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Tse DMS, Kiu OTW, Yeo VA, Kiu ECY, Yip P, Ip P, Choi EPH, Wong WCW. Impacts of electronic device use on adolescents' sexual knowledge, attitude and perception during the COVID-19 pandemic: A representative sexuality survey. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1034155. [PMID: 37064680 PMCID: PMC10098194 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1034155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has led to school closure and social distancing measures for infection control. Many young people thus spent more time on electronic devices and the Internet. This study aimed to determine if and how sexual knowledge, perception and behavior as well as sexuality among Hong Kong adolescents were affected as a result.MethodsYouth Sexuality Study conducted by The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong (FPAHK) evaluated the sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors and sexual health of youth every 5 years since 1981 with adaptations made to the changing environment. We analyzed this cross-sectional data on sexual knowledge, attitude, and experiences as well as the impacts of COVID-19 on daily life, health and relationships. Univariate analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between the time spent on electronic devices and sexuality, while mediation analyses using the PROCESS procedure were performed to further explore differences in time spent on electronic devices.ResultsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of our participants spent more time on social media and browsing the Internet on electronic devices with less time for extracurricular activities and learning. Nonetheless, there was better overall sexual knowledge and a lower degree of sexual stigma with a higher overall acceptance of sexual minorities. The mediation analyses found that sexual content [Conditional effect = 0.024 (95% CI 0.008, 0.043)] and engagement online [Conditional effect = 0.036 (CI 0.021, 0.053)] could indirectly influence the effect of screen time on the frequency of sexual practices.ConclusionPolicymakers and frontline professionals should re-examine the pedagogy of the present sex education and consider online sex education as the key mode of delivery while guiding the proper use of electronic devices in the learning and exploration of sexual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Man-Sik Tse
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Omar Tsui Wai Kiu
- School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victoria Anna Yeo
- School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elkie Chan Yu Kiu
- School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Hong Kong Jockey Club, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edmond Pui Hang Choi
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Chi Wai Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: William Chi Wai Wong
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Aubrey JS, Yan K, Terán L, Roberts L. The Heterosexual Script on Tween, Teen, and Young-Adult Television Programs: A Content Analytic Update and Extension. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:1134-1145. [PMID: 31829727 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1699895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a well-cited 2007 paper in Journal of Sex Research, Kim and colleagues proposed and documented a heterosexual script on primetime television. In the present study, we provide a 15-year update on the portrayal of the heterosexual script, and we further examine how it relates to three contextual variables: target age of the audience, age of the characters, and relational context of the script. Drawing from a 2016 sample of television programs that featured tween, teen, or young-adult characters, we documented three complementary sexual scripts: the sexual double standard (sexuality is equated with masculinity, women's virtue is tied to their sexuality), commitment (men avoid commitment, women seek it), and homophobia (men must avoid homosexuality, female homosexuality is voyeuristically appealing to men). Like the Kim et al. study, the dominant heterosexual script was sex as masculinity; this script was equally represented in tween, teen, and young-adult shows. The second most common script was that men prioritize sex over commitment, followed by the notion that women's virtue is tied to their sexuality. The commitment scripts were most often invoked by young-adult and adult characters, while the sexual double standard scripts were more pronounced in hookups than in committed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona
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3
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Seidu AA, Darteh EKM, Kumi-Kyereme A, Dickson KS, Ahinkorah BO. Paid sex among men in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of the demographic and health survey. SSM Popul Health 2019; 11:100459. [PMID: 32875050 PMCID: PMC7451820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paying for sex is regarded as a risky sexual behavior (RSB) among heterosexual men. Men paying for sex are considered to be a bridging population for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Despite the link between paid sex and sexual and reproductive health outcomes such as STIs, little is known about the prevalence and factors associated with paid sex among men in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the prevalence of paid sex and the socio-demographic factors associated with it among men in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The study made use of pooled data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted from January 1, 2010 to December 3, 2016 in 27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between the explanatory and the outcome variables. Results The results of the study showed that of the 139,427 men who participated in the study, 4.3% reported they had paid for sex in the 12 months preceding the survey. Men in Mozambique had the highest proportion (13.6%) of paying for sex in the 12 months preceding the survey. The results of the multivariable analysis indicated that men from DR Congo [AOR = 9.74; 95% CI = 7.45-12.73], men who had completed only primary level of education [AOR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.18-1.45], men aged 25-34 years [AOR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.26-3.56], men belonging to "other" religious groups [AOR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.09-1.32] and men who were employed [AOR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.58-1.90] had higher odds of paying for sex. Men who were divorced [AOR = 4.52; 95% = 3.89-5.25], men who read newspaper/magazine almost every day [AOR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.12-1.63], men who listened to radio almost every day [AOR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.05-1.36] and men who watched television at least once a week [AOR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01-1.19] also had higher odds of paying for sex. On the other hand, men in rural areas [AOR = 0.88; 95%CI = 0.82-0.95], men in the richest wealth quintile [AOR = 0.83; 95%CI = 0.74-0.93] and those with tertiary level of education [AOR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.65-0.90] had lower odds of paying for sex. Conclusion The odds of paid sex were high among men with only primary level of education, men aged 25-34, men who professed 'other' religious affiliation, men who are employed and men who are divorced. However, paid sex was low among men in the richest wealth quintile, men with tertiary level of education and men living in rural areas. This means that the decision to pay for sex is influenced by several social and demographic factors. Hence, these factors should be taken into consideration for sexual and reproductive health interventions and services. Policy and interventional measures should aim at reducing high-risk behavior of men who pay for sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
- Corresponding author.
| | | | | | | | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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4
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Jozkowski KN, Marcantonio TL, Rhoads KE, Canan S, Hunt ME, Willis M. A Content Analysis of Sexual Consent and Refusal Communication in Mainstream Films. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:754-765. [PMID: 30973272 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1595503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Young adults have limited access to comprehensive sex education. As such, they may seek sexuality information through such alternative sources, such as mass media. Previous research suggests that media, including films and television shows, can influence sexual behaviors and attitudes. Because sexual consent communication is important to sexual experiences, the purpose of this study was to assess how sexual consent and refusal communication were depicted in films. We also examined contextual factors that influence consent and refusal communication, such as gender, relationship status, location, and types of sexual behaviors. Four researchers analyzed popular mainstream films (N = 50) from 2013 based on a codebook developed inductively and deductively. The most common consent and refusal communication cues were nonverbal or implicit. The majority of scenes portrayed consent immediately before sexual activity. We also conducted chi-squared analyses to assess differences in consent and refusal communication based on gender and relationship status. There were no gender differences in the portrayal of consent cues; however, characters in established relationships used nonverbal cues more often than those in novel relationships. Mass media can normalize behaviors, and our results suggest that films may further normalize nonverbal or implicit consent cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Jozkowski
- a Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation , University of Arkansas; and The Kinsey Institute Indiana University
| | | | - Kelley E Rhoads
- c School of Community Health Sciences, Counseling, and Counseling Psychology , Oklahoma State University
| | - Sasha Canan
- d Department of Health and Physical Education , Monmouth University
| | - Mary E Hunt
- b Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation , University of Arkansas
| | - Malachi Willis
- b Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation , University of Arkansas
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5
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Kinsler JJ, Glik D, de Castro Buffington S, Malan H, Nadjat-Haiem C, Wainwright N, Papp-Green M. A Content Analysis of How Sexual Behavior and Reproductive Health are Being Portrayed on Primetime Television Shows Being Watched by Teens and Young Adults. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:644-651. [PMID: 29388796 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1431020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Television is a leading source of sexual education for teens and young adults, thus it is important to understand how sexual behavior and reproductive health are portrayed in popular primetime programming. This study is a media content analysis of the 19 top-rated scripted English-language primetime television shows aired between January 1, 2015 and May 31, 2015, and viewed by American youth audiences 12-24 years of age. The purpose of this study is to assess how sex/sexuality and reproductive health are being portrayed in a popular medium that reaches many adolescent and young adult audiences. Themes used for this analysis include youth pregnancy/parenting, mentoring/guidance of youth regarding sexual behavior, sex/sexuality, body image/identity, sexual violence/abuse/harassment, gender identity/sexual orientation, and reproductive health. Themes have been classified in one of the following six categories: visual cues, brief mentions, dialogue, minor storylines, major storylines, and multi-episode storylines. Our findings indicate that narratives providing educational information regarding the risks and consequences of sexual behavior were missing from the television shows we analyzed and that storylines promoting low risk sexual behavior were rare. Sexual violence and abuse, casual sex among adults, lack of contraception use, or no portrayal of consequences of risky behaviors were common. Compared to prior research, we found an emergent theme normalizing non-heterosexual gender identity and sexual orientation. Our findings have important implications as exposure to popular media shapes the perceptions and behaviors of teens and young adults. This study has the potential to shed light on the need to create stories and narratives in television shows watched by American teens and young adults with educational messages regarding the risks and consequences of sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni J Kinsler
- a Department of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research
| | - Deborah Glik
- b Department of Community Health Sciences , Fielding School of Public Health
| | | | - Hannah Malan
- d Department of Community Health Sciences , Fielding School of Public Health
| | - Carsten Nadjat-Haiem
- e Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
| | - Nicole Wainwright
- d Department of Community Health Sciences , Fielding School of Public Health
| | - Melissa Papp-Green
- f Department of Community Health Sciences , Fielding School of Public Health
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6
