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Ludasi K, Jójárt-Laczkovich O, Sovány T, Hopp B, Smausz T, Andrásik A, Gera T, Kovács Z, Regdon G. Anti-counterfeiting protection, personalized medicines - Development of 2D identification methods using laser technology. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120793. [PMID: 34119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeiting of the products for healing is as old as trading, and it is difficult to quantify the magnitude of the problem. It is known that substandard and/or falsified (SF) medicines are a growing global threat to health, and they cause serious social and economic damage. The EU has a strong legal framework for medicines, it is mandatory to meet the requirements of Directive 2011/62/EU. Serialisation prevents SF medicinal products from entering the legal distribution chain. The present study is an extension of the original idea and aims to develop a laser technology-based method to mark an individual traceable code on the surface of the tablet, which technology can also be used for marking personalized medicines. The method is based on the ablation of the upper layer of a double-layer, differently coloured coating. The 2D code should be formed without harming the functional layer, and anyone with a smartphone integrated with a camera should be able to authenticate these drugs with a suitable application. The present findings confirmed that KrF excimer laser and Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser are efficient and reliable for marking. These should be promising candidates for pharmaceutical companies that would like to have additional protection against drug counterfeiters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Ludasi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sovány
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Béla Hopp
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Smausz
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Andrásik
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gera
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Experimental Physics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; Department of High Energy Experimental Particle and Heavy Ion Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Regdon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Challenges of Dissolution Methods Development for Soft Gelatin Capsules. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020214. [PMID: 33557167 PMCID: PMC7913951 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the development of soft gelatin capsules (SGCs) dosage forms has attracted a great deal of interest in the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. This is attributed to the increased number of poorly soluble drugs in the pipeline, and hence the challenges of finding innovative ways of developing bioavailable and stable dosage forms. Encapsulation of these drugs into SGCs is one of the approaches that is utilized to deliver the active ingredients to the systemic circulation to overcome certain formulation hurdles. Once formulated, encapsulated drugs in the form of SGCs require suitable in vitro dissolution test methods to ensure drug product quality and performance. This review focuses on challenges facing dissolution test method development for SGCs. A brief discussion of the physicochemical and formulation factors that affect the dissolution properties of SGCs will be highlighted. Likewise, the influence of cross-linking of gelatin on the dissolution properties of SGCs will also be discussed.
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Tjandrawinata RR, Trisina J, Rahayu P, Prasetya LA, Hanafiah A, Rachmawati H. Bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 containing lumbrokinase isolated from Lumbricus rubellus: ex vivo, in vivo, and pharmaceutic studies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1585-93. [PMID: 25284988 PMCID: PMC4181543 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s66007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DLBS1033 is a bioactive protein fraction isolated from Lumbricus rubellus that tends to be unstable when exposed to the gastrointestinal environment. Accordingly, appropriate pharmaceutical development is needed to maximize absorption of the protein fraction in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo stability assays were performed to study the stability of the bioactive protein fraction in gastric conditions. The bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 was found to be unstable at low pH and in gastric fluid. The "enteric coating" formulation showed no leakage in gastric fluid-like medium and possessed a good release profile in simulated intestinal medium. DLBS1033 was absorbed through the small intestine in an intact protein form, confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) analysis. This result confirmed that an enteric coating formula using methacrylic acid copolymer could protect DLBS1033 from the acidic condition of the stomach by preventing the release of DLBS1033 in the stomach, while promoting its release when reaching the intestine. From the blood concentration-versus-time curve, (99m)Tc-DLBS1033 showed a circulation half-life of 70 minutes. This relatively long biological half-life supports its function as a thrombolytic protein. Thus, an enteric delivery system is considered the best approach for DLBS1033 as an oral thrombolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Trisina
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Puji Rahayu
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
