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Abstract
The current global age-friendly movement supports older adults by promoting different policies and services. However, there is a dearth of attention to nursing home (NH) residents as part of age-friendly movements. The pioneering idea of an age-friendly health system, i.e., the "4 Ms" model is significant for NHs and formative for further developments; however, it does not identify unique components of NH care. This article aims to identify specific aspects of person-centered care in the literature to advance the development of a standardized conceptual framework. Along with residents, NH staff and administrators are integral parts of NHs. Incorporating the central role of caregivers, this study proposes a new "8 Ms" framework to describe the age-friendly NH. The traditional 4 Ms model notes that everything related to care matters to residents, along with care related to medication, mobility, and mentation. The proposed age-friendly framework introduces five additional "M," i.e., meaningful care, motivation, moderation, modification, and monitoring. This framework is proposed to advance education, training, clinical practice, research, and advocacy to promote quality of care in NHs. Application of the 8 Ms framework may yield multiple benefits, assuring good quality of care to residents, caregivers' job satisfaction, and supporting NH management in providing residents optimal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Kumar Bhattacharyya
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona, Florida, USA
| | - Victor Molinari
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kathy Black
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Mitchell LL, Lodi-Smith J, Baranski EN, Whitbourne SK. Implications of identity resolution in emerging adulthood for intimacy, generativity, and integrity across the adult lifespan. Psychol Aging 2021; 36:545-556. [PMID: 34197138 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erikson's psychosocial stage model posits that identity formation is a key developmental task for adolescents, and that successfully resolving the identity versus role confusion crisis at this time of life has important impacts on psychosocial development through adulthood. However, little empirical work has tested the consequences of early-life identity development for progression through the subsequent psychosocial stages in Erikson's model. The purpose of the present study was to test whether identity resolution measured during emerging adulthood predicted later developmental trajectories of intimacy, generativity, and integrity across adulthood. We used data from four cohorts of participants in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS; N = 1,224), with up to five assessments spanning the twenties through the sixties. Latent growth curve modeling was used to estimate developmental trajectories for intimacy, generativity, and integrity, and to test the association between emerging adulthood identity resolution and growth parameters for each psychosocial outcome. Findings suggested that individuals with higher emerging adulthood identity resolution also experienced high levels of intimacy, generativity, and integrity in emerging adulthood, and these levels remained consistently high across adulthood. In contrast, those with lower identity resolution in emerging adulthood experienced lower initial levels of intimacy, generativity, and integrity, but faster growth over time. As a result, these trajectories appeared to nearly converge by the time participants were in their sixties, suggesting that one's emerging adulthood identity has less importance over time, and that individuals who struggled more with identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood are able to make up for it later in life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sperbeck DJ, Whitbourne SK, Zelig M, Shaw RM, Craig PL. Halstead Category Test sensitivity to neurocognitive deficits in prenatal alcohol exposed and cognitively impaired children. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:984-994. [PMID: 34114928 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1936474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Halstead Category Test (HCT) has been demonstrated to be sensitive to executive dysfunction in adults and children. Children with a history of significant prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) typically show deficits in executive functions in such areas as abstract reasoning, concept formation abilities, and cognitive flexibility. However, earlier research has not taken into account the demographic variables of age, sex, and ethnicity.Methods: Three groups of psychiatrically hospitalized children ages 9-17 years were included: Children with a history of PAE (n = 295); children with cognitive impairment but no suspected history of PAE (n = 201); and children without suspected cognitive impairment (n = 317). All children completed a series of neuropsychological tests including the HCT and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV).Results: Children with a history of PAE and cognitively impaired children with no history of PAE produced significantly more HCT errors across all ages than the cognitively unimpaired group. There were no significant effects of ethnicity or gender. Age and Working Memory Index were negatively correlated with HCT errors.Conclusion: The findings support the use of the HCT as a sensitive measure of executive functions in both PAE and non-PAE cognitively impaired children with no evidence of gender and ethnic bias. Use of the HCT is indicated in future research to measure improvement in executive functioning among children with a history of PAE facilitated by education, rehabilitation, and other forms of training and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sperbeck
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychological Services, North Star Behavioral Health Hospital, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Zelig
- Independent Practice, Anchorage and Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rebecca M Shaw
- Psychological Services, North Star Behavioral Health Hospital, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Paul L Craig
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Psychological Services, North Star Behavioral Health Hospital, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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Lodi-Smith J, Ponterio EJ, Newton NJ, Poulin MJ, Baranski E, Whitbourne SK. The codevelopment of generativity and well-being into early late life. Psychol Aging 2021; 36:299-308. [PMID: 33829848 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current manuscript replicates and extends the few existing studies of generativity in later adulthood with regard to two aims: (a) to model individual differences in the development of generativity into early late life and (b) to examine the relationship between development in generativity and development in well-being into late midlife and early late life. Data from the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) are used to address these aims in a preregistered secondary analysis of existing RALS data (see https://osf.io/syp2u). Analyses quantify individual development of generativity in a sample of 271 RALS participants who completed the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS; McAdams & de St. Aubin, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1992, 62, p. 1003) and the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB; Ryff, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989a, 57, p. 1069) during the most recent two waves of the RALS (2000-2012). Generativity demonstrated substantial rank-order stability but no mean-level change. There was substantial variability in both stability and change. Dual score change models showed a robust concurrent relationship between generativity and well-being at the first assessment and meaningful correlated change over time. While demographic and social role covariates were not associated with study findings, one of the most important limitations of the RALS is the racial and ethnic homogeneity of the sample, which constrains generalizability and potentially may restrict the range of these variables. Results are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the development and impact of generativity in later adulthood, and directions for future research in this area are identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Silverstein NM, Hendricksen M, Bowen LM, Fonte Weaver AJ, Whitbourne SK. Developing an Age-Friendly University (AFU) audit: A pilot study. Gerontol Geriatr Educ 2019; 40:203-220. [PMID: 30693846 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2019.1572006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The University of Massachusetts Boston endorsed the Age Friendly University (AFU) principles in 2017, becoming the second campus in the Commonwealth to join the AFU movement. In order to demonstrate what it means to become an AFU, a research team worked to audit the University's level of age-friendliness. A workgroup of 12 volunteers from across campus departments and constituencies was convened in 2018 to operationalize the 10 principles with the goal of designing an audit tool and then piloting the tool. Nineteen key informants were interviewed representing a wide range of campus life including administration, career counseling, advising, communications, student life, campus services, distance education, and health and wellness services. Major themes emerged related to educational programming, accessibility and inclusivity. The importance of conducting an audit was demonstrated in the opportunities it presented to increase awareness among diverse stakeholders who comprise a campus community about making the vision of age-friendliness a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Silverstein