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Coyne SM, Ward LM, Kroff SL, Davis EJ, Holmgren HG, Jensen AC, Erickson SE, Essig LW. Contributions of Mainstream Sexual Media Exposure to Sexual Attitudes, Perceived Peer Norms, and Sexual Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:430-436. [PMID: 30691937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decades of research have examined the impact of exposure to nonexplicit portrayals of sexual content in media. There is only one meta-analysis on this topic, which suggests that exposure to "sexy media" has little to no effect on sexual behavior. There are a number of limitations to the existing meta-analysis, and the purpose of this updated meta-analysis was to examine associations between exposure to sexual media and users' attitudes and sexual behavior. METHODS A thorough literature search was conducted to find relevant articles. Each study was coded for associations between exposure to sexual media and one of six outcomes including sexual attitudes (permissive attitudes, peer norms, and rape myths) and sexual behaviors (general sexual behavior, age of sexual initiation, and risky sexual behavior). RESULTS Results from 59 studies, involving 394 effect sizes, revealed that exposure to sexual media had a small but significant effect on both sexual attitudes and behaviors; the effect size was comparable to other media effects meta-analyses. Effects were stronger for adolescents than emerging adults. In addition, effects were stronger for boys than girls and for white participants compared with black participants. CONCLUSION This study suggests that exposure to nonexplicit sexual media is associated with both sexual attitudes and behavior, particularly during adolescence. Implications for parents, media producers, and researchers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Coyne
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
| | - L Monique Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Emilie J Davis
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | | | - Sarah E Erickson
- Communications Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lee W Essig
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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7
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Bleakley A, Ellithorpe ME, Prince L, Hennessy M, Khurana A, Jamieson PE, Weitz I. Do you see what I see? A character analysis of health risk behaviors in television shows popular with Black adolescents in the US. JOURNAL OF CHILDREN AND MEDIA 2018; 12:478-495. [PMID: 30643541 PMCID: PMC6329382 DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2018.1487310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents spend many hours per day watching television, and there are racial differences in time spent watching television and in show preferences. Prior research suggests there are also differential associations in how exposure to media content affects adolescent behavior. This study examines the demographic representation of main characters and health risk behaviors (i.e., sex, alcohol use, violence, bullying, and their combinations) portrayed in television content popular with Black and non-Black adolescents. A content analysis of television show characters (n=377) from the 2014-15 season was conducted on shows popular with 14-17 year old adolescent audiences in the United States. Group popularity was determined by Nielsen ratings segmented by Black and non-Black (primarily White) adolescents. Results suggest that character representation varies by whether shows were popular with Blacks or others, and that risk portrayals are common in all popular content with few group differences. Implications for adolescent behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Corresponding author: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.573.1961
| | - Morgan E Ellithorpe
- Department of Advertising & Public Relations, College of Communication Arts & Sciences, Michigan State University, 369 Communication Arts & Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; , 517.355.0256
| | - Lisa Prince
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 1101 market Street, 9 Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107; ; 215.573.1961
| | - Michael Hennessy
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; ; 215.898.7041
| | - Atika Khurana
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, 369 HEDCO Education Building, Eugene, OR 97403; , 541.346.5540
| | - Patrick E Jamieson
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 202 S. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.746.5374
| | - Ilana Weitz
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 202 S. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.746.0303
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8
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Timmermans E, Van den Bulck J. Casual Sexual Scripts on the Screen: A Quantitative Content Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1481-1496. [PMID: 29589163 PMCID: PMC5954064 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While existing content analyses have provided insightful information in terms of contextual factors and frequency of sexual behaviors, not much is known about the relational context in which sexual depictions generally occur. The current study addresses this void by employing content analytic methods to measure the frequency and context of depictions of sexual behavior within nine popular television shows produced in the U.S., while taking into account the type of sexual behavior. The results suggest that, in the analyzed television shows, sexual behaviors within a casual sexual context were almost as frequently shown as sexual behaviors within a committed relationship context. Whereas sexual behaviors within a committed relationship context were mainly limited to passionate kissing, sexual behaviors within a casual sexual context mostly consisted of explicit portrayals of sexual intercourse. Additionally, genre seemed to be an important factor when examining casual sexual television content. The situational comedy genre, for example, had no explicit portrayals of intercourse and mainly portrayed kissing couples within a committed relationship. The comedy drama genre, on the contrary, had the largest proportion of explicit sexual portrayals, usually between casual sexual partners. A second goal of this study was to analyze the portrayals of the typical casual sexual experience script and the typical casual sexual relationship script in which these sexual behaviors often occur. For instance, our analyses revealed that female characters were more likely to initiate casual sex compared to male characters. Moreover, casual sex often occurred between former partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Timmermans
