1
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Rocha JE, de Freitas TS, Xavier JC, Pereira RLS, Pereira Junior FN, Nogueira CES, Marinho MM, Bandeira PN, Rodrigues LG, Marinho ES, de Lacerda BCGV, de Andrade EM, Teixeira AMR, Dos Santos HS, Coutinho HDM. ADMET study, spectroscopic characterization and effect of synthetic nitro chalcone in combination with norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ethidium bromide against Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:163-173. [PMID: 36082507 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones are present in a wide variety of plants, having in their structure two aromatic rings that are linked together by a chain composed of three carbon atoms with α, β-unsaturated to carbonyl system. Bacteria have several drug resistance mechanisms, among them the efflux pump; this mechanism, when active, is able to expel different compounds from inside bacterial cells. Several efflux pumps have already been identified for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, including MepA and NorA. Many chalcones have been isolated and identified with various activities, such as antimicrobial. In view of this, this article aimed to evaluate the antibiotic modifying effect of chalcone (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one against S. aureus carrier of NorA and MepA efflux pump. Regarding the antibiotic, there was a synergism when associated with ciprofloxacin in SA-K2068 strain, showing this chalcone as an alternative to reverse the resistance to this medicine. The physicochemical properties calculated were fundamental in the description of the predicted pharmacokinetic properties. Despite the mutagenic risk caused by the metabolic activation of nitrochalcone, it is possible to notice a pharmacological principle in a longer half-life for the performance of biological activities. The compound has a good bioavailability, as it is highly absorbed in the intestine and easily transported by plasma proteins, in addition to not presenting neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cardiotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína E Rocha
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Thiago S de Freitas
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Jayze C Xavier
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Raimundo L S Pereira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Márcia M Marinho
- Faculdade de Educação, Ciência e Letras de Iguatu, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Iguatu, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Paulo N Bandeira
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Leilane G Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Mato, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brasil
| | | | | | - Alexandre M R Teixeira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brasil
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2
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Raney SG, Ghosh P, Ramezanli T, Lehman PA, Franz TJ. Cutaneous Pharmacokinetic Approaches to Compare Bioavailability and/or Bioequivalence for Topical Drug Products. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:319-332. [PMID: 35750415 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of bioequivalence (BE) involves comparing the test product to its reference product in a study whose fundamental scientific principles allow inferring of the clinical performance of the products. Several test methods have been discussed and developed to evaluate topical bioavailability (BA) and BE. Pharmacokinetics-based approaches characterize the rate and extent to which an active ingredient becomes available at or near its site of action in the skin. Such methodologies are considered to be among the most accurate, sensitive, and reproducible approaches for determining the BA or BE of a product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Paul A Lehman
- QPS Holdings, LLC, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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3
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Oliveira RC, Bandeira PN, Lemos TG, dos Santos HS, Julião MS, Marinho ES, Lopes FFDS, de Morais SM, da Hora JP, Bento AJDM, Lima IK, Nogueira CE, Saraiva GD, Barreto AC, Braz-Filho R, Teixeira AM. Spectroscopic, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic analysis of α,β-amyrin mixture obtained from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand resin. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Synthesis, antibiotic modifying activity, ADMET study and molecular docking of chalcone (E)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one in strains of Staphylococcus aureus carrying MepA efflux pumps. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, in silico study, and antinociceptive effect in adult zebrafish of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) -N'-phenylpropanohydrazide. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Juhairiyah F, de Lange ECM. Understanding Drug Delivery to the Brain Using Liposome-Based Strategies: Studies that Provide Mechanistic Insights Are Essential. AAPS J 2021; 23:114. [PMID: 34713363 PMCID: PMC8553706 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain drug delivery may be restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and enhancement by liposome-based drug delivery strategies has been investigated. As access to the human brain is limited, many studies have been performed in experimental animals. Whereas providing interesting data, such studies have room for improvement to provide mechanistic insight into the rate and extent of specifically BBB transport and intrabrain distribution processes that all together govern CNS target delivery of the free drug. This review shortly summarizes BBB transport and current liposome-based strategies to overcome BBB transport restrictions, with the emphasis on how to determine the individual mechanisms that all together determine the time course of free drug brain concentrations, following their administration as such, and in liposomes. Animal studies using microdialysis providing time course information on unbound drug in plasma and brain are highlighted, as these provide the mechanistic information needed to understand BBB drug transport of the drug, and the impact of a liposomal formulations of that drug on BBB transport. Overall, these studies show that brain distribution of a drug administered as liposomal formulation depends on both drug properties and liposomal formulation characteristics. In general, evidence suggests that active transporters at the BBB, either being influx or efflux transporters, are circumvented by liposomes. It is concluded that liposomal formulations may provide interesting changes in BBB transport. More mechanistic studies are needed to understand relevant mechanisms in liposomal drug delivery to the brain, providing an improved basis for its prediction in human using animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firda Juhairiyah
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Spectroscopic analysis by NMR, FT-Raman, ATR-FTIR, and UV-Vis, evaluation of antimicrobial activity, and in silico studies of chalcones derived from 2-hydroxyacetophenone. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Rocha JE, de Freitas TS, da Cunha Xavier J, Pereira RLS, Junior FNP, Nogueira CES, Marinho MM, Bandeira PN, de Oliveira MR, Marinho ES, Teixeira AMR, Dos Santos HS, Coutinho HDM. Antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activity, ADMET study and molecular docking of synthetic chalcone (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one in strains of Staphylococcus aureus carrying NorA and MepA efflux pumps. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111768. [PMID: 34058442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of infections are caused by multi-resistant bacteria worldwide, adding up to a figure of around 700,000 deaths per year. Because of that many strategies are being developed in order to combat the resistance of microorganisms to drugs, in recent times, chalcones have been studied for this purpose. Chalcones are known as α, β-unsaturated ketones, characterized by having the presence of two aromatic rings that are joined by a three-carbon chain, they are a class of compounds considered an exceptional model due to chemical simplicity and a wide variety of biological activities, which include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-tuberculosis, anti-HIV, antimalarial, anti-allergic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antileishmanial. The objective of this work was evaluate the antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activity of chalcone (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus carrying a NorA and MepA efflux pump. The results showed that chalcone was able to synergistically modulate the action of Norfloxacin and Ethidium Bromide against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 1199B and K2068, respectively. The theoretical physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of chalcone showed that the chalcone did not present a severe risk of toxicity such as genetic mutation or cardiotoxicity, constituting a good pharmacological active ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sampaio de Freitas
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jayze da Cunha Xavier
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Luiz Silva Pereira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Emídio Sampaio Nogueira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Faculdade de Educação, Ciência e Letras de Iguatu, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Iguatu, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nogueira Bandeira
- Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Matos, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magno Rodrigues Teixeira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Naturais, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular - LMBM, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil.
