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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Takaya J, Tanabe Y, Kaneko K. Increased lipocalin 2 levels in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:979-985. [PMID: 34118796 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone can act as an endocrine organ through the secretion of bone-specific hormones, i.e., osteokines. Recent research has demonstrated that lipocalin 2 (LCN2) secreted by osteoblasts are part of an important endocrine system that is finely tuned with other organs to ensure homeostatic balance and health. The aim of this study was to explore the association between bone and glucose metabolism in adolescents with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). METHODS The participants were 8 adolescents with DM2 (5 males, 3 females; age: 17.0 (14.0-20.0) years, median (interquartile range)), 14 adolescents with simple obesity (9 males, 5 females; age: 13.5 (12.4-15.5) years), and 15 controls (6 males, 9 females; age: 13.3 (11.0-15.0) years). Serum LCN2 and under-carboxylated osteocalcin (un-OC) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The LCN2 levels were higher in patients with DM2 (58.1 (34.2-95.0) ng/mL; median (interquartile range)), but not in those with obesity (30.8 (23.1-38.3) ng/mL), when compared to the controls (18.2 (9.8-25.7) ng/mL). In the whole study group overall, serum LCN2 was positively correlated with the Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance score (r=0.339, p=0.046) and body mass index (r=0.580, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with adiponectin (r=-0.462, p=0.005). A multiple stepwise regression model showed that serum adiponectin was an independent predictor of serum LCN2. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that further investigations are warranted to determine whether LCN2 may act as a sensitive indicator of early-stage insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Takaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawachi General Hospital, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 578-0954, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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De La Chesnaye E, Manuel-Apolinar L, Damasio L, Castrejón E, López-Ballesteros R, Revilla-Monsalve MC, Méndez JP. The gonadal expression pattern of lipocalin‑2 and 24p3 receptor is modified in the gonads of the offspring of obese rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1409-1419. [PMID: 32627017 PMCID: PMC7339820 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a global health and economic burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. This pathology is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is partially responsible for the development of other cardiometabolic complications. Clinical studies have reported an association between high circulating levels of lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) and increased body weight. Additionally, there is scientific evidence demonstrating the impact of maternal obesity on fetal programming. The latter and the fact that the authors previously found that Lcn2 and its receptor (24p3R) are expressed in the gonads of wild-type rats, led to the analysis of their mRNA profile and cellular localization in gonads collected from the offspring of obese rats at 21 days postconception (dpc), and 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 20 and 30 days postnatal (dpn) in the present study. Semi-quantitative PCR revealed a statistically significant downregulation of Lcn2 and 24p3R mRNA at 21 dpc in the ovaries (P<0.01) and testicles (P<0.001) of the offspring of obese mothers. At 30 dpn, the relative expression of Lcn2 mRNA decreased significantly in the ovaries of the experimental group (P<0.05), while Lcn2 mRNA expression was not detectable in testicles. Regarding 24p3R, its mRNA was only significantly decreased at 21 dpc in ovaries of pups of obese mothers. At 30 dpn, the change in females was not significant. Conversely, in testicles, 24p3R mRNA levels increased slightly in the experimental group at 30 dpn. The Lcn2 protein signal was less intense in gonadal tissue sections from 30 dpn offspring of obese rats (P<0.001), whereas the 24p3R signal was downregulated in ovaries (P<0.001) and slightly upregulated in testicles. It was concluded that maternal obesity changes the expression of Lcn2 and 24p3R in the gonads of the offspring of obese rats, possibly through fetal programming. The consequences of this dysregulation for the offspring's gonadal function remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa De La Chesnaye
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Leticia Manuel-Apolinar
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Leticia Damasio
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Edgar Castrejón
- Department of Biochemistry Diagnostics, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán Izcalli Campus, National Autonomous University of Mexico, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Ballesteros
- Department of Biochemistry Diagnostics, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán Izcalli Campus, National Autonomous University of Mexico, State of Mexico 54714, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Pablo Méndez