- Department of Media and Communication, Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Van den Bulck
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Bleakley A, Khurana A, Hennessy M, Ellithorpe M. How Patterns of Learning About Sexual Information Among Adolescents Are Related to Sexual Behaviors. PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2018; 50:15-23. [PMID: 29461684 PMCID: PMC5844858 DOI: 10.1363/psrh.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Parents, peers and media are informal sources of sexual information for adolescents. Although the content of sexual information communicated by these sources is known to vary, little is known about what adolescents report actually learning from each source. METHODS Data from 1,990 U.S.14-17-year-olds who participated in an online survey in 2015 were used to assess learning about four topics (sex, condoms, hormonal birth control and romantic relationships) from three informal sources (parents, peers, and television and movies). Gender and race differences in learning by source and topic were assessed using t tests. Following a factor analysis, learning about all topics was grouped by source, and regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between learning from each source and three outcomes: sexual activity, condom use and hormonal birth control use. Models included interactions between information sources and race and gender. RESULTS White adolescents reported learning more from parents and less from media than black adolescents. Compared with males, females learned more about hormonal birth control and less about condoms from their parents, and more about relationships from peers and media. Learning from parents and from peers were positively associated with adolescents' sexual activity (unstandardized coefficients, 0.26 and 0.52, respectively). Learning from parents was positively associated with condom use (odds ratio, 1.5). CONCLUSION Adolescents' learning about sex from informal sources varies by race and gender. Future research should examine whether sexual health interventions and message development can capitalize on these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Senior research scientist, The Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Atika Khurana
- Associate professor, Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene
| | - Michael Hennessy
- Statistician, The Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Morgan Ellithorpe
- Assistant professor, Department of Advertising and Public Relations, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing
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10
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Stevens EM. What's so appealing? An examination of emotional appeals and viewer engagement in safe-sex PSAs and condom advertisements. Health Mark Q 2018; 35:18-31. [PMID: 29452061 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2017.1375241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Whereas advertisements strive to increase revenue, PSAs work to educate and inform. Even though both share the similar goal of persuasion, advertising tends to lead to more effective sales, unlike PSAs, which can have little effect on audience behaviors. Using a systematic, quantitative content analysis, this study examines emotional appeals and viewer engagement in safe-sex PSAs and condom advertisements in online videos (N = 132). PSAs with humor appeals received more viewer attention in terms of views, comments, and ratings than humorous advertisements. Recommendations for designing public health campaigns are discussed in terms of specific appeals for garnering audience attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Stevens
- a Journalism & Mass Communication , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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11
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Scull TM, Malik CV, Kupersmidt JB. Understanding the unique role of media message processing in predicting adolescent sexual behavior intentions in the United States. JOURNAL OF CHILDREN AND MEDIA 2017; 12:258-274. [PMID: 30034508 PMCID: PMC6051720 DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2017.1403937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role that media message processing variables stemming from the Message Interpretation Process (MIP) model play in adolescents' intentions to engage in sexual activity. Data collected from 873 adolescents in the United States were examined in an ordered logistic regression model containing demographic variables; attitudes; self-efficacy; parent and peer normative beliefs; and media message processing variables. The analyses revealed that media message processing variables have a unique influence on adolescent sexual intentions above and beyond the influence of all the other predictors. Specifically, higher levels of perceived realism of, perceived similarity to, and identification with media messages were related to higher levels of adolescent sexual intent. These findings support the relevance of logical processing of media messages for adolescent intentions for sexual activity and suggest that this may be a possible cognitive mechanism to address in media literacy education programs focusing on promoting healthy decision-making.
