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Tikhonov AA, Espinosa A, Huynh QL, Hoggard L, Anglin DM. "You're Tearing Me Apart!" Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Bicultural Identity, and Mental Health. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:959-967. [PMID: 36913079 PMCID: PMC10010245 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from the rejection-identification and rejection-disidentification models (RIM/RDIM), we proposed a model of the association between racial/ethnic discrimination and symptoms of depression and anxiety among racially/ethnically minoritized immigrant individuals. We hypothesized that this relation would be sequentially mediated by discordance in ethnic and national cultural identities and bicultural identity conflict. First- and second-generation racially/ethnically minoritized immigrant college students in the United States (N = 877) completed a battery of self-report measures. We tested two models, one each for depression and anxiety symptoms. Racial/ethnic discrimination was positively associated with discordance in ethnic and national identity, which was positively associated with bicultural identity conflict. These were in turn, positively related to depression and anxiety symptoms. Immigrant individuals who experience racial/ethnic discrimination may perceive higher conflict between their ethnic and national identities. This conflict can in turn be associated with poor mental health. Clinicians should address cultural identity processes when working with racial/ethnic minoritized immigrant clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Tikhonov
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, The State University of New Jersey , Tillet Hall, RM 433, 50 Joyce Kilmer Ave., NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.
| | - Adriana Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lori Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, The State University of New Jersey , Tillet Hall, RM 433, 50 Joyce Kilmer Ave., NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, USA
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Trifiletti E, Shamloo SE, Ferrari L, Dusi P, Huynh QL, Rosnati R, Benet-Martínez V. Bicultural identity in childhood: Preliminary validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale for Children (BIIS-C). Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2022; 28:72-79. [PMID: 34780234 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we adapted and validated the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale for Children (BIIS-C). METHOD 259 bicultural children (119 males, 140 females; Mage = 11.07, SD = 1.24) were provided with a questionnaire. Based on adult versions of the scale, we tested the factorial structure of a set of 11 nonreversed items tapping into harmony (vs. conflict; six items) and blendedness (vs. compartmentalization; five items) dimensions. RESULTS A two-factor model was compared with a one-factor model. In line with research on adults, results showed that the two-factor model (with nine items) fitted the data better than the one-factor model. The two dimensions yielded reliable scores and were correlated in the expected direction with personality variables, acculturation attitudes, and perceived discrimination. CONCLUSIONS The BIIS-C provides valid and reliable scores for research on biculturalism in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Fattoracci ESM, Revels-Macalinao M, Huynh QL. Greater than the sum of racism and heterosexism: Intersectional microaggressions toward racial/ethnic and sexual minority group members. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2021; 27:176-188. [PMID: 32191048 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discrimination, once unmistakable, has taken on subtler forms as exemplified by microaggressions-daily, seemingly harmless indignities that send negative messages to minority group members (Sue, Capodilupo, et al., 2007). Furthermore, unique microaggressions exist for individuals who possess more than one stigmatized identity. For example, racial/ethnic minorities who are also lesbian, gay, or bisexual face discrimination that is unlike racism or heterosexism alone or in combination. Thus, to meaningfully investigate how dually marginalized individuals experience various forms of contemporary, covert discrimination, scholars need access to paradigms that better capture their existential realities. Specifically, greater attention must be paid to how interlocking social categories shape experiences of subtle discrimination. To this end, we demonstrate how to conceptualize quantitative research that is mindful of intersectionality-or the interconnection of social identities in creating overlapping and interdependent systems of oppression. METHOD We conducted a 2-phase study to examine whether an intersectional methodology better predicted adverse health outcomes for 801 lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color as compared to an additive/multiplicative approach (i.e., combining scores from two different measures of experiences with racism and heterosexism). RESULTS Results indicated that intersectionality (vs. additive/multiplicative approach) better measured symptomology for racially diverse sexual minority group members who experienced microaggressions. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide quantitative evidence in support of intersectionality, an achievable methodological approach that captures subtle encounters with discrimination for individuals with interlocking marginalized identities-encounters that would otherwise remain on the fringe of research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
