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Wu J, Huang H, Yu X. How does Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect bone metabolism? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:191-205. [PMID: 36509987 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow contains resident cellular components that are not only involved in bone maintenance but also regulate hematopoiesis and immune responses. The immune system and bone interact with each other, coined osteoimmunology. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases which is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration. It shows elevating thyroid autoantibody levels at an early stage and progresses to thyroid dysfunction ultimately. Different effects exert on bone metabolism during different phases of HT. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of the long-term effects of HT on bone and the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology. For patients with HT, the bone is affected not only by thyroid function and the value of TSH, but also by the setting of the autoimmune background. The autoimmune background implies a breakdown of the mechanisms that control self-reactive system, featuring abnormal immune activation and presence of autoantibodies. The etiology of thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology is complex and involves a number of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines, which regulate the pathogenesis of HT and osteoporosis at the same time, and have potential to affect each other. In addition, vitamin D works as a potent immunomodulator to influence both thyroid immunity and osteoimmunology. We conclude that HT affects bone metabolism at least through endocrine and immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Rehman A, Pacher P, Haskó G. Role of Macrophages in the Endocrine System. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:238-256. [PMID: 33455863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system that play myriad roles in the body. Macrophages are known to reside in endocrine glands, and a body of evidence now suggests that these cells interact closely with endocrine cells. Immune-endocrine interactions are important in the development of endocrine glands and their functioning during physiological states, and also become key players in pathophysiological states. Through gene expression profiling, diverse subpopulations of tissue macrophages have been discovered within endocrine organs; this has important implications for disease pathogenesis and potential pharmacotherapy. The molecular basis for the crosstalk between macrophages and endocrine cells is being unraveled, and allows the identification of multiple points for pharmacologic intervention. Macrophages in adipose tissue and pancreatic islets are key players in the process of metaflammation (metabolic inflammation) that underlies the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the ovary, they play important roles in ovarian folliculogenesis and ovulation, whereas in the male reproductive tract they regulate spermatogenesis through the regulation of steroidogenesis by Leydig cells. We summarize the diverse roles played by macrophages in the endocrine system and identify potential targets for pharmacotherapy in endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Luo X, Zheng T, Mao C, Dong X, Mou X, Xu C, Lu Q, Liu B, Wang S, Xiao Y. Aberrant MRP14 expression in thyroid follicular cells mediates chemokine secretion through the IL-1β/MAPK pathway in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:850-858. [PMID: 29764904 PMCID: PMC6000753 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14) is responsible for inflammatory reactions. However, the correlation between MRP14 and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is still not clear. In this study, we examined the status of MRP14 in thyroid tissues and sera of HT patients and explored the mechanism of IL-1β-mediated regulation of MRP14 expression, as well as the effects of MRP14 on pro-inflammatory chemokine secretion in thyroid follicular cells (TFCs), to elucidate the role of MRP14 in HT development. Our results showed dramatically increased MRP14 expression in thyroid tissues and sera from HT patients. In addition, IL-1β significantly promoted the expression of MRP14 in TFCs, which was mediated by activation of the MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway. More importantly, IL-1β induced the secretion of the chemokines GRO-2, CXCL9 and CCL22, which was dependent on the regulation of MRP14 in TFCs. Therefore, these findings suggested that under pro-inflammatory conditions, TFCs secreted chemokines with the help of MRP14 regulation, which might suggest a potential pathological mechanism of lymphocyte infiltration into the thyroid gland in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingyan Lu
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Baocui Liu
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory ImmunologyJiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Sun L, Zhang X, Dai F, Shen J, Ren C, Zuo C, Zhang Q. Elevated interleukin-1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, especially of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Endocr Res 2016; 41:185-92. [PMID: 26864865 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To explore the relationship between IL-1β expression and two common autoimmune thyroid diseases: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). MATERIALS AND METHODS qRT-PCR, Quantiglo ELISA, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the expression levels of IL-1β in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and thyroid tissue samples from patients with HT or GD. Local infiltration of monocytes was assessed by immunohistochemical study of patients' thyroid tissue samples. RESULTS Although no significant differences in IL-1β levels were found between samples of serum from patients with HT or GD and normal controls, we found that IL-1β mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs of HT patients were significantly higher than those of patients with GD, which were in turn higher than the level in normal controls. In addition, IL-1β mRNA was also increased in thyroid gland tissue from patients with HT compared to those with GD, and this was accompanied by increased local infiltration of monocytes into thyroid tissues. Correlation analysis of the clinical samples validated the association of high IL-1β levels with the pathogenesis of HT. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that IL-1β may be an active etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of HT and thus present a new target for novel diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