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12
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Dillman Carpentier FR. Priming Sexual and Romantic Representations in Two Media Environments: Sex Encourages and Romance Discourages Sexual Permissiveness … Sometimes. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:706-716. [PMID: 27355095 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1189870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments (Ns = 314, 447) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of sexual cues in temporarily increasing young adults' self-reported sexual permissiveness, as well as the effects of romantic cues in temporarily decreasing permissiveness. Participants were exposed to sexual or romantic cues embedded as a theme-defining component of an online game (Study 1) or in advertisements peripheral to the online game (Study 2). Sexual and romantic conditions were compared against a control condition. As hypothesized, participants in the romantic conditions rated themselves lower in sexual permissiveness, compared to participants in the sexual and control conditions, particularly when participants positively evaluated the online game experience. Findings suggest that exposure to entertaining media depictions of two people, as a committed couple, expressing love, as well as lust, for each other might deter young adults from considering engagement in casual sexual encounters indicative of "hookup culture."
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Seabrook RC, Ward LM, Cortina LM, Giaccardi S, Lippman JR. Girl Power or Powerless Girl? Television, Sexual Scripts, and Sexual Agency in Sexually Active Young Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684316677028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both traditional gender roles and traditional heterosexual scripts outline sexual roles for women that center on sexual passivity, prioritizing others’ needs, and self-silencing. Acceptance of these roles is associated with diminished sexual agency. Because mainstream media are a prominent source of traditional gender portrayals, we hypothesized that media use would be associated with diminished sexual agency for women, as a consequence of the traditional sexual roles conveyed. We modeled the relations among television (TV) use, acceptance of gendered sexual scripts, and sexual agency (sexual assertiveness, condom use self-efficacy, and sexual shame) in 415 sexually active undergraduate women. As expected, both TV exposure and perceived realism of TV content were associated with greater endorsement of gendered sexual scripts, which in turn were associated with lower sexual agency. Endorsement of gendered sexual scripts fully mediated the relation between TV use and sexual agency. Results suggest that endorsement of traditional gender roles and sexual scripts may be an important predictor of college women’s sexual agency. Interventions targeting women’s sexual health should focus on encouraging media literacy and dismantling gender stereotypic heterosexual scripts. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C. Seabrook
- Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L. Monique Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lilia M. Cortina
- Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Soraya Giaccardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julia R. Lippman
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Jozkowski KN, Canan SN, Rhoads K, Hunt M. Methodological Considerations for Content Analysis of Sexual Consent Communication in Mainstream Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2374623816679184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Young adults and college students who receive limited information about certain facets of sexuality, such as how to initiate sex and communicate consent, may turn to television and film for models. In fact, previous research suggests that young adults seek out media content such as television and film to obtain information about sexuality particularly in the absence of other sources of information. As such, it is important to understand the types of actions and behaviors modeled in mainstream media with regard to sexual activity. The overarching goal of the current study was to examine how sexual consent is depicted in mainstream film. However, we found there was limited information to guide the methodological design of such a study. Drawing on previous research, we developed a unique set of analytic procedures for conducting such a specific content analysis. The current article details our methodological approach including (1) how we developed our analytic procedures, (2) our rationale for developing these procedures, and (3) justification for deviating from previous procedures. This article concludes with a discussion regarding limitations of our study and lessons learned for conducting similar studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N. Jozkowski
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sasha N. Canan
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kelley Rhoads
- School of Applied Health & Educational Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mary Hunt
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Flynn MA, Morin D, Park SY, Stana A. "Let's Get This Party Started!": An Analysis of Health Risk Behavior on MTV Reality Television Shows. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2015; 20:1382-1390. [PMID: 26496676 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past research has examined portrayals of risk behavior in various media, including television, advertising, and film. To address an underexplored area, this study analyzed drinking, smoking, and sexual activities in MTV reality programming popular among adolescent viewers from 2004 to 2011. Cast members' demographic attributes were also examined in relation to their risk behaviors. Results demonstrated that drinking and casual sexual behaviors were pervasive among cast members. Smoking and more intense sexual behaviors were also present, but to a smaller degree. Men and young adult cast members were more likely to engage in risk behaviors than women and teenage cast members. Also, ethnic/racial minority characters were shown drinking more often than were White cast members. Interpretations of these findings are discussed based in social cognitive theory and the concept of super peers. Implications for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Flynn
- a Department of Communication, Languages, & Cultures , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , South Carolina , USA
| | - David Morin
- b Utah Valley University , Orem , Utah , USA
| | - Sung-Yeon Park
- c Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
| | - Alexandru Stana
- d Fayetteville State University , Fayetteville , North Carolina , USA
