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Groß C, Bernhofs V, Möhler E, Christiner M. Misjudgement of One's Own Performance? Exploring Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder (ADHD) and Individual Difference in Complex Music and Foreign Language Perception. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6841. [PMID: 37835111 PMCID: PMC10572614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous research, we detected that children and adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD showed deficits in both complex auditory processing of musical stimuli and in musical performance when compared to controls. In this study, we were interested in whether we could detect similar or distinct findings when we use foreign speech perception tasks. Therefore, we recruited musically naïve participants (n = 25), music-educated participants (n = 25) and participants diagnosed with ADHD (n = 25) who were assessed for their short-term memory (STM) capacity and the ability to discriminate music and speech stimuli and we collected self-ratings of the participants' music and language performances. As expected, we found that young adults with ADHD show deficits in the perception of complex music and difficult speech perception stimuli. We also found that STM capacity was not impaired in young adults with ADHD and may not persist into young adulthood. In addition, subjective self-estimation about the participants' language and music performances revealed that the ADHD group overestimated their performance competence relatively compared to both control groups. As a result, the findings of our study suggest that individuals diagnosed with ADHD require a special training program that not only focuses on improving performance in perceptual skills of music and language but also requires metacognitive training to develop realistic self-assessment skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Groß
- Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Valdis Bernhofs
- Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Eva Möhler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, G-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Markus Christiner
- Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, K. Barona Street 1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (C.G.); (V.B.)
- Centre for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Glacisstraße 27, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Kollndorfer K, Novak A, Nenning KH, Fischmeister FPS, Seidl R, Langs G, Kasprian G, Prayer D, Bartha-Doering L. Cortical thickness in the right medial frontal gyrus predicts planning performance in healthy children and adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196707. [PMID: 37794918 PMCID: PMC10546024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to plan is an important part of the set of the cognitive skills called "executive functions." To be able to plan actions in advance is of great importance in everyday life and constitutes one of the major key features for academic as well as economic success. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of planning in normally developing children, as measured by the cortical thickness of the prefrontal cortex. Eighteen healthy children and adolescents underwent structural MRI examinations and the Tower of London (ToL) task. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the cortical thickness of the right caudal middle frontal gyrus (cMFG) was a significant predictor of planning performance. Neither the cortical thickness of any other prefrontal area nor gender were significantly associated with performance in the ToL task. The results of the present exploratory study suggest that the cortical thickness of the right, but not the left cMFG, is positively correlated with performance in the ToL task. We, therefore, conclude that increased cortical thickness may be more beneficial for higher-order processes, such as information integration, than for lower-order processes, such as the analysis of external information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kollndorfer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Developmental and Interventional Imaging (DIN) Lab, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Novak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Computational Imaging Research Lab (CIR), Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Florian Ph S. Fischmeister
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Developmental and Interventional Imaging (DIN) Lab, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Computational Imaging Research Lab (CIR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bartha-Doering
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kostyrka-Allchorne K, Wass SV, Yusuf H, Rao V, Bertini C, Sonuga-Barke EJS. Inhibitory deficits and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: How are they related to effortful control? BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 41:50-65. [PMID: 36127834 PMCID: PMC10087402 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Separate studies with clinical and community-based samples have identified an association between symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and inhibitory control deficits and ADHD and weak effortful control. We tested whether differences in effortful control explained the associations between ADHD symptoms and inhibitory control deficits, controlling for conduct problems. In a community sample, parents rated ADHD symptoms, conduct problems, effortful control, surgency and negative affect in 77 4-7-year-olds (47 girls), who performed an inhibitory control task. ADHD symptoms, deficient inhibitory control and low effortful control were correlated. Controlling for conduct problems, path analysis showed the ADHD symptoms - inhibitory control link was mediated statistically by effortful control. This focuses attention on cognitive-energetic factors associated with ADHD-related executive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kostyrka-Allchorne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam V Wass
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Hodo Yusuf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vidya Rao
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Chloé Bertini
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Nejati V, Fallah F, Raskin S. Inhibitory Control Training Improves Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Externalizing Behavior. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022:13591045221144356. [PMID: 36474404 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221144356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on dysexecutive function theory of Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), inhibitory control plays a crucial role in ADHD symptoms and respective behavioral problems. METHODS In the present study, 30 preschoolers with ADHD were recruited in a random clinical trial design in two control and intervention groups. The Flanker and Go/No-Go tasks, Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist were used for assessment at baseline, after the intervention, and 1-month follow-up sessions. The program for attentive rehabilitation of inhibition and selective attention (PARISA) was used for intervention in 10-12 sessions. RESULTS Findings showed an improvement in prepotent inhibition and interference control in the intervention group. Furthermore, the hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms were ameliorated, and the externalizing behavioral problems were improved after the intervention. CONCLUSION Inhibitory control in preschoolers with ADHD is trainable, and the training gain could be transferred to ADHD symptoms and externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, 48512Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Department of Psychology, 68106Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Raskin
- Department of Psychology, 8809Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA
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Li Y, Chen J, Zheng X, Liu J, Peng C, Liao Y, Liu Y. Cognitive deficit in adults with ADHD lies in the cognitive state disorder rather than the working memory deficit: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:332-340. [PMID: 36029728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether cognitive deficit in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a working memory deficit or cognitive state disorder during the N-back task. Twenty-two adults with ADHD and twenty-four healthy controls participated in the N-back task. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was combined with three perspectives from behavioral and spatial and temporal activation characteristics of blood oxygen levels in the prefrontal cortex to examine the psychological and neuroprocessing characteristics of adult ADHD. Data were acquired using a block design during an N-back task with three memory loads. Visual stimuli were presented on a computer monitor. Behaviorally, response time and accuracy showed no significant differences between the two groups. Spatially, in the left orbitofrontal area and the left frontopolar area (Channels 4 and 11), adult ADHD had significantly higher activation levels of oxyHb in the 2-back task and lower activation levels of deoxyHb in the 3-back task than healthy controls (corrected p < 0.05). Therefore, Channel 4 in the 2-back condition and Channel 11 in the 3-back condition were used as the regions of interest (ROI). Temporally, adults with ADHD peaked earlier in the ROIs than healthy controls. Furthermore, working memory deficit was not found directly from the behavioral performance in adult ADHD. However, adult ADHD can be affected by memory load, task duration, and novelty stimulus. Our findings suggest that patients with adult ADHD have cognitive state disorder instead of working memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojin Li
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.