- b Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
- b Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Fang Dai
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
- b Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Jijia Shen
- c Department of Microbiology and Parasitology , Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Cuiping Ren
- c Department of Microbiology and Parasitology , Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Chunlin Zuo
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
- b Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
- b Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
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5
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Mariotti S, Del Prete G, Chiovato L, Mastromauro C, Marcocci C, De Carli M, Romagnani S, Ricci M, Pinchera A. Cytokines and Thyroid Autoimmunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209200500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines may play important roles in the development and perpetuation of autoimmunity. In this paper are briefly reviewed selected data on the relationship between cytokines and thyroid autoimmune diseases (AITD), which represent a typical example of organ-specific autoimmune endocrinopathy. The availability of high efficiency T-cell cloning techniques recently allowed the phenotipic and functional characterization of T lymphocytes derived from thyroid infiltrates of patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A high prevalence of T cell clones with cytolytic potential and displaying increased γ-interferon production was observed in both diseases; in contrast, high tumor necrosis factor-α secretion was a peculiar characteristic of T-cell clones derived only from Hashimoto's infiltrates. The production of IL-4 by CD4 + T cell clones from AITD infiltrates was remarkably low, suggesting a quite homogeneous populations of Thl-type «inflammatory» T cells. This pattern of cytokine production by thyroid infiltrates may be important not only in triggering and/or maintaining thyroid autoimmune reaction, but could also modulate the expression of AITD by exerting direct functional effects on thyroid epithelial cells, as suggested by recent in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G.F. Del Prete
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - C. Mastromauro
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - M. De Carli
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S. Romagnani
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M. Ricci
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Arao T, Morimoto I, Kakinuma A, Ishida O, Zeki K, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Ito K, Eto S. Thyrocyte proliferation by cellular adhesion to infiltrating lymphocytes through the intercellular adhesion molecule-1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 pathway in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:382-9. [PMID: 10634414 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.1.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes into the thyroid, and intrathyroid lymphocytes are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GD. However, it remains to be understood how lymphocytes adhere to thyrocytes and regulate the thyrocyte function through cellular adhesion. We studied the mechanisms of T cell adhesion to thyrocytes using intrathyroid mononuclear cells (ITMC) and thyrocytes purified from the thyroids of patients with GD. The following novel features of cellular adhesion of ITMC to thyrocytes in the regulation of the thyrocyte function in GD were observed: 1) GD-ITMC expressed lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1, which became an active adhesive configuration much higher than peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal volunteers and GD patients; 2) GD-thyrocytes expressed a high quantity of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1; 3) GD-ITMC adhered to GD-thyrocytes, whereas normal PBMC required activation stimuli by phorbol myriacetate, a pharmacological integrin-trigger, to adhere to GD- thyrocytes; 4) monoclonal antibody-blocking studies showed that the adhesion of the activated PBMC and ITMC to thyrocytes was mainly mediated by the LFA-1/ICAM-1 pathway; 5) the adhesion of GD-thyrocytes to the activated-PBMC or ITMC induced the proliferation of the thyrocytes, which was blocked by the addition of ICAM-1 and/or LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies; and 6) in GD thyrocytes of early cultures, ICAM-1 expression on GD-thyrocytes and its adhesion to LFA-1 on phorbol myriacetate-activated PBMC or ITMC were not modulated by the addition of interleukin-1beta or interferon-gamma, and proliferation of thyrocytes by the cellular adhesion via the ICAM-1/LFA-1 pathway was independent of the proliferative response of these cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that lymphocytes infiltrating GD thyroid induce proliferation of GD-thyrocyte by the cellular adhesion to thyrocytes via ICAM-1/LFA-1, which may lead to the development of a goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arao