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9
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Kuzma BA, Senemar S, Ramezanli T, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Stagni G. Evaluation of local bioavailability of metronidazole from topical formulations using dermal microdialysis: Preliminary study in a Yucatan mini-pig model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105741. [PMID: 33540039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dermal microdialysis (dMD) can measure the rate and extent to which a topically administered active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) becomes available in the dermis. Using multiple test-sites on the same subject, and replicate probes at each test-site, it is feasible to compare the cutaneous pharmacokinetics of an API from different topical dermatological drug products in parallel on the same subject with this technique. This study design would help to reduce variability. However, there are technical considerations related to the dMD experimental methods that must be characterized and optimized to ensure that an in vivo dMD study is selective, sensitive, discriminating, and reproducible. The goals of this study were to assess: the minimum distance required between test-sites to prevent cross-talk between probes due to potential lateral-diffusion; the sensitivity of the dMD method to detect differences in the local concentration of metronidazole (MTZ) among single escalating doses; the ability to discriminate between the two different formulations; and the stability of the dMD-probes over 48 h. Results indicate that lateral-diffusion and systemic redistribution of the API following topical application of the drug product were negligible, thus MTZ measured by dMD can be selectively attributed to the dermal bioavailability of the API from the applied topical dose. The dMD methodology was able to detect differences in the bioavailability of MTZ from the cream compared to the gel when applied at the same dose, as well as among different doses of the same formulation over a 48-hour sampling duration; therefore, the method is sensitive. The percentage loss of D3-MTZ from the probe compared to its original concentration in the perfusate indicates that the probe performance was stable over the 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kuzma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sharareh Senemar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Lacroix C, Soeiro T, Le Marois M, Guilhaumou R, Cassé-Perrot C, Jouve E, Röhl C, Belzeaux R, Micallef J, Blin O. Innovative approaches in CNS clinical drug development: Quantitative systems pharmacology. Therapie 2020; 76:111-119. [PMID: 33358366 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials involving brain disorders are notoriously difficult to set up and run. Innovative ways to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases are urgently needed. New approaches that are likely to renew or at least modify the paradigms used so far have been recently proposed. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) uses mathematical computerized models to characterize biological systems, disease processes and CNS drug pharmacology. Integrated experimental medicine should increase the probability and predictability of success while controlling clinical trials costs. Finally, the societal perspective and patient empowerment also offer additional approaches to demonstrate the benefit of a new drug in the CNS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Soeiro
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marguerite Le Marois
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Claas Röhl
- Obmann NF Kinder/Obmann NF Patients United/Obmann EUPATI Austria, 1230 Wien, Austria
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Timone, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Psychiatrie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, UMR 1106, University Hospital Federation DHUNE, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, 13005 Marseille, France.
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11
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Vendel E, Rottschäfer V, de Lange ECM. A 3D brain unit model to further improve prediction of local drug distribution within the brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238397. [PMID: 32966285 PMCID: PMC7511021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs targeting the brain still faces a high failure rate. One of the reasons is a lack of quantitative understanding of the complex processes that govern the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug within the brain. While a number of models on drug distribution into and within the brain is available, none of these addresses the combination of factors that affect local drug concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (brain ECF). Here, we develop a 3D brain unit model, which builds on our previous proof-of-concept 2D brain unit model, to understand the factors that govern local unbound and bound drug PK within the brain. The 3D brain unit is a cube, in which the brain capillaries surround the brain ECF. Drug concentration-time profiles are described in both a blood-plasma-domain and a brain-ECF-domain by a set of differential equations. The model includes descriptions of blood plasma PK, transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), by passive transport via paracellular and transcellular routes, and by active transport, and drug binding kinetics. The impact of all these factors on ultimate local brain ECF unbound and bound drug concentrations is assessed. In this article we show that all the above mentioned factors affect brain ECF PK in an interdependent manner. This indicates that for a quantitative understanding of local drug concentrations within the brain ECF, interdependencies of all transport and binding processes should be understood. To that end, the 3D brain unit model is an excellent tool, and can be used to build a larger network of 3D brain units, in which the properties for each unit can be defined independently to reflect local differences in characteristics of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
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12
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Gabrielsson J, Hjorth S. Integration of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Reasoning and Its Importance in Drug Discovery. EARLY DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527801756.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Box 7028 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- Pharmacilitator AB; V. Bäckvägen 21B 434 92 Vallda Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine; The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University; Vita Stråket 15, 413 45 Gothenburg Sweden
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13
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van den Brink WJ, Hankemeier T, van der Graaf PH, de Lange ECM. Bundling arrows: improving translational CNS drug development by integrated PK/PD-metabolomics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1446935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T. Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. van der Graaf
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Certara QSP, Canterbury Innovation House, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - E. C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Donovan MD, Abduljalil K, Cryan JF, Boylan GB, Griffin BT. Application of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for the prediction of bumetanide plasma and brain concentrations in the neonate. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:125-134. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Donovan
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | | | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Geraldine B. Boylan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research; University College Cork and Cork University Maternity Hospital; Cork Ireland
| | - Brendan T. Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
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15