| | - Xintong Zheng
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Youguo Liao
- Educational Neuroscience Research Center, School of Educational Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Educational Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan, China
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Arnett AB, McGrath LM, Flaherty BP, Pennington BF, Willcutt E. Heritability and Clinical Characteristics of Neuropsychological Profiles in Youth With and Without Elevated ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1422-1436. [PMID: 35102766 PMCID: PMC9283222 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221075842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last decade, there has been an increase in research that aims to parse heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study tests heritability of latent class neuropsychological subtypes. METHOD Latent class analysis was used to derive subtypes in a sample of school-age twins (N = 2,564) enriched for elevated ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Five neuropsychological profiles replicated across twin 1 and twin 2 datasets. Latent class membership was heritable overall, but heritability varied by profile and was lower than heritability of ADHD status. Variability in neuropsychological performance across domains was the strongest predictor of elevated ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychological profiles showed distinct associations with age, psychiatric symptoms and reading ability. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological profiles are associated with unique neurocognitive presentations, but are not strong candidate endophenotypes for ADHD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B. Arnett
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Brookline, MA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Koerner JKA, Daseking M, Gawrilow C. Eine Längsschnittstudie zur Vorhersage von ADHS-Symptomen und Schulleistungen in der 1. Klasse durch exekutive Funktionen im Vorschulalter. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Exekutive Funktionen (EF) stehen im Zusammenhang mit ADHS- Symptomen, Vorläuferfertigkeiten und schulischen Leistungen. Fragestellung: Durch Defizite in Inhibition, Arbeitsgedächtnis und Flexibilität im letzten Kindergartenjahr sollen ADHS-Symptome und Schulleistungen am Ende der 1. Klasse vorhergesagt werden. Methode: An einer Längsschnittstudie nahmen 55 Kinder im letzten Kindergartenjahr und am Ende der 1. Klasse teil. Ergebnisse: EF-Defizite im letzten Kindergartenjahr sagen Vorläuferfertigkeiten und ADHS-Symptome zum gleichen Zeitpunkt sowie ADHS-Symptome am Ende der 1. Klasse, nicht aber Schulleistungen vorher. Inhibitionsdefizite hatten einen höheren prädiktiven Wert für ADHS-Symptomen am Ende der 1. Klasse, als Defizite in Arbeitsgedächtnis/Flexibilität. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Ein EF-Defizit Screening könnte deswegen ein wertvoller Ansatzpunkt sein, um Kinder mit einem Risiko für ADHS früh zu identifizieren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kerner auch Koerner
- Pädagogische Psychologie, Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Deutschland
- IDeA Research Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Monika Daseking
- Pädagogische Psychologie, Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Deutschland
- IDeA Research Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Caterina Gawrilow
- IDeA Research Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
- Schulpsychologie, Fachbereich Psychologie, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Deutschland
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8
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Increased hair cortisol in mothers of children with ADHD symptoms and psychosocial adversity background. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:353-360. [PMID: 35122542 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have shown high perceived parenting stress. Hence, physiological adjustment processes, involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, seem possible. We hypothesized that (1) ADHD symptoms of the child predict an increase of maternal hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and (2) presence of psychosocial adversity amplifies the prediction. We analyzed a preschool-aged sample using a longitudinal design (T1, at the children's age of 4 years; T2, 12 months later). 128 mothers and their children participated in the study. To determine HCC of the previous 3 months, the first scalp-near 3 cm hair segment was used. ADHD symptoms of the child were measured using teacher- and parent-report questionnaires and a clinical interview with the mother. The T1 teacher-reported ADHD symptoms score of the child was significantly positively associated with the mother`s T1 and T2 HCC score. In families with high psychosocial adversity, the prediction of an increase in maternal HCC by the teacher-reported ADHD symptoms of child was significantly stronger than in low-adversity families. In presence of psychosocial family adversity, ADHD symptoms of the child predicted an increase in the mother's HCC. As a continuously high cortisol level implicates health risks and might in turn affect parenting resources, the identifying of caregivers at risk through biological markers of stress could be helpful for planning targeted interventions. As our study is the first on this issue, cross-validation is needed.
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Maya-Piedrahita MC, Herrera-Gomez PM, Berrío-Mesa L, Cárdenas-Peña DA, Orozco-Gutierrez AA. Supported Diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder from EEG Based on Interpretable Kernels for Hidden Markov Models. Int J Neural Syst 2022; 32:2250008. [PMID: 34996341 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065722500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a neurodevelopmental pathology, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) mainly arises during childhood. Persistent patterns of generalized inattention, impulsivity, or hyperactivity characterize ADHD that may persist into adulthood. The conventional diagnosis relies on clinical observational processes yielding high rates of overdiagnosis due to varying interpretations among specialists or missing information. Although several studies have designed objective behavioral features to overcome such an issue, they lack significance. Despite electroencephalography (EEG) analyses extracting alternative biomarkers using signal processing techniques, the nonlinearity and nonstationarity of EEG signals restrain performance and generalization of hand-crafted features. This work proposes a methodology to support ADHD diagnosis by characterizing EEG signals from hidden Markov models (HMM), classifying subjects based on similarity measures for probability functions, and spatially interpreting the results using graphic embeddings of stochastic dynamic models. The methodology learns a single HMM for EEG signal from each patient, so favoring the inter-subject variability. Then, the Probability Product Kernel, specifically developed for assessing the similarity between HMMs, fed a support vector machine that classifies subjects according to their stochastic dynamics. Lastly, the kernel variant of Principal Component Analysis provided a means to visualize the EEG transitions in a two-dimensional space, evidencing dynamic differences between ADHD and Healthy Control children. From the electrophysiological perspective, we recorded EEG under the Stop Signal Task modified with reward levels, which considers cognitive features of interest as insufficient motivational circuits recruitment. The methodology compares the supported diagnosis in two EEG channel setups (whole channel set and channels of interest in frontocentral area) and four frequency bands (Theta, Alpha, Beta rhythms, and a wideband). Results evidence an accuracy rate of 97.0% in the Beta band and in the channels where previous works found error-related negativity events. Such accuracy rate strongly supports the dual pathway hypothesis and motivational deficit concerning the pathophysiology of ADHD. It also demonstrates the utility of joining inhibitory and motivational paradigms with dynamic EEG analysis into a noninvasive and affordable diagnostic tool for ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Maya-Piedrahita
- Automatics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - P M Herrera-Gomez
- Research Group Psiquiatría Neurociencias y Comunidad, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - L Berrío-Mesa
- Automatics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - D A Cárdenas-Peña
- Automatics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - A A Orozco-Gutierrez
- Automatics Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Shuai L, Wang Y, Li W, Wilson A, Wang S, Chen R, Zhang J. Executive Function Training for Preschool Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:2037-2047. [PMID: 32964771 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720956723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled study explored the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of executive function training (EFT) for preschool children with ADHD. METHOD The current study design was an 8 week randomized parallel groups, single-blinded trial, using EFT-P. A total of 96 children with an ADHD diagnosis at age 4 to 5 years old were randomized into the intervention group and waitlist group. In the intervention group, 46 out of 50 participants completed the 8-week program, compared with 39 out of 46 in the waiting group. The level of ADHD symptoms and the executive function (EF) were evaluated by both neuropsychological tests from NEPSY Second Edition (NEPSY-II) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool version (BRIEF-P). RESULTS The EFT is feasible to administer and is acceptable for preschool children, with a 93% retention rate. Results showed that following the intervention, the visual-motor precision (p = .024), ADHD diagnostic state (p = .01), and oppositional defiant symptoms (p = .023) improved significantly in preschool children. However, the symptoms of ADHD and other EF evaluations were found to be insignificant. CONCLUSION The EFT is feasible, acceptable, and potentially effective to reduce symptoms and improve EF for preschool children with ADHD. The next step is to extend the program time and provide more frequent practice of activities between the children and the therapist and/or parent, to improve the effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shuai
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, China
| | | | - Wei Li
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | | | - Shanshan Wang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Runsen Chen
- Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Centre on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, China
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11
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Stephens RL, Elsayed HE, Reznick JS, Crais ER, Watson LR. Infant Attentional behaviors Are Associated With ADHD Symptomatology and Executive Function in Early Childhood. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1908-1918. [PMID: 32749184 PMCID: PMC8427808 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720945019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We explored associations between infant attentional behaviors as measured by the First Year Inventory (FYIv2.0) and dimensional ratings of ADHD symptomatology and executive function (EF) in early childhood. Methods: This study included parents (N = 229) who filled out the FYIv2.0 when their children were 12 months of age. When children were approximately 54 months (4.5 years) of age, parents completed reports of children's ADHD symptomatology and EF abilities. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted among measures. Results: We found significant associations among the variables of interest, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, as well as gender differences. Notably, non-social sensory attention (NSA) was significantly related to 54-month ADHD symptom severity. All three 12-month attention variables were significantly related to 54-month EF. Conclusion: Results suggest that infant attentional behaviors predict later ADHD-related behaviors in early childhood. Future research should explore associations using laboratory-based measures and could inform early intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba E. Elsayed