- Peripheral Obesity Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Lee WH, Bae YC, Lee IK, Suk K. Paradoxical role of lipocalin-2 in metabolic disorders and neurological complications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113626. [PMID: 31476294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as 24p3 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25-kDa secreted protein implicated in various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Early studies suggest the protective function of LCN2 in which it acts as a bacteriostatic agent that competes with bacteria for iron-bound siderophores. However, both detrimental and beneficial roles of LCN2 have recently been documented in metabolic and neuroinflammatory diseases. Metabolic inflammation, as observed in diabetes and obesity, has been closely associated with the upregulation of LCN2 in blood plasma and several tissues in both humans and rodents, suggesting its pro-diabetic and pro-obesogenic role. On the contrary, other studies imply an anti-diabetic and anti-obesogenic role of LCN2 whereby a deficiency in the Lcn2 gene results in the impairment of insulin sensitivity and enhances the high-fat-diet-induced expansion of fat. A similar dual role of LCN2 has also been reported in various animal models for neurological disorders. In the midst of these mixed findings, there is no experimental evidence to explain why LCN2 shows such a contrasting role in the various studies. This debate needs to be resolved (or reconciled) and an integrated view on the topic is desirable. Herein, we attempt to address this issue by reviewing the recent findings on LCN2 in metabolic disorders and assess the potential cellular or molecular mechanisms underlying the dual role of LCN2. We further discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting LCN2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Kandeel WA, Elmalt HA, Abdel Samie OM, Megahed HA, Hegazy GA, El abd EMY, Abdel Moneam N, Masoud MM, Abdel-Monem MA. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in obese adolescents. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2018; 42:2. [DOI: 10.1186/s42269-018-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Gomez-Chou SB, Swidnicka-Siergiejko AK, Badi N, Chavez-Tomar M, Lesinski GB, Bekaii-Saab T, Farren MR, Mace TA, Schmidt C, Liu Y, Deng D, Hwang RF, Zhou L, Moore T, Chatterjee D, Wang H, Leng X, Arlinghaus RB, Logsdon CD, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Lipocalin-2 Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Regulating Inflammation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2647-2660. [PMID: 28249896 PMCID: PMC5441230 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) promotes malignant development in many cancer types. LCN2 is upregulated in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and in obese individuals, but whether it contributes to PDAC development is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lcn2 depletion on diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Mice with acinar cell-specific expression of KrasG12D were crossed with Lcn2-depleted animals and fed isocaloric diets with varying amounts of fat content. Pancreas were collected and analyzed for inflammation, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and PDAC. We also used a syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse model to study tumor growth in the presence or absence of Lcn2 expression. In addition, to understand the mechanistic role of how LCN2 could be mediating PDAC, we studied LCN2 and its specific receptor solute carrier family 22 member 17 (SLC22A17) in human pancreatic cancer stellate cells (PSC), key mediators of the PDAC stroma. Depletion of Lcn2 diminished extracellular matrix deposition, immune cell infiltration, PanIN formation, and tumor growth. Notably, it also increased survival in both obesity-driven and syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse models. LCN2 modulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in PSC of the PDAC tumor microenvironment, whereas downregulation of LCN2-specific receptor SLC22A17 blocked these effects. Our results reveal how LCN2 acts in the tumor microenvironment links obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2647-60. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobeyda B Gomez-Chou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Swidnicka-Siergiejko
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Niharika Badi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Myrriah Chavez-Tomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liran Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd Moore
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaohong Leng
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph B Arlinghaus
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Ponnusamy S, Tran QT, Harvey I, Smallwood HS, Thiyagarajan T, Banerjee S, Johnson DL, Dalton JT, Sullivan RD, Miller DD, Bridges D, Narayanan R. Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor β increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue. FASEB J 2016; 31:266-281. [PMID: 27733447 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600787rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most satiety-inducing obesity therapeutics, despite modest efficacy, have safety concerns that underscore the need for effective peripherally acting drugs. An attractive therapeutic approach for obesity is to optimize/maximize energy expenditure by increasing energy-utilizing thermogenic brown adipose tissue. We used in vivo and in vitro models to determine the role of estrogen receptor β (ER-β) and its ligands on adipose biology. RNA sequencing and metabolomics were used to determine the mechanism of action of ER-β and its ligands. Estrogen receptor β (ER-β) and its selective ligand reprogrammed preadipocytes and precursor stem cells into brown adipose tissue and increased mitochondrial respiration. An ER-β-selective ligand increased markers of tricarboxylic acid-dependent and -independent energy biogenesis and oxygen consumption in mice without a concomitant increase in physical activity or food consumption, all culminating in significantly reduced weight gain and adiposity. The antiobesity effects of ER-β ligand were not observed in ER-β-knockout mice. Serum metabolite profiles of adult lean and juvenile mice were comparable, while that of adult obese mice was distinct, indicating a possible impact of obesity on age-dependent metabolism. This phenotype was partially reversed by ER-β-selective ligand. These data highlight a new role for ER-β in adipose biology and its potential to be a safer alternative peripheral therapeutic target for obesity.