- a Department of Gerontology, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies , University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Meghan Hendricksen
- a Department of Gerontology, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies , University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | - Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- a Department of Gerontology, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies , University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston , MA , USA
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Whitbourne SK. A Timely and Useful Educational Resource in Geropsychology. The Gerontologist 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
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Juang LP, Moffitt U, Kim SY, Lee RM, Soto JA, Hurley E, Weisskirch RS, Blozis SA, Castillo LG, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression: Links to racial-ethnic discrimination and adjustment among Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students. J Adolesc 2016; 53:21-33. [PMID: 27598799 PMCID: PMC7891868 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether two key emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, moderated the relations between discrimination (i.e., foreigner objectification and general denigration) and adjustment. METHODS Participants were U.S. Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students (N = 1,279, 67% female, 72% U.S. born) from the Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC). Students completed online self-report surveys in 2009. RESULTS Multi-group path analysis demonstrated that a fully constrained model fit well for both Latino/a and Asian-heritage student data. The results showed that with increasing levels of denigration (but not foreigner objectification), the combination of lower cognitive reappraisal and higher expressive suppression was related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and aggression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of examining multiple emotion regulation strategies simultaneously-considering what strategies are available to individuals and in what combination they are used-to understand how best to deal with negative emotions resulting from experiencing discrimination.
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Weisskirch RS, Kim SY, Schwartz SJ, Whitbourne SK. The Complexity of Ethnic Identity Among Jewish American Emerging Adults. Identity (Mahwah, N J) 2016; 16:127-141. [PMID: 33574734 DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2016.1190724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Jewish Americans may grapple with issues of ethnic identity differently than the larger White American group. Drawn from a large multisite sample (N = 8,501), 280 Jewish American (207 female, 73 male) emerging adults were compared with White American and ethnic minority samples on ethnic and U.S. identity. Jewish Americans rated themselves as significantly higher on measures of ethnic and U.S. identity compared with White Americans but not as highly as ethnic minorities. Ethnic identity search, affirmation, and resolution also predicted higher self-esteem for Jewish Americans, similar to the pattern for other ethnic groups. In addition, ethnic identity search and affirmation moderated the link between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Jewish Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Weisskirch
- Liberal Studies Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, California, USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Yap SCY, Donnellan MB, Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Huynh QL, Vazsonyi AT, Cano MÁ, Hurley EA, Whitbourne SK, Castillo LG, Donovan RA, Blozis SA, Brown EJ. Evaluating the invariance of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure across foreign-born, second-generation and later-generation college students in the United States. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2016; 22:460-465. [PMID: 26460665 PMCID: PMC7869584 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Past research has established that the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) exhibits measurement invariance across diverse ethnic groups. However, relatively little research has evaluated whether this measure is invariant across generational status. Thus, the present study evaluates the invariance of the MEIM across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation respondents. METHOD A large, ethnically diverse sample of college students completed the MEIM as part of an online survey (N = 9,107; 72.8% women; mean age = 20.31 years; SD = 3.38). RESULTS There is evidence of configural and metric invariance, but there is little evidence of scalar invariance across generational status groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the MEIM has an equivalent factor structure across generation groups, indicating it is appropriate to compare the magnitude of associations between the MEIM and other variables across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation individuals. However, the lack of scalar invariance suggests that mean-level differences across generational status should be interpreted with caution. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Su Yeong Kim
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
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Stroud MJ, Whitbourne SK. Casual Video Games as Training Tools for Attentional Processes in Everyday Life. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2015; 18:654-60. [PMID: 26448498 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments examined the attentional components of the popular match-3 casual video game, Bejeweled Blitz (BJB). Attentionally demanding, BJB is highly popular among adults, particularly those in middle and later adulthood. In experiment 1, 54 older adults (Mage = 70.57) and 33 younger adults (Mage = 19.82) played 20 rounds of BJB, and completed online tasks measuring reaction time, simple visual search, and conjunction visual search. Prior experience significantly predicted BJB scores for younger adults, but for older adults, both prior experience and simple visual search task scores predicted BJB performance. Experiment 2 tested whether BJB practice alone would result in a carryover benefit to a visual search task in a sample of 58 young adults (Mage = 19.57) who completed 0, 10, or 30 rounds of BJB followed by a BJB-like visual search task with targets present or absent. Reaction times were significantly faster for participants who completed 30 but not 10 rounds of BJB compared with the search task only. This benefit was evident when targets were both present and absent, suggesting that playing BJB improves not only target detection, but also the ability to quit search effectively. Experiment 3 tested whether the attentional benefit in experiment 2 would apply to non-BJB stimuli. The results revealed a similar numerical but not significant trend. Taken together, the findings suggest there are benefits of casual video game playing to attention and relevant everyday skills, and that these games may have potential value as training tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stroud
- 1 Department of Psychology, Merrimack College , North Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Krauss Whitbourne
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