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Kirkegaard T, Gray J, Priestman DA, Wallom KL, Atkins J, Olsen OD, Klein A, Drndarski S, Petersen NHT, Ingemann L, Smith DA, Morris L, Bornæs C, Jørgensen SH, Williams I, Hinsby A, Arenz C, Begley D, Jäättelä M, Platt FM. Heat shock protein-based therapy as a potential candidate for treating the sphingolipidoses. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:355ra118. [PMID: 27605553 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) often manifest with severe systemic and central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. The existing treatment options are limited and have no or only modest efficacy against neurological manifestations of disease. We demonstrate that recombinant human heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) improves the binding of several sphingolipid-degrading enzymes to their essential cofactor bis(monoacyl)glycerophosphate in vitro. HSP70 treatment reversed lysosomal pathology in primary fibroblasts from 14 patients with eight different LSDs. HSP70 penetrated effectively into murine tissues including the CNS and inhibited glycosphingolipid accumulation in murine models of Fabry disease (Gla(-/-)), Sandhoff disease (Hexb(-/-)), and Niemann-Pick disease type C (Npc1(-/-)) and attenuated a wide spectrum of disease-associated neurological symptoms in Hexb(-/-) and Npc1(-/-) mice. Oral administration of arimoclomol, a small-molecule coinducer of HSPs that is currently in clinical trials for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), recapitulated the effects of recombinant human HSP70, suggesting that heat shock protein-based therapies merit clinical evaluation for treating LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Jennifer Atkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ole Dines Olsen
- Orphazyme ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling, and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Klein
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lauren Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Ian Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Christoph Arenz
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Begley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling, and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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Multivariate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) analysis with metabolomics shows multiple effects of remoxipride in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:431-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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de Lange ECM, van den Brink W, Yamamoto Y, de Witte WEA, Wong YC. Novel CNS drug discovery and development approach: model-based integration to predict neuro-pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1207-1218. [PMID: 28933618 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1380623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNS drug development has been hampered by inadequate consideration of CNS pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and disease complexity (reductionist approach). Improvement is required via integrative model-based approaches. Areas covered: The authors summarize factors that have played a role in the high attrition rate of CNS compounds. Recent advances in CNS research and drug discovery are presented, especially with regard to assessment of relevant neuro-PK parameters. Suggestions for further improvements are also discussed. Expert opinion: Understanding time- and condition dependent interrelationships between neuro-PK and neuro-PD processes is key to predictions in different conditions. As a first screen, it is suggested to use in silico/in vitro derived molecular properties of candidate compounds and predict concentration-time profiles of compounds in multiple compartments of the human CNS, using time-course based physiology-based (PB) PK models. Then, for selected compounds, one can include in vitro drug-target binding kinetics to predict target occupancy (TO)-time profiles in humans. This will improve neuro-PD prediction. Furthermore, a pharmaco-omics approach is suggested, providing multilevel and paralleled data on systems processes from individuals in a systems-wide manner. Thus, clinical trials will be better informed, using fewer animals, while also, needing fewer individuals and samples per individual for proof of concept in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C M de Lange
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Willem van den Brink
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Microdialysis as an Important Technique in Systems Pharmacology—a Historical and Methodological Review. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1294-1303. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Millan MJ, Rivet JM, Gobert A. The frontal cortex as a network hub controlling mood and cognition: Probing its neurochemical substrates for improved therapy of psychiatric and neurological disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1099-1128. [PMID: 27756833 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116672342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly-interconnected and neurochemically-rich frontal cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood and cognition, domains disrupted in depression and other central nervous system disorders, and it is an important site of action for their therapeutic control. For improving our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the frontal cortex, and for identifying improved treatments, quantification of extracellular pools of neuromodulators by microdialysis in freely-moving rodents has proven indispensable. This approach has revealed a complex mesh of autoreceptor and heteroceptor interactions amongst monoaminergic pathways, and led from selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to novel classes of multi-target drugs for treating depression like the mixed α2-adrenoceptor/5-HT reuptake inhibitor, S35966, and the clinically-launched vortioxetine and vilazodone. Moreover, integration of non-monoaminergic actions resulted in the discovery and development of the innovative melatonin receptor agonist/5-HT2C receptor antagonist, Agomelatine. Melatonin levels, like those of corticosterone and the "social hormone", oxytocin, can now be quantified by microdialysis over the full 24 h daily cycle. Further, the introduction of procedures for measuring extracellular histamine and acetylcholine has provided insights into strategies for improving cognition by, for example, blockade of 5-HT6 and/or dopamine D3 receptors. The challenge of concurrently determining extracellular levels of GABA, glutamate, d-serine, glycine, kynurenate and other amino acids, and of clarifying their interactions with monoamines, has also been resolved. This has proven important for characterizing the actions of glycine reuptake inhibitors that indirectly augment transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and of "glutamatergic antidepressants" like ketamine, mGluR5 antagonists and positive modulators of AMPA receptors (including S47445). Most recently, quantification of the neurotoxic proteins Aβ42 and Tau has extended microdialysis studies to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and another frontier currently being broached is microRNAs. The present article discusses the above themes, focusses on recent advances, highlights opportunities for clinical "translation", and suggests avenues for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rivet
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Gobert
