=0.11, p<0.0001). However, there is no difference in the risk of death between the two groups (p =0.39). In the ctDNA-positive group, there were no significant differences in RFS between patients who received ADT and patients who did not receive ADT (p =0.58). In the ctDNA-negative group, those who received ADT had a worse RFS in comparison with those who did not receive ADT (HR=2.36, p =0.029). No difference in OS was seen between patients who received ADT and patients who did not receive ADT in both the ctDNA-positive group and the ctDNA-negative group (All p values>0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in RFS and OS between patients who received chemotherapy-based or tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based ADT and patients who did not receive ADT in both the ctDNA-positive group and the ctDNA-negative group (All p values>0.05). Conclusions Postoperative ctDNA detection can be a prognostic marker to predict recurrence but has limited effects in guiding ADT for resectable stage I NSCLC. Future prospective investigations are needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinli Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kunlong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Jinming Yu, ; Jie Liu,
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Jinming Yu, ; Jie Liu,
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16
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Szturz P, Bonomo P, Vermorken JB. Estimating the Prevalence of a True Oligometastatic Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010214. [PMID: 36612215 PMCID: PMC9818742 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To delineate a patient group with few distant metastases that could possibly benefit from a curative therapeutic strategy employing a local approach, the term oligometastatic disease (OMD) was introduced into the clinical practice almost 30 years ago [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Szturz
- Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierluigi Bonomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Jan B. Vermorken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for Older Patients with Oligometastases: A Proposed Paradigm by the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010244. [PMID: 36612239 PMCID: PMC9818761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for metastatic disease is systemic therapy. A unique subset of patients with limited metastatic disease defined as distant involvement of five anatomic sites or less (oligometastases) have a better chance of remission or improved survival and may benefit from local treatments such as surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). However, to prevent further spread of disease, systemic treatment such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy may be required. Older patients (70 years old or above) or physiologically frail younger patients with multiple co-morbidities may not be able to tolerate the conventional chemotherapy due to its toxicity. In addition, those with a good performance status may not receive optimal chemotherapy due to concern about toxicity. Recently, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) has become a promising approach only in the management of program death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive tumors. Thus, a treatment method that elicits induction of PD-L1 production by tumor cells may allow all patients with oligometastases to benefit from immunotherapy. In vitro studies have demonstrated that high dose of radiotherapy may induce formation of PD-L1 in various tumors as a defense mechanism against inflammatory T cells. Clinical studies also corroborated those observations. Thus, SBRT, with its high precision to minimize damage to normal organs, may be a potential treatment of choice for older patients with oligometastases due to its synergy with immunotherapy. We propose a protocol combining SBRT to achieve a minimum radiobiologic equivalent dose around 59.5 Gy to all tumor sites if feasible, followed four to six weeks later by CPI for those cancer patients with oligometastases. All patients will be screened with frailty screening questionnaires to identify individuals at high risk for toxicity. The patients will be managed with an interdisciplinary team which includes oncologists, geriatricians, nurses, nutritionists, patient navigators, and social workers to manage all aspects of geriatric patient care. The use of telemedicine by the team may facilitate patient monitoring during treatment and follow-up. Preliminary data on toxicity, local control, survival, and progression-free survival may be obtained and serve as a template for future prospective studies.
