1
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Hokkala E, Strachan CJ, Agopov M, Järvinen E, Semjonov K, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J, Svanbäck S. Thermodynamic solubility measurement without chemical analysis. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123890. [PMID: 38346601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the optical imaging based single particle analysis (SPA) and the gold standard shake-flask (SF) solubility methods are compared. We show that to analyze pharmaceutical compounds spanning 7 log units in solubility and a diverse chemical space with limited resources, several analytical techniques are required (HPLC-UV, LC-MS, refractometry and UV-Vis spectrometry), whereas solely the SPA method is able to analyze all the same compounds. SPA experiments take only minutes, while for SF, it may take days to reach thermodynamic equilibration. This decreases the time span needed for the solubility experiment from initial preparations to obtaining the result from roughly three days to less than three hours. The optimal particle size for SPA ranges from approximately one to hundreds of microns. Challenges include measuring large particles, very fast dissolving compounds and handling small sample sizes. Inherent exclusion of density from the SPA measurement is a potential source of error for compounds with very low or high density values. The average relative difference of 37 % between the two methods is very good in the realm of solubility, where 400 % interlaboratory reproducibility can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hokkala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company, Viikinkaari 4 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkka Järvinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Semjonov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- The Solubility Company, Viikinkaari 4 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- The Solubility Company, Viikinkaari 4 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Blanco D, Antikainen O, Räikkönen H, Yliruusi J, Juppo AM. Effect of colloidal silicon dioxide and moisture on powder flow properties: Predicting in-process performance using image-based analysis. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120344. [PMID: 33545294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) on powder flow properties of poor-flowing excipient lactose 200 M was investigated. Binary mixtures of different ratios of CSD as glidant were examined using a modern image-based flow measuring technique. Special attention was placed to subtle variations in powder flow from small changes in glidant concentration (0.025% w/w). Understanding the modes of interaction of particles and their effects on flowability using the method predicted the die filling performance during tablet manufacture. In addition, the importance of moisture content on powder flow properties was empirically underlined. A more efficient range of CSD was detected from 0.10 to 0.50% w/w in most of the tested conditions, which revealed a significant improvement in powder flow performance compared to higher amounts typically handled in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blanco
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Heikki Räikkönen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Anne Mari Juppo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5E), FIN-00014, Finland
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3
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Štukelj J, Agopov M, Yliruusi J, Strachan CJ, Svanbäck S. Image-based dissolution analysis for tracking the surface stability of amorphous powders. ADMET DMPK 2020; 8:401-409. [PMID: 35300194 PMCID: PMC8915593 DOI: 10.5599/admet.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor solubility of crystalline drugs can be overcome by amorphization - the production of high-energy disordered solid with improved solubility. However, the improved solubility comes at a cost of reduced stability; amorphous drugs are prone to recrystallization. Because of recrystallization, the initial solubility enhancement is eventually lost. Therefore, it is important to understand the recrystallization process during storage of amorphous materials and its impact on dissolution/solubility. Here, we demonstrate the use of image-based single-particle analysis (SPA) to consistently monitor the solubility of an amorphous indomethacin sample over time. The results are compared to the XRPD signal of the same sample. For the sample stored at 22 °C/23% relative humidity (RH), full crystallinity as indicated by XRPD was reached around day 40, whereas a solubility corresponding to that of the γ crystalline form was measured with SPA at day 25. For the sample stored at 22 °C/75% RH, the XRPD signal indicated a rapid initial phase of crystallization. However, the sample failed to fully crystallize in 80 days. With SPA, solubility slightly above that of the crystalline γ form was measured already on the second day. To conclude, the solubility measured with SPA directly reflects the solid-state changes occurring on the particle surface. Therefore, it can provide vital information - in a straightforward manner while requiring only minuscule sample amounts - for understanding the effect of storage conditions on the dissolution/solubility of amorphous materials, especially important in pharmaceutical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Abstract
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Salt
formation is a well-established method to increase the solubility
of ionizable drug candidates. However, possible conversion of salt
to its original form of free acid or base—disproportionation—can
have a drastic effect on the solubility and consequently the bioavailability
of a drug. Therefore, during the salt selection process, the salt
dissolution behavior should be well understood. Improved understanding
could be achieved by a method that enables simultaneous screening
of small sample amounts and detailed dissolution process analysis.
Here, we use a machine-vision-based single-particle analysis (SPA)
method to successfully determine the pH-solubility profile, intrinsic
solubility, common-ion effect, pKa, pHmax, and Ksp values of three model
compounds in a fast and low sample consumption (<1 mg) manner.