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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van den Brink WJ, Wong YC, Gülave B, van der Graaf PH, de Lange ECM. Revealing the Neuroendocrine Response After Remoxipride Treatment Using Multi-Biomarker Discovery and Quantifying It by PK/PD Modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:274-285. [PMID: 27785749 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To reveal unknown and potentially important mechanisms of drug action, multi-biomarker discovery approaches are increasingly used. Time-course relationships between drug action and multi-biomarker profiles, however, are typically missing, while such relationships will provide increased insight in the underlying body processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dopamine D2 antagonist remoxipride on the neuroendocrine system. Different doses of remoxipride (0, 0.7, 5.2, or 14 mg/kg) were administered to rats by intravenous infusion. Serial brain extracellular fluid (brainECF) and plasma samples were collected and analyzed for remoxipride pharmacokinetics (PK). Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of the eight pituitary-related hormones as a function of time. A Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the responding hormones, which were further analyzed by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. A three-compartment PK model adequately described remoxipride PK in plasma and brainECF. Not only plasma PRL, but also adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were increased, the latter especially at higher concentrations of remoxipride. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) did not respond to remoxipride at the tested doses, while oxytocin (OXT) measurements were below limit of quantification. Precursor pool models were linked to brainECF remoxipride PK by Emax drug effect models, which could accurately describe the PRL and ACTH responses. To conclude, this study shows how a multi-biomarker identification approach combined with PK/PD modeling can reveal and quantify a neuroendocrine multi-biomarker response for single drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J van den Brink
- Systems Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yin C Wong
- Systems Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berfin Gülave
- Systems Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- Systems Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Certara QSP, Canterbury Innovation House, Canterbury, UK
| | - Elizatbeth C M de Lange
- Systems Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lee CY, Lai HY, Chiu A, Chan SH, Hsiao LP, Lee ST. The effects of antiepileptic drugs on the growth of glioblastoma cell lines. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:445-53. [PMID: 26758059 PMCID: PMC4835521 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of antiepileptic drug compounds on glioblastoma cellular growth, we exposed glioblastoma cell lines to select antiepileptic drugs. The effects of selected antiepileptic drugs on glioblastoma cells were measured by MTT assay. For compounds showing significant inhibition, cell cycle analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The antiepileptic compounds selected for screening included carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, magnesium sulfate, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, and vigabatrin. Dexamethasone and temozolomide were used as a negative and positive control respectively. Our results showed temozolomide and oxcarbazepine significantly inhibited glioblastoma cell growth and reached IC50 at therapeutic concentrations. The other antiepileptic drugs screened were unable to reach IC50 at therapeutic concentrations. The metabolites of oxcarbazepine were also unable to reach IC50. Dexamethasone, ethosuximide, levetiracetam, and vigabatrin showed some growth enhancement though they did not reach statistical significance. The growth enhancement effects of ethosuximide, levetiracetam, and vigabatrin found in the study may indicate that these compounds should not be used for prophylaxis or short term treatment of epilepsy in glioblastoma. While valproic acid and oxcarbazepine were effective, the required dose of valproic acid was far above that used for the treatment of epilepsy and the metabolites of oxcarbazepine failed to reach significant growth inhibition ruling out the use of oral oxcarbazepine or valproic acid as monotherapy in glioblastoma. The possibility of using these compounds as local treatment is a future area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Angela Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - She-Hung Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tseng Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model to Predict the Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Represented by Receptor/Transporter Occupancy of Central Nervous System Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:957-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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de Lange ECM, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Translational aspects of blood-brain barrier transport and central nervous system effects of drugs: From discovery to patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:380-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- ECM de Lange
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Division of Pharmacology; Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden The Netherlands
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Nagel J, Greco S, Parsons CG, Flik G, Tober C, Klein KU, Danysz W. Brain concentrations of mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP in relation to receptor occupancy--Comparison to MPEP. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:624-30. [PMID: 25933979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To verify relation between brain free levels, receptor occupancy in vivo and in vitro affinity at the target for mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) MTEP. METHODS We evaluated plasma and brain extra-cellular fluid (ECF) concentration of MTEP at behaviourally active dose (5mg/kg) using in vivo microdialysis. These values were compared it to the affinity in vitro (receptor binding and FLIPR) and to receptor occupancy in vivo. Another, related substance, MPEP was used for comparison. RESULTS MTEP and MPEP respectively inhibited mGluR5 receptors function in vitro with an affinity of 25.4 and 12.3 nM respectively. Accordingly peak ECF (extracellular fluid) levels were 1.3 and 0.14 μM, and peak total plasma levels were 7-11 and 2.6 μM. The ED50 for in vivo receptor occupancy was for both agents in the range of 0.8-0.7 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS At behaviourally active dose MTEP produced complete mGluR5 receptor occupancy but over 50 times higher ECF concentrations than affinity for mGluR5 receptor in vitro. This difference is seems lower for other mGluR5 NAM compounds such as MPEP. A possibly explanation could be different distribution in body compartments of both agents leading to errors of estimation with the microdialysis technique or different pharmacological activity at the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Nagel
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sergio Greco
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Flik
- Brains On-Line B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ball K, Bouzom F, Scherrmann JM, Walther B, Declèves X. Comparing translational population-PBPK modelling of brain microdialysis with bottom-up prediction of brain-to-plasma distribution in rat and human. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:485-99. [PMID: 25044007 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of brain extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations in human is a potentially valuable asset during drug development as it can provide the pharmacokinetic input for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. This study aimed to compare two translational modelling approaches that can be applied at the preclinical stage of development in order to simulate human brain ECF concentrations. A population-PBPK model of the central nervous system was developed based on brain microdialysis data, and the model parameters were translated to their corresponding human values to simulate ECF and brain tissue concentration profiles. In parallel, the PBPK modelling software Simcyp was used to simulate human brain tissue concentrations, via the bottom-up prediction of brain tissue distribution using two different sets of mechanistic tissue composition-based equations. The population-PBPK and bottom-up approaches gave similar predictions of total brain concentrations in both rat and human, while only the population-PBPK model was capable of accurately simulating the rat ECF concentrations. The choice of PBPK model must therefore depend on the purpose of the modelling exercise, the in vitro and in vivo data available and knowledge of the mechanisms governing the membrane permeability and distribution of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ball