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Wen X, Pu H, Liu Q, Guo Z, Luo D. Circulating Tumor DNA-A Novel Biomarker of Tumor Progression and Its Favorable Detection Techniques. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6025. [PMID: 36551512 PMCID: PMC9775401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The diagnostic techniques for tumors mainly include tumor biomarker detection, instrumental examination, and tissue biopsy. In recent years, liquid technology represented by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has gradually replaced traditional technology with its advantages of being non-invasive and accurate, its high specificity, and its high sensitivity. ctDNA may carry throughout the circulatory system through tumor cell necrosis, apoptosis, circulating exosome secretion, etc., carrying the characteristic changes in tumors, such as mutation, methylation, microsatellite instability, gene rearrangement, etc. In this paper, ctDNA mutation and methylation, as the objects to describe the preparation process before ctDNA analysis, and the detection methods of two gene-level changes, including a series of enrichment detection techniques derived from PCR, sequencing-based detection techniques, and comprehensive detection techniques, are combined with new materials. In addition, the role of ctDNA in various stages of cancer development is summarized, such as early screening, diagnosis, molecular typing, prognosis prediction, recurrence monitoring, and drug guidance. In summary, ctDNA is an ideal biomarker involved in the whole process of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Wen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Huijie Pu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Laboratory Medicine Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Zifen Guo
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Dixian Luo
- Laboratory Medicine Centre, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
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19
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Shields MD, Chen K, Dutcher G, Patel I, Pellini B. Making the Rounds: Exploring the Role of Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169006. [PMID: 36012272 PMCID: PMC9408840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in the clinical practice of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are shifting treatment paradigms towards increasingly personalized approaches. Liquid biopsies using various circulating analytes provide minimally invasive methods of sampling the molecular content within tumor cells. Plasma-derived circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), the tumor-derived component of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), is the most extensively studied analyte and has a growing list of applications in the clinical management of NSCLC. As an alternative to tumor genotyping, the assessment of oncogenic driver alterations by ctDNA has become an accepted companion diagnostic via both single-gene polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for advanced NSCLC. ctDNA technologies have also shown the ability to detect the emerging mechanisms of acquired resistance that evolve after targeted therapy. Furthermore, the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) by ctDNA for patients with NSCLC after curative-intent treatment may serve as a prognostic and potentially predictive biomarker for recurrence and response to therapy, respectively. Finally, ctDNA analysis via mutational, methylation, and/or fragmentation multi-omic profiling offers the potential for improving early lung cancer detection. In this review, we discuss the role of ctDNA in each of these capacities, namely, for molecular profiling, treatment response monitoring, MRD detection, and early cancer detection of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty Dawn Shields
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Giselle Dutcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ishika Patel
- Department of Public Health, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Dermody SM, Bhambhani C, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC, Tewari M. Trans-Renal Cell-Free Tumor DNA for Urine-Based Liquid Biopsy of Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:879108. [PMID: 35571046 PMCID: PMC9091346 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.879108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers are a promising tool for cancer detection, personalization of therapy, and monitoring of treatment response or recurrence. “Liquid biopsy” commonly refers to minimally invasive or non-invasive sampling of a bodily fluid (i.e., blood, urine, saliva) for detection of cancer biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells or cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA). These methods offer a means to collect frequent tumor assessments without needing surgical biopsies. Despite much progress with blood-based liquid biopsy approaches, there are limitations—including the limited amount of blood that can be drawn from a person and challenges with collecting blood samples at frequent intervals to capture ctDNA biomarker kinetics. These limitations are important because ctDNA is present at extremely low levels in plasma and there is evidence that measuring ctDNA biomarker kinetics over time can be useful for clinical prediction. Additionally, blood-based assays require access to trained phlebotomists and often a trip to a healthcare facility. In contrast, urine is a body fluid that can be self-collected from a patient’s home, at frequent intervals, and mailed to a laboratory for analysis. Multiple reports indicate that fragments of ctDNA pass from the bloodstream through the kidney’s glomerular filtration system into the urine, where they are known as trans-renal ctDNA (TR-ctDNA). Accumulating studies indicate that the limitations of blood based ctDNA approaches for cancer can be overcome by measuring TR-ctDNA. Here, we review current knowledge about TR-ctDNA in urine as a cancer biomarker approach, and discuss its clinical potential and open questions in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Dermody
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chandan Bhambhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul L. Swiecicki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Muneesh Tewari,
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21
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The Road to Dissemination: The Concept of Oligometastases and the Barriers for Widespread Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082046. [PMID: 35454951 PMCID: PMC9033015 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oligometastatic disease is an intermediate state of metastatic dissemination with a limited number of metastatic sites and extent of disease. Tumor cells need multiple capabilities in order to migrate, survive and evolve to macroscopic metastases. These capabilities are acquired by evolutionary mechanisms and are associated with several clinical factors and biomarkers. Better understanding of these properties and biomarkers may help to select patients that can benefit from local ablative therapies, which have shown to be a promising approach in recent clinical evidence. Abstract Over the last years, the oligometastatic disease state has gained more and more interest, and randomized trials are now suggesting an added value of stereotactic radiotherapy on all macroscopic disease in oligometastatic patients; but what barriers could impede widespread disease in some patients? In this review, we first discuss the concept of oligometastatic disease and some examples of clinical evidence. We then explore the route to dissemination: the hurdles a tumoral clone has to overtake before it can produce efficient and widespread dissemination. The spectrum theory argues that the range of metastatic patterns encountered in the clinic is the consequence of gradually obtained metastatic abilities of the tumor cells. Tumor clones can obtain these capabilities by Darwinian evolution, hence early in their genetic progression tumors might produce only a limited number of metastases. We illustrate selective dissemination by discussing organ tropism, the preference of different cancer (sub)types to metastasize to certain organs. Finally we discuss biomarkers that may help to distinguish the oligometastatic state.