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Castillo LG, Cano MA, Yoon M, Jung E, Brown EJ, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Schwartz SJ, Huynh QL, Weisskirch RS, Whitbourne SK. Factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory. Psychol Assess 2015; 27:915-924. [PMID: 25730163 PMCID: PMC7896486 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using a national data set, this study examined the factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI) across Latino and Asian Americans, gender, and nativity (U.S.- vs. foreign-born). Results showed that a 4-factor model of acculturative stress provided good fit to the data. Tests of factorial invariance provided evidence of measurement equivalence across all of the groupings tested. These findings suggest that the MASI operationalizes acculturative stress in an equivalent manner across Latino and Asian American students, gender, and nativity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University
| | - Myeongsun Yoon
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University
| | - Eunju Jung
- Institute for Engineering Education and Innovation, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Su Yeong Kim
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University-Northridge
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Gonzales-Backen MA, Dumka LE, Millsap RE, Yoo HC, Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Weisskirch RS, Rodriguez L, Castillo LG, Kim SY, Brown EJ, Whitbourne SK, Vazsonyi AT. The Role of Social and Personal Identities in Self-Esteem Among Ethnic Minority College Students. Identity (Mahwah, N J) 2015; 15:202-220. [PMID: 33594300 PMCID: PMC7884058 DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2015.1055532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the latent personal-social identity profiles that emerged from simultaneous consideration of ethnic, national (United States), and personal identities among ethnic minority college students (N = 3,009) as well as how personal and social identities are jointly associated with self-esteem. Results indicated that the structure of personal-social identity profiles significantly differed across ethnicity, but also indicated some commonalities. The study identified three profiles among Blacks, four among Asian Americans, and two among Latinos. Some personal-social identity profiles were common across multiple ethnic groups, but others were unique within one specific ethnic group. Overall, the profiles indicated important associations between ethnic identity, U.S. identity, and personal identity. These profiles were linked with self-esteem such that individuals who reported high levels of multiple social and personal identities had the highest self-esteem compared to other profiles.
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Jankowski PJ, Hardy SA, Zamboanga BL, Ham LS, Schwartz SJ, Kim SY, Forthun LF, Bersamin MM, Donovan RA, Whitbourne SK, Hurley EA, Cano MÁ. Religiousness and Levels of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:1968-83. [PMID: 25976527 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior person-centered research has consistently identified a subgroup of highly religious participants that uses significantly less alcohol when compared to the other subgroups. The construct of religious motivation is absent from existing examinations of the nuanced combinations of religiousness dimensions within persons, and alcohol expectancy valuations have yet to be included as outcome variables. Variable-centered approaches have found religious motivation and alcohol expectancy valuations to play a protective role against individuals' hazardous alcohol use. The current study examined latent religiousness profiles and hazardous alcohol use in a large, multisite sample of ethnically diverse college students. The sample consisted of 7412 college students aged 18-25 (M age = 19.77, SD age = 1.61; 75% female; 61% European American). Three latent profiles were derived from measures of religious involvement, salience, and religious motivations: Quest-Intrinsic Religiousness (highest levels of salience, involvement, and quest and intrinsic motivations; lowest level of extrinsic motivation), Moderate Religiousness (intermediate levels of salience, involvement, and motivations) and Extrinsic Religiousness (lowest levels of salience, involvement, and quest and intrinsic motivations; highest level of extrinsic motivation). The Quest-Intrinsic Religiousness profile scored significantly lower on hazardous alcohol use, positive expectancy outcomes, positive expectancy valuations, and negative expectancy valuations, and significantly higher on negative expectancy outcomes, compared to the other two profiles. The Extrinsic and Moderate Religiousness profiles did not differ significantly on positive expectancy outcomes, negative expectancy outcomes, negative expectancy valuations, or hazardous alcohol use. The results advance existing research by demonstrating that the protective influence of religiousness on college students' hazardous alcohol use may involve high levels on both quest and intrinsic religious motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Jankowski
- Counseling Psychology Program, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Dr., St. Paul, MN, 55112, USA,
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Zamboanga BL, Pesigan IJA, Tomaso CC, Schwartz SJ, Ham LS, Bersamin M, Kim SY, Cano MA, Castillo LG, Forthun LF, Whitbourne SK, Hurley EA. Frequency of drinking games participation and alcohol-related problems in a multiethnic sample of college students: do gender and ethnicity matter? Addict Behav 2015; 41:112-6. [PMID: 25452053 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A drinking game (DG) is a high-risk, social drinking activity that consists of certain rules (i.e., when to drink and how much to consume) designed to promote inebriation and that requires each player to perform a cognitive and/or motor task (Zamboanga et al., 2013). Research suggests that non-White or female students who play DGs are at an increased risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems. Thus, this study examined whether the associations between DG participation and alcohol-related problems were similar for men and women and across ethnic groups. METHOD College students (N=7409; 73% women; 64% White, 8% Black, 14% Hispanic, 14% Asian) from 30 U.S. colleges/universities completed self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Controlling for age, site, Greek membership (i.e., membership in a fraternity or sorority), and typical alcohol consumption, results indicated that the association between DG participation and alcohol-related problems was stronger for men compared to women. With respect to ethnicity, the association between these variables was stronger among Black women than Black men. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this large-scale study highlight the need to closely investigate how gender and ethnicity moderate the associations between DG participation and alcohol-related problems. College intervention efforts designed to address high-risk drinking behaviors such as DG participation might consider paying close attention to ethnic minority populations, perhaps particularly Black women.
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Castillo LG, Walker JEOY, Zamboanga BL, Weisskirch RS, Park IJK, Navarro RL, Schwartz SJ, Whitbourne SK, Kim SY, Vazsonyi AT, Caraway SJ. Gender Matters: The Influence of Acculturation and Acculturative Stress on Latino College Student Depressive Symptomatology. J Lat Psychol 2015; 3:40-55. [PMID: 34327313 PMCID: PMC8318219 DOI: 10.1037/lat0000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between acculturation-related variables with depressive symptomatology among Latino college students and the extent to which acculturative stress mediates the association. The extent to which gender moderates these relationships was also examined. Participants were 758 Latina and 264 Latino college students from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of acculturation, acculturative stress, and depression. Multigroup path analysis provided excellent model fit and suggested moderation by gender. Acculturative stress mediated the acculturation-depression relationship. One indirect effect was moderated by gender with effects stronger for men: Heritage-culture retention to depressive symptoms via Spanish Competency Pressures. Acculturation and acculturative stress contribute to depression differently for male and female Latino college students. Future research should note the influence of gender socialization on the acculturation process and mental health.