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Alexandria University, Egypt
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12
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Shuai L, He S, Zheng H, Wang Z, Qiu M, Xia W, Cao X, Lu L, Zhang J. Influences of digital media use on children and adolescents with ADHD during COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health 2021; 17:48. [PMID: 33874977 PMCID: PMC8054232 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influences of digital media use on the core symptoms, emotional state, life events, learning motivation, executive function (EF) and family environment of children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHOD A total of 192 participants aged 8-16 years who met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD were included in the study. Children scoring higher than predetermined cut-off point in self-rating questionnaires for problematic mobile phone use (SQPMPU) or Young's internet addiction test (IAT), were defined as ADHD with problematic digital media use (PDMU), otherwise were defined as ADHD without PDMU. The differences between the two groups in ADHD symptoms, EF, anxiety and depression, stress from life events, learning motivation and family environment were compared respectively. RESULTS When compared with ADHD group without PDMU, the group with PDMU showed significant worse symptoms of inattention, oppositional defiant, behavior and emotional problems by Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP), more self-reported anxiety by screening child anxiety-related emotional disorders (SCARED) and depression by depression self-rating scale for children (DSRSC), more severe EF deficits by behavior rating scale of executive function (BRIEF), more stress from life events by adolescent self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC), lower learning motivation by students learning motivation scale (SLMS), and more impairment on cohesion by Chinese version of family environment scale (FES-CV). The ADHD with PDMU group spent significantly more time on both video game and social media with significantly less time spend on physical exercise as compared to the ADHD without PDMU group. CONCLUSION The ADHD children with PDMU suffered from more severe core symptoms, negative emotions, EF deficits, damage on family environment, pressure from life events, and a lower motivation to learn. Supervision of digital media usage, especially video game and social media, along with increased physical exercise, is essential to the management of core symptoms and associated problems encountered with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shuai
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan He
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Shanghai Changning District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouye Wang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihui Qiu
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Xia
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lu Lu
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
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13
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Gender and Cool·Hot Executive Function as Moderators of Parenting and Attention Problems in Preschoolers: A Moderated Moderation Model. ADONGHAKOEJI 2021. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2021.42.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Cai D, Deng M, Yu J, Nan W, Leung AWS. The relationship of resting-state EEG oscillations to executive functions in middle childhood. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:64-70. [PMID: 33647382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) play important roles in children's development, but their neural mechanisms are rarely investigated, especially for the different components of EFs in middle childhood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the links between resting-state EEG in the frontal scalp region and EFs in children aged 7-9 years. Fifty-nine typically developing children from the second and third grades performed two core EF tasks, i.e., inhibition and working memory, and a high-level EF task, i.e., planning, followed by the recording of EEG signals during eyes-open and eyes-closed resting states. The results showed that distinct EEG activities in the frontal scalp region predicted different EF components. More specifically, after controlling for age and verbal ability, alpha to theta power ratio (ATR) and beta to theta power ratio (BTR) during the eyes-open resting state positively predicted inhibition, and beta to theta power ratio (BTR) during the eyes-open resting state positively predicted planning. However, we did not find any EEG features related to working memory. Our results contributed to the understanding of inter-individual differences in EFs and provided insights into the regulation of corresponding EEG activities through EEG neurofeedback for enhancing children's EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cai
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqi Deng
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China; School of Foreign Languages in Tourism, Shanghai Institute of Tourism, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiancheng Yu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China; Office of Undergraduate Affairs, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenya Nan
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ada W S Leung
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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15
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Crisci G, Caviola S, Cardillo R, Mammarella IC. Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:594234. [PMID: 33732121 PMCID: PMC7958764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.594234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the comorbidity between specific learning disorders (SLD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by comparing the neuropsychological profiles of children with and without this comorbidity. Ninety-seven schoolchildren from 8 to 14 years old were tested: a clinical sample of 49 children with ADHD (n = 18), SLD (n = 18) or SLD in comorbidity with ADHD (n = 13), and 48 typically-developing (TD) children matched for age and intelligence. Participants were administered tasks and questionnaires to confirm their initial diagnosis, and a battery of executive function (EF) tasks testing inhibition, shifting, and verbal and visuospatial updating. Using one-way ANOVAs, our results showed that all children in the clinical samples exhibited impairments on EF measures (inhibition and shifting tasks) when compared with TD children. A more specific pattern only emerged for the updating tasks. Only children with SLD had significant impairment in verbal updating, whereas children with ADHD, and those with SLD in comorbidity with ADHD, had the worst performance in visuospatial updating. The clinical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Crisci
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Caviola
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona Cardillo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irene C. Mammarella
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Cervantes-Henríquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Martínez-Banfi ML, Vélez JI, Mejía-Segura E, Lozano-Gutiérrez SG, Sánchez-Rojas M, Zurbarán MA, Zurek EE, Arcos-Burgos M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ. ADHD Endophenotypes in Caribbean Families. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:2100-2114. [PMID: 29589797 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718763741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to contrast the genetics of neuropsychological tasks in individuals from nuclear families clustering ADHD in a Caribbean community. Method: We recruited and clinically characterized 408 individuals using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. The genetic variance underpinning these tasks was estimated by heritability. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. Results: We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in tasks of mental control, visuospatial ability, visuoverbal memory, phonological and verbal fluency, verbal and semantic fluency, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive ability. Among them, tasks of mental control, visuoverbal memory, phonological fluency, semantic verbal fluency, and intelligence had a significant heritability. A predictive model of ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes yields remarkable classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values (above 80%). Conclusion: We have dissected new cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD that can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cervantes-Henríquez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J E Acosta-López
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M L Martínez-Banfi
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J I Vélez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Mejía-Segura
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - S G Lozano-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Sánchez-Rojas
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - E E Zurek
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Arcos-Burgos
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D A Pineda
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P J Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
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17
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Campez M, Raiker JS, Sarver DE, Friedman LM, Orban SA, Rapport MD. Working Memory Capacity and ADHD Symptoms in Boys: Examining the Heterogeneity of Working Memory Functioning Using Latent Profile Analysis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020; 42:450-463. [PMID: 33343079 PMCID: PMC7747754 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that working memory (WM) is integral to etiological models of ADHD; however, significant questions persist regarding the relation between WM performance across tasks with varying cognitive demands and ADHD symptoms. The current study incorporates an individual differences approach to WM heterogeneity (i.e., latent profile analysis) to (a) identify differential profiles of WM across the phonological and visuospatial WM subsystems; and (b) characterize differences in symptom presentation among WM profiles. Parent and teacher ratings of child behavior, obtained for boys with (n=51) and without (n=38) a diagnosis of ADHD, were compared across latent classes of visuospatial and phonological WM performance. Latent profile analysis identified three classes of WM functioning: Low WM, Moderate WM, and High WM. Membership in the Low and Moderate WM classes was associated with greater levels of parent- and teacher-rated inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. While 84% of the ADHD group were assigned to the Low and Moderate WM classes, more than a quarter of children without ADHD exhibited Moderate WM limitations. Collectively, these findings extend prior work suggesting that there is substantial heterogeneity in WM functioning in children with and without ADHD and that these differences contribute to the expression of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileini Campez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children &
Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street AHC1 140,
Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Joseph S. Raiker
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children &
Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street AHC1 140,
Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Dustin E. Sarver
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and
Human Behavior, Center for Advancement of Youth, University of Mississippi Medical
Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216 USA
| | - Lauren M. Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California–
San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Sarah A. Orban
- Department of Psychology, University of Tampa, 401 W.
Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33606 USA
| | - Mark D. Rapport
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida,
4111 Pictor Lane, Psychology Bldg 99, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
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18
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Merkt J, Siniatchkin M, Petermann F. Neuropsychological Measures in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Preschool: Can Developmental Research Inform Diagnostic Practice? J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1588-1604. [PMID: 27006414 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716629741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The diagnosis of ADHD in preschool is challenging. Behavioral ratings are less reliable, but the value of neuropsychological tests in the diagnosis of ADHD has been debated. Method: This article provides an overview of neuropsychological measures utilized in preschoolers with ADHD (3-5 years). In addition, the manuscript discusses the extent to which these measures have been tested for their diagnostic capacity. Results: The diagnostic utility of computerized continuous performance tests and working memory subtests from IQ-batteries has been demonstrated in a number of studies by assessing their psychometric properties, sensitivity, and specificity. However, findings from developmental and basic research attempting to describe risk factors that explain variance in ADHD show the most consistent associations of ADHD with measures of delay aversion. Conclusion: Results from developmental research could benefit studies that improve ADHD diagnosis at the individual level. It might be helpful to consider testing as a structured situation for behavioral observation by the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Merkt
- Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Coratti G, Mallardi M, Coppola C, Tinelli F, Bartoli M, Laganà V, Lucibello S, Sivo S, Gallini F, Romeo DM, Atkinson J, Braddick O, Mercuri E, Ricci D. Early Childhood Attention Battery: Italian adaptation and new expanded normative data. Early Hum Dev 2020; 144:105013. [PMID: 32179328 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Early Childhood Attention Battery (ECAB) has been used to assess three different components of attention in preschool children, namely, selective, sustained and attentional control. AIM The aim of the study was: I) to adapt the ECAB to the Italian language; II) to collect Italian reference data using the translated version and III) to expand the available reference data using 6-month age intervals. STUDY DESIGN The adaptation of the ECAB to Italian language and the collection of Italian reference data was performed in four phases: translation and identification of the manual and subtests that needed adaptation; interobserver reliability and feasibility of the Italian version; application of the Italian ECAB; statistical analysis. SUBJECTS The ECAB was performed on a low risk population between 3 and 5 years, 11 months. RESULTS Statistical analysis was conducted subdividing the cohort in 6-month age groups. The final cohort included 300 low-risk typically developing children. The assessment was well accepted and enjoyed by most of the children except for some in the youngest group who refused to complete all of the tests. Our data showed a progressive improvement in attention across age in seven of the eight subtests of the ECAB. CONCLUSION The ECAB is a feasible battery in Italian as in the English version, for the assessment of early attention in preschool children, allowing the assessment of the different components of attention and a specific maturation follow up with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Coratti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mallardi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Coppola
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tinelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariaelisa Bartoli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Lucibello
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Sivo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico M Romeo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Janette Atkinson
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Braddick
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ricci
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; National Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients - IAPB Italia onlus, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Objective: The efficacy of n-back training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was tested in a randomized controlled trial. Method: 41 children aged 7 to 14 years with ADHD were trained on an n-back task, and their performance was compared with that of an active control group (n = 39) who were trained on a general knowledge and vocabulary task. Results: The experimental group demonstrated transfer of training to a nontrained n-back task as well as to a measure of inhibitory control. These effects were correlated with the magnitude of training gains. Conclusion: Our results suggest that n-back training may be useful in addressing some of the cognitive and behavioral issues associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Buschkueh
- University of California–Irvine, USA
- MIND Research Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Kibby MY, Dyer SM, Lee SE, Stacy M. Frontal volume as a potential source of the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorders. Behav Brain Res 2020; 381:112382. [PMID: 31917238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prefrontal volume reductions commonly are demonstrated in ADHD, but the literature examining prefrontal volume in reading disorders (RD) is scant despite their also having executive functioning (EF) deficits. Furthermore, only a few anatomical studies have examined the frontal lobes in comorbid RD/ADHD, though they have EF deficits similar to RD and ADHD. Hence, we examined frontal gyri volume in children with RD, ADHD, RD/ADHD and controls, as well as their relationship to EF for gyri found to differ between groups. We found right inferior frontal (RIF) volume was smaller in ADHD, and smaller volume was related to worse behavioral regulation. Left superior frontal (LSF) volume was larger in RD than ADHD, and its size was negatively related to basic reading ability. Left middle frontal (LMF) volume was largest in RD/ADHD overall. Further, its volume was not related to basic reading nor behavioral regulation but was related to worse attentional control, suggesting some specificity in its EF relationship. When examining hypotheses on the etiology of RD/ADHD, RD/ADHD was commensurate with ADHD in RIF volume and both RD and ADHD in LSF volume (being midway between the groups), consistent with the common etiology hypothesis. Nevertheless, they also had an additional gyrus affected: LMF, consistent with the cognitive subtype hypothesis in its specificity to RD/ADHD. The few other frontal aMRI studies on RD/ADHD supported both hypotheses as well. Given this, future research should continue to focus on frontal morphology in its endeavors to find neurobiological contributors to the comorbidity between RD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Kibby
- Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Department of Psychology, LSII, Room 281, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA.
| | - Sarah M Dyer
- Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Department of Psychology, LSII, Room 281, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA
| | - Sylvia E Lee
- Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Department of Psychology, LSII, Room 281, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA
| | - Maria Stacy
- Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Department of Psychology, LSII, Room 281, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA
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22
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Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, Madhoo M, Kewley G. Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:73-85. [PMID: 25583985 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714566076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize published data regarding long-term effects of ADHD on information learned (measured via achievement tests) and success within the school environment (academic performance). Method: A systematic search identified 176 studies (1980-2012) of long-term (≥2 years) academic outcomes with ADHD. Results: Achievement test outcomes (79%) and academic performance outcomes (75%) were worse in individuals with untreated ADHD compared with non-ADHD controls, also when IQ difference was controlled (72% and 81%, respectively). Improvement in both outcome groups was associated with treatment, more often for achievement test scores (79%) than academic performance (42%), also when IQ was controlled (100% and 57%, respectively). More achievement test and academic performance outcomes improved with multimodal (100% and 67%, respectively) than pharmacological (75% and 33%) or non-pharmacological (75% and 50%) treatment alone. Conclusion: ADHD adversely affects long-term academic outcomes. A greater proportion of achievement test outcomes improved with treatment compared with academic performance. Both improved most consistently with multimodal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Hodgkins
- Global Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Shire, Wayne, PA, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manisha Madhoo
- Behavioural Health Medical Strategy, Shire, Wayne, PA, USA
| | - Geoff Kewley
- Learning Assessment & Neurocare Centre, West Sussex, UK
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23
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Preliminary Evidence That Motor Planning Is Slower and More Difficult for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder During Motor Cooperation. Motor Control 2020; 24:127-149. [PMID: 31369997 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit impairment in helping someone else with a motor action, which may arise from impairment in selecting and preparing motor responses. Five children with ASD and five typically developing children performed a cooperative motor planning task that required them to reach for, lift, and hand an object (hammer or stick) to a researcher. The response, movement, and grasp time were measured. Children with ASD grasped the object longer on trials where they helped, indicating that the action was planned in sequence versus as a whole (i.e., prior to the onset of movement). The hammer object elicited a quicker response than the stick, suggesting the facilitation of planning by tools with inherent action properties. Finally, the increased helping of children with ASD was not mirrored by changes in the response, movement, or grasp time.