Moreover, the SPA method enables, with a particle-scale resolution,
in situ observation of the disproportionation process and its immediate
effect on the morphology and solubility of dissolving species. In
this study, a potentially higher energy thermodynamic solid-state
form of diclofenac free acid and an intriguing conversion to liquid
verapamil free base were observed upon disproportionation of the respective
salts. As such, the SPA method offers a low sample consumption platform
for fast yet elaborate characterization of the salt dissolution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Tanner T, Antikainen O, Pollet A, Räikkönen H, Ehlers H, Juppo A, Yliruusi J. Predicting tablet tensile strength with a model derived from the gravitation-based high-velocity compaction analysis data. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:194-202. [PMID: 31100384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a model was developed to estimate tablet tensile strength utilizing the gravitation-based high-velocity (G-HVC) method introduced earlier. Three different formulations consisting of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), theophylline and magnesium stearate were prepared. The formulations were granulated using fluid bed granulation and the granules were compacted with the G-HVC method and an eccentric tableting machine. Compaction energy values defined from G-HVC data predicted tensile strength of the tablets surprisingly well. It was also shown, that fluid bed granulation improved the compaction energy intake of the granules in comparison to respective physical mixtures. In addition, general mechanical properties and elastic recovery were also examined for all samples. In this study it was finally concluded, that the data obtained by the method was of practical relevance in pharmaceutical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Tanner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arne Pollet
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Heikki Räikkönen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juppo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Abstract
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Amorphous
materials exhibit distinct physicochemical properties
compared to their respective crystalline counterparts. One of these
properties, the increased solubility of amorphous materials, is exploited
in the pharmaceutical industry as a way of increasing bioavailability
of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the increasing interest in
drug amorphization, the analytical physicochemical toolbox is lacking
a reliable method for direct amorphous solubility assessment. Here,
we show, for the first time, a direct approach to measure the amorphous
solubility of diverse drugs by combining optics with fluidics, the
single particle analysis (SPA) method. Moreover, a comparison was
made to a theoretical estimation based on thermal analysis and to
a standardized supersaturation and precipitation method. We have found
a good level of agreement between the three methods. Importantly,
the SPA method allowed for the first experimental measurement of the
amorphous solubility for griseofulvin, a fast crystallizing drug,
without the use of a crystallization inhibitor. In conclusion, the
SPA approach enables rapid and straightforward determination of the
supersaturation potential for amorphous materials of less than 0.1
mg, which could prove highly beneficial in the fields of materials
science, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, food science, pharmaceutical
science, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company Oy , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
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7
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Abstract
Solubility is a physicochemical property highly dependent on the solid-state form of a compound. Thus, alteration of a compound's solid-state form can be undertaken to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug compounds. In the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), drugs are classified on the basis of their aqueous solubility and permeability. However, aqueous solubility does not always correlate best with in vivo solubility and consequently bioavailability. Therefore, the use of biorelevant media is a more suitable approach for mimicking in vivo conditions. Here, assessed with a novel image-based single-particle-analysis (SPA) method, we report a constant ratio of solubility increase of 3.3 ± 0.5 between the α and γ solid-state forms of indomethacin in biorelevant media. The ratio was independent of pH, ionic strength, and surfactant concentration, which all change as the drug passes through the gastrointestinal tract. On the basis of the solubility ratio, a free-energy difference between the two polymorphic forms of 2.9 kJ/mol was estimated. Lastly, the use of the SPA approach to assess solubility has proven to be simple, fast, and both solvent- and sample-sparing, making it an attractive tool for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland.,The Solubility Company , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland.,The Solubility Company , Viikinkaari 6 , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Julijana Kristl
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Pharmacy , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5E , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
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8
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Semjonov K, Lust A, Kogermann K, Laidmäe I, Maunu SL, Hirvonen SP, Yliruusi J, Nurk G, Lust E, Heinämäki J. Melt-electrospinning as a method to improve the dissolution and physical stability of a poorly water-soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:260-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Lipiäinen T, Pessi J, Movahedi P, Koivistoinen J, Kurki L, Tenhunen M, Yliruusi J, Juppo AM, Heikkonen J, Pahikkala T, Strachan CJ. Time-Gated Raman Spectroscopy for Quantitative Determination of Solid-State Forms of Fluorescent Pharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4832-4839. [PMID: 29513001 PMCID: PMC6150637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is widely used for quantitative pharmaceutical analysis, but a common obstacle to its use is sample fluorescence masking the Raman signal. Time-gating provides an instrument-based method for rejecting fluorescence through temporal resolution of the spectral signal and allows Raman spectra of fluorescent materials to be obtained. An additional practical advantage is that analysis is possible in ambient lighting. This study assesses the efficacy of time-gated Raman spectroscopy for the quantitative measurement of fluorescent pharmaceuticals. Time-gated Raman spectroscopy with a 128 × (2) × 4 CMOS SPAD detector was applied for quantitative analysis of ternary mixtures of solid-state forms of the model drug, piroxicam (PRX). Partial least-squares (PLS) regression allowed quantification, with Raman-active time domain selection (based on visual inspection) improving performance. Model performance was further improved by using kernel-based regularized least-squares (RLS) regression with greedy feature selection in which the data use in both the Raman shift and time dimensions was statistically optimized. Overall, time-gated Raman spectroscopy, especially with optimized data analysis in both the spectral and time dimensions, shows potential for sensitive and relatively routine quantitative analysis of photoluminescent pharmaceuticals during drug development and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Lipiäinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Pessi
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Parisa Movahedi
- Department of Future
Technologies, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Koivistoinen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Kurki
- TimeGate Instruments, Teknologiantie 5, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mari Tenhunen
- TimeGate Instruments, Teknologiantie 5, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M. Juppo
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Heikkonen
- Department of Future
Technologies, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Pahikkala
- Department of Future
Technologies, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Clare J. Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Semjonov K, Salm M, Lipiäinen T, Kogermann K, Lust A, Laidmäe I, Antikainen O, Strachan CJ, Ehlers H, Yliruusi J, Heinämäki J. Interdependence of particle properties and bulk powder behavior of indomethacin in quench-cooled molten two-phase solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Tanner T, Antikainen O, Ehlers H, Blanco D, Yliruusi J. Examining mechanical properties of various pharmaceutical excipients with the gravitation-based high-velocity compaction analysis method. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Holländer J, Hakala R, Suominen J, Moritz N, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. 3D printed UV light cured polydimethylsiloxane devices for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 544:433-442. [PMID: 29129573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to study the printability of PDMS with a semi-solid extrusion printer in combination with the UV-assisted crosslinking technology using UV-LED light to manufacture drug containing structures. Structures with different pore sizes and different drug loadings were prepared containing prednisolone as a model drug. The work showed that it was possible to print drug-free and drug-loaded drug delivery devices of PDMS with the 3D printing technique used in this study. The required UV-curing time to get sufficient crosslinking yield and mechanical strength was minimum three minutes. The microgram drug release from the printed structures was highest for the most drug loaded structures regardless of the porosity of the devices. By altering the surface area/volume ratio it was possible to print structures with differences in the release rate. This study shows that room-temperature semi-solid extrusion printing 3D printing technique in combination with UV-LED crosslinking is an applicable method in the production of prednisolone containing PDMS devices. Both the extrusion 3D printing and the UV-crosslinking was done at room temperature, which make this manufacturing method an interesting alternative for manufacturing controlled release devices containing temperature susceptible drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Holländer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, FI-20520, Finland; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko Suominen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Niko Moritz
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre - TCBC, Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B (PharmaCity), Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, FI-20520, Finland.