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Schwartz SJ, Hardy SA, Zamboanga BL, Meca A, Waterman AS, Picariello S, Luyckx K, Crocetti E, Kim SY, Brittian AS, Roberts SE, Whitbourne SK, Ritchie RA, Brown EJ, Forthun LF. Identity in young adulthood: Links with mental health and risky behavior. J Appl Dev Psychol 2015; 36:39-52. [PMID: 34334855 PMCID: PMC8319849 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to contribute to our understanding of young adult identity development by deriving latent profiles from intrapersonal and interpersonal indices of identity synthesis and confusion. A sample of 9737 college-attending young adults completed measures of identity, mental health, and health risk behaviors. Four latent profiles emerged: Synthesized (high synthesis, low confusion), Diffused (moderate synthesis, high confusion), Elevated (high synthesis and confusion), and Moderate (moderate synthesis and confusion). The Synthesized profile was associated with the highest well-being and the lowest levels of internalizing, externalizing, and health risks. The Diffused and Elevated profiles were both associated with low well-being and with high internalizing, externalizing, and risky behaviors - with the Elevated profile highest on all of the negative outcomes. The Moderate profile scored intermediately on well-being, internalizing, externalizing, and health risks. These results are discussed in terms of the role of identity within a successful transition to adulthood.
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Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Tomaso CC, Kondo KK, Unger JB, Weisskirch RS, Ham LS, Meca A, Cano MÁ, Whitbourne SK, Brittian AS, Des Rosiers SE, Hurley EA, Vazsonyi AT, Ravert RD. Association of acculturation with drinking games among Hispanic college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2014; 40:359-66. [DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.910521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yap SCY, Donnellan MB, Schwartz SJ, Kim SY, Castillo LG, Zamboanga BL, Weisskirch RS, Lee RM, Park IJK, Whitbourne SK, Vazsonyi AT. Investigating the structure and measurement invariance of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure in a multiethnic sample of college students. J Couns Psychol 2014; 61:437-446. [PMID: 24660693 DOI: 10.1037/a0036253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we evaluate the factor structure of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM; Phinney, 1992) and test whether the MEIM exhibits measurement invariance across ethnic groups taken from a diverse sample of students from 30 different colleges and universities across the United States (N = 9,625). Initial analyses suggested that a bifactor model was an adequate representation of the structure of the MEIM. This model was then used in subsequent invariance tests. Results suggested that the MEIM displayed configural and metric invariance across 5 diverse ethnic groups (i.e., White, Black, Hispanic, East Asian, and South Asian). There were indications that the MEIM displayed a similar factor structure with roughly equivalent factor loadings across diverse ethnic groups. However, there was little evidence of scalar invariance across these groups, suggesting that mean-level comparisons of MEIM scores across ethnic groups should be interpreted with caution. The implications of these findings for the interpretation and use of this popular measure of ethnic identity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Linda G Castillo
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Richard M Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
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Dezutter J, Waterman AS, Schwartz SJ, Luyckx K, Beyers W, Meca A, Kim S, Whitbourne SK, Zamboanga BL, Lee RM, Hardy SA, Forthun LF, Ritchie RA, Weisskirch RS, Brown EJ, Caraway SJ. Meaning in Life in Emerging Adulthood: A Person-Oriented Approach. J Pers 2014; 82:57-68. [PMID: 23437779 PMCID: PMC7885257 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated naturally occurring profiles based on two dimensions of meaning in life: Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning. Cluster analysis was used to examine meaning-in-life profiles, and subsequent analyses identified different patterns in psychosocial functioning for each profile. A sample of 8,492 American emerging adults (72.5% women) from 30 colleges and universities completed measures on meaning in life, and positive and negative psychosocial functioning. Results provided support for five meaningful yet distinguishable profiles. A strong generalizability of the cluster solution was found across age, and partial generalizability was found across gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, the five profiles showed specific patterns in relation to positive and negative psychosocial functioning. Specifically, respondents with profiles high on Presence of Meaning showed the most adaptive psychosocial functioning, whereas respondents with profiles where meaning was largely absent showed maladaptive psychosocial functioning. The present study provided additional evidence for prior research concerning the complex relationship between Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning, and their relation with psychosocial functioning. Our results offer a partial clarification of the nature of the Search for Meaning process by distinguishing between adaptive and maladaptive searching for meaning in life.
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Waterman AS, Schwartz SJ, Hardy SA, Kim SY, Lee RM, Armenta BE, Whitbourne SK, Zamboanga BL, Brown EJ, Williams MK, Agocha VB. Good Choices, Poor Choices: Relationship Between the Quality of Identity Commitments and Psychosocial Functioning. Emerg Adulthood 2013; 1:163-174. [PMID: 34336396 PMCID: PMC8319852 DOI: 10.1177/2167696813484004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates making identity commitments on the part of emerging adults is associated with a wide range of psychosocial benefits. Data from a large research collaborative were used to evaluate hypotheses drawn from eudaimonic identity theory that the benefits of commitment are attributable to the quality of the commitments held. Findings from a study with 9,650 students attending 30 colleges and universities replicated previous research indicating the benefits of identity commitments with respect to subjective well-being, psychological well-being, self-esteem, an internal locus of control; and reduced likelihood of symptoms of general anxiety, social anxiety, and depression. However, when a measure of the quality of identity commitments was added to the analyses, results indicated that commitment quality accounted almost entirely for the associations of identity commitments with psychosocial functioning. Identity commitments of low quality were found to be associated with psychological costs rather than benefits. Implications for helping emerging adults distinguish better identity choices are discussed.