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Tikhonov AA, Espinosa A, Huynh QL, Anglin DM. Bicultural identity harmony and American identity are associated with positive mental health in U.S. racial and ethnic minority immigrants. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2019; 25:494-504. [PMID: 30816754 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the association of ethnic and American identity with depression and anxiety and whether this relation is mediated by Bicultural Identity Integration. METHOD We recruited racial and ethnic minority immigrant college students (N = 766, Mage = 19.89, 60.4% women, 19.8% Black, 34.2% Hispanic, 36.6% Asian, and 9.4% other) who completed a series of self-report questionnaires. Participants answered questions relating to their ethnic and American identities, the degree to which these identities are compatible (i.e., Bicultural Identity Integration; BII), and presence of depression and anxiety symptoms. We conducted hierarchical linear regressions to test the direct relations between ethnic and American identity, BII, and depression and anxiety symptoms. We used bootstrapping to test the mediating role of BII. RESULTS Our analyses showed significant negative associations between American identity and BII cultural harmony with depression symptoms. BII cultural harmony was also negatively associated with anxiety symptoms. BII cultural harmony mediated the relations between American identity and both depression and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Perceived compatibility between ethnic and American identities is seemingly important for understanding the relation between national identity and mental health among racial and ethnic minority immigrants. However, longitudinal research designs would help assess causality in the relations found herein. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Huynh VW, Huynh QL, Stein MP. Not just sticks and stones: Indirect ethnic discrimination leads to greater physiological reactivity. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2017; 23:425-434. [PMID: 28080102 PMCID: PMC5491357 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of indirect ethnic discrimination on physiological reactivity (i.e., cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate) in Latino emerging adults. METHOD Participants (N = 32) were randomly assigned to be exposed to indirect ethnic discrimination (experimental condition) or not (control condition) while undergoing a cognitive stress task. RESULTS Greater total cortisol output was observed in participants in the experimental condition, relative to those in the control condition. No significant differences in heart rate or blood pressure were noted. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that witnessing ethnic discrimination affects cortisol recovery responses, but not cardiovascular reactivity. Words that are not intentionally hurtful or directed at a specific person may still "hurt"-affecting biological processes associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and potentially leading to long-term health consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia W. Huynh
- Corresponding Author 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8263, Office: (818) 677-2510, Fax: (818) 677-2082,
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Juang LP, Moffitt U, Kim SY, Lee RM, Soto JA, Hurley E, Weisskirch RS, Blozis SA, Castillo LG, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression: Links to racial-ethnic discrimination and adjustment among Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students. J Adolesc 2016; 53:21-33. [PMID: 27598799 PMCID: PMC7891868 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether two key emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, moderated the relations between discrimination (i.e., foreigner objectification and general denigration) and adjustment. METHODS Participants were U.S. Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students (N = 1,279, 67% female, 72% U.S. born) from the Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC). Students completed online self-report surveys in 2009. RESULTS Multi-group path analysis demonstrated that a fully constrained model fit well for both Latino/a and Asian-heritage student data. The results showed that with increasing levels of denigration (but not foreigner objectification), the combination of lower cognitive reappraisal and higher expressive suppression was related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and aggression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of examining multiple emotion regulation strategies simultaneously-considering what strategies are available to individuals and in what combination they are used-to understand how best to deal with negative emotions resulting from experiencing discrimination.
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Yap SCY, Donnellan MB, Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Huynh QL, Vazsonyi AT, Cano MÁ, Hurley EA, Whitbourne SK, Castillo LG, Donovan RA, Blozis SA, Brown EJ. Evaluating the invariance of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure across foreign-born, second-generation and later-generation college students in the United States. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2016; 22:460-465. [PMID: 26460665 PMCID: PMC7869584 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Past research has established that the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) exhibits measurement invariance across diverse ethnic groups. However, relatively little research has evaluated whether this measure is invariant across generational status. Thus, the present study evaluates the invariance of the MEIM across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation respondents. METHOD A large, ethnically diverse sample of college students completed the MEIM as part of an online survey (N = 9,107; 72.8% women; mean age = 20.31 years; SD = 3.38). RESULTS There is evidence of configural and metric invariance, but there is little evidence of scalar invariance across generational status groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the MEIM has an equivalent factor structure across generation groups, indicating it is appropriate to compare the magnitude of associations between the MEIM and other variables across foreign-born, second-generation, and later-generation individuals. However, the lack of scalar invariance suggests that mean-level differences across generational status should be interpreted with caution. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Su Yeong Kim