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13
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Saarinen T, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J. Simultaneous Comparison of Two Roller Compaction Techniques and Two Particle Size Analysis Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3198-3207. [PMID: 28540484 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new dry granulation technique, gas-assisted roller compaction (GARC), was compared with conventional roller compaction (CRC) by manufacturing 34 granulation batches. The process variables studied were roll pressure, roll speed, and sieve size of the conical mill. The main quality attributes measured were granule size and flow characteristics. Within granulations also the real applicability of two particle size analysis techniques, sieve analysis (SA) and fast imaging technique (Flashsizer, FS), was tested. All granules obtained were acceptable. In general, the particle size of GARC granules was slightly larger than that of CRC granules. In addition, the GARC granules had better flowability. For example, the tablet weight variation of GARC granules was close to 2%, indicating good flowing and packing characteristics. The comparison of the two particle size analysis techniques showed that SA was more accurate in determining wide and bimodal size distributions while FS showed narrower and mono-modal distributions. However, both techniques gave good estimates for mean granule sizes. Overall, SA was a time-consuming but accurate technique that provided reliable information for the entire granule size distribution. By contrast, FS oversimplified the shape of the size distribution, but nevertheless yielded acceptable estimates for mean particle size. In general, FS was two to three orders of magnitude faster than SA.
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14
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Palo M, Holländer J, Suominen J, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. 3D printed drug delivery devices: perspectives and technical challenges. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 14:685-696. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1363647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Palo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenny Holländer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Suominen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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15
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Tanner T, Antikainen O, Ehlers H, Yliruusi J. Introducing a novel gravitation-based high-velocity compaction analysis method for pharmaceutical powders. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Heinämäki J, Pirttimaa MM, Alakurtti S, Pitkänen HP, Kanerva H, Hulkko J, Paaver U, Aruväli J, Yliruusi J, Kogermann K. Suberin Fatty Acids from Outer Birch Bark: Isolation and Physical Material Characterization. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:916-924. [PMID: 28333461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and physical material properties of suberin fatty acids (SFAs) were investigated with special reference to their potential applications as novel pharmaceutical excipients. SFAs were isolated from outer birch bark (OBB) with a new extractive hydrolysis method. The present simplified isolation process resulted in a moderate batch yield and chemical purity of SFAs, but further development is needed for establishing batch-to-batch variation. Cryogenic milling was the method of choice for the particle size reduction of SFAs powder. The cryogenically milled SFAs powder exhibited a semicrystalline structure with apparent microcrystalline domains within an amorphous fatty acids matrix. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of SFAs samples showed a good thermal stability up to 200 °C, followed by a progressive weight loss, reaching a plateau at about 95% volatilization at about 470 °C. The binary blends of SFAs and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; Avicel PH 101) in a ratio of 25:75 (w/w) displayed good powder flow and tablet compression properties. The corresponding theophylline-containing tablets showed sustained or prolonged-release characteristics. The physicochemical and bulk powder properties of SFAs isolated from OBB are auspicious in terms of potential pharmaceutical excipient applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Heinämäki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Minni M Pirttimaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd , VTT Industrial Synthesis, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd , VTT Industrial Synthesis, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - H Pauliina Pitkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd , VTT Industrial Synthesis, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Heimo Kanerva
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd , VTT Industrial Synthesis, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Janne Hulkko
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd , VTT Industrial Synthesis, Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Urve Paaver
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Aruväli
- Department of Geology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu , Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology , Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu , Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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17
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Semjonov K, Kogermann K, Laidmäe I, Antikainen O, Strachan CJ, Ehlers H, Yliruusi J, Heinämäki J. The formation and physical stability of two-phase solid dispersion systems of indomethacin in supercooled molten mixtures with different matrix formers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 97:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Paaver U, Laidmäe I, Santos HA, Yliruusi J, Aruväli J, Kogermann K, Heinämäki J. Development of a novel electrospun nanofibrous delivery system for poorly water-soluble β-sitosterol. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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19
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Tamm I, Heinämäki J, Laidmäe I, Rammo L, Paaver U, Ingebrigtsen SG, Škalko-Basnet N, Halenius A, Yliruusi J, Pitkänen P, Alakurtti S, Kogermann K. Development of Suberin Fatty Acids and Chloramphenicol-Loaded Antimicrobial Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats Intended for Wound Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1239-47. [PMID: 26886306 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suberin fatty acids (SFAs) isolated from outer birch bark were investigated as an antimicrobial agent and biomaterial in nanofibrous mats intended for wound treatment. Electrospinning (ES) was used in preparing the composite nonwoven nanomats containing chloramphenicol (CAM; as a primary antimicrobial drug), SFAs, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (as a carrier polymer for ES). The X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and texture analysis were used for the physicochemical and mechanical characterization of the nanomats. ES produced nanofibrous mats with uniform structure and with an average fiber diameter ranging from 370 to 425 nm. Microcrystalline SFAs and crystalline CAM were found to undergo a solid-state transformation during ES processing. The ES process caused also the loss of CAM in the final nanofibers. In the texture analysis, the SFAs containing nanofibers exhibited significantly higher maximum detachment force to an isolated pig skin (p < 0.05) than that obtained with the reference nanofibers. CAM exists in an amorphous form in the nanofibers which needs to be taken into account in controlling the physical storage stability. In conclusion, homogeneous composite nanofibrous mats for wound healing can be electrospun from the ternary mixture(s) of CAM, SFAs, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tamm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Laidmäe
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisi Rammo
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urve Paaver
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sveinung G Ingebrigtsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Halenius