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Whitbourne SK, Ellenberg S, Akimoto K. Reasons for playing casual video games and perceived benefits among adults 18 to 80 years old. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2013; 16:892-7. [PMID: 23971430 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Casual video games (CVGs) are becoming increasingly popular among middle-aged and older adults, yet there are few studies documenting why adults of different ages play these games, what benefits they perceive, and how regularly they play. The present study compared the online survey responses of 10,308 adults ranging from 18 to 80 years of age to questions regarding PopCap's popular free online game, Bejeweled Blitz (BJB). All respondents cited playing against friends as their main reason for playing. However, there were differences by age in the second most frequently cited reason. Middle-aged adults cited stress relief, and older adults reported that they seek the game's challenges. As a result of playing CVGs, younger adults noted that they felt sharper and experienced improved memory; older adults were more likely to feel that their visuospatial skills and response time benefited. Adults aged 60 and older had heavier patterns of game play than did adults under the age of 60 years. A significant number of respondents (14.7%) spontaneously noted that they felt that BJB had addictive qualities. CVG players seem to be drawn into this activity by its social nature and to a certain extent by its reinforcing properties. Once involved, however, they believe that they derive a number of benefits that, for older adults, appear to offset declines in age-sensitive cognitive functions.
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Bersamin MM, Zamboanga BL, Schwartz SJ, Donnellan MB, Hudson M, Weisskirch RS, Kim SY, Agocha VB, Whitbourne SK, Caraway SJ. Risky business: Is there an association between casual sex and mental health among emerging adults? J Sex Res 2013; 51:43-51. [PMID: 23742031 PMCID: PMC7871523 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.772088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A multiethnic sample of single, heterosexual, emerging-adult college students (N = 3,907) ages 18 to 25, from 30 institutions across the United States, participated in a study about identity, culture, psychological well-being, and risky behaviors. Given ongoing debates about the connection between casual sex and psychological adjustment, in the current study we assessed the cross-sectional association of participation in casual sex with psychological well-being and distress. A greater proportion of men (18.6%) compared to women (7.4%) reported having had casual sex in the month prior to assessment. Structural equation modeling indicated that casual sex was negatively associated with well-being (ß = .20, p < .001) and positively associated with psychological distress (ß = .16, p < .001). Gender did not moderate these associations. For emerging-adult college students, engaging in casual sex may elevate risk for negative psychological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Bersamin
- a Department of Child Development , California State University , Sacramento
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Weisskirch RS, Zamboanga BL, Ravert RD, Whitbourne SK, Park IJK, Lee RM, Schwartz SJ. An introduction to the composition of the Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC): a collaborative approach to research and mentorship. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2013; 19:123-130. [PMID: 23647326 DOI: 10.1037/a0030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC) is the product of a research collaboration among faculty members from 30 colleges and universities from across the United States. Using Katz and Martin's (1997, p. 7) definition, the MUSIC research collaboration is "the working together of researchers to achieve the common goals of producing new scientific knowledge." The collaboration involved more than just coauthorship; it served "as a strategy to insert more energy, optimism, creativity and hope into the work of [researchers]" (Conoley & Conoley, 2010, p. 77). The philosophy underlying the MUSIC collaborative was intended to foster natural collaborations among researchers, to provide opportunities for scholarship and mentorship for early career and established researchers, and to support exploration of identity, cultural, and ethnic/racial research ideas by tapping the expertise and interests of the broad MUSIC network of collaborators. In this issue, five research articles present innovative findings from the MUSIC datasets. There are two themes across the articles. Research is emerging about broadening the constructs and measures of acculturation and ethnic identity and their relation to health risk behaviors and psychosocial and mental health outcomes. The second theme is about the relationship of perceived discrimination on behavioral and mental health outcomes among immigrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Weisskirch
- Liberal Studies Department, California State University-Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA.
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Kim SY, Vazsonyi AT, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Park IJK, Hudson M, Zamboanga BL, Bersamin MM, Williams MK. Acculturation and well-being among college students from immigrant families. J Clin Psychol 2013; 69:298-318. [PMID: 23907749 PMCID: PMC7871524 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to ascertain the associations between acculturation and well-being in first-generation and second-generation immigrant college students. Acculturation was operationalized as a multidimensional construct comprised of heritage and American cultural practices, values (individualism and collectivism), and identifications, and well-being was operationalized in terms of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic components. METHOD Participants were 2,774 first-generation and second-generation immigrant students (70% women), from 6 ethnic groups and from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications, as well as of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic well-being. RESULTS Findings indicated that individualistic values were positively related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being, and positively, although somewhat less strongly, linked with subjective well-being. American and heritage identifications were both modestly related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being. These findings were consistent across gender, immigrant generation (first versus second), and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Psychological and eudaimonic well-being appear to be inherently individualistic conceptions of happiness, and endorsement of individualistic values appears linked with these forms of well-being. Attachments to a cultural group-the United States, one's country of origin, or both-appear to promote psychological and eudaimonic well-being as well. The present findings suggest that similar strategies can be used to promote well-being for both male and female students, for students from various ethnic backgrounds, and for both first-generation and second-generation immigrant students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Schwartz
- Center for Family Studies, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, UA.