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24
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Executive Function and Attention Performance in Children with ADHD: Effects of Medication and Comparison with Typically Developing Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203822. [PMID: 31658722 PMCID: PMC6843761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emerging literature reports that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show deficits in executive functioning. To date, the combination of drug therapy with certain evidence-based non-medication interventions has been proven to be the most effective treatment for ADHD. There is a gap in the literature regarding comparing the executive functions (EF) of treatment naïve and medicated children with ADHD with both each other and typically developing children. Altogether, 50 treatment naïve and 50 medicated children with ADHD and 50 typically developing children between the ages of six and 12 were enrolled. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (Mini Kid) and the Test of Attentional Performance for Children (KiTAP) measures were employed. Treatment naïve children with ADHD showed weaker performance on most executive function measures (12 out of 15) than either the medicated ADHD group or the controls. There were no significant differences between the medicated ADHD children and typically developing children in most KiTAP parameters (10 out of 15). Executive function impairments were observable in treatment naïve ADHD children, which draws attention to the importance of treating ADHD. Future studies should focus on the specific effects of stimulant medication on executive functions.
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25
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Frick MA, Bohlin G, Hedqvist M, Brocki KC. Temperament and Cognitive Regulation During the First 3 Years of Life as Predictors of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity at 6 Years. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1291-1302. [PMID: 30296881 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718804342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: With a wish to identify early markers of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, we examined effects of temperament and cognitive regulation, during the first 3 years of life, on later inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior. Method: Temperament and cognitive regulation were assessed at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months in 66 typically developing children. Teachers rated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity at 6 years. Results: Temperamental activity at all studied time points was predictive of later hyperactive/impulsive behavior, thus appearing as a stable marker thereof. Activity at 12 months was also predictive of inattention, whereas temperamental persistence was correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, but with no independent contributions. No significant relations between cognitive regulation and the outcome measures were found. Conclusion: Our findings add to the scarce literature proposing that markers of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior in early school age can be found within the first years of life, using parental ratings of child temperament.
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26
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Hwa-Froelich DA, Matsuo H. Pragmatic Language Performance of Children Adopted Internationally. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2019; 28:501-514. [PMID: 31136229 DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-18-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Pragmatic language is important for social communication across all settings. Children adopted internationally (CAI) may be at risk of poorer pragmatic language because of adverse early care, delayed adopted language development, and less ability to inhibit. The purpose of this study was to compare pragmatic language performance of CAI from Asian and Eastern European countries with a nonadopted group of children who were of the same age and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds as well as explore the relationship among emotion identification, false belief understanding, and inhibition variables with pragmatic language performance. Method Using a quasi-experimental design, 35 four-year-old CAI (20 Asian, 15 Eastern European) and 33 children who were not adopted were included in this study. The children's pragmatic language, general language, and social communication (emotion identification of facial expressions, false belief understanding, inhibition) were measured. Comparisons by region of origin and adoption experience were completed. We conducted split-half correlation analyses and entered significant correlation variables into simple and backward regression models. Results Pragmatic language performance differed by adoption experience. The adopted and nonadopted groups demonstrated different correlation patterns. Language performance explained most of the pragmatic language variance. Discussion Because CAI perform less well than their nonadopted peers on pragmatic communication measures and different variables are related to their pragmatic performance, speech-language pathologists may need to adapt assessment and intervention practices for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisako Matsuo
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, MO
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Fontana BD, Franscescon F, Rosemberg DB, Norton WH, Kalueff AV, Parker MO. Zebrafish models for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Einziger T, Levi L, Zilberman-Hayun Y, Auerbach JG, Atzaba-Poria N, Arbelle S, Berger A. Predicting ADHD Symptoms in Adolescence from Early Childhood Temperament Traits. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:265-276. [PMID: 28317068 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extreme levels of certain temperament traits can be early markers of different developmental pathways of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the long-term utility of using these traits as predictors of ADHD is not fully known. This study includes 64 male adolescents (M age = 13.5), who have been followed since birth as part of a longitudinal study. The primary aim was to test effortful control (EC), activity level, and anger, measured in early childhood - both with mother's reports and laboratory assessments -as predictors of ADHD symptoms in adolescence. Further, we investigated the specificity of this prediction to the different ADHD symptom domains. The results demonstrated that early temperament dimensions of EC and activity level were predictive of ADHD symptoms about 10 years later, when the participants reached adolescence. Moreover, activity level showed specificity only to hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms whereas EC was a predictor of the two symptom domains. Anger had a predictive correlation with ADHD symptoms; however, it did not have a unique predictive contribution. These results emphasize the relevance of EC and activity level in the developmental course of ADHD. Identification of early risk factors can lead to more efficient design and implementation of intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Einziger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Linoy Levi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Zilberman-Hayun
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Judith G Auerbach
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Naama Atzaba-Poria
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84104, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Tarle SJ, Alderson RM, Patros CHG, Arrington EF, Roberts DK. Working memory and behavioral inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an examination of varied central executive demands, construct overlap, and task impurity. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:664-687. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1519068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Tarle
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - R. Matt Alderson
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Delanie K. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Aretouli E. How neuropsychology can inform our understanding of preschool ADHD: Clinical and research implications. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2018; 8:174-181. [PMID: 29364695 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2017.1421463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological assessments in preschoolers have not received as much attention as in older children and adults. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder that occurs in early childhood associated with poor academic and personal outcomes, such as learning and social difficulties. Preschoolers with ADHD may present cognitive deficits that are related with the ADHD symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, but may also interfere, beyond and above the ADHD symptoms, with everyday functioning. Most importantly, cognitive deficits in preschoolers seem to predict future ADHD symptoms. Yet, the practice of neuropsychological assessment in this age-group has been limited. The present selective review highlights the contribution of comprehensive neuropsychological assessments to the early identification of symptomatic preschoolers and to our understanding of the nature and developmental trajectory of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Aretouli
- a Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses planning skills of adolescents with ADHD using a multi-method assessment and explores subtype differences between inattentive and combined subtypes. METHOD One hundred fifteen adolescents with ADHD and 34 typically developing controls completed subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). RESULTS No group differences were found on the D-KEFS. The BADS Zoo Map test showed longer completion times in the inattentive than in the combined subtype and controls. The BRIEF showed more planning problems in adolescents with ADHD (both subtypes) than in controls, with the combined subtype showing most problems on overall executive functioning. CONCLUSION Only a proportion of adolescents with ADHD shows planning deficits. To capture these planning problems in adolescents with ADHD, it seems important to use multiple measures of planning, both ratings and "less structured" neurocognitive measures of planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E Boyer
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Autism & ADHD Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Autism & ADHD Research Center, The Netherlands.,4 Center for Cognitive Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Van der Oord