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22
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Pellini B, Chaudhuri AA. Circulating Tumor DNA Minimal Residual Disease Detection of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Curative Intent. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:567-575. [PMID: 34985936 PMCID: PMC8853615 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) minimal residual disease (MRD) is a powerful biomarker with the potential to improve survival outcomes for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multiple groups have shown the ability to detect MRD following curative-intent NSCLC treatment using next-generation sequencing-based assays of plasma cell-free DNA. These studies have been modest in size, largely retrospective, and without thorough prospective clinical validation. Still, when restricting measurement to the first post-treatment timepoint to assess the clinical performance of ctDNA MRD detection, they have demonstrated sensitivity for predicting disease relapse ranging between 36% and 100%, and specificity ranging between 71% and 100%. When considering all post-treatment follow-up timepoints (surveillance), including those beyond the initial post-treatment measurement, these assays' performances improve with sensitivity and specificity for identifying relapse ranging from 82% to 100% and 70% to 100%, respectively. In this manuscript, we review the evidence available to date regarding ctDNA MRD detection in patients with NSCLC undergoing curative-intent treatment and the ongoing prospective studies involving ctDNA MRD detection in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Aadel A. Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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23
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Broccard SP, Kasbi AA, Bagaria SP, Jones J, Shoudry M, Gabriel EM. Liquid biopsies for colorectal cancer: a narrative review of ongoing clinical trials and the current use of this technology at a comprehensive cancer center. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:438-449. [PMID: 35284120 PMCID: PMC8899730 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize ongoing clinical trials involving liquid biopsies (LB) for colorectal cancer (CRC), outlining the current landscape and the future implementation of this technology. We also describe the current use of LB in CRC treatment at our institution, the Mayo Clinic Enterprise. BACKGROUND The use of LB in CRC treatment merits close attention. Their role is being evaluated in the screening, non-intervention, intervention, and surveillance settings through many active trials. This, coupled with the technique's rapid integration into clinical practice, creates constant evolution of care. METHODS Review of ClinicalTrials.gov was performed identifying relevant and active trials involving LB for CRC. "Colorectal cancer" plus other terms including "liquid biopsies" and "ctDNA" were used as search terms, identifying 35 active trials. CONCLUSIONS LB use for the CRC is actively being investigated and requires close attention. Based on current evidence, Mayo Clinic Enterprise currently uses LB in the non-interventional, interventional and surveillance setting, but not for screening. Results of these trials may further establish the use of LB in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy Jones
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mira Shoudry
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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24
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Surcel C, Kretschmer A, Mirvald C, Sinescu I, Heidegger I, Tsaur I. Molecular Mechanisms Related with Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer-Is It Just a Matter of Numbers? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030766. [PMID: 35159033 PMCID: PMC8833728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the body of knowledge regarding the oligometastatic state has increased exponentially. Several molecular frameworks have been established, aiding our understanding of metastatic spread caused by genetically unstable cells that adapt to a tissue environment which is distant from the primary tumor. In the current narrative review, we provide an overview of the current treatment landscape of oligometastatic cancer, focusing on the current biomarkers used in the identification of true oligometastatic disease and highlighting the impact of molecular imaging on stage shift in different scenarios. Finally, we address current and future directions regarding the use of genetic and epigenetic targeting treatments in oligometastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Surcel
- Center of Urologic Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 00238 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Cristian Mirvald
- Center of Urologic Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 00238 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioanel Sinescu
- Center of Urologic Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 00238 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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25
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Callesen LB, Takacova T, Hamfjord J, Würschmidt F, Oldhafer KJ, Brüning R, Arnold D, Spindler KLG. Circulating DNA in patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of colorectal cancer metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221133171. [PMID: 36339929 PMCID: PMC9634210 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221133171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loco-regional treatment strategies of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases are evolving, but biological markers that can benefit patients and assist physicians in clinical decisions are lacking. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the current knowledge on circulating DNA and its clinical utility in predicting outcomes in patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted on March 22, 2022. We included studies on patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases reporting the predictive or prognostic value of circulating DNA in the blood. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled in separate random-effects meta-analyses to investigate if pre- or post-ablation measurements of circulating DNA were associated with survival. The risk of bias was assessed according to the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Results Twenty-eight studies with 2868 patients were included, of which 16 studies were eligible for meta-analyses. As expected in this new research field, a majority of included studies (n = 21/28) had a high risk of bias in at least one domain. Circulating DNA above the cutoff in a plasma sample taken before loco-regional treatment was associated with a short recurrence-free survival [pooled HR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.7, n = 162] and overall survival (pooled HR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.1-20.6, n = 105). Circulating DNA above the cutoff in a plasma sample taken after loco-regional treatment was associated with a short recurrence-free survival (pooled HR = 4.5, 95% CI 3.4-6.1, n = 569) and overall survival (pooled HR = 7.5, 95% CI 2.0-27.3, n = 161). There was limited data on the association between dynamics in circulating DNA and outcome. Conclusions Measurements of circulating DNA can be valuable when selecting and monitoring patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases. Studies designed to investigate the true clinical utility of circulating DNA in the context of various ablation modalities are warranted.The review has been registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022320032).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tana Takacova
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care with
Sections Hematology and Rheumatology, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hamfjord
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University
Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for
Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Surgery, Division of
Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic (HBP) Surgery, AK Barmbek, Hamburg,
Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University
Budapest, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brüning
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, AK
Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care
with Sections Hematology and Rheumatology, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen-Lise G. Spindler
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology,
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus Denmark
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
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26
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Chen K, Shields MD, Chauhan PS, Ramirez RJ, Harris PK, Reimers MA, Zevallos JP, Davis AA, Pellini B, Chaudhuri AA. Commercial ctDNA Assays for Minimal Residual Disease Detection of Solid Tumors. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:757-774. [PMID: 34725800 PMCID: PMC9016631 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor DNA via liquid biopsy has become an important diagnostic test for patients with cancer. While certain commercial liquid biopsy platforms designed to detect circulating tumor DNA have been approved to guide clinical decisions in advanced solid tumors, the clinical utility of these assays for detecting minimal residual disease after curative-intent treatment of nonmetastatic disease is currently limited. Predicting disease response and relapse has considerable potential for increasing the effective implementation of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies. As a result, many companies are rapidly investing in the development of liquid biopsy platforms to detect circulating tumor DNA in the minimal residual disease setting. In this review, we discuss the development and clinical implementation of commercial liquid biopsy platforms for circulating tumor DNA minimal residual disease detection of solid tumors. Here, we aim to highlight the technological features that enable highly sensitive detection of tumor-derived genomic alterations, the factors that differentiate these commercial platforms, and the ongoing trials that seek to increase clinical implementation of liquid biopsies using circulating tumor DNA-based minimal residual disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Misty D Shields
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Ricardo J Ramirez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter K Harris
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Melissa A Reimers
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew A Davis
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Clinical Applications of Minimal Residual Disease Assessments by Tumor-Informed and Tumor-Uninformed Circulating Tumor DNA in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184547. [PMID: 34572774 PMCID: PMC8471730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating tumor DNA, or ctDNA, are fragments of tumor DNA that can be detected in the blood of patients with colorectal cancer. Measuring ctDNA levels in the blood has shown the potential to provide important information that can be helpful in the clinical care of patients with colorectal cancer. For example, in patients with colon cancer that has been removed by surgery, measuring ctDNA in the blood can predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, while in those with metastatic colorectal cancer, measuring ctDNA can inform the clinician whether chemotherapy is effective at earlier timepoints than currently available tests. In this review, we discuss the results from ongoing studies describing the utility of ctDNA measurements across all stages of colorectal cancer. We also discuss the various clinical scenarios that ctDNA may have the most immediate impact in colorectal cancer management. Abstract Emerging data suggest that circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can detect colorectal cancer (CRC)-specific signals across both non-metastatic and metastatic settings. With the development of multiple platforms, including tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic ctDNA assays and demonstration of their provocative analytic performance to detect minimal residual disease, there are now ongoing, phase III randomized clinical trials to evaluate their role in the management paradigm of CRC. In this review, we highlight landmark studies that have formed the basis for ongoing studies on the clinically applicability of plasma ctDNA assays in resected, stage I–III CRC and metastatic CRC. We discuss clinical settings by which ctDNA may have the most immediate impact in routine clinical practice. These include the potential for ctDNA to (1) guide surveillance and intensification or de-intensification strategies of adjuvant therapy in resected, stage I–III CRC, (2) predict treatment response to neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer inclusive of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT), and (3) predict response to systemic and surgical therapies in metastatic disease. We end by considering clinical variables that can influence our ability to reliably interpret ctDNA dynamics in the clinic.