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
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Cano MÁ, Castro Y, de Dios MA, Schwartz SJ, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Roncancio AM, Martinez MJ, Sheehan DM, Auf R, Piña-Watson B, Huynh QL, Zamboanga BL. Associations of ethnic discrimination with symptoms of anxiety and depression among Hispanic emerging adults: a moderated mediation model. Anxiety Stress Coping 2016; 29:699-707. [PMID: 26902389 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1157170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Emerging adulthood is often marked with elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression. Hispanic emerging adults may face cultural stressors such as ethnic discrimination that further increase levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. The study aims were to examine if (a) self-esteem mediated effects of ethnic discrimination on symptoms of anxiety and depression, and (b) if gender moderated the indirect effects of discrimination. DESIGN The study design was cross-sectional self-report. METHOD Two moderated mediation models were tested, with 1084 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25) enrolled in institutions of post-secondary in the United States. RESULTS Results indicated that (a) higher ethnic discrimination was associated with higher anxiety symptoms (β = .05, p = .04), higher depression symptoms (β = .06, p = .02), and lower self-esteem (β = -.30, p < .001); (b) self-esteem mediated the associations of ethnic discrimination with anxiety and depression symptoms; and (c) gender moderated the indirect effects of discrimination, whereby self-esteem was a stronger mediator among men than women. Each moderated mediation model explained 26% of variability in symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the mediating effects of self-esteem linking ethnic discrimination with symptoms of anxiety and depression vary between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cano
- a Department of Epidemiology , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Yessenia Castro
- b School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Marcel A de Dios
- c Department of Health Disparities Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- d Public Health Sciences, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Angelica M Roncancio
- f Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences , The University of Texas School of Public Health , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Marcos J Martinez
- g School of Social Work , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Diana M Sheehan
- h Department of Epidemiology , Center for Substance Use and HIV/AIDS Research on Latinos in the United States (C-SALUD), Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Rehab Auf
- a Department of Epidemiology , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Brandy Piña-Watson
- i Department of Psychological Sciences , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Que-Lam Huynh
- j Department of Psychology , California State University , Northridge, Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Castillo LG, Cano MA, Yoon M, Jung E, Brown EJ, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Schwartz SJ, Huynh QL, Weisskirch RS, Whitbourne SK. Factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory. Psychol Assess 2015; 27:915-924. [PMID: 25730163 PMCID: PMC7896486 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using a national data set, this study examined the factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI) across Latino and Asian Americans, gender, and nativity (U.S.- vs. foreign-born). Results showed that a 4-factor model of acculturative stress provided good fit to the data. Tests of factorial invariance provided evidence of measurement equivalence across all of the groupings tested. These findings suggest that the MASI operationalizes acculturative stress in an equivalent manner across Latino and Asian American students, gender, and nativity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University
| | - Myeongsun Yoon
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University
| | - Eunju Jung
- Institute for Engineering Education and Innovation, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Su Yeong Kim
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | | | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University-Northridge
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Huynh QL, Devos T, Altman HR. Boundaries of American Identity: Relations between Ethnic Group Prototypicality and Policy Attitudes. Polit Psychol 2015; 36:449-468. [PMID: 26347578 PMCID: PMC4559869 DOI: 10.1111/pops.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We sought to document that the extent to which different ethnic groups are perceived as embodying the American identity is more strongly linked to anti-minority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies among majority group members (European Americans) than among minority group members (Asian Americans or Latino/as). Participants rated 13 attributes of the American identity as they pertain to different ethnic groups, and reported their endorsement of policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. We found a relative consensus across ethnic groups regarding defining components of the American identity. However, European Americans were perceived as more prototypical of this American identity than ethnic minorities, especially by European American raters. Moreover, for European Americans but not for ethnic minorities, relative ingroup prototypicality was related to anti-minority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. These findings suggest that for European Americans, perceptions of ethnic group prototypicality fulfill an instrumental function linked to preserving their group interests and limiting the rights afforded to ethnic minorities.