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,2 KU Leuven, Belgium.,4 Center for Cognitive Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tamm L, Brenner SB, Bamberger ME, Becker SP. Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers? Child Neuropsychol 2018; 24:82-105. [PMID: 27622982 PMCID: PMC5546999 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1225707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms are associated with neurocognitive task performance and ratings of real-world executive functioning (EF) in preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The associations between parent- and teacher-rated SCT symptoms and neuropsychological task performance and ratings of EF in 61 4-year-old preschool children (51 boys, 10 girls) with self-regulation difficulties were examined, with regression analyses controlling for the effects of ADHD inattention symptoms. In the study sample, higher teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of visual-perceptual abilities, auditory and visual attention, sustained and selective attention, inhibitory control, pre-numerical/numerical concepts, and slower processing speed, but SCT symptoms are not significantly associated with working memory, attention shifting or cognitive flexibility when controlling for ADHD inattention. Higher parent-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with visual-perceptual abilities. ADHD inattention symptoms are more strongly associated than SCT with daily life EF ratings; neither parent- nor teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with daily life ratings of inhibition, working memory, or planning/organization after controlling for ADHD inattention. This study suggests that SCT symptoms contribute to EF deficits at least on neurocognitive tasks assessing visual-perceptual/spatial abilities, attention to detail and processing speed, as observed in this sample of young children at risk for ADHD, and may be an important intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Tamm
- a Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Sarah B Brenner
- b Department of School Psychology , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA
| | - Morgan E Bamberger
- a Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Stephen P Becker
- a Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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O'Leary-Barrett M, Mâsse B, Pihl RO, Stewart SH, Séguin JR, Conrod PJ. A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of delaying onset of adolescent substance abuse on cognitive development and addiction following a selective, personality-targeted intervention programme: the Co-Venture trial. Addiction 2017; 112:1871-1881. [PMID: 28544009 DOI: 10.1111/add.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Substance use and binge drinking during early adolescence are associated with neurocognitive abnormalities, mental health problems and an increased risk for future addiction. The trial aims to evaluate the protective effects of an evidence-based substance use prevention programme on the onset of alcohol and drug use in adolescence, as well as on cognitive, mental health and addiction outcomes over 5 years. DESIGN Thirty-eight high schools will be recruited, with a final sample of 31 schools assigned to intervention or control conditions (3826 youth). Brief personality-targeted interventions will be delivered to high-risk youth attending intervention schools during the first year of the trial. Control school participants will receive no intervention above what is offered to them in the regular curriculum by their respective schools. SETTING Public/private French and English high schools in Montreal (Canada). PARTICIPANTS All grade 7 students (12-13 years old) will be invited to participate. High-risk youth will be identified as those scoring one standard deviation or more above the school mean on one of the four personality subscales of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (40-45% youth). MEASUREMENTS Self-reported substance use and mental health symptoms and cognitive functioning measured annually throughout 5 years. Primary outcomes are the onset of substance use disorders at 4 years post-intervention (year 5). Secondary intermediate outcomes are the onset of alcohol and substance use 2 years post-intervention and neuropsychological functions; namely, the protective effects of substance use prevention on cognitive functions generally, and executive functions and reward sensitivity specifically. CONCLUSION This longitudinal, cluster-randomized controlled trial will investigate the impact of a brief personality-targeted intervention program on reducing the onset of addiction 4 years-post intervention. Results will tease apart the developmental sequences of uptake and growth in substance use and cognitive development in adolescence using developmentally sensitive neuropsychological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Mâsse
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.,School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert O Pihl
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Pauli-Pott U, Schloß S, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Becker K. Multiple causal pathways in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – Do emerging executive and motivational deviations precede symptom development? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 25:179-197. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1380177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Heinzel-Gutenbrunner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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36
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Thompson MJJ, Au A, Laver-Bradbury C, Lange AM, Tripp G, Shimabukuro S, Zhang JS, Shuai L, Thompson CE, Daley D, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Adapting an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder parent training intervention to different cultural contexts: The experience of implementing the New Forest Parenting Programme in China, Denmark, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Psych J 2017; 6:83-97. [PMID: 28371554 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP) is a parenting program developed for parents who have a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a manualized program that is delivered in a parent's home over 8 weeks, or in a group format, or through a self-help manual. Three randomized controlled trials have been carried out in the United Kingdom. The NFPP group has adapted the program according to feedback from parents and therapists, and for use with different populations, both within the United Kingdom and internationally. The first international trial took place in New York, United States. Trials in Denmark, Hong Kong, and Japan followed. More recently, a trial of the self-help manual has been carried out in mainland China. This paper will outline the adaptions that were needed in order to be able to deliver the program in different countries with their own expectations of parenting, culture, and language. Training had to be differently focused; manuals and handouts had to be revised, translated and back-translated; and supervision had to be delivered at a distance to maintain the fidelity of the program. The international group will outline their experience of running trials in their own countries with the NFPP in a face-to-face format (Denmark), a group format (Hong Kong and Japan), and a self-help format (mainland China).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J J Thompson
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,CAMHS, Solent NHS Trust, Better Care Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Alma Au
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Anne-Mette Lange
- Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shizuka Shimabukuro
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jin S Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Shuai
- Department of Medical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - David Daley
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine & Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan & NIHR MindTech Health Care Technology Cooperative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edmund J Sonuga-Barke
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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37
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Çak HT, Çengel Kültür SE, Gökler B, Öktem F, Taşkıran C. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Continuous Performance Test in Preschoolers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:260-270. [PMID: 28539944 PMCID: PMC5440428 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine performance-based measures and behavioral ratings of executive functions (EF) as a component of preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Twenty-one 4-to-6-year-old children with ADHD and 52 children with no psychopathology, matched on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and parental education, were enrolled. Parents were interviewed with the use of The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime version. The Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) was administered to the children, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version (BRIEF-P) and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised/Short Form (CPRS-R/S) were filled out by the parents. RESULTS All BRIEF-P and CPRS-R/S scores, the K-CPT measures of inattention and impulsivity were higher in the ADHD group. The CPRS-R/S ADHD index was strongly correlated with inhibition and related indexes in the BRIEF-P and was moderately correlated with inattention measures in the K-CPT. CONCLUSION The current study is one of the few to investigate the features of preschool ADHD with the use of behavioral ratings of EF and a performance-based measure. Our results suggest that the BRIEF-P was able to identify behavioral difficulties in inhibition and working memory and that the K-CPT identified difficulties indicating inattention. The findings of this study support the use of a combination of methods for a complete evaluation of preschoolers with inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior, the application of rating scales for screening ADHD symptoms, and the measurement of behavioral correlates of EF, along with performance-based measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tuna Çak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. Ebru Çengel Kültür
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahar Gökler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Öktem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Candan Taşkıran
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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38
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Trevisan BT, Dias NM, Berberian ADA, Seabra AG. Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory: Adaptação e Propriedades Psicométricas da Versão Brasileira. PSICO-USF 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712017220106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi traduzir, adaptar e investigar propriedades psicométricas da Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) em uma amostra de crianças brasileiras. Após tradução, adaptação transcultural, retrotradução e equivalência semântica, realizada por juízes da área, a versão brasileira da CHEXI foi respondida por pais e professores de 408 crianças, idades entre 4 e 7 anos, também avaliadas com a Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia e SNAP-IV. Elevados índices de consistência interna foram encontrados. A análise fatorial exploratória gerou dois fatores para a versão brasileira: um fator mais geral de funções executivas e um específico de inibição. As pontuações nas subescalas de planejamento, regulação e, marginalmente, memória de trabalho da CHEXI explicaram de modo significativo o indicador de desatenção da SNAP-IV, enquanto a pontuação na subescala de inibição explicou o indicador de hiperatividade/impulsividade. Os resultados fornecem bons parâmetros psicométricos para a CHEXI, além de contribuir para a realização de estudos com funções executivas e indicadores de TDAH no país.