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique et Métabolisme, Groupe de Recherche Servier, Orléans, France
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26
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Li CH, Stratford RE, Velez de Mendizabal N, Cremers TIFH, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Remington G, Bies RR. Prediction of brain clozapine and norclozapine concentrations in humans from a scaled pharmacokinetic model for rat brain and plasma pharmacokinetics. J Transl Med 2014; 12:203. [PMID: 25142323 PMCID: PMC4261612 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clozapine is highly effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, although, there remains significant variability in the response to this drug. To better understand this variability, the objective of this study was to predict brain extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations and receptor occupancy of clozapine and norclozapine in human central nervous system by translating plasma and brain ECF pharmacokinetic (PK) relationships in the rat and coupling these with known human disposition of clozapine in the plasma. METHODS Unbound concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine were measured in rat brain ECF using quantitative microdialysis after subcutaneous administration of a 10 mg/kg single dose of clozapine or norclozapine. These data were linked with plasma concentrations obtained in the same rats to develop a plasma-brain ECF compartmental model. Parameters describing brain ECF disposition were then allometrically scaled and linked with published human plasma PK to predict human ECF concentrations. Subsequently, prediction of human receptor occupancy at several CNS receptors was based on an effect model that related the predicted ECF concentrations to published concentration-driven receptor occupancy parameters. RESULTS A one compartment model with first order absorption and elimination best described clozapine and norclozapine plasma concentrations in rats. A delay in the transfer of clozapine and norclozapine from plasma to the brain ECF compartment was captured using a transit compartment model approach. Human clozapine and norclozapine concentrations in brain ECF were simulated, and from these the median percentage of receptor occupancy of dopamine-2, serotonin-2A, muscarinic-1, alpha-1 adrenergic, alpha-2 adrenergic and histamine-1 for clozapine, and dopamine-2 for norclozapine were consistent with values reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS A PK model that relates clozapine and norclozapine disposition in rat plasma and brain, including blood-brain barrier transport, was developed. Using allometry and published human plasma PK, the model was successfully translated to predict clozapine and norclozapine concentrations and accordant receptor occupancy of both agents in human brain. These predicted exposure and occupancy measures at several receptors that bind clozapine may be employed to extend our understanding of clozapine's complex behavioral effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert R Bies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 W, 10th Street W7138, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sjöstedt N, Kortejärvi H, Kidron H, Vellonen KS, Urtti A, Yliperttula M. Challenges of using in vitro data for modeling P-glycoprotein efflux in the blood-brain barrier. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1-19. [PMID: 23797466 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of central nervous system (CNS) drugs may be limited by their poor ability to cross the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Transporters, such as p-glycoprotein, may affect the distribution of many drugs into the CNS in conjunction with the restricted paracellular pathway of the BBB. It is therefore important to gain information on unbound drug concentrations in the brain in drug development to ensure sufficient drug exposure from plasma at the target site in the CNS. In vitro methods are routinely used in drug development to study passive permeability and p-glycoprotein efflux of new drugs. This review discusses the challenges in the use of in vitro data as input parameters in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of CNS drug disposition of p-glycoprotein substrates. Experience with quinidine demonstrates the variability in in vitro parameters of passive permeability and active pglycoprotein efflux. Further work is needed to generate parameter values that are independent of the model and assay. This is a prerequisite for reliable predictions of drug concentrations in the brain in vivo.
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In vitro permeability, pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of WAY-100635 and FCWAY in rats using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1072-9. [PMID: 24838378 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a sensitive non-invasive imaging technique. To reduce imaging measurements of defects, there is a demand for proper LC-ESI-MS/MS method to carry out with its specificity and sensitivity. This study describes a rapid and simple liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem-MS/MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for determination of both PET tracers: N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635) and 4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxylphenyl)-1-piperazino]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (FCWAY). Both target compounds were prepared by one-step protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol (1:1, v/v), and analyzed using a C18 column. This simple method has an excellent linearity, selectivity and sensitivity. Precision and accuracy values for the intra-day and inter-day validation were below 12%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for both target compounds was defined as 1 ng/mL in plasma and 5 ng/mL in brain homogenate. The stability of both compounds is considered stable under a various experimental conditions. The in vitro MDR-MDCK cell permeability showed the both compounds have high permeability (Papp, A→B ≥ 20 × 10(-6 )cm/s) and low efflux ratio (≤2.0). Brain to blood (AUCbrain/AUCblood) distribution ratios in rats were 3.15 ± 0.42 for WAY-100635 and 2.20 ± 0.34 for FCWAY, respectively, and these results suggest that LC-ESI-MS/MS method might be a supplementary way for the identifying and understanding of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Badhan RKS, Chenel M, Penny JI. Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of the rat central nervous system. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:97-136. [PMID: 24647103 PMCID: PMC3978528 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) drug disposition is dictated by a drug's physicochemical properties and its ability to permeate physiological barriers. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and centrally located drug transporter proteins influence drug disposition within the central nervous system. Attainment of adequate brain-to-plasma and cerebrospinal fluid-to-plasma partitioning is important in determining the efficacy of centrally acting therapeutics. We have developed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of the rat CNS which incorporates brain interstitial fluid (ISF), choroidal epithelial and total cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments and accurately predicts CNS pharmacokinetics. The model yielded reasonable predictions of unbound brain-to-plasma partition ratio (Kpuu,brain) and CSF:plasma ratio (CSF:Plasmau) using a series of in vitro permeability and unbound fraction parameters. When using in vitro permeability data obtained from L-mdr1a cells to estimate rat in vivo permeability, the model successfully predicted, to within 4-fold, Kpuu,brain and CSF:Plasmau for 81.5% of compounds simulated. The model presented allows for simultaneous simulation and analysis of both brain biophase and CSF to accurately predict CNS pharmacokinetics from preclinical drug parameters routinely available during discovery and development pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Singh Badhan
- Manchester Pharmacy School, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Marylore Chenel
- EA 3809, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, 34 Rue du Jardin des Plantes, BP 199, 86005 Poitiers, France.