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sami Alakurtti
- VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Ltd, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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20
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Palomäki E, Ehlers H, Antikainen O, Sandler N, Yliruusi J. Non-destructive assessment of mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose compacts. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:633-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Svanbäck S, Ehlers H, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J. High-Speed Intrinsic Dissolution Rate in One Minute Using the Single-Particle Intrinsic Dissolution Rate Method. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11058-64. [PMID: 26439135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) has traditionally been determined from a constant surface area of a substance. Here we present an optofluidic single-particle intrinsic dissolution rate (SIDR) method, by means of which real-time determination of IDR from continuously changing effective surface areas of dissolving individual microparticles, is possible. The changing surface area of the individual microparticles is characterized through continuous random orientation 3D particle morphology characterization during the dissolution process. Using noninvasive optical monitoring and nonspecific image analysis, we determined IDRs of a diverse set of substances from individual pure-substance microparticles (14-747 μg) with an average relative standard deviation of 9.4%. A linear fit between SIDR and literature equilibrium solubility values (R(2) = 0.999) was achieved and kinetic solubility equivalent SIDRs were obtained, for all substances, in as little as 1 min. Such miniaturized methods could become valuable tools in drug discovery, by providing resource sparing higher quality data acquisition means to replace current high-throughput solubility methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Svanbäck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Heinämäki J, Halenius A, Paavo M, Alakurtti S, Pitkänen P, Pirttimaa M, Paaver U, Kirsimäe K, Kogermann K, Yliruusi J. Suberin fatty acids isolated from outer birch bark improve moisture barrier properties of cellulose ether films intended for tablet coatings. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Penkina A, Semjonov K, Hakola M, Vuorinen S, Repo T, Yliruusi J, Aruväli J, Kogermann K, Veski P, Heinämäki J. Towards improved solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs: cryogenic co-grinding of piroxicam with carrier polymers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:378-88. [PMID: 26065533 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1054400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) open up exciting opportunities in formulating poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the present study, novel catalytic pretreated softwood cellulose (CPSC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were investigated as carrier polymers for preparing and stabilizing cryogenic co-ground SDs of poorly water-soluble piroxicam (PRX). CPSC was isolated from pine wood (Pinus sylvestris). Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for characterizing the solid-state changes and drug-polymer interactions. High-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the particle size and surface morphology of starting materials and final cryogenic co-ground SDs. In addition, the molecular aspects of drug-polymer interactions and stabilization mechanisms are presented. The results showed that the carrier polymer influenced both the degree of amorphization of PRX and stabilization against crystallization. The cryogenic co-ground SDs prepared from PVP showed an enhanced dissolution rate of PRX, while the corresponding SDs prepared from CPSC exhibited a clear sustained release behavior. In conclusion, cryogenic co-grinding provides a versatile method for preparing amorphous SDs of poorly water-soluble APIs. The solid-state stability and dissolution behavior of such co-ground SDs are to a great extent dependent on the carrier polymer used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Penkina
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Kristian Semjonov
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Maija Hakola
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sirpa Vuorinen
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- c Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland , and
| | - Jaan Aruväli
- d Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Karin Kogermann
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Peep Veski
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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24
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Svanbäck S, Ehlers H, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J. On-chip optofluidic single-particle method for rapid microscale equilibrium solubility screening of biologically active substances. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5041-5. [PMID: 25913110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is the primary physicochemical property determining the absorption and bioavailability of substances. Here, we present an optofluidic single-particle technique for microscale equilibrium solubility determination, based on on-chip hydrodynamic particle trapping and optical particle size monitoring. The method combines the rapidity, universality, and substance sparing nature of physical analysis, with the accuracy traditionally associated with chemical analysis. Applying the diffusion layer theory, we determined the equilibrium solubility from individual pure substance microparticles of as little as 14 μg in initial mass, in a matter of seconds to minutes. The reduction in time and substance consumption, when compared to the golden standard method, is above 2 orders of magnitude. With a simultaneous improvement above 3-fold in accuracy of the solubility data, the applicability of optofluidics based analytics for small-scale high-throughput quantitative solubility and biological activity screening is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Svanbäck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Lust A, Strachan CJ, Veski P, Aaltonen J, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J, Kogermann K. Amorphous solid dispersions of piroxicam and Soluplus(®): Qualitative and quantitative analysis of piroxicam recrystallization during storage. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:306-14. [PMID: 25843761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from amorphous to crystalline form is the primary stability issue in formulating amorphous solid dispersions (SDs). The aim of the present study was to carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the physical solid-state stability of the SDs of poorly water-soluble piroxicam (PRX) and polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene-glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus(®)). The SDs were prepared by a solvent evaporation method and stored for six months at 0% RH/6 °C, 0% RH/25 °C, 40% RH/25 °C and 75% RH/25 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with attenuated total reflection accessory (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used for characterizing the physical solid-state changes and drug-polymer interactions. The principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Raman spectra collected during storage. When stored at 0% RH/6 °C and at 0% RH/25 °C, PRX in SDs remained in an amorphous form since no recrystallization was observed by ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy coupled with PCA and MCR-ALS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy enabled to detect the recrystallization of amorphous PRX in the samples stored at higher humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Lust
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), Finland; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), Finland.
| | - Peep Veski
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Aaltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), Finland.
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), Finland.