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Huynh QL, Devos T, Goldberg R. The Role of Ethnic and National Identifications in Perceived Discrimination for Asian Americans: Toward a Better Understanding of the Buffering Effect of Group Identifications on Psychological Distress. Asian Am J Psychol 2014; 5:161-171. [PMID: 25258674 PMCID: PMC4171723 DOI: 10.1037/a0031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A robust relationship between perceived racial discrimination and psychological distress has been established. Yet, mixed evidence exists regarding the extent to which ethnic identification moderates this relationship, and scarce attention has been paid to the moderating role of national identification. We propose that the role of group identifications in the perceived discrimination-psychological distress relationship is best understood by simultaneously and interactively considering ethnic and national identifications. A sample of 259 Asian American students completed measures of perceived discrimination, group identifications (specific ethnic identification stated by respondents and national or "mainstream American" identification), and psychological distress (anxiety and depression symptoms). Regression analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction of perceived discrimination, ethnic identification, and national identification on psychological distress. Simple-slope analyses indicated that dual identification (strong ethnic and national identifications) was linked to a weaker relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress compared with other group identification configurations. These findings underscore the need to consider the interconnections between ethnic and national identifications to better understand the circumstances under which group identifications are likely to buffer individuals against the adverse effects of racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
| | - Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
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Syed M, Walker LHM, Lee RM, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Zamboanga BL, Schwartz SJ, Armenta BE, Huynh QL. A two-factor model of ethnic identity exploration: Implications for identity coherence and well-being. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2013; 19:143-154. [PMID: 23647328 DOI: 10.1037/a0030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the multidimensional nature of ethnic identity exploration and its relevance for a broader sense of identity and well-being. Participants were 3,637 ethnic minority college students who completed survey measures of ethnic identity exploration, general identity coherence, general identity confusion, and well-being. Consistent with our 3 hypotheses, the results indicated that (a) ethnic identity exploration comprised 2 dimensions, participation and search; (b) participation was positively associated with well-being, whereas search was negatively associated with well-being; and (c) identity coherence and identity confusion mediated the associations between participation and search, respectively, and well-being. These findings have important theoretical implications for conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity exploration and its association with well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin Syed
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami
| | | | - Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Kim SY, Vazsonyi AT, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Park IJK, Hudson M, Zamboanga BL, Bersamin MM, Williams MK. Acculturation and well-being among college students from immigrant families. J Clin Psychol 2013; 69:298-318. [PMID: 23907749 PMCID: PMC7871524 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to ascertain the associations between acculturation and well-being in first-generation and second-generation immigrant college students. Acculturation was operationalized as a multidimensional construct comprised of heritage and American cultural practices, values (individualism and collectivism), and identifications, and well-being was operationalized in terms of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic components. METHOD Participants were 2,774 first-generation and second-generation immigrant students (70% women), from 6 ethnic groups and from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications, as well as of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic well-being. RESULTS Findings indicated that individualistic values were positively related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being, and positively, although somewhat less strongly, linked with subjective well-being. American and heritage identifications were both modestly related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being. These findings were consistent across gender, immigrant generation (first versus second), and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Psychological and eudaimonic well-being appear to be inherently individualistic conceptions of happiness, and endorsement of individualistic values appears linked with these forms of well-being. Attachments to a cultural group-the United States, one's country of origin, or both-appear to promote psychological and eudaimonic well-being as well. The present findings suggest that similar strategies can be used to promote well-being for both male and female students, for students from various ethnic backgrounds, and for both first-generation and second-generation immigrant students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Schwartz
- Center for Family Studies, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, UA.
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Brittian AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Zamboanga BL, Kim SY, Weisskirch RS, Castillo LG, Whitbourne SK, Hurley EA, Huynh QL, Brown EJ, Caraway SJ. The moderating role of centrality on associations between ethnic identity affirmation and ethnic minority college students' mental health. J Am Coll Health 2013; 61:133-140. [PMID: 25158010 PMCID: PMC7869585 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.773904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior literature has shown that ethnic affirmation, one aspect of ethnic identity, is positively associated with mental health. However, the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health may vary depending how much importance individuals place on their ethnic group membership (ie, centrality). METHODS Using path analysis, the current study examined the relations between ethnic affirmation and indices of mental health problems (ie, anxiety and depressive symptoms), and tested whether the process was moderated by ethnic centrality among 3,659 college students representing 3 ethnic groups (41% Latino/a, 35% Asian American, and 24% African American) who participated in a large, multisite university study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that the associations between ethnic affirmation and mental health were stronger for Latino/a and Asian American students who reported higher levels of ethnic centrality. For African Americans, higher levels of ethnic affirmation predicted better mental health, but this association did not vary as a function of ethnic centrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerika S Brittian
- a Department of Educational Psychology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois
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Donovan RA, Huynh QL, Park IJK, Kim SY, Lee RM, Robertson E. Relationships among identity, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms in eight ethnic-generational groups. J Clin Psychol 2012; 69:397-414. [PMID: 23124607 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine whether personal identity confusion and ethnic identity, respectively, moderate and/or mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination (PD) and depressive symptoms (DS) in eight ethnic-generational groups. METHOD The sample consisted of 9665 students (73% women; mean age 20.31) from 30 colleges and universities from around the United States. Cross-sectional data were gathered through a confidential online survey. RESULTS Across groups, PD and ethnic identity levels varied, while identity confusion levels were mostly similar. Neither identity confusion nor ethnic identity moderated the PD-DS relationship for any groups. However, identity confusion was a partial mediator for immigrant and nonimmigrant Hispanic/Latino(a) and White/European American participants. Identity confusion also suppressed the PD-DS relationship for Black/African American participants. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the need for additional research on identity confusion's role in the PD-distress link and the importance of addressing ethnicity and generation status when examining the effects of PD on college students' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A Donovan
- Department of Psychology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA.
