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Michailidou G, Terzopoulou Z, Kehagia A, Michopoulou A, Bikiaris DN. Preliminary Evaluation of 3D Printed Chitosan/Pectin Constructs for Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010036. [PMID: 33467462 PMCID: PMC7829944 DOI: 10.3390/md19010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, chitosan (CS) and pectin (PEC) were utilized for the preparation of 3D printable inks through pneumatic extrusion for biomedical applications. CS is a polysaccharide with beneficial properties; however, its printing behavior is not satisfying, rendering the addition of a thickening agent necessary, i.e., PEC. The influence of PEC in the prepared inks was assessed through rheological measurements, altering the viscosity of the inks to be suitable for 3D printing. 3D printing conditions were optimized and the effect of different drying procedures, along with the presence or absence of a gelating agent on the CS-PEC printed scaffolds were assessed. The mean pore size along with the average filament diameter were measured through SEM micrographs. Interactions among the characteristic groups of the two polymers were evident through FTIR spectra. Swelling and hydrolysis measurements confirmed the influence of gelation and drying procedure on the subsequent behavior of the scaffolds. Ascribed to the beneficial pore size and swelling behavior, fibroblasts were able to survive upon exposure to the ungelated scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Michailidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 555 35 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Zoe Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 555 35 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: (Z.T.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Argyroula Kehagia
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 555 35 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Michopoulou
- Biohellenika Biotechnology Company, Leoforos Georgikis Scholis 65, 555 35 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 555 35 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.M.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (Z.T.); (D.N.B.)
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Cervera MF, Heinämäki J, de la Paz N, López O, Maunu SL, Virtanen T, Hatanpää T, Antikainen O, Nogueira A, Fundora J, Yliruusi J. Effects of spray drying on physicochemical properties of chitosan acid salts. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:637-49. [PMID: 21560022 PMCID: PMC3134675 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of spray-drying process and acidic solvent system on physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated. Chitosan used in spray dryings was obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (Panulirus argus) origin. The chitosan acid salts were prepared in a laboratory-scale spray drier, and organic acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid were used as solvents in the process. The physicochemical properties of chitosan salts were investigated by means of solid-state CP-MAS (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and near-infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of spray-dried chitosan acid salts showed tendency toward higher sphericity when higher temperatures in a spray-drying process were applied. Analysis by XRPD indicated that all chitosan acid salts studied were amorphous solids. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectra revealed the evidence of the partial conversion of chitosan acetate to chitin and also conversion to acetyl amide form which appears to be dependent on the spray-drying process. The FTIR spectra suggested that the organic acids applied in spray drying may interact with chitosan at the position of amino groups to form chitosan salts. With all three chitosan acid salts, the FTIR bands at 1,597 and 1,615 cm(-1) were diminished suggesting that -NH groups are protonated. The FTIR spectra of all chitosan acid salts exhibited ammonium and carboxylate bands at 1,630 and 1,556 cm(-1), respectively. In conclusion, spray drying is a potential method of preparing acid salts from chitosan obtained by deacetylation of chitin from lobster (P. argus) origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Fernández Cervera
- />Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Street 23 # 21425 be/214 and 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- />Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nilia de la Paz
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Orestes López
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Sirkka Liisa Maunu
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Virtanen
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hatanpää
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Nogueira
- />Center for Drug Research and Development, Ave 26 # 1605 be/ Boyeros and Puentes Grandes, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jorge Fundora
- />Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Street 23 # 21425 be/214 and 222, La Coronela, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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