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Martin SP, McDaid LM, Hilton S. Double-standards in reporting of risk and responsibility for sexual health: a qualitative content analysis of negatively toned UK newsprint articles. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:792. [PMID: 25092156 PMCID: PMC4131062 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The need to challenge messages that reinforce harmful negative discourses around sexual risk and responsibility is a priority in improving sexual health. The mass media are an important source of information regularly alerting, updating and influencing public opinions and the way in which sexual health issues are framed may play a crucial role in shaping expectations of who is responsible for sexual health risks and healthy sexual practices. Methods We conducted an in-depth, qualitative analysis of 85 negatively toned newspaper articles reporting on sexual health topics to examine how risk and responsibility have been framed within these in relation to gender. Articles published in 2010 in seven UK and three Scottish national newspapers were included. A latent content analysis approach was taken, focusing on interpreting the underlying meaning of text. Results A key theme in the articles was men being framed as a risk to women’s sexual health, whilst it was part of a women’s role to “resist” men’s advances. Such discourses tended to portray a power imbalance in sexual relationships between women and men. A number of articles argued that it was women who needed to take more responsibility for sexual health. Articles repeatedly suggested that women and teenage girls in particular, lacked the skills and confidence to negotiate safer sex and sex education programmes were often presented as having failed. Men were frequently portrayed as being more promiscuous and engaging in more risky sexual health behaviours than women, yet just one article drew attention to the lack of focus on male responsibility for sexual health. Gay men were used as a bench mark against which rates were measured and framed as being a risk and at risk. Conclusions The framing of men as a risk to women, whilst women are presented at the same time as responsible for patrolling sexual encounters, organising contraception and preventing sexual ill health reinforces gender stereotypes and undermines efforts to promote a collective responsibility for sexual health. This has implications for sexual ill health prevention and could continue to reinforce a negative culture around sex, relationships and sexual health in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Martin
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3QB, Scotland.
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17
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Dillman Carpentier FR, Parrott MS, Northup CT. When First Comes Love (or Lust): How Romantic and Sexual Cues Bias First Impressions in Online Social Networking. The Journal of Social Psychology 2014; 154:423-40. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2014.933158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Asekun-Olarinmoye OS, Asekun-Olarinmoye EO, Adebimpe WO, Omisore AG. Effect of mass media and Internet on sexual behavior of undergraduates in Osogbo metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2014; 5:15-23. [PMID: 24729737 PMCID: PMC3956478 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s54339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The influence of media portrayals of sexual attitudes and normative expectations of young people at a critical developmental stage is of public health concern. Objectives To examine the role of mass media and Internet utilization in shaping the sexual health attitudes and behaviors of young undergraduates in Osogbo metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria. Materials and methods In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 400 undergraduates were selected using a multistage random sampling technique. Four hundred and fifty pretested, semistructured questionnaires were distributed; of these, 400 were returned properly filled. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 16. Results Mean age of respondents ± standard deviation was 23.6±2.99 years. Most were aware of the various forms of mass media (>95%). Most (64.0%) respondents spent 1–5 hours watching television, daily, and most used the Internet often. About 38.3% and 24.2% of respondents used the Internet and radio/television, respectively, as sources of information on sexual issues. Most respondents used the Internet for school assignments (83.0%, n=332), electronic mail (89.0%, n=356), and for accessing sexually explicit materials (74.5%, n=298). Most of the respondents (73.5%) opined that the Internet has a bad influence on youths’ sexual behavior, although accessing the Internet for sexual material or movies was acceptable to 25.3% of them. Of the 226 respondents who had ever had sex, 226 (100%), 37 (16.4%), 31 (13.7%), and 10 (4.4%) practiced coitus, oral sex, masturbation, and anal sex, respectively; 122 (54.0%) always used condoms, whereas 90 (40.0%) never used condoms during sexual activity; 33 (14.6%) had had sex with commercial sex workers. Further analysis showed that those who were yet to marry (single) were less likely to be sexually experienced than those who were married (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.075, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.008–0.679), and those who said accessing the Internet for sexual material is not acceptable to them were also less likely to be sexually experienced than those to whom it was acceptable (AOR =0.043, 95% CI =0.016–0.122). Predictors of having multiple sexual partners include the sex of the respondent and the frequency of Internet use, with females (AOR =0.308, 95% CI =0.113–0.843) and those who rarely use the Internet less likely to have multiple sexual partners. Conclusion We conclude that uncontrolled exposure to mass media and Internet could negatively influence the sexual patterns and behavior of youths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther O Asekun-Olarinmoye
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Wasiu O Adebimpe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Akin G Omisore