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Cytokines are important partners in the bidirectional network interrelating the immune and the neuroendocrine systems. These substances and their specific receptors, initially thought to be exclusively present in the immune system, have recently been shown to be also expressed in the neuroendocrine system. Cytokines can modulate the responses of all endocrine axes by acting at both the central and the peripheral levels. To explain how systemic cytokines may gain access to the brain, several mechanisms have been proposed, including an active transport through the blood-brain barrier, a passage at the circumventricular organ level, as well as a neuronal pathway through the vagal nerve. The immune-neuroendocrine interactions are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological conditions and seem to play an important role to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gaillard
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne/Switzerland
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8
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Nilsson M, Husmark J, Björkman U, Ericson LE. Cytokines and thyroid epithelial integrity: interleukin-1alpha induces dissociation of the junctional complex and paracellular leakage in filter-cultured human thyrocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:945-52. [PMID: 9506754 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.3.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Locally produced proinflammatory cytokines are likely to play a pathophysiological role in autoimmune thyroid disease. An important feature of the thyroid, not previously considered in cytokine actions, is the barrier created by the follicular epithelium, which secludes two lumenal autoantigens [thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroperoxidase] from the extrafollicular space. We examined the influence of recombinant cytokines on the barrier function of human thyrocytes cultured as a tight and polarized monolayer in bicameral chambers. Whereas interleukin (IL)-6 (100 U/mL), interferon-gamma (100 U/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (10 ng/mL), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (10 ng/mL) had no effects, exposure to IL-1alpha for 24-48 h reduced the transepithelial resistance from >1000 to <50 omega x cm2 and increased the paracellular flux of [3H]inulin and exogenous 125I-Tg. This response to IL-1alpha, which was dose dependent (1-1000 U/mL) and reversible, was accompanied by dramatic morphological changes of the epithelial junction complex, including aberrant localization of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1. At the same time, IL-1alpha decreased the apical secretion of endogenous Tg and stimulated the basolateral release of a novel high-molecular-mass protein. We conclude that IL-1alpha reduces the thyroid epithelial barrier without signs of general cytotoxicity. The observation suggests a mechanism by which IL-1alpha may promote the exposure of hidden autoantigens to the immune system in thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nilsson
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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9
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Motohashi S, Kasai K, Banba N, Hattori Y, Shimoda S. Nitric oxide inhibits cell growth in cultured human thyrocytes. Life Sci 1996; 59:PL227-34. [PMID: 8831807 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Effect of NO induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) or IL-1/interferon- gamma (IL-1/IFN-gamma) was investigated on cell growth using primary cultures of human thyrocytes. Cytokine-induced NO production was associated not only with an increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP) formation but also with an inhibition of cell growth determined by bromo-deoxyuridine (Br-dU) incorporation into DNA. When NO synthesis was blocked by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-MMA), cGMP formation was prevented in parallel with NO production and inversely a restoration of cell growth was evident. S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine, a NO donor, but not a cell permeable cGMP analog, 8-bromo-cGMP, inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. The present findings strongly indicate that endogenous NO produced by the cytokine treatment as well as exogenous NO, has a cGMP-independent inhibitory action on human thyrocyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Motohashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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10
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Nishi O, Nishi K, Fujiwara T, Shirasawa E, Ohmoto Y. Effects of the cytokines on the proliferation of and collagen synthesis by human cataract lens epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:63-8. [PMID: 8664236 PMCID: PMC505386 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effects of the cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), on the mitosis of and collagen synthesis by lens epithelial cells (LECs) of human cataracts. METHODS The anterior lens capsule with attached LECs was obtained by capsulotomy during cataract surgery and cultured. The cultures at 2 to 3 weeks before confluency were used for the experiments. To quantify the mitosis and collagen synthesis, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline, respectively, into the LECs was measured by a scintillation counter at 48 hours and 24 hours, respectively, after addition of the cytokine at various concentrations into the incubation medium. RESULTS IL-1 and b-FGF increased the mitosis and collagen synthesis significantly, but IL-1ra significantly decreased the mitosis while leaving the collagen synthesis intact. TGF-beta 2 decreased the mitosis significantly, but increased the collagen synthesis significantly. CONCLUSION These cytokines may play an important role in an autocrine or paracrine pathway in the proliferation of residual LECs after cataract surgery. Elucidation of the role of these cytokines may lead to the development of new therapies for the prevention of secondary cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nishi