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Capodieci A, Gola ML, Cornoldi C, Re AM. Effects of a working memory training program in preschoolers with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:17-29. [PMID: 28332914 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1307946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been found to exhibit impairments on neuropsychological measures of working memory (WM). As WM is an important predictor of future learning abilities, early intervention could help to prevent severe problems. The purpose of this research was to ascertain the efficacy of an intervention for training WM in 5-year-old children with symptoms of ADHD. METHOD Thirty-four children with symptoms of ADHD were randomly divided into two groups: One was assigned to the WM training condition, and the other continued normal class activities. The training was provided at school in small groups that also included typically developing children. RESULTS The trained group showed a significant improvement in tasks measuring their WM and other controlled processes at conclusion of study, whereas no significant improvement was found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that early intervention on WM may be effective in children with symptoms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Capodieci
- a Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Maria Laura Gola
- a Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Cesare Cornoldi
- a Department of General Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Re
- b Department of Development and Socialization Psychology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Hwa-Froelich DA, Matsuo H, Jacobs K. False Belief Performance of Children Adopted Internationally. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 26:29-43. [PMID: 27959973 DOI: 10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among adoption, individual, and family variables on false belief performance of children adopted internationally (CAI). METHOD Using a quasiexperimental design, thirty-five 4-year-old children adopted from Asian and Eastern European countries before age 2 years were compared with a U.S. group of 33 nonadopted 4-year-old children on a standardized English-language measure, 3 false belief tasks, and a go/no-go inhibition measure. RESULTS The adopted group differed significantly from the U.S. nonadopted group in expressive language and false belief performance. For the adopted group, inhibition measures were significantly correlated with core language scores. Core language scores and number of older siblings predicted false belief performance. CONCLUSIONS Similar to children who are not adopted, language competence and living with older siblings positively influenced social understanding in CAI. Because CAI experience interrupted language acquisition and live with fewer older siblings, they are at risk of having weaker language competence and social understanding in their adopted language. When working with CAI, practitioners should assess social communication, language competence, and inhibition skills. They should assist adoptive families in providing socially mentored opportunities for their children to observe and interact with older children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristal Jacobs
- Saint Louis University, MOKaskaskia Special Education District 801, Centralia, IL
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41
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Tamm L, Epstein JN, Loren REA, Becker SP, Brenner SB, Bamberger ME, Peugh J, Halperin JM. Generating Attention, Inhibition, and Memory: A Pilot Randomized Trial for Preschoolers With Executive Functioning Deficits. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2017; 48:S131-S145. [PMID: 28107027 PMCID: PMC5519457 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1266645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This goal of this study was to assess the initial feasibility and efficacy of a play-based intervention targeting executive functions (EF) and parent-child relationships in preschoolers compared with an active control group. Preschoolers with EF deficits (M age = 3.7 ± 0.47, predominantly White boys) and their parents were randomized to intervention (n = 36) or active control (n = 32) conditions. Child performance on EF tasks, parent and masked teacher ratings of EF and behavior, and masked clinician ratings of severity were collected at baseline and at 3 and 6 months postbaseline. Partial eta-squared effect sizes at .02 or higher comparing performance across the two groups was considered evidence of meaningful, albeit small, intervention effects. Intervention effects were observed for parent ratings of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and number/severity of problems experienced in various home situations, teacher ratings of severity of problems in various school situations, parent and teacher ratings of overall impairment, and clinician ratings of impairment. Intervention effects for functional improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. No effect of the intervention was observed on the objective EF measures, although parent ratings of emotional control were improved for children in the intervention group. An intervention utilizing play-based activities targeting EF, when administered in a structured way by parents, is a promising approach for improving behavior in preschoolers with self-regulation deficits. More work is needed to investigate potential impact on EF and to disentangle mechanisms of action. It may be that the intervention's focus on the structure and quality of parent-child interactions is a mediator of outcomes, rather than improved EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Tamm
- a Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- a Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Richard E A Loren
- a Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Stephen P Becker
- a Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Sarah B Brenner
- b College of Humanities and Social and Behavioral Sciences , Central Michigan University
| | - Morgan E Bamberger
- c Communication Science Research Center , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - James Peugh
- a Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Jeffrey M Halperin
- d The Graduate Center Psychology Program, Queens College , City University of New York
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Houssa M, Volckaert A, Nader-Grosbois N, Noël MP. Differential Impact of an Executive-Function and a Social Cognition Training on Preschoolers with Externalizing Behavior Problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2017.712042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Maier S, Perlov E, Graf E, Dieter E, Sobanski E, Rump M, Warnke A, Ebert D, Berger M, Matthies S, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L. Discrete Global but No Focal Gray Matter Volume Reductions in Unmedicated Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:905-915. [PMID: 26115789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray matter reduction mainly in the anterior cingulate cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum has been reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet, respective data remain contradictory and inconclusive. To clarify if structural alteration in these brain areas can be verified in a large cohort of adult patients and if a history of stimulant medication has an effect on brain structure, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in the context of a clinical trial on the efficacy of group psychotherapy, clinical management, methylphenidate, and placebo (Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study Trial). METHODS Between January 2007 and August 2010, 1480 patients from seven study centers across Germany, aged 18 to 58, were prescreened; 518 were assessed for eligibility; 433 were randomized; and 187 were eligible for neuroimaging. The control group included 121 healthy volunteers. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data sets were acquired. Following strict quality control, 131 patient and 95 control data sets could be analyzed. All patients were unmedicated for at least 6 months. The established method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM8 segmentation and diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie normalization) was used to assess global and regional brain volumes. RESULTS Patients displayed subtle global cerebral volume reductions. There was no evidence of regional gray matter volume abnormalities. The inattentive ADHD subtype was linked to smaller volumes in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A history of previous medication did not modulate brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adulthood is associated with global rather than regional volumetric abnormalities. Previous use of stimulant medication does not seem to modify subsequent brain volumes in a significant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Perlov
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika Graf
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Dieter
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marthe Rump
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Berger
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany..