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Soto JA, Armenta BE, Perez CR, Zamboanga BL, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Schwartz SJ, Park IJK, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Le TN, Ham LS. Strength in numbers? Cognitive reappraisal tendencies and psychological functioning among Latinos in the context of oppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:384-94. [DOI: 10.1037/a0029781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Kim SY, Vazsonyi AT, Huynh QL, Whitbourne SK, Park IJK, Hudson M, Zamboanga BL, Bersamin MM, Williams MK. Acculturation and Well-Being Among College Students From Immigrant Families. J Clin Psychol 2012:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 22549290 DOI: 10.1002/jclp21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to ascertain the associations between acculturation and well-being in first-generation and second-generation immigrant college students. Acculturation was operationalized as a multidimensional construct comprised of heritage and American cultural practices, values (individualism and collectivism), and identifications, and well-being was operationalized in terms of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic components. METHOD: Participants were 2,774 first-generation and second-generation immigrant students (70% women), from 6 ethnic groups and from 30 colleges and universities around the United States. Participants completed measures of heritage and American cultural practices, values, and identifications, as well as of subjective, psychological, and eudaimonic well-being. RESULTS: Findings indicated that individualistic values were positively related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being, and positively, although somewhat less strongly, linked with subjective well-being. American and heritage identifications were both modestly related to psychological and eudaimonic well-being. These findings were consistent across gender, immigrant generation (first versus second), and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological and eudaimonic well-being appear to be inherently individualistic conceptions of happiness, and endorsement of individualistic values appears linked with these forms of well-being. Attachments to a cultural group-the United States, one's country of origin, or both-appear to promote psychological and eudaimonic well-being as well. The present findings suggest that similar strategies can be used to promote well-being for both male and female students, for students from various ethnic backgrounds, and for both first-generation and second-generation immigrant students. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 00:1-21, 2012.
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Schwartz SJ, Park IJK, Huynh QL, Zamboanga BL, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Lee RM, Rodriguez L, Kim SY, Whitbourne SK, Castillo LG, Weisskirch RS, Vazsonyi AT, Williams MK, Agocha VB. The American Identity Measure: Development and Validation across Ethnic Group and Immigrant Generation. Identity 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2012.668730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Huynh QL, Devos T, Dunbar CM. The psychological costs of painless but recurring experiences of racial discrimination. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2012; 18:26-34. [PMID: 22250896 PMCID: PMC3644219 DOI: 10.1037/a0026601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
When studying discrimination, it is important to examine both perceived frequency and stress associated with these experiences, as well as the interplay between these two dimensions. Using data from Latino/a participants (N = 168), we found an interaction effect of the reported frequency and reported stressfulness of discrimination on psychological distress (depression and anxiety), such that frequency predicted greater psychological distress for low-stress events, but high-stress events were associated with greater distress regardless of frequency. In addition, using the constructs of "stated" and "derived" stressfulness, we found that the frequency of experiences of discrimination that were rated as less stressful were, in fact, correlated with greater psychological distress. Discrimination events not experienced as stressful nonetheless may have negative implications for the target, especially if they occur frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que-Lam Huynh
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8255, USA.