| | - Jeffrey I Penny
- Manchester Pharmacy School, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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PKPD Aspects of Brain Drug Delivery in a Translational Perspective. DRUG DELIVERY TO THE BRAIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fortuna A, Alves G, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. Pharmacokinetics, brain distribution and plasma protein binding of carbamazepine and nine derivatives: New set of data for predictive in silico ADME models. Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:37-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ball K, Bouzom F, Scherrmann JM, Walther B, Declèves X. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier--towards a mechanistic IVIVE-based approach. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:913-32. [PMID: 23784110 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the penetration of drugs across the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a significant challenge during their development. A variety of in vitro systems representing the BBB have been described, but the optimal use of these data in terms of extrapolation to human unbound brain concentration profiles remains to be fully exploited. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling of drug disposition in the central nervous system (CNS) currently consists of fitting preclinical in vivo data to compartmental models in order to estimate the permeability and efflux of drugs across the BBB. The increasingly popular approach of using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to generate PBPK model input parameters could provide a more mechanistic basis for the interspecies translation of preclinical models of the CNS. However, a major hurdle exists in verifying these predictions with observed data, since human brain concentrations can't be directly measured. Therefore a combination of IVIVE-based and empirical modelling approaches based on preclinical data are currently required. In this review, we summarise the existing PBPK models of the CNS in the literature, and we evaluate the current opportunities and limitations of potential IVIVE strategies for PBPK modelling of BBB penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ball
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique et Métabolisme, Groupe de Recherche Servier, Orléans, France
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Chaurasia CS, Müller M, Bashaw ED, Benfeldt E, Bolinder J, Bullock R, Bungay PM, DeLange ECM, Derendorf H, Elmquist WF, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Joukhadar C, Kellogg DL, Lunte CE, Nordstrom CH, Rollema H, Sawchuk RJ, Cheung BWY, Shah VP, Stahle L, Ungerstedt U, Welty DF, Yeo H. AAPS-FDA Workshop White Paper: Microdialysis Principles, Application, and Regulatory Perspectives. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:589-603. [PMID: 17442685 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006299091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Chaurasia
- Division of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Room 1360/HFD-650, 7520 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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34
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In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of drug distribution into the brain. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 40:301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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de Lange ECM. Utility of CSF in translational neuroscience. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 40:315-26. [PMID: 23400635 PMCID: PMC3663203 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling is of high value as the only general applicable methodology to obtain information on free drug concentrations in individual human brain. As the ultimate interest is in the free drug concentration at the CNS target site, the question is what CSF concentrations may tell us in that respect. Studies have been performed in rats and other animals for which concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (brain ECF) as a target site for many drugs, have been compared to (cisterna magna) CSF concentrations, at presumed steady state conditions,. The data indicated that CSF drug concentrations provided a rather good indication of, but not a reliable measure for predicting brain ECF concentrations. Furthermore, comparing rat with human CSF concentrations, human CSF concentrations tend to be higher and display much more variability. However, this comparison of CSF concentrations cannot be a direct one, as humans probably had a disease for which CSF was collected in the first place, while the rats were healthy. In order to be able to more accurately predict human brain ECF concentrations, understanding of the complexity of the CNS in terms of intrabrain pharmacokinetic relationships and the influence of CNS disorders on brain pharmacokinetics needs to be increased. This can be achieved by expanding a currently existing preclinically derived physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for brain distribution. This model has been shown to successfully predict data obtained for human lumbar CSF concentrations of acetaminophen which renders trust in the model prediction of human brain ECF concentrations. This model should further evolute by inclusion of influences of drug properties, fluid flows, transporter functionalities and different disease conditions. Finally the model should include measures of target site engagement and CNS effects, to ultimately learn about concentrations that best predict particular target site concentrations, via human CSF concentrations.
