Development and Validation of Sample Preparation and an HPLC Analytical Method for Dissolution Testing in Fed-State Simulated Gastric Fluid-Illustrating Its Application for Ibuprofen and Ketoconazole Immediate Release Tablets

Pollutants in aquatic system: a frontier perspective of emerging threat and strategies to solve the crisis for safe drinking water

Water is an indispensable natural resource and is the most vital substance for the existence of life on earth. However, due to anthropogenic activities, it is being polluted at an alarming rate which has led to serious concern about water shortage across the world. Moreover, toxic contaminants released into water bodies from various industrial and domestic activities negatively affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms and cause serious diseases such as cancer, renal problems, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and nausea in humans. Therefore, water treatments that can eliminate toxins are very crucial. Unfortunately, pollution treatment remains a difficulty when four broad considerations are taken into account: effectiveness, reusability, environmental friendliness, and affordability. In this situation, protecting water from contamination or creating affordable remedial techniques has become a serious issue. Although traditional wastewater treatment technologies have existed since antiquity, they are both expensive and inefficient. Nowadays, advanced sustainable technical approaches are being created to replace traditional wastewater treatment processes. The present study reviews the sources, toxicity, and possible remediation techniques of the water contaminants.

Comparative Drug Solubility Studies Using Shake-Flask Versus a Laser-Based Robotic Method

Drug solubility is of central importance to the pharmaceutical sciences, but reported values often show discrepancies. Various factors have been discussed in the literature to account for such differences, but the influence of manual testing in comparison to a robotic system has not been studied adequately before. In this study, four expert researchers were asked to measure the solubility of four drugs with various solubility behaviors (i.e., paracetamol, mesalazine, lamotrigine, and ketoconazole) in the same laboratory with the same instruments, method, and material sources and repeated their measurements after a time interval. In addition, the same solubility data were determined using an automated laser-based setup. The results suggest that manual testing leads to a handling influence on measured solubility values, and the results were discussed in more detail as compared to the automated laser-based system. Within the framework of unavoidable uncertainties of solubility testing, it is a possibility to combine minimal experimental testing that is preferably automated with mathematical modeling. That is a practical suggestion to support future pharmaceutical development in a more efficient way.

HPLC-UV Method Development and Validation to Monitor Difluprednate Synthesis

During the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) there is a need for the development and validation of a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination and quantification of the synthesized product and related by-products. An HPLC method gives a better understanding of how a synthesis is proceeding. A rapid and easy to use HPLC-UV (ultraviolet) method for the determination of difluprednate and monitoring of impurities generated during synthesis was developed and validated. A Shimadzu VP Series HPLC equipped with a LabSolutions software and UV detector set at 240 nm was used for analysis. The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer (pH 6) and acetonitrile 50:50 (v/v) and was eluted at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Separation took place on a reversed-phase Kinetex C18 column (150 × 4.60 mm; 5 μm i.d.). Column temperature was set at 40°C. The developed method was found to have good linearity and acceptable accuracy and precision. The developed method may be effectively applied to determine products and by-products formed during synthetic reactions of steroids and to calculate the yield of the products obtained during each step of the synthesis.

Implementation of design of experiments for optimization of forced degradation conditions and development of a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for sepiwhite

Sepiwhite is a novel anti-pigmenting agent that is derived from fatty acid and phenylalanine and used for hyperpigmentation induced by light exposure or inflammation. In this study, a simple and validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of sepiwhite was developed. Optimized forced degradation of sepiwhite at thermal, acid/base, photolysis, oxidative, and heavy metal ions conditions were evaluated and the effect of each of them on production of specific 10%-30% degradants was studied by the approach of design of experiments. Sepiwhite accelerated study was conducted and toxicity of sepiwhite at each condition was tested. An optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method was validated by a face-centered central composition design. Ten different degradants were identified from sepiwhite and degradation behavior under different conditions was studied. Sepiwhite and its degradant products show no cytotoxicity. This optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method can be applied for quality control assay and sepiwhite degradation behavior may be considered in the manufacturing of sepiwhite products.