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Bourque J, Baker TE, Dagher A, Evans AC, Garavan H, Leyton M, Séguin JR, Pihl R, Conrod PJ. Effects of delaying binge drinking on adolescent brain development: a longitudinal neuroimaging study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:445. [PMID: 27955636 PMCID: PMC5153672 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onset of alcohol use by 14 relative to 21 years of age strongly predicts elevated risk for severe alcohol use problems, with 27% versus 4% of individuals exhibiting alcohol dependence within 10 years of onset. What remains unclear is whether this early alcohol use (i) is a marker for later problems, reflected as a pre-existing developmental predisposition, (ii) causes global neural atrophy or (iii) specifically disturbs neuro-maturational processes implicated in addiction, such as executive functions or reward processing. Since our group has demonstrated that a novel intervention program targeting personality traits associated with adolescent alcohol use can prevent the uptake of drinking and binge drinking by 40 to 60%, a crucial question is whether prevention of early onset alcohol misuse will protect adolescent neurodevelopment and which domains of neurodevelopment can be protected. METHODS A subsample of 120 youth at high risk for substance misuse and 30 low-risk youth will be recruited from the Co-Venture trial (Montreal, Canada) to take part in this 5-year follow-up neuroimaging study. The Co-Venture trial is a community-based cluster-randomised trial evaluating the effectiveness of school-based personality-targeted interventions on substance use and cognitive outcomes involving approximately 3800 Grade 7 youths. Half of the 120 high-risk participants will have received the preventative intervention program. Cognitive tasks and structural and functional neuroimaging scans will be conducted at baseline, and at 24- and 48-month follow-up. Two functional paradigms will be used: the Stop-Signal Task to measure motor inhibitory control and a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay Task to evaluate reward processing. DISCUSSION The expected results should help identify biological vulnerability factors, and quantify the consequences of early alcohol abuse as well as the benefits of early intervention using brain metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Bourque
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Québec H3T 1C5 Canada ,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Travis E. Baker
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Alan C. Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Marco Leyton
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec Canada ,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec Canada ,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean R. Séguin
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Québec H3T 1C5 Canada ,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Robert Pihl
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Québec H3T 1C5 Canada ,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mono.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yeari M, Avramovich A, Schiff R. Online inferential and textual processing by adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during reading comprehension: Evidence from a probing method. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:485-501. [PMID: 27681540 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1236906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have demonstrated that students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) struggle particularly with grasping the implicit, inferential level of narratives that is crucial for story comprehension. However, these studies used offline tasks (i.e., after story presentation), used indirect measurements (e.g., identifying main ideas), and/or yielded inconclusive results using think-aloud techniques. Moreover, most studies were conducted with preschool or elementary school children with ADHD, using listening or televised story comprehension. In this study, we were interested in examining the spontaneous, immediate activation and/or suppression of forward-predictive inferences, backward-explanatory inferences, and inference-evoking textual information, as they occur online during reading comprehension by adolescents with ADHD. METHOD Participants with and without ADHD read short narrative texts, each of which included a predictive sentence, a bridging sentence that referred back to the predictive sentence via actualization of the predicted event, and two intervening sentences positioned between the predictive and bridging sentences that introduced a temporary transition from the main (predictive) episode. Activation and suppression of inferential and/or textual information were assessed using naming times of word probes that were implied by the preceding text, explicitly mentioned in it, or neither when following control texts. In some cases, a true-false inferential or textual question followed the probe. RESULTS Naming facilitations were observed for the control but not for the ADHD group, in responding to inference probes that followed the predictive and bridging sentences, and to text probes that followed the predictive sentences. Participants with ADHD were accurate, albeit slower, than controls in answering the true-false questions. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ADHD have difficulties in generating predictive and explanatory inferences and in retaining relevant textual information in working memory while reading, although they can answer questions after reading when texts are relatively short. These findings are discussed with regard to development of comprehension strategies for individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem Yeari
- a School of Education , Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Adi Avramovich
- a School of Education , Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Rachel Schiff
- a School of Education , Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan , Israel
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Gleason MM, Humphreys KL. CATEGORICAL DIAGNOSIS OF EXTREME HYPERACTIVITY, IMPULSIVITY, AND INATTENTION IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN. Infant Ment Health J 2016; 37:476-85. [PMID: 27603932 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe hyperactivity and impulsivity are common reasons for referral to infant mental health services. Past versions of ZERO TO THREE's () diagnostic nosology, the Diagnostic Classification of Mental and Developmental Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood (DC:0-3), did not address this clinical issue because it had been addressed in other nosologies. These general diagnostic nosologies describe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but with little attention to developmentally specific aspects of the diagnosis in very young children. Categorical diagnosis related to hyperactivity and impulsivity in very young children warrants careful review of existing literature. Explicit attention must be paid to ensure that categorical diagnoses serve to describe syndromes that cause significant impairment to the family to allow children and families to access effective supports and ensure that behaviors typical of the developmental level are not described as pathologic. This article reviews proposed diagnostic criteria for ADHD and overactivity disorder of toddlerhood as well as the rationale for the criteria and evidence supporting validity and reliability of the diagnoses in very young children. Clinical implications also are presented.
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Pila-Nemutandani RG, Meyer A. Behaviour planning and problem solving deficiencies in children with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from the Balobedu culture, Limpopo province, South Africa. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:109-21. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nilsen ES, Rints A, Ethier N, Moroz S. Mother-Child Communication: The Influence of ADHD Symptomatology and Executive Functioning on Paralinguistic Style. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1203. [PMID: 27559327 PMCID: PMC4978724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralinguistic style, involving features of speech such as pitch and volume, is an important aspect of one's communicative competence. However, little is known about the behavioral traits and cognitive skills that relate to these aspects of speech. This study examined the extent to which ADHD traits and executive functioning (EF) related to the paralinguistic styles of 8- to 12-year-old children and their mothers. Data was collected via parent report (ADHD traits), independent laboratory tasks of EF (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility), and an interactive problem-solving task (completed by mothers and children jointly) which was coded for paralinguistic speech elements (i.e., pitch level/variability; volume level/variability). Dyadic data analyses revealed that elevated ADHD traits in children were associated with a more exaggerated paralinguistic style (i.e., elevated and more variable pitch/volume) for both mothers and children. Mothers' paralinguistic style was additionally predicted by an interaction of mothers' and children's ADHD traits, such that mothers with elevated ADHD traits showed exaggerated paralinguistic styles particularly when their children also had elevated ADHD traits. Highlighting a cognitive mechanism, children with weaker inhibitory control showed more exaggerated paralinguistic styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Nilsen
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Ami Rints
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Nicole Ethier
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Sarah Moroz
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
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Petersen IT, Hoyniak CP, McQuillan ME, Bates JE, Staples AD. Measuring the development of inhibitory control: The challenge of heterotypic continuity. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2016; 40:25-71. [PMID: 27346906 PMCID: PMC4917209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is thought to demonstrate heterotypic continuity, in other words, continuity in its purpose or function but changes in its behavioral manifestation over time. This creates major methodological challenges for studying the development of inhibitory control in childhood including construct validity, developmental appropriateness and sensitivity of measures, and longitudinal factorial invariance. We meta-analyzed 198 studies using measures of inhibitory control, a key aspect of self-regulation, to estimate age ranges of usefulness for each measure. The inhibitory control measures showed limited age ranges of usefulness owing to ceiling/floor effects. Tasks were useful, on average, for a developmental span of less than 3 years. This suggests that measuring inhibitory control over longer spans of development may require use of different measures at different time points, seeking to measure heterotypic continuity. We suggest ways to study the development of inhibitory control, with overlapping measurement in a structural equation modeling framework and tests of longitudinal factorial or measurement invariance. However, as valuable as this would be for the area, we also point out that establishing longitudinal factorial invariance is neither sufficient nor necessary for examining developmental change. Any study of developmental change should be guided by theory and construct validity, aiming toward a better empirical and theoretical approach to the selection and combination of measures.
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