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Schwartz SJ, Kim SY, Whitbourne SK, Zamboanga BL, Weisskirch RS, Forthun LF, Vazsonyi AT, Beyers W, Luyckx K. Converging identities: dimensions of acculturation and personal identity status among immigrant college students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2013; 19:155-65. [PMID: 23148900 PMCID: PMC7884054 DOI: 10.1037/a0030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to ascertain the extent to which dimensions of acculturation would differ across personal identity statuses in a sample of 2,411 first- and second-generation, immigrant, college-attending emerging adults. Participants from 30 colleges and universities around the United States completed measures of personal identity processes, as well as of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications. Cluster-analytic procedures were used to classify participants into personal identity statuses based on the personal identity processes. Results indicated that, across ethnic groups, individuals in the achieved and searching moratorium statuses reported the greatest endorsement of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications; and individuals in the carefree diffusion status reported the lowest endorsement of all the cultural variables under study. These results are discussed in terms of the convergence between personal identity and cultural identity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Ritchie RA, Meca A, Madrazo VL, Schwartz SJ, Hardy SA, Zamboanga BL, Weisskirch RS, Kim SY, Whitbourne SK, Ham LS, Lee RM. Identity dimensions and related processes in emerging adulthood: helpful or harmful? J Clin Psychol 2013; 69:415-32. [PMID: 23348360 PMCID: PMC7869142 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study evaluated the mediational role of well-being in the relationship between identity development and psychosocial functioning. METHOD A sample of 7,649 undergraduate students (73% female; mean age = 19.95, standard deviation = 1.98; 62% Caucasian) completed measures of personal identity, well-being, internalizing symptoms, externalizing problems, and health-risk behaviors. RESULTS Results revealed that (a) identity exploration and commitment were negatively associated with internalizing symptoms, health-risk behaviors, and externalizing problems through well-being, (b) ruminative exploration was negatively associated with well-being and positively associated with externalizing problems, and (c) increased levels of ruminative exploration appear more detrimental for men than for women. CONCLUSION The study shed light on the mechanisms through which identity processes are related to internalizing symptoms, externalizing problems, and health-risk behaviors. The role of well-being in these associations, and the potentially deleterious "side effects" of exploration and commitment appear to suggest new and important directions for identity research.
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Brittian AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Weisskirch RS, Castillo LG, Whitbourne SK, Hurley EA, Huynh QL, Brown EJ, Caraway SJ. The moderating role of centrality on associations between ethnic identity affirmation and ethnic minority college students' mental health. J Am Coll Health 2013; 61:133-140. [PMID: 25158010 PMCID: PMC7869585 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.773904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior literature has shown that ethnic affirmation, one aspect of ethnic identity, is positively associated with mental health. However, the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health may vary depending how much importance individuals place on their ethnic group membership (ie, centrality). METHODS Using path analysis, the current study examined the relations between ethnic affirmation and indices of mental health problems (ie, anxiety and depressive symptoms), and tested whether the process was moderated by ethnic centrality among 3,659 college students representing 3 ethnic groups (41% Latino/a, 35% Asian American, and 24% African American) who participated in a large, multisite university study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health were stronger for Latino/a and Asian American students who reported higher levels of ethnic centrality. For African Americans, higher levels of ethnic affirmation predicted better mental health, but this association did not vary as a function of ethnic centrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerika S Brittian
- a Department of Educational Psychology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois
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Soto JA, Armenta BE, Perez CR, Zamboanga BL, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Schwartz SJ, Park IJK, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Le TN, Ham LS. Strength in numbers? Cognitive reappraisal tendencies and psychological functioning among Latinos in the context of oppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:384-94. [DOI: 10.1037/a0029781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sneed JR, Whitbourne SK, Schwartz SJ, Huang S. The relationship between identity, intimacy, and midlife well-being: Findings from the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study. Psychol Aging 2012; 27:318-23. [DOI: 10.1037/a0026378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Kim SY, Vazsonyi AT, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Park IJK, Hudson M, Zamboanga BL, Bersamin MM, Williams MK. Acculturation and Well-Being Among College Students From Immigrant Families. J Clin Psychol 2012:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 22549290 DOI: 10.1002/jclp21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to ascertain the associations between acculturation and well-being in first-generation and second-generation immigrant college students. Acculturation was operationalized as a multidimensional construct comprised of heritage and American cultural practices, values (individualism and collectivism), and identifications, and well-being was operationalized in terms of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic components. METHOD: Participants were 2,774 first-generation and second-generation immigrant students (70% women), from 6 ethnic groups and from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications, as well as of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic well-being. RESULTS: Findings indicated that individualistic values were positively related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being, and positively, although somewhat less strongly, linked with subjective well-being. American and heritage identifications were both modestly related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being. These findings were consistent across gender, immigrant generation (first versus second), and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological and eudaimonic well-being appear to be inherently individualistic conceptions of happiness, and endorsement of individualistic values appears linked with these forms of well-being. Attachments to a cultural group-the United States, one's country of origin, or both-appear to promote psychological and eudaimonic well-being as well. The present findings suggest that similar strategies can be used to promote well-being for both male and female students, for students from various ethnic backgrounds, and for both first-generation and second-generation immigrant students. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 00:1-21, 2012.