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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Simon LL, Pataki H, Marosi G, Meemken F, Hungerbühler K, Baiker A, Tummala S, Glennon B, Kuentz M, Steele G, Kramer HJM, Rydzak JW, Chen Z, Morris J, Kjell F, Singh R, Gani R, Gernaey KV, Louhi-Kultanen M, O’Reilly J, Sandler N, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J, Frohberg P, Ulrich J, Braatz RD, Leyssens T, von Stosch M, Oliveira R, Tan RBH, Wu H, Khan M, O’Grady D, Pandey A, Westra R, Delle-Case E, Pape D, Angelosante D, Maret Y, Steiger O, Lenner M, Abbou-Oucherif K, Nagy ZK, Litster JD, Kamaraju VK, Chiu MS. Assessment of Recent Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Trends: A Multiauthor Review. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500261y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hajnalka Pataki
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabian Meemken
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Tummala
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian Glennon
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- APC Ltd, Belfield Innovation
Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life
Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Steele
- PharmaCryst Consulting
Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3HN, U.K
| | - Herman J. M. Kramer
- Intensified Reaction & Separation Systems, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - James W. Rydzak
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Zengping Chen
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Julian Morris
- Centre for Process Analytics & Control Technology, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE17RU, U.K
| | - Francois Kjell
- Siemens nv/sa,
Industry
Automation − SIPAT Industry Software, Marie Curie Square 30, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ravendra Singh
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rafiqul Gani
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marjatta Louhi-Kultanen
- Department
of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - John O’Reilly
- Roche Ireland
Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Frohberg
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joachim Ulrich
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*Star, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Huiquan Wu
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Des O’Grady
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Anjan Pandey
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Remko Westra
- FMC Technologies B.V., Delta 101, 6825 MN Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Delle-Case
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker
Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Detlef Pape
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Angelosante
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Maret
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Steiger
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Lenner
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Kaoutar Abbou-Oucherif
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zoltan K. Nagy
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - James D. Litster
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kamaraju
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Min-Sen Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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Soppela I, Antikainen O, Sandler N, Yliruusi J. On-line monitoring of fluid bed granulation by photometric imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:879-85. [PMID: 25174556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses a photometric surface imaging approach for on-line monitoring of fluid bed granulation. Five granule batches consisting of paracetamol and varying amounts of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose were manufactured with an instrumented fluid bed granulator. Photometric images and NIR spectra were continuously captured on-line and particle size information was extracted from them. Also key process parameters were recorded. The images provided direct real-time information on the growth, attrition and packing behaviour of the batches. Moreover, decreasing image brightness in the drying phase was found to indicate granule drying. The changes observed in the image data were also linked to the moisture and temperature profiles of the processes. Combined with complementary process analytical tools, photometric imaging opens up possibilities for improved real-time evaluation fluid bed granulation. Furthermore, images can give valuable insight into the behaviour of excipients or formulations during product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Soppela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Halenius A, Lakio S, Antikainen O, Hatara J, Yliruusi J. Fast tablet tensile strength prediction based on non-invasive analytics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:781-91. [PMID: 24638870 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, linkages between tablet surface roughness, tablet compression forces, material properties, and the tensile strength of tablets were studied. Pure sodium halides (NaF, NaBr, NaCl, and NaI) were chosen as model substances because of their simple and similar structure. Based on the data available in the literature and our own measurements, various models were made to predict the tensile strength of the tablets. It appeared that only three parameters-surface roughness, upper punch force, and the true density of material-were needed to predict the tensile strength of a tablet. Rather surprising was that the surface roughness alone was capable in the prediction. The used new 3D imaging method (Flash sizer) was roughly a thousand times quicker in determining tablet surface roughness than traditionally used laser profilometer. Both methods gave practically analogous results. It is finally suggested that the rapid 3D imaging can be a potential in-line PAT tool to predict mechanical properties of tablets in production.
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Svanbäck S, Ehlers H, Yliruusi J. Optical microscopy as a comparative analytical technique for single-particle dissolution studies. Int J Pharm 2014; 469:10-6. [PMID: 24751345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel, simple and cost effective methods are needed to replace advanced chemical analytical techniques, in small-scale dissolution studies. Optical microscopy of individual particles could provide such a method. The aim of the present work was to investigate and verify the applicability of optical microscopy as an analytical technique for drug dissolution studies. The evaluation was performed by comparing image and chemical analysis data of individual dissolving particles. It was shown that the data obtained by image analysis and UV-spectrophotometry produced practically identical dissolution curves, with average similarity and difference factors above 82 and below 4, respectively. The relative standard deviation for image analysis data, of the studied particle size range, varied between 1.9% and 3.8%. Consequently, it is proposed that image analysis can be used, on its own, as a viable analytical technique in single-particle dissolution studies. The possibility for significant reductions in sample preparation, operational cost, time and substance consumption gives optical detection a clear advantage over chemical analytical methods. Thus, image analysis could be an ideal and universal analytical technique for rapid small-scale dissolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Svanbäck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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Penkina A, Antikainen O, Hakola M, Vuorinen S, Repo T, Yliruusi J, Veski P, Kogermann K, Heinämäki J. Direct compression of cellulose and lignin isolated by a new catalytic treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:1129-36. [PMID: 23867979 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tablet compression of softwood cellulose and lignin prepared by a new catalytic oxidation and acid precipitation method were investigated and compared with the established pharmaceutical direct compression excipients. Catalytic pretreated softwood cellulose (CPSC) and lignin (CPSL) were isolated from pine wood (Pinus sylvestris). The compaction studies were carried out with an instrumented eccentric tablet machine. The plasticity and elasticity of the materials under compression were evaluated using force-displacement treatment and by determining characteristic plasticity (PF) and elasticity (EF) factors. With all biomaterials studied, the PF under compression decreased exponentially as the compression force increased. The compression force applied in tablet compression did not significantly affect the elasticity of CPSC and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) while the EF values for softwood lignins increased as compression force increased. CPSL was clearly a less plastically deforming and less compactable material than the two celluloses (CPSC and MCC) and hardwood lignin. CPSL presented deformation and compaction behaviour almost identical to that of lactose monohydrate. In conclusion, the direct tablet compression behaviour of native lignins and celluloses can greatly differ from each other depending on the source and isolation method used.
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Lakio S, Vajna B, Farkas I, Salokangas H, Marosi G, Yliruusi J. Challenges in detecting magnesium stearate distribution in tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:435-44. [PMID: 23378252 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium stearate (MS) is the most commonly used lubricant in pharmaceutical industry. During blending, MS particles form a thin layer on the surfaces of the excipient and drug particles prohibiting the bonding from forming between the particles. This hydrophobic layer decreases the tensile strength of tablets and prevents water from penetrating into the tablet restraining the disintegration and dissolution of the tablets. Although overlubrication of the powder mass during MS blending is a well-known problem, the lubricant distribution in tablets has traditionally been challenging to measure. There is currently no adequate analytical method to investigate this phenomenon. In this study, the distribution of MS in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablets was investigated using three different blending scales. The crushing strength of the tablets was used as a secondary response, as its decrease is known to result from the overlubrication. In addition, coating of the MCC particles by MS in intact tablets was detected using Raman microscopic mapping. MS blending was more efficient in larger scales. Raman imaging was successfully applied to characterize MS distribution in MCC tablets despite low concentration of MS. The Raman method can provide highly valuable visual information about the proceeding of the MS blending process. However, the measuring set-up has to be carefully planned to establish reliable and reproducible results.