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28
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Chauhan PS, Chen K, Babbra RK, Feng W, Pejovic N, Nallicheri A, Harris PK, Dienstbach K, Atkocius A, Maguire L, Qaium F, Szymanski JJ, Baumann BC, Ding L, Cao D, Reimers MA, Kim EH, Smith ZL, Arora VK, Chaudhuri AA. Urine tumor DNA detection of minimal residual disease in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with curative-intent radical cystectomy: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003732. [PMID: 34464379 PMCID: PMC8407541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard of care treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is radical cystectomy, which is typically preceded by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, the inability to assess minimal residual disease (MRD) noninvasively limits our ability to offer bladder-sparing treatment. Here, we sought to develop a liquid biopsy solution via urine tumor DNA (utDNA) analysis. METHODS AND FINDINGS We applied urine Cancer Personalized Profiling by Deep Sequencing (uCAPP-Seq), a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) method for detecting utDNA, to urine cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples acquired between April 2019 and November 2020 on the day of curative-intent radical cystectomy from 42 patients with localized bladder cancer. The average age of patients was 69 years (range: 50 to 86), of whom 76% (32/42) were male, 64% (27/42) were smokers, and 76% (32/42) had a confirmed diagnosis of MIBC. Among MIBC patients, 59% (19/32) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. utDNA variant calling was performed noninvasively without prior sequencing of tumor tissue. The overall utDNA level for each patient was represented by the non-silent mutation with the highest variant allele fraction after removing germline variants. Urine was similarly analyzed from 15 healthy adults. utDNA analysis revealed a median utDNA level of 0% in healthy adults and 2.4% in bladder cancer patients. When patients were classified as those who had residual disease detected in their surgical sample (n = 16) compared to those who achieved a pathologic complete response (pCR; n = 26), median utDNA levels were 4.3% vs. 0%, respectively (p = 0.002). Using an optimal utDNA threshold to define MRD detection, positive utDNA MRD detection was highly correlated with the absence of pCR (p < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 81%. Leave-one-out cross-validation applied to the prediction of pathologic response based on utDNA MRD detection in our cohort yielded a highly significant accuracy of 81% (p = 0.007). Moreover, utDNA MRD-positive patients exhibited significantly worse progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 7.4; 95% CI: 1.4-38.9; p = 0.02) compared to utDNA MRD-negative patients. Concordance between urine- and tumor-derived mutations, determined in 5 MIBC patients, was 85%. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) in utDNA MRD-positive patients was inferred from the number of non-silent mutations detected in urine cfDNA by applying a linear relationship derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) whole exome sequencing of 409 MIBC tumors. We suggest that about 58% of these patients with high inferred TMB might have been candidates for treatment with early immune checkpoint blockade. Study limitations included an analysis restricted only to single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), survival differences diminished by surgery, and a low number of DNA damage response (DRR) mutations detected after neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the MRD time point. CONCLUSIONS utDNA MRD detection prior to curative-intent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer correlated significantly with pathologic response, which may help select patients for bladder-sparing treatment. utDNA MRD detection also correlated significantly with PFS. Furthermore, utDNA can be used to noninvasively infer TMB, which could facilitate personalized immunotherapy for bladder cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S. Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kevin Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ramandeep K. Babbra
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wenjia Feng
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nadja Pejovic
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Armaan Nallicheri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Harris
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine Dienstbach
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew Atkocius
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lenon Maguire
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Faridi Qaium
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Szymanski
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Baumann
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Reimers
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Kim
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zachary L. Smith
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vivek K. Arora
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aadel A. Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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