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Karel MJ, Holley CK, Whitbourne SK, Segal DL, Tazeau YN, Emery EE, Molinari V, Yang J, Zweig RA. Preliminary validation of a tool to assess competencies for professional geropsychology practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1037/a0025788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Westerhof GJ, Whitbourne SK, Freeman GP. The Aging Self in a Cultural Context: The Relation of Conceptions of Aging to Identity Processes and Self-Esteem in the United States and the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:52-60. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Schwartz SJ, Beyers W, Luyckx K, Soenens B, Zamboanga BL, Forthun LF, Hardy SA, Vazsonyi AT, Ham LS, Kim SY, Whitbourne SK, Waterman AS. Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults' identity: a study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychosocial functioning. J Youth Adolesc 2011; 40:839-59. [PMID: 21088875 PMCID: PMC7870419 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Identity is a critical developmental task during the transition to adulthood in Western societies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an empirically based, cluster-analytic identity status model, to examine whether all four of Marcia's identity statuses (diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement) would emerge empirically, and to identify different patterns of identity formation among American college-attending emerging adults. An ethnically diverse sample of 9,034 emerging-adult students (73% female; mean age 19.73 years) from 30 U.S. universities completed measures of identity exploration (ruminative, in breadth, and in depth) and commitment (commitment making and identification with commitment), identity synthesis and confusion, positive and negative psychosocial functioning, and health-compromising behaviors. The identity status cluster solution that emerged provided an adequate fit to the data and included all four of Marcia's original identity statuses, along with Carefree Diffusion and Undifferentiated statuses. Results provided evidence for concurrent validity, construct validity, and practical applicability of these statuses. Implications for identity research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Vazsonyi AT, Zamboanga BL, Whitbourne SK, Weisskirch RS, Vernon M, Caraway SJ, Kim SY, Forthun LF, Donnellan MB, Ham LS. The Association of Well-Being with Health Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Young Adults. Appl Dev Sci 2011; 15:20-36. [PMID: 33707936 PMCID: PMC7946159 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2011.538617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the associations of well-being with engagement in illicit drug use, sexual risk taking, and impaired driving in a sample of 9,515 students from 30 U.S. colleges and universities. Participants completed measures of subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, and indicated how many times in the past 30 days that they had engaged in several illicit drug use, sexual risk, and impaired driving behaviors. Findings indicated that well-being was negatively associated with incidence of illicit drug use and some sexual risk behaviors, but not with incidence of drunk/drugged driving or riding with an impaired driver. Well-being was negatively related to frequency of casual sex, sex while drunk/high, drunk/drugged driving, and riding with an impaired driver. Associations of well-being were strongest for more dangerous types of drug use and sexual behavior and for riding with an impaired driver. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research and intervention development.
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Weinberger MI, Whitbourne SK. Depressive Symptoms, Self-Reported Physical Functioning, and Identity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Ageing Int 2010; 35:276-285. [PMID: 21170160 DOI: 10.1007/s12126-010-9053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between self-reported physical functioning and depressive symptoms by testing the mediation of identity processes in linking this relationship. METHODS: Sixty-eight older adults (mean age= 74.4) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed measures of physical functioning (Physical Symptoms Checklist), depressive symptoms (CESD-20) and identity processes (IES-G). RESULTS: The relationship between physical functioning and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by sensitivity of older adults to feedback from experiences, the process known as identity accommodation (Whitbourne, Sneed, & Skultety, 2002). CONCLUSION: Not only are physical changes relevant to negative psychological outcomes in later adulthood, but it is the interpretation of these changes that seems to have particular relevance for aging individuals. Though preliminary based on cross-sectional data, the findings suggest that examining individual differences in sensitivity to aging stereotypes may help identify factors related to depressive symptoms in later adulthood. Future research is needed to disentangle these interrelated concepts.
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Rodriguez L, Schwartz SJ, Krauss Whitbourne S. American Identity Revisited: The Relation Between National, Ethnic, and Personal Identity in a Multiethnic Sample of Emerging Adults. Journal of Adolescent Research 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558409359055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present mixed-methods study investigated meanings and affective valences ascribed to “American identity” and the ways in which these meanings and valences relate to ethnic and personal identity. The data were collected from 2004 to 2006 and used a multiethnic sample of 287 college students residing in Miami, Florida. Subjective meanings of American identity were assessed using four qualitative questions that were coded thematically: characteristics that define the typical American, characteristics that describe ways in which one is American, qualities that make one something other than American, and the degree to which one feels American. Results suggested many similarities, along with some differences, across ethnic groups. In terms of how American one feels, ethnic minorities felt less American than Whites and believed that, regardless of their citizenship, they are not perceived as American. Responses suggested that participants believed that to be American, one must sacrifice a connection to family and community. Continuing to examine the relationship between national, ethnic, and personal identity will help us better understand how emerging adults make sense of their social world and manage difficult choices about their identities.
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Abstract
Two cohorts of alumni, leading-edge and trailing-edge baby boomers, first tested in their college years, were followed to ages 43 (N = 136) and 54 (N = 182) on a measure of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to model the trajectory of growth for each psychosocial issue across middle adulthood. As predicted, the early psychosocial issues (trust, autonomy, and initiative) showed patterns of slow and steady increases in favorable resolution, as did the midlife issue of generativity. Industry, found in earlier investigations on the samples to change to differing degrees by cohort, continued to show cohort differences through midlife. The quadratic terms indicated that growth was curvilinear for both cohorts on identity and intimacy, and ego integrity showed variations by cohort, with the older cohort showing steeper patterns of increases. Gender differences were observed on intimacy, with women receiving higher initial scores, but the curves showed deceleration through midlife. Tests of variations in growth curves by the life history variables of educational attainment, occupational prestige, commitment to a long-term relationship, and parenthood status showed variations by cohort, but a general pattern of catching up emerged in which those who entered early adulthood at a relative disadvantage in terms of psychosocial development were able to attain favorable outcomes by midlife.
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Abstract
Memory is a salient area of functioning in adulthood known to be influenced by beliefs about performance. To date, individual variations in memory beliefs have not been systematically examined. The present study used hierarchical linear regressions to examine the relationship between Memory Controllability Index (MCI) subscales and identity processes in 250 adults ( M = 58.01, 40 to 91 years), controlling for age, gender, and self-rated health. The ability to integrate age-related changes into identity was positively related to MCI scales measuring assessment of ability, potential to improve memory, and belief in the value of using memory strategies. The identity scale measuring negative age-related changes was related to lower memory self-assessment, ability to improve, and the belief that memory decline is inevitable. Contrary to expectation, the tendency to resist making changes in identity was not related to controllability. Findings support the utility of understanding memory-related beliefs in middle and later adulthood in terms of identity processes.
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40
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Abstract
Using an Eriksonian-based measure (Erikson, 1963), the Inventory of Psychosocial Development (Constantinople, 1969), this longitudinal U.S. study explored the extent to which an individual's potential for intimacy in young adulthood predicted divorce by midlife. Intimacy was defined as the potential to establish close relationships involving high levels of communication, closeness, and commitment. Marital status 34 years after college graduation was obtained from 167 participants (M age = 55.1 years, 60% male, 30% divorced) originally tested in college in 1966-68 in the United States. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed a significant Gender X Intimacy interaction in predicting marital status at midlife. Women but not men with low intimacy in college had higher risk of divorce in midlife in the sample.