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Penkina A, Hakola M, Paaver U, Vuorinen S, Kirsimäe K, Kogermann K, Veski P, Yliruusi J, Repo T, Heinämäki J. Solid-state properties of softwood lignin and cellulose isolated by a new acid precipitation method. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:939-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Palttala I, Heinämäki J, Honkanen O, Suominen R, Antikainen O, Hirvonen J, Yliruusi J. Towards more reliable automated multi-dose dispensing: retrospective follow-up study on medication dose errors and product defects. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:489-98. [PMID: 22458299 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.670860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, little is known on applicability of different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms in an automated high-speed multi-dose dispensing process. The purpose of the present study was to identify and further investigate various process-induced and/or product-related limitations associated with multi-dose dispensing process. The rates of product defects and dose dispensing errors in automated multi-dose dispensing were retrospectively investigated during a 6-months follow-up period. The study was based on the analysis of process data of totally nine automated high-speed multi-dose dispensing systems. Special attention was paid to the dependence of multi-dose dispensing errors/product defects and pharmaceutical tablet properties (such as shape, dimensions, weight, scored lines, coatings, etc.) to profile the most suitable forms of tablets for automated dose dispensing systems. The relationship between the risk of errors in dose dispensing and tablet characteristics were visualized by creating a principal component analysis (PCA) model for the outcome of dispensed tablets. The two most common process-induced failures identified in the multi-dose dispensing are predisposal of tablet defects and unexpected product transitions in the medication cassette (dose dispensing error). The tablet defects are product-dependent failures, while the tablet transitions are dependent on automated multi-dose dispensing systems used. The occurrence of tablet defects is approximately twice as common as tablet transitions. Optimal tablet preparation for the high-speed multi-dose dispensing would be a round-shaped, relatively small/middle-sized, film-coated tablet without any scored line. Commercial tablet products can be profiled and classified based on their suitability to a high-speed multi-dose dispensing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Palttala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Burggraeve A, Sandler N, Heinämäki J, Räikkönen H, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T, Yliruusi J. Real-time image-based investigation of spheronization and drying phenomena using different pellet formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:635-42. [PMID: 22033152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion-spheronization (ES) is a frequently used agglomeration process in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture spherical solid units or pellets with a narrow size and shape distribution. In this study, photometric stereo imaging was applied in real-time during the final steps of the ES process, being spheronization and drying. In addition to the pellet size distribution of undispersed (wet) samples, the imaging technique captures visual information on pellet shape and surface brightness. Pellet samples were taken at 20 time points during spheronization and were imaged at-line (during spheronization) and off-line (after spheronization). Particle size distributions and visual image information were both used to characterise the spheronization behaviour of different formulations. Next, particle size distributions and surface brightness values calculated from the at-line obtained images during fluid bed drying of pellets were analysed. The particle size distribution and brightness value changes occurring during pellet drying were explained both by the reduction in residual moisture content and drug solid-state transition. Due to the rapidness of the technique with regard to sample preparation, sample measurement and the acquisition of results in combination with the possibility to measure undispersed (wet) samples, valuable information on spheronization and drying characteristics of different formulations was obtained in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burggraeve
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Soppela I, Airaksinen S, Hatara J, Räikkönen H, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. Rapid particle size measurement using 3D surface imaging. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:476-84. [PMID: 21479750 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces a new three-dimensional (3D) surface image analysis technique in which white light illumination from different incident angles is used to create 3D surfaces with a photometric approach. The three-dimensional features of the surface images created are then used in the characterization of particle size distributions of granules. This surface image analysis method is compared to sieve analysis and a particle sizing method based on spatial filtering technique with nearly 30 granule batches. The aim is also to evaluate the technique in flowability screening of granular materials. Overall, the new 3D imaging approach allows a rapid analysis of large amounts of sample and gives valuable visual information on the granule surfaces in terms of surface roughness and particle shape.
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36
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Siiriä SM, Antikainen O, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J. 3D simulation of internal tablet strength during tableting. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:593-603. [PMID: 21541828 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a new approach to model powder compression during tableting. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new discrete element simulation model for particle-particle bond formation during tablet compression. This model served as the basis for calculating tablet strength distribution during a compression cycle. Simulated results were compared with real tablets compressed from microcrystalline cellulose/theophylline pellets with various compression forces. Simulated and experimental compression forces increased similarly. Tablet-breaking forces increased with the calculated strengths obtained from the simulations. The calculated bond strength distribution inside the tablets showed features similar to those of the density and pressure distributions in the literature. However, the bond strength distributions at the center of the tablets varied considerably between individual tablets.