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Hao K, Qi Q, Hao H, Wang G, Chen Y, Liang Y, Xie L. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of azithromycin for lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54981. [PMID: 23358536 PMCID: PMC3554664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A mechanism-based model was developed to describe the time course of lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior and azithromycin pharmacodynamics in mice. The lipopolysaccharide-induced disease progression was monitored by lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory cytokines, and kynrenine concentration in plasma. The depressive-like behavior was investigated by forced swimming test and tail suspension test. Azithromycin was selected to inhibit the surge of proinflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide. Disease progression model and azithromycin pharmacodynamics were constructed from transduction and indirect response models. A delay in the onset of increased proinflammatory cytokines, kynrenine, and behavior test compared to lipopolysaccharide was successfully characterized by series transduction models. The inhibition of azithromycin on proinflammatory cytokines was described by an indirect response model. After lipopolysaccharide challenging, the proinflammatory cytokines, kynrenine and behavior tests would peak approximately at 3, 12, and 24 h respectively, and then the time courses slowly declined toward a baseline state after peak response. During azithromycin administration, the peak levels of proinflammatory cytokines, kynrenine and behavior indexes decreased. Model parameters indicated that azithromycin significantly inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines level in plasma and improved the depressive-like behavior induced by inflammation. The integrated model for disease progression and drug intervention captures turnovers of proinflammatory cytokines, kynrenine and the behavior results in the different time phases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuancheng Chen
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univeristy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Zheng Z, Lee BH, Choi JY, Ryu YH, Bae MA, Ahn SH. Determination of 5-HT receptor antagonists, MEFWAY and MPPF using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and brain tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 913-914:24-9. [PMID: 23266361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was validated for the determination of 4-fluoromethyl-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxamide (MEFWAY) and 4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)benzamide (MPPF) in rat plasma and brain samples, respectively. Plasma and brain samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (1:1, v/v) and then separated on a C(18) column (Gemini 3μm 110Å, 50×2.00mm ID, Phenomenex, USA). Quantitation was performed using LC-ESI-MS/MS in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5ng/mL and 1ng/mL were obtained in 50μL brain homogenate and plasma, respectively. The analytical linear ranges of this method were 1-4000ng/mL in plasma and 5-4000ng/mL in brain homogenate with a correlation coefficients (R(2)) greater than 0.9993. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy values were within the assay validation guideline (lower than 13.0%). The analytes in plasma and brain samples were stable after three freeze-thaw cycles, long-term storage (one month at -80°C), and short-term (4h) storage at room temperature. The present method was successfully applied to plasma-brain pharmacokinetic studies to investigate brain penetration of a single dose of MEFWAY and MPPF in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Drug Discovery Platform Technology Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. In Vivo Approaches to Assessing the Blood–Brain Barrier. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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de Lange ECM. Recovery and Calibration Techniques: Toward Quantitative Microdialysis. MICRODIALYSIS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4815-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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40
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Translational Approaches for Predicting CNS Drug Effects Using Microdialysis. MICRODIALYSIS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4815-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ball K, Bouzom F, Scherrmann JM, Walther B, Declèves X. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Rat Central Nervous System and Determination of an In Vitro–In Vivo Scaling Methodology for the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Two Transporter Substrates, Morphine and Oxycodone. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4277-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The brain is one of the most protected organs in the body. There are two key barriers that control the access of endogenous substances and xenobiotics (drugs or toxins) to the CNS. These physiological structures are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The BBB represents the main determinant of the effective delivery of drugs to the CNS. Good access through the BBB is essential if the target site is located within the CNS or, in contrast, can be a disadvantage if adverse reactions occur at central level. The development of new drugs targeted to the CNS requires a better knowledge of the factors affecting BBB permeation as well as in vitro and in silico predictive tools to optimize screening, and to reduce the attrition rate at later stages of drug development. This review discusses the particular characteristics of the biology and physiology of the BBB with respect to the permeation and distribution of drugs into the brain. The factors affecting rate, extent and distribution into the brain are discussed and a brief description of the in silico, in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods used to measure BBB transport are presented. Finally, the lastest proposals and strategies to enhance transport across the BBB of new CNS drugs are summarized.
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Nirogi R, Kandikere V, Bhyrapuneni G, Benade V, Saralaya R, Irappanavar S, Muddana N, Ajjala DR. Approach to reduce the non-specific binding in microdialysis. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cremers TIFH, Flik G, Hofland C, Stratford RE. Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1909-16. [PMID: 22736307 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to realization of the full potential of clozapine as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of schizophrenia is the substantial interpatient variability that exists along the therapeutic continuum of no response-efficacious response-adverse response. Genetic polymorphisms that manifest as highly variable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic measures are its expected causes. To support investigations that seek to understand these causes, the plasma and central nervous system pharmacokinetics of clozapine were determined in rats, the latter using microdialysis sampling. Results obtained with clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine, a pharmacologically active human metabolite that was administered to a separate group of animals, support a conclusion of net carrier-mediated efflux of both compounds across the blood-brain barrier. These results are supported by the replication of published findings regarding the passive transport and net efflux transport of two model compounds, escitalopram and risperidone, respectively. The results obtained with clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine are considered a first step in the development of preclinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models that will support deeper mechanistic studies of clozapine in in vivo pharmacology, as well as the development of translational models that augment pharmacogenetic investigations that seek to improve the safety and efficacy of clozapine therapeutic intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Shraim N, Clinckers R, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Van Eeckhaut A. Determination of reboxetine in rat brain microdialysates and plasma samples using liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:53-61. [PMID: 22560340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated for the quantification of the antidepressant reboxetine (RBX), a selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, in rat brain microdialysates. After modification of the method in terms of sample preparation and sensitivity, it was also validated for the quantification of RBX in rat plasma samples. To enable fluorescence detection, a pre-column derivatization step with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate was included. Separations were performed on a reversed phase C₁₈ column using gradient elution. The retention time for RBX was found to be 8.8 min. The assay of RBX in brain microdialysis samples showed a linear relationship in the calibration curve from 2 to 200 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient ≥0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL respectively. The intra-day and the inter-day precision (RSD %) ranged between 1.5% and 11.7% with an average recovery of 101.2±8.2% (mean±SD, n=40). For the analysis of plasma samples, the calibration curve was linear between 20 and 700 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient ≥0.999. LOD and LLOQ were 6 and 20 ng/mL respectively. The intra-day and the inter-day precision (RSD %) ranged between 1.7% and 11.5% with an average recovery of 98.5±7.3% (mean±SD, n=40). We demonstrated the applicability of the method to determine the concentration-time profiles of RBX in brain and plasma following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Shraim
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neurosciences, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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46
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Translational CNS medicines research. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1068-78. [PMID: 22580061 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The major imperative of the pharmaceutical industry is to effectively translate insights gained from basic research into new medicines. This task is toughest for CNS disorders. Compared with non-CNS drugs, CNS drugs take longer to get to market and their attrition rate is greater. This is principally because of the complexity of the human brain (the cause of many brain disorders remains unknown), the liability of CNS drugs to cause CNS side effects (which limits their use) and the requirement of CNS medicines to cross the blood-CNS barrier (BCNSB) (which restricts their ability to interact with their CNS target). In this review we consider the factors that are important in translating neuroscience research into CNS medicines.