- Nishi Eye Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Inokuchi N, Zeki K, Morimoto I, Nakano Y, Fujihira T, Yamashita U, Yanagihara N, Izumi F, Eto S. Stimulatory effect of interleukin-1 alpha on proliferation through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway of a human thyroid carcinoma cell line, NIM 1. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:670-6. [PMID: 7559085 PMCID: PMC5920890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NIM 1 cells, a human thyroid cell line established from a patient with thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma, produce cytokines such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. In the present study, we investigated the signal transduction pathway in the proliferation of NIM 1 cells evoked by IL-1 alpha. Incubation of NIM 1 cells with IL-1 alpha for 48 h increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR). The stimulatory effect of IL-1 alpha was evident at 0.01 ng/ml and the maximal effect was seen at 10 ng/ml. IL-1 alpha evoked an influx of 45Ca into NIM 1 cells within 3 min in a concentration-dependent manner (0.01-1 ng/ml). These stimulatory effects of IL-1 alpha on both 3H-TdR incorporation and 45Ca influx were similarly inhibited by nicardipine, an inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, in a concentration-dependent manner (10-1000 nM). The stimulatory effect of IL-1 alpha on 3H-TdR incorporation was inhibited by N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), an antagonist of calmodulin, but not by 1-(5-isoquinoline sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), an inhibitor of protein kinase C. While the culture medium initially contained 0.75 mM Ca2+, inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation by nicardipine and W-7 under these baseline conditions was also recognized. These results suggest that IL-1 alpha stimulates cell proliferation through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway in NIM 1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Inokuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
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12
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Roger PP, Reuse S, Maenhaut C, Dumont JE. Multiple facets of the modulation of growth by cAMP. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1995; 51:59-191. [PMID: 7483330 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Roger
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Orlinska U, Newton RC. Role of glucose in interleukin-1 beta production by lipopolysaccharide-activated human monocytes. J Cell Physiol 1993; 157:201-8. [PMID: 8408238 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041570126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
When monocytes are activated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), they make and release several mediators, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). This study was undertaken to investigate the role of glucose in IL-1 beta production by these cells. IL-1 beta was produced in a dose-dependent manner to glucose concentration in the culture medium. The uptake of (3H)2-deoxyglucose in monocytes was stimulated by LPS 1,554% after 10 minutes, 6,095% after 2 hours, then gradually declined after 4 hours of incubation. The inhibition of the uptake of (3H)2-deoxyglucose by either 10 microM cytochalasin B or phloretin, added at the time of monocyte activation, was accompanied by significant reduction in ATP/ADP ratio and the inhibition of the production of IL-1 beta by activated monocytes. The synthesis of total protein did not change in monocytes activated in the absence of glucose in the culture medium, nor in the presence of either 10 microM cytochalasin B or phloretin. The export of IL-1 beta from LPS-activated monocytes was not inhibited by either 10 microM cytochalasin B or phloretin, nor in the absence of glucose in the culture medium. These data suggest that 1) glucose is required for LPS-induced IL-1 beta production by monocytes; 2) glucose is the major source of ATP for IL-1 beta production; 3) glucose transporter (GLUT 1) does not control the export of IL-1 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Orlinska
- Inflammatory Diseases Research, Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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14
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Hirooka Y, Kayama M, Ohga S, Kimura M, Hasegawa M, Shin K, Nogimori T, Ishizuki Y, Mitsuma T. Deregulated production of interleukin-4 (IL4) in autoimmune thyroid disease assayed with a new radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 1993; 216:1-10. [PMID: 8222259 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(93)90134-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, reproducible and specific radioimmunoassay for human interleukin-4 (IL4) has been developed. Using 125I-labeled IL4 and polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against recombinant human IL4, a competitive inhibition assay was developed which could detect 5 pg/ml of human IL4. Other interleukins, growth factors, hormones, peptides and lectins did not affect the assay. IL4 was measured in supernatants of culture media of stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Kinetics of IL4 production in PHA-stimulated PBMC from seven normal subjects revealed that the peak levels of IL4 were seen at 24 h and then declined. Peak IL4 levels in PHA stimulation of PBMC from untreated patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (Graves' disease and chronic thyroiditis) were significantly higher than normal controls. However, after treatment, IL4 production decreased to normal. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of quantitating human IL4 produced by PBMC and that there exists a deregulated production of IL4 in autoimmune thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirooka
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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16
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Abstract
The inhibitory effect of interleukin (IL)-1 on thyroid cell functions, including cAMP and thyroglobulin production, is well documented. Recently, IL-1 was shown to enhance the production of IL-6 from thyrocytes, and IL-1 receptors