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Cervera MF, Heinämäki J, de la Paz N, López O, Maunu SL, Virtanen T, Hatanpää T, Antikainen O, Nogueira A, Fundora J, Yliruusi J. Effects of spray drying on physicochemical properties of chitosan acid salts. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:637-49. [PMID: 21560022 PMCID: PMC3134675 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of spray-drying process and acidic solvent system on physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated. Chitosan used in spray dryings was obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (Panulirus argus) origin. The chitosan acid salts were prepared in a laboratory-scale spray drier, and organic acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid were used as solvents in the process. The physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated by means of solid-state CP-MAS (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and near-infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of spray-dried chitosan acid salts showed tendency toward higher sphericity when higher temperatures in a spray-drying process were applied. Analysis by XRPD indicated that all chitosan acid salts studied were amorphous solids. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectra revealed the evidence of the partial conversion of chitosan acetate to chitin and also conversion to acetyl amide form which appears to be dependent on the spray-drying process. The FTIR spectra suggested that the organic acids applied in spray drying may interact with chitosan at the position of amino groups to form chitosan salts. With all three chitosan acid salts, the FTIR bands at 1,597 and 1,615 cm(-1) were diminished suggesting that -NH groups are protonated. The FTIR spectra of all chitosan acid salts exhibited ammonium and carboxylate bands at 1,630 and 1,556 cm(-1), respectively. In conclusion, spray drying is a potential method of preparing acid salts from chitosan obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (P. argus) origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Fernández Cervera
- />Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Street 23 # 21425 be/214 and 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nilia de la Paz
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Orestes López
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Sirkka Liisa Maunu
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Virtanen
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hatanpää
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Nogueira
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jorge Fundora
- />Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Street 23 # 21425 be/214 and 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Shevchenko A, Belle DD, Tiittanen S, Karjalainen A, Tolvanen A, Tanninen VP, Haarala J, Mäkelä M, Yliruusi J, Miroshnyk I. Coupling Polymorphism/Solvatomorphism and Physical Stability Evaluation with Early Salt Synthesis Optimization of an Investigational Drug. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shevchenko
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - David Din Belle
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Saara Tiittanen
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Arto Karjalainen
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Arto Tolvanen
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Veli Pekka Tanninen
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jorma Haarala
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Mäkelä
- Research and Development, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Inna Miroshnyk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Genina N, Räikkönen H, Antikainen O, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J. Ultrasound-assisted powder-coating technique to improve content uniformity of low-dose solid dosage forms. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1320-7. [PMID: 20730575 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasound-assisted powder-coating technique was used to produce a homogeneous powder formulation of a low-dose active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The powdered particles of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; Avicel® PH-200) were coated with a 4% m/V aqueous solution of riboflavin sodium phosphate, producing a uniform drug layer on the particle surfaces. It was possible to regulate the amount of API in the treated powder. The thickness of the API layer on the surface of the MCC particles increased near linearly as the number of coating cycles increased, allowing a precise control of the drug content. The tablets (n = 950) prepared from the coated powder showed significantly improved weight and content uniformity in comparison with the reference tablets compressed from a physical binary powder mixture. This was due to the coated formulation remaining uniform during the entire tabletting process, whereas the physical mixture of the powders was subject to segregation. In conclusion, the ultrasound-assisted technique presented here is an effective tool for homogeneous drug coating of powders of irregular particle shape and broad particle size distribution, improving content uniformity of low-dose API in tablets, and consequently, ensuring the safe delivery of a potent active substance to patients.
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Lakio S, Siiriä S, Räikkönen H, Airaksinen S, Närvänen T, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J. New insights into segregation during tabletting. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sandler N, Reiche K, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J. Effect of Moisture on Powder Flow Properties of Theophylline. Pharmaceutics 2010; 2:275-290. [PMID: 27721356 PMCID: PMC3967137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics2030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Powder flow is influenced by environmental factors, such as moisture and static electricity, as well as powder related factors, such as morphology, size, size distribution, density, and surface area. Pharmaceutical solids may be exposed to water during storage in an atmosphere containing water vapor, or in a dosage form consisting of materials (e.g., excipients) that contain water and are capable of transferring in to other ingredients. The effect of moisture on powder flowability depends on the amount of water and its distribution. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of humidity on the flow properties of theophylline using information derived from solid-state analysis of the systems investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Katharina Reiche
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Genina N, Räikkönen H, Heinämäki J, Veski P, Yliruusi J. Nano-coating of beta-galactosidase onto the surface of lactose by using an ultrasound-assisted technique. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:959-65. [PMID: 20512434 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We nano-coated powdered lactose particles with the enzyme beta-galactosidase using an ultrasound-assisted technique. Atomization of the enzyme solution did not change its activity. The amount of surface-attached beta-galactosidase was measured through its enzymatic reaction product D-galactose using a standardized method. A near-linear increase was obtained in the thickness of the enzyme coat as the treatment proceeded. Interestingly, lactose, which is a substrate for beta-galactosidase, did not undergo enzymatic degradation during processing and remained unchanged for at least 1 month. Stability of protein-coated lactose was due to the absence of water within the powder, as it was dry after the treatment procedure. In conclusion, we were able to attach the polypeptide to the core particles and determine precisely the coating efficiency of the surface-treated powder using a simple approach.
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Ehlers H, Larjo J, Antikainen O, Räikkönen H, Heinämäki J, Yliruusi J. In situ droplet size and speed determination in a fluid-bed granulator. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the granule size distribution in a die of an eccentric tableting machine. Theophylline anhydrate and alpha-lactose monohydrate were granulated with an aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone, using an instrumented fluid bed granulator. The granules were tabletted, using an instrumented eccentric tableting machine. Punch forces were recorded and tablets were collected in order during the tableting process. Powder samples, which had the same mass as the tablets, were also collected from the die for particle size determination. The particle size distribution was measured, using a spatial filtering technique. In addition, the segregation of microcrystalline cellulose pellets during tableting was analyzed. The particle size distribution changed dramatically during the tableting process, due to a segregation phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Virtanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Seppälä K, Heinämäki J, Hatara J, Seppälä L, Yliruusi J. Development of a new method to get a reliable powder flow characteristics using only 1 to 2 g of powder. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:402-8. [PMID: 20238189 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In powder technology, it is often important to directly measure real powder flow rate from a small amount of powder. For example, in pharmaceutical industry, a frequent problem is to determine powder flow properties of new active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an early stage of the development when the amount of API is limited. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new direct method to measure powder flow when the material is poorly flowing (cohesive) and the amount of material is about 1 to 2 g. The measuring system was simple, consisting of a flow chamber and electronic balance and an automated optical detection system, and for each measurement, only 1 to 2 g of sample was required. Based on the results obtained with this testing method, three selected sugar excipients, three grades of microcrystalline cellulose, and APIs (caffeine, carbamazepine, and paracetamol) can be classified as freely flowing, intermediate flowing, and poorly flowing powders, respectively. The average relative standard deviation for the flow time determinations was not more than 2-10%. The present novel flowability testing method provides a new tool for a rapid determination of flowing characteristics of powders (e.g., inhalation powders) and granules at a small scale.