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41
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42
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43
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Abstract
Gender differences were examined in the identity processes of identity assimilation (maintaining identity despite age changes), identity accommodation (changing identity) and balance (using both processes) and in the relationship of these processes to self-esteem. We tested a community sample of 222 adults (131 females and 91 males) ranging from 40 to 84 years of age (M = 57.5, SD = 12.1). Analysis of variance yielded evidence showing greater use of identity accommodation for women. Identity accommodation was negatively associated with self-esteem for both genders, while identity assimilation was positively associated with self-esteem for women only. For both men and women, identity balance was positively related to self-esteem. Women's use of the identity processes in relation to self-esteem is discussed. Societal views on aging are suggested to impact women, such that they engage in identity accommodation while benefiting from identity assimilation. From these findings, it appears that examining the processes contributing to the maintenance of self-esteem may be a more useful approach to characterizing the aging process and gender differences than focusing on mean differences alone.
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44
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Abstract
Identity process theory proposes that adjustment to aging can be conceptualized as involving the three processes of identity assimilation (maintaining self-consistency), identity accommodation (making changes in the self), and identity balance (maintaining a sense of self but changing when necessary). Measures of the identity processes and self-consciousness were administered to a community sample of 173 adults (108 women and 65 men) ranging in age from 42 to 85 years (M = 60.80; SD = 12.58). Consistent with theory, identity assimilation was positively associated with age and negatively related to self-reflection. Identity accommodation was negatively related to age and internal state awareness and positively related to self-reflection and public self-consciousness. Identity balance alone was positively related to internal state awareness, indicating that the ability to incorporate age-related changes within identity but at the same time maintain a consistent and positive view of the self is most conducive to successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Sneed
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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45
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Ramsay PL, Luo Z, Magdaleno SM, Whitbourne SK, Cao X, Park MS, Welty SE, Yu-Lee LY, DeMayo FJ. Transcriptional regulation of CCSP by interferon-gamma in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L108-18. [PMID: 12388333 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00186.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), a potent cytokine inducing a wide range of immunologic activities, is increased in the airway secondary to viral infection or during an inflammatory response. This increase in IFN-gamma concentration may alter the expression of specific airway epithelial cell genes that regulate adaptation of airway inflammatory responses. One protein induced by IFN-gamma is Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), which may contribute to the attenuation of airway inflammation. This study was done to investigate the molecular mechanism by which IFN-gamma stimulates the expression of the CCSP gene in mouse transformed Clara cells and transgenic mice. Deletion mapping and linker-scanning mutations demonstrated that IFN-gamma-induced expression of CCSP was regulated, in part, at the level of transcription. In vitro and in vivo studies verified that the minimal IFN-gamma-responsive segment was localized to the proximal 166 bp of the 5'-flanking region. Additionally, IFN-gamma-induced expression of CCSP was mediated indirectly through an interferon regulatory factor-1-mediated increase in hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ramsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Abstract
By exploring the subjective experience of older people, this study investigated whether the coping framework developed with younger adults with schizophrenia could be applied to people with schizophrenia over the age of 50 years. Fifteen participants diagnosed with schizophrenia, over the age of 50, were recruited from clubhouses and given a semi-structured interview to identify what, if any, coping strategies were used to manage persistent symptoms. The results indicated that the coping strategies used by this older sample were similar to those reported by earlier studies with younger populations. However, it was reported that the efficacy of the coping strategies had increased as the participants had grown older and accepted their illness. Older adults with schizophrenia are capable of employing strategies to manage their illness and should be considered an important source of knowledge for younger individuals who struggle with the illness and for mental health professionals who work with the chronically mentally ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Solano
- University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA
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47
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Abstract
This study was a test of the relationship between self-esteem and the identity processing styles of identity assimilation (i.e., maintaining consistent views of the self), accommodation (i.e., changing the self ), and a balance between consistency seeking and identity change. A community sample of 242 older adults ranging in age from forty to ninety-five (M = 63.31) completed measures of identity processing and self-esteem. Previous research has demonstrated that identity assimilation increases with age in order to maintain self-esteem in the domain of physical and cognitive functioning; this is referred to as the identity assimilation effect (IAE). Based on this research, a similar result was expected in the domain of personality. Although identity assimilation and balance predicted increases in self-esteem, and identity accommodation predicted decreases in self-esteem, as predicted, no interaction effects were observed. The results of this study suggest the IAE may be domain specific to physical and cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sneed
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 01003, USA.
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48
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49
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Whitbourne SK, Collins KJ. Identity processes and perceptions of physical functioning in adults: Theoretical and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1037/h0087666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Abstract
In this study, a model was tested postulating reciprocal relationships between psychosocial development and life experiences in adulthood. A sequential design compared college alumni (n = 99) who were age 20 in 1966, age 31 in 1977, and 42 in 1988 (Cohort 1) with college alumni (n = 83) who were 20 in 1977 and 31 in 1988 (Cohort 2). Path analyses testing specific hypotheses provided partial support for the reciprocal model. For Cohort 1 men, lower socioeconomic levels at age 31 were associated with higher industry versus inferiority scores at age 42. For Cohort 1 women, higher identity scores at the age of 31 predicted full-time homemaker status by age 42. The findings from 20 to 31 years were more consistent for Cohort 2, with college psychosocial scores predictive of greater success and commitment in the areas of occupation and family life. Differences between the cohorts were interpreted in terms of sociohistorical factors including differential socialization between men and women in the 1960s versus the 1970s, as well as peculiarities of the period of the 1960s that appeared to influence specifically men who were in college.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Van Manen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 01003, USA
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