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Huynh QL, Devos T, Smalarz L. PERPETUAL FOREIGNER IN ONE'S OWN LAND: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR IDENTITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT. J Soc Clin Psychol 2011; 30:133-162. [PMID: 21572896 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The perpetual foreigner stereotype posits that members of ethnic minorities will always be seen as the "other" in the White Anglo-Saxon dominant society of the United States (Devos & Banaji, 2005), which may have negative implications for them. The goal of the present research was to determine whether awareness of this perpetual foreigner stereotype predicts identity and psychological adjustment. We conducted a series of studies with 231 Asian Americans and 211 Latino/as (Study 1), 89 African Americans (Study 2), and 56 Asian Americans and 165 Latino/as (Study 3). All participants completed measures of perceived discrimination, awareness of the perpetual foreigner stereotype, conflict between ethnic and national identities, sense of belonging to American culture, and demographics. In Study 3, participants also completed measures of psychological adjustment: depression, hope, and life satisfaction. All participants were students at a large, public university on the West Coast of the United States. Across studies, we found that even after controlling for perceived discrimination, awareness of the perpetual foreigner stereotype was a significant predictor of identity conflict and lower sense of belonging to American culture. From Study 3, we also found that, above and beyond perceived discrimination, awareness of the perpetual foreigner stereotype significantly predicted lower hope and life satisfaction for Asian Americans, and that it was a marginal predictor of greater depression for Latino/as. These results suggest that the perpetual foreigner stereotype may play a role in ethnic minority identity and adjustment.
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Schwartz SJ, Weisskirch RS, Zamboanga BL, Castillo LG, Ham LS, Huynh QL, Park IJK, Donovan R, Kim SY, Vernon M, Davis MJ, Cano MA. Dimensions of acculturation: associations with health risk behaviors among college students from immigrant families. J Couns Psychol 2011; 58:27-41. [PMID: 21171742 PMCID: PMC7896485 DOI: 10.1037/a0021356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined a bidimensional model of acculturation (which includes both heritage and U.S. practices, values, and identifications) in relation to hazardous alcohol use, illicit drug use, unsafe sexual behavior, and impaired driving. A sample of 3,251 first- and second-generation immigrant students from 30 U.S. colleges and universities completed measures of behavioral acculturation; cultural values (individualism, collectivism, and self-construal); ethnic and U.S. identity; and patterns of alcohol and drug use, engagement in potentially unsafe sexual activities, and driving while (or riding with a driver who was) intoxicated. Results indicate that heritage practices and collectivist values were generally protective against health risk behaviors, with collectivist values most strongly and consistently protective. Nonetheless, heritage identifications were positively associated with sexual risk taking for Hispanics. U.S. practices, values, and identifications were not consistently related to risk behavior participation. Results are discussed in terms of bidimensional approaches to acculturation, the immigrant paradox, and implications for counseling practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
Understanding score reliability is a necessary step in examining the validity of acculturation instruments. Thus, the authors evaluate the aggregate reliability of three multigroup, bidimensional acculturation instruments: General Ethnicity Questionnaire— Abridged, Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale, and Vancouver Index of Acculturation. Reliability generalization techniques are used to analyze 51 internal consistency estimates and 6 sample characteristics for these instruments. Overall, reliability estimates for all three instruments appear to be robust. However, the ranges of reliability estimates across diverse samples vary greatly, which has implications for the interpretation of substantive outcomes and acculturation instrument selection. In addition, variability in reliability estimates is associated with scale length, gender, and ethnic composition of sample. Implications for acculturation research and measurement are discussed.
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Nguyen AMD, Huynh QL, Lonergan-Garwick J. The role of acculturation in the mentoring-career satisfaction model for Asian/Pacific Islander American university faculty. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2007; 13:295-303. [PMID: 17967097 DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the generalizability of the mentoring-career satisfaction relationship from European Americans to Asian/Pacific Islander American (APIA) faculty and to examine acculturation as a possible moderator. Faculty (N = 139) from four large public universities in California completed self-report surveys on mentoring, career satisfaction, and acculturation. Results suggest that the relationship generalizes to APIA faculty and that acculturation plays a role in the model, though not as hypothesized. Although acculturation did not moderate the relationship between mentoring and career satisfaction, it predicted mentoring (via an interaction) and career satisfaction (for participants born overseas) individually. Protégés using particular acculturation strategies reported a greater extent of mentoring from mentors of certain ethnic groups. In addition, participants who were born overseas and are more oriented to their API culture reported greater career satisfaction. Our results suggest that researchers should consider cultural variables, such as acculturation, when studying APIAs or when working with APIAs.
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