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Genina N, Räikkönen H, Ehlers H, Heinämäki J, Veski P, Yliruusi J. Thin-coating as an alternative approach to improve flow properties of ibuprofen powder. Int J Pharm 2010; 387:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mir VG, Heinämäki J, Antikainen O, Sandler N, Revoredo OB, Colarte AI, Nieto OM, Yliruusi J. Application of crustacean chitin as a co-diluent in direct compression of tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:409-15. [PMID: 20238188 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A "simplex-centroid mixture design" was used to study the direct-compression properties of binary and ternary mixtures of chitin and two cellulosic direct-compression diluents. Native milled and fractioned (125-250 microm) crustacean chitin of lobster origin was blended with microcrystalline cellulose, MCC (Avicel PH 102) and spray-dried lactose-cellulose, SDLC Cellactose (composed of a spray-dried mixture of alpha-lactose monohydrate 75% and cellulose powder 25%). An instrumented single-punch tablet machine was used for tablet compactions. The flowability of the powder mixtures composed of a high percentage of chitin and SDLC was clearly improved. The fractioned pure chitin powder was easily compressed into tablets by using a magnesium stearate level of 0.1% (w/w) but, as the die lubricant level was 0.5% (w/w), the tablet strength collapsed dramatically. The tablets compressed from the binary mixtures of MCC and SDLC exhibited elevated mechanical strengths (>100 N) independent of the die lubricant level applied. In conclusion, fractioned chitin of crustacean origin can be used as an abundant direct-compression co-diluent with the established cellulosic excipients to modify the mechanical strength and, consequently, the disintegration of the tablets. Chitin of crustacean origin, however, is a lubrication-sensitive material, and this should be taken into account in formulating direct-compression tablets of it.
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Abstract
Drying is one of the standard unit operations in the pharmaceutical industry and it is important to become aware of the circumstances that dominate during the process. The purpose of this study was to test microcapsulated thermochromic pigments as heat indicators in a fluid bed drying process. The indicator powders were manually granulated with alpha-lactose monohydrate resulting in three particle-size groups. Also, pellets were coated with the indicator powders. The granules and pellets were fluidized in fluid bed dryer to observe the progress of the heat flow in the material and to study the heat indicator properties of the indicator materials. A tristimulus colorimeter was used to measure CIELAB color values. Color indicator for heat detection can be utilized to test if the heat-sensitive API would go through physical changes during the pharmaceutical drying process. Both the prepared granules and pellets can be used as heat indicator in fluid bed drying process. The colored heat indicators give an opportunity to learn new aspects of the process at real time and could be exploded, for example, for scaling-up studies.
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Summanen J, Yrjönen T, Christiansen L, Mervaala E, Vaskonen T, Lassila M, Ahotupa M, Yliruusi J, Karppanen H, Hiltunen R. Effects of microcrystalline plant sterol suspension and a powdered plant sterol supplement on hypercholesterolemia in genetically obese Zucker rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1673-9. [PMID: 14738595 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Because dietary fat appears to be an effective vehicle for dispensing plant sterols into the diet, a special plant-sterol-containing ingredient has recently been developed. This ingredient is a plant sterol suspension in oil in which the sterols are in microcrystalline form. The objective of the present study was to analyse the cholesterol-lowering effects and safety of two different plant sterol preparations, an orally administered microcrystalline plant sterol suspension (MPS) in rapeseed oil and a powdered plant sterol supplement, in obese Zucker rats. Dietary plant sterol supplements (0.5%, w/w) were given concurrently with a high cholesterol diet (HCD, 1% cholesterol and 18% fat, w/w). No significant changes in serum triglyceride, blood glucose, serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase values or body and liver weights were observed. The powdered plant sterol supplement lowered the serum cholesterol by 25% (P< 0.05) and the MPS diet by 35% (P< 0.001) compared with HCD by the end of the 12-week experiment. Interestingly, the plant sterol supplements also produced a marked reduction in serum ubiquinone levels, suggesting a possible effect on isoprene synthesis. Unlike the powdered plant sterol, both MPS and plain rape-seed oil decreased the serum baseline diene conjugation values, suggesting that they protect against oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. This lipid peroxidation diminishing effect is probably due to some antioxidative components in rapeseed oil. These findings indicate that an unesterified plant sterol, such as the microcrystalline suspension in oil, effectively prevents cholesterol absorption in obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Summanen
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Antikainen O, Kachrimanis K, Malamataris S, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. Image analysis by pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN)—a novel approach in granule size characterization. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:51-7. [PMID: 17227620 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.1.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN), has been applied for the first time in bulk particle characterization, and specifically in the characterization of pharmaceutical granule size distributions. The PCNN was trained on surface images of pharmaceutical granule beds, and the adjustable parameters (radius neuron interconnection, r0, linking weight coefficient, β, local threshold potential, VΘ, and number of iterations) were successfully optimized using design of experiments. As demonstrated with size fractions of granules, it was found that the PCNN produced granule size-dependent signals. In general, a first highest and relatively narrow peak located in the region of two to twelve iterations corresponded to smaller particle size, while larger particles resulted in wider peaks and in highest (not first) peak at a range between 13 and 25 iterations. Better predictions, i.e. lower RMSEP (root mean squared error of prediction) values, were obtained using high β value, low r0 and VΘ values, while the number of iterations had to exceed 110 and the optimized model (RMSEP lower than 5) corresponded to PCNN variables: r0 = 1, β = 0.4, VΘ = 2, and number of iterations = 150. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model was 0.94 and the predicted variation (Q2) was 0.91, while the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and the measured mean particle size by sieving for eight test batches was 0.98. These findings could be characterized as promising and encouraging for the further use of image analysis by PCNNs in pharmaceutical bulk particle size and shape characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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