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Adams-Bass, Bentley-Edwards, Stevenson. That's Not Me I See on TV . . . : African American Youth Interpret Media Images of Black Females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.2.1.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Ragsdale K, Bersamin M, Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Kerrick R, Grube JW. Development of sexual expectancies among adolescents: contributions by parents, peers and the media. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 51:551-60. [PMID: 23631710 PMCID: PMC3884044 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2012.753025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To expand the scant research on sexual expectancies development among non-sexually active adolescents, we examined the relationship between adolescents' exposure to four socializing agents--mother/female guardian, father/male guardian, peers, and television programs with high sexual content--and their endorsement of four sexual expectancies: social benefit, pleasure, social risk, and health risk. Data are from Waves 2 and 3 of a three-wave annual longitudinal study conducted among California adolescents, the majority of whom were not sexually active (N = 914, 84%). Structural equation models were conducted to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the socializing agents and the sexual expectancies. Cross-sectional results indicate associations between peer sexual communication and social benefit, pleasure, and social risk expectancies. A positive association was found between exposure to music videos and social benefit expectancies, and a negative association was found between exposure to music videos and health risk expectancies. Longitudinal results suggest that communication with peers positively predicted pleasure expectancies and negatively predicted social risk expectancies. No other socializing agents were associated with any sexual expectancies. An invariance test found that significant correlations were similar across the different age groups. Results suggest that efforts to support positive sexual decision making among non-sexually active adolescents should target peer sexual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melina Bersamin
- Corresponding author. 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819. . Tel: 916-278-7368
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
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Pariera KL, Hether HJ, Murphy ST, Buffington SDC, Baezconde-Garbanati L. Portrayals of reproductive and sexual health on prime-time television. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2013; 29:698-706. [PMID: 24156468 PMCID: PMC3991766 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2013.774653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Prime-time broadcast television provides health information and establishes norms for millions of people in the United States (Beck, 2004; Brodie et al., 2001; Murphy & Cody, 2003; Rideout, 2008). To understand what people may be learning about reproductive and sexual health, a content analysis was conducted of story lines from the 10 most popular prime-time television programs in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Variables that were measured included the frequency of reproductive and sexual health issues, the level of health information, the type of information portrayed, the gain and loss frames, the presence of stigma, the tone, and the type of role model portrayed. Eighty-seven of the 589 health story lines dealt with reproductive and sexual health, and the most common issues were pre- and postterm pregnancy complications. The majority of these story lines had a moderate or weak level of information and included specifics about treatment and symptoms but not prevention. Just over half of the issues were framed in terms of losses, meaning nonadoption of a behavior change will result in negative outcomes. Twenty-four percent of reproductive and sexual health story lines involved stigma-usually stigma related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Most story lines were portrayed as serious and the majority of issues happened to positive role models. The implications of these portrayals for the viewing public are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Pariera
- a Department of Communication, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism , University of Southern California
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22
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Bersamin MM, Zamboanga BL, Schwartz SJ, Donnellan MB, Hudson M, Weisskirch RS, Kim SY, Agocha VB, Whitbourne SK, Caraway SJ. Risky business: Is there an association between casual sex and mental health among emerging adults? JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2013; 51:43-51. [PMID: 23742031 PMCID: PMC7871523 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.772088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A multiethnic sample of single, heterosexual, emerging-adult college students (N = 3,907) ages 18 to 25, from 30 institutions across the United States, participated in a study about identity, culture, psychological well-being, and risky behaviors. Given ongoing debates about the connection between casual sex and psychological adjustment, in the current study we assessed the cross-sectional association of participation in casual sex with psychological well-being and distress. A greater proportion of men (18.6%) compared to women (7.4%) reported having had casual sex in the month prior to assessment. Structural equation modeling indicated that casual sex was negatively associated with well-being (ß = .20, p < .001) and positively associated with psychological distress (ß = .16, p < .001). Gender did not moderate these associations. For emerging-adult college students, engaging in casual sex may elevate risk for negative psychological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Bersamin
- a Department of Child Development , California State University , Sacramento
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the presence of negative content in commercials airing on 3 children's channels (Disney Channel, Nickelodeon, and Cartoon Network). METHOD The 1681 commercials were coded with a reliable coding system and content comparisons were made. RESULTS Although the majority of the commercials were coded as neutral, negative content was present in 13.5% of commercials. This rate was significantly more than the predicted value of zero and more similar to the rates cited in previous research examining content during sporting events. The rate of negative content was less than, but not significantly different from, the rate of positive content. Thus, our findings did not support our hypothesis that there would be more commercials with positive content than with negative content. Logistic regression analysis indicated that channel, and not rating, was a better predictor of the presence of overall negative content and the presence of violent behaviors. Commercials airing on the Cartoon Network had significantly more negative content, and those airing on Disney Channel had significantly less negative content than the other channels. Within the individual channels, program ratings did not relate to the presence of negative content. CONCLUSION Parents cannot assume the content of commercials will be consistent with the program rating or label. Pediatricians and psychologists should educate parents about the potential for negative content in commercials and advocate for a commercials rating system to ensure that there is greater parity between children's programs and the corresponding commercials.