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Nilkumhang S, Alhnan MA, McConnell EL, Basit AW. Drug distribution in enteric microparticles. Int J Pharm 2009; 379:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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SEM/EDX and confocal microscopy analysis of novel and conventional enteric-coated systems. Int J Pharm 2009; 369:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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du Toit LC, Pillay V, Danckwerts MP, Penny C. Formulation and Statistical Optimization of a Novel Crosslinked Polymeric Anti‐Tuberculosis Drug Delivery System. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2176-207. [PMID: 17879985 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The crux of this research was the pragmatic investigation into the formulation of a reconstitutable multiparticulate anti-tuberculosis drug delivery system for facilitated administration for the attainment of segregated gastrointestinal (GI) delivery of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) in order to address issues of unacceptable RIF bioavailability on coadministration with INH. Ionotropically crosslinked polymeric enterospheres for delivery of INH to the small intestine were developed via a response surface methodology for the design and optimization of the formulation and processing variables. A 3(4) Box-Behnken statistical design was constructed. The concentration of zinc sulfate salting-out and crosslinking electrolyte, the crosslinking reaction time, the drying temperature (DT), and the concentration of triethyl citrate plasticizer were varied for determination of their effect on the molar amount of zinc (n(Zn)) incorporated in the crosslinked enterosphere, drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), and mean dissolution time (MDT) at t(2h) in acidic media (0.1 M HCl). Complexometric determination of zinc cations (Zn(2+)) revealed that 23.70-287.89 mol of Zn(2+) per mole of polymer were implicated in crosslink formation. DEE of 27.92% to 99.77% were obtained. Drug release at t(2h) ranged from 1.67% to 73.04%. The salting-out and crosslinking agent significantly affected n(Zn) (p = 0.034) and the DEE (p = 0.000), as did the concentration of plasticizer employed (p = 0.000 and 0.002, respectively). High DTs (>42.5 degrees C) also significantly improved DEE (p = 0.029). ZnSO(4) had a significant effect on the MDT (p = 0.000). A dry dispersible multiparticulate system incorporating the optimally designed INH-loaded enterospheres and RIF was developed. Bivariate regression analysis of UV spectrophotometric absorbance data allowed in vitro resolution of RIF and INH release at simulated gastric pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Claire du Toit
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Gohel MC, Sarvaiya KG. Exploration of cold extrusion for the preparation of enteric minitablets of isoniazid. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70:298-302. [PMID: 20046736 PMCID: PMC2792519 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.42975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to formulate the enteric minitablets of isoniazid by cold extrusion method. The minitablets were prepared using isoniazid, hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose phthalate and dibasic calcium phosphate. The minitablets were coated using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate. Full factorial design was adopted to optimize the formulation. The minitablets showed good flow and acceptable friability. The drug release was resisted in 0.1 N HCl for 2 h from the optimized batch. The optimized batch showed more than 90% of drug release in phosphate buffer in 15 min. Capsules containing rifampicin powder and enteric isoniazid minitablets showed complete drug release in acidic and alkaline media respectively. The process of cold extrusion appears to be an attractive alternative to by-pass the existing patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gohel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box. No. 4011, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, India
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Hashmat D, Shoaib MH, Mehmood ZA, Bushra R, Yousuf RI, Lakhani F. Development of enteric coated flurbiprofen tablets using Opadry/Acryl-Eze system--a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:116-21. [PMID: 18446471 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-007-9005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ruotsalainen M, Heinämäki J, Guo H, Laitinen N, Yliruusi J. A novel technique for imaging film coating defects in the film-core interface and surface of coated tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 56:381-8. [PMID: 14602180 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was introduced and examined as a novel technique for imaging film-core interface and surface defects of film-coated tablets. Tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and lactose monohydrate were film-coated with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose using an instrumented side-vented pan coater. The film coatings were applied using 100- and 500-kPa spraying air pressures. The CLSM images of the coating surface were compared with surface roughness measurements using a laser profilometer and an optical roughness analyzer. The spraying air pressure affected the film-core interface and the occurrence of coating defects. With the lower spraying pressure the aqueous coating solution penetrated into the tablet core, the core components migrated to the coating layer, and the film coating surface was clearly rougher compared to the higher spraying pressure. Storage at 25 degrees C/60% RH or 40 degrees C/75% RH for 3 months expanded the MCC-containing tablet core impaired the film structure and increased the film roughness. Based on the present results, CLSM is an effective tool for imaging film-core interface and surface defects of film-coated tablets. The CLSM images are supported by the results obtained with the other surface roughness measuring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Ruotsalainen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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