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Kielbasa W, Stratford RE. Exploratory translational modeling approach in drug development to predict human brain pharmacokinetics and pharmacologically relevant clinical doses. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:877-83. [PMID: 22287668 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs that have pharmacological targets in the brain are not often understood during drug development, and this gap in knowledge is a limitation in providing a quantitative framework for translating nonclinical pharmacologic data to the clinical patient population. A focus of translational sciences is to improve the efficiency of clinical trial design via a more judicious selection of clinical doses on the basis of nonclinical data. We hypothesize that this can be achieved for CNS-acting drugs based on knowledge of CNS PK and brain target engagement obtained in nonclinical studies. Translating CNS PK models from rat to human can allow for the prediction of human brain PK and the human dose-brain exposure relationship, which can provide insight on the clinical dose(s) having potential brain activity and target engagement. In this study, we explored the potential utility of this translational approach using rat brain microdialysis and PK modeling techniques to predict human brain extracellular fluid PK of atomoxetine and duloxetine. The results show that this translational approach merits consideration as a means to support the clinical development of CNS-mediated drug candidates by enhancing the ability to predict pharmacologically relevant doses in humans in the absence of or in association with other biomarker approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kielbasa
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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48
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Bundgaard C, Sveigaard C, Brennum LT, Stensbøl TB. Associating in vitro target binding and in vivo CNS occupancy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rats: the role of free drug concentrations. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:256-65. [PMID: 22017605 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.618953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the theory that free (unbound) active site concentrations are the best predictors of target binding of compounds blocking the serotonin transporter (Sert) in the central nervous system (CNS). Thirteen serotonin reuptake inhibitors were evaluated for their Sert-binding affinities in vitro and in vivo in rats together with their unbound fractions in plasma and brain. Cortical Sert occupancy was used in vivo to acquire EC₅₀-estimates from total plasma, free plasma, whole brain, and free brain concentrations after acute drug administration. The in vitro-in vivo Sert occupancy analyses showed that the best correlation was achieved when unbound brain concentrations were employed. Unbound brain concentrations also provided a better correlation when compared with unbound plasma concentrations, which could be related to lack of equilibrium between plasma and brain at time of measurements or involvement of active brain efflux processes. In addition, brain-free fractions were shown to be directly correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds. These data emphasize the use and impact of applying free fraction data in assessment of pharmacological in vitro-in vivo correlations and demonstrates its use to validate in vivo Sert occupancy as pharmacodynamic marker for serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rats.
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49
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Zhang X, Liu L, Zhang X, Ma K, Rao Y, Zhao Q, Li F. Analytical methods for brain targeted delivery system in vivo: perspectives on imaging modalities and microdialysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 59:1-12. [PMID: 22088476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of microdialysis in 1974, the semi-invasive analytical method has grown exponentially. Microdialysis is one of the most potential analysis technologies of pharmacological drug delivery to the brain. In recent decades, analysis of chemicals targeting the brain has led to many improvements. It seems likely that fluorescence imaging was limited to ex vivo and in vitro applications with the exception of several intravital microscopy and photographic imaging approaches. X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) have been commonly utilized for visualization of distribution and therapeutic effects of drugs. The efficient analytical methods for studies of brain-targeting delivery system is a major challenge in detecting the disposition as well as the variances of the factors that regulate the substances delivery into the brain. In this review, we highlight some of the ongoing trends in imaging modalities and the most recent developments in the field of microdialysis of live animals and present insights into exploiting brain disease for therapeutic and diagnostics purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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50
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Stevens J, Ploeger BA, van der Graaf PH, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. Systemic and direct nose-to-brain transport pharmacokinetic model for remoxipride after intravenous and intranasal administration. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2275-82. [PMID: 21903866 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal (IN) administration could be an attractive mode of delivery for drugs targeting the central nervous system, potentially providing a high bioavailability because of avoidance of a hepatic first-pass effect and rapid onset of action. However, controversy remains whether a direct transport route from the nasal cavity into the brain exists. Pharmacokinetic modeling is proposed to identify the existence of direct nose-to-brain transport in a quantitative manner. The selective dopamine-D2 receptor antagonist remoxipride was administered at different dosages, in freely moving rats, by the IN and intravenous (IV) route. Plasma and brain extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration-time profiles were obtained and simultaneously analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Brain ECF/plasma area under the curve ratios were 0.28 and 0.19 after IN and IV administration, respectively. A multicompartment pharmacokinetic model with two absorption compartments (nose-to-systemic and nose-to-brain) was found to best describe the observed pharmacokinetic data. Absorption was described in terms of bioavailability and rate. Total bioavailability after IN administration was 89%, of which 75% was attributed to direct nose-to brain transport. Direct nose-to-brain absorption rate was slow, explaining prolonged brain ECF exposure after IN compared with IV administration. These studies explicitly provide separation and quantitation of systemic and direct nose-to-brain transport after IN administration of remoxipride in the rat. Describing remoxipride pharmacokinetics at the target site (brain ECF) in a semiphysiology-based manner would allow for better prediction of pharmacodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Stevens
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden-Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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