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Bersamin MM, Bourdeau B, Fisher DA, Grube JW. Television Use, Sexual Behavior, and Relationship Status at Last Oral Sex and Vaginal Intercourse. SEXUALITY & CULTURE 2010; 14:157-168. [PMID: 20657790 PMCID: PMC2906787 DOI: 10.1007/s12119-010-9066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The current longitudinal study explores the relationship between adolescent television use at time 1 and sexual experience and relationship status (i.e., committed/romantic versus casual) 1 year later. The sample (N = 824) comprised youth aged 14-18. Multinomial logistic regressions predicting group membership from television exposure variables were conducted controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and prior sexual behavior. Results indicate that sexually inexperienced youth watched more television overall than sexually experienced youth, but less adult, premium and music television on cable networks. Premium cable exposure predicted group membership among sexually active youth. Youth who watched more premium cable at time 1 were more likely to be in casual relationship at last intercourse than a committed one. A more complete understanding of media effects on adolescent sexual relationships can help guide policy development, media education/literacy efforts, and contribute to the design of interventions to reduce the negative consequences associated with adolescent sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M. Bersamin
- Department of Child Development, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
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Fisher DA, Hill DL, Grube JW, Bersamin MM, Walker S, Gruber EL. Televised sexual content and parental mediation: Influences on adolescent sexuality. MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 12:121-147. [PMID: 21546986 PMCID: PMC3086268 DOI: 10.1080/15213260902849901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been conducted to examine the influence of exposure to televised sexual content on adolescent sexuality or how parental intervention may reduce negative effects of viewing such content. This study uses self-report data from 1,012 adolescents to investigate the relations among exposure to sexually suggestive programming, parental mediation strategies, and three types of adolescent sexuality outcomes: participation in oral sex and sexual intercourse, future intentions to engage in these behaviors, and sex expectancies. As predicted, exposure to sexual content was associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in sexual behaviors, increased intentions to do so in the future, and more positive sex expectancies. Often, parental mediation strategies were a significant factor in moderating these potential media influences.
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Jensen RE, Jensen JD. Entertainment Media and Sexual Health: A Content Analysis of Sexual Talk, Behavior, and Risks in a Popular Television Series. SEX ROLES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fisher DA, Hill DL, Grube JW, Gruber EL. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual content on television: a quantitative analysis across two seasons. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2007; 52:167-88. [PMID: 17594976 PMCID: PMC2000838 DOI: 10.1300/j082v52n03_08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two annual content analyses of programming from the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 television seasons (n = 1,276 and 1,439 programs, respectively) were conducted to assess the presence of behaviors and verbal messages related to the sexuality of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Sexual content associated with nonheterosexuals was found in about 15% of programs overall; however, rates of occurrence within episodes were low. Of 14 genres, only movies and variety/comedy shows had substantial percentages of programs that contained nonheterosexual content. Programs on commercial broadcast networks were less likely to have nonheterosexual content than those on cable networks, especially those on premium cable movie networks. Implications of the continued lack of attention to sexual minorities are discussed for both heterosexual and nonheterosexual viewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Fisher
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD 20705, USA
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