-Ponnusamy, S., Tran, Q. T., Harvey, I., Smallwood, H. S., Thiyagarajan, T., Banerjee, S., Johnson, D. L., Dalton, J. T., Sullivan, R. D., Miller, D. D., Bridges, D., Narayanan, R. Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor β increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Quynh T Tran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Innocence Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel L Johnson
- Molecular Informatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James T Dalton
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Incorporated, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ryan D Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; .,West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Bao GH, Ho CT, Barasch J. The Ligands of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin. RSC Adv 2015; 5:104363-104374. [PMID: 27617081 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), was originally identified in neutrophil granules as a heterodimer complex with gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP9), but more recently has been found to be secreted by damaged epithelial cells. Ngal is a member of the lipocalin family and subsequently named as lipocalin 2 on the basis of structural similarity with other members of the lipocalin family and its potential association with hydrophobic retinol and cholesterol oleate more strongly than their hydrophilic counterparts. In 2002, a landmark paper suggested that Ngal is a bacteriostatic agent which blocks iron acquisition by interacting with a number of bacterial siderophores, especially enterobactin. Since then, more siderophore-carrying functions have been reported than the possibility of hydrophobic ligand transport. In this setting, Ngal was renamed Siderocalin. Functions of siderocalin include not only bacteriostatic activity but potentially as a mediator of cell growth and differentiation; some of these functions appear to be referable to the holo siderocalin:siderophore:iron complex and recent work suggests that metabolic products may act as mammalian siderophores bound by Ngal. While still speculative, it may be that the mammalian siderophores can establish the missing link between Ngal and a number of its functions in vivo. This review provides an overview of the discoveries of the different ligands of Ngal and consequently related functions. Hydrophobic ligands, bacterial siderophores as well as their modified structures (synthetic siderophores), and mammalian siderophores are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Biotechnology Building 214, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Biotechnology Building 214, Anhui Agricultural University, China; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, USA
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Martins LM, Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, Torres-Leal FL, Marreiro DDN. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered an endocrine organ. When present in excess, WAT can influence metabolism via biologically active molecules. Following unregulated production of such molecules, adipose tissue dysfunction results, contributing to complications associated with obesity. Previous studies have implicated pro- and anti-inflammatory substances in the regulation of inflammatory response and in the development of insulin resistance. In obese individuals, pro-inflammatory molecules produced by adipose tissue contribute to the development of insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the molecules with anti-inflammatory action, that have been associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity, have your decreased production. Imbalance of these substances contributes significantly to metabolic disorders found in obese individuals. The current review aims to provide updated information regarding the activity of biomolecules produced by WAT.
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Wu G, Li H, Fang Q, Jiang S, Zhang L, Zhang J, Hou X, Lu J, Bao Y, Xu A, Jia W. Elevated Circulating Lipocalin-2 Levels Independently Predict Incident Cardiovascular Events in Men in a Population-Based Cohort. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2457-64. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wu
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Huating Li
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Qichen Fang
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Shan Jiang
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Xuhong Hou
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Junxi Lu
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Yuqian Bao
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Aimin Xu
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
| | - Weiping Jia
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China (G.W., H.L., Q.F., S.J., L.Z., J.Z., X.H., J.L., Y.B., W.J.); and Department of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (A.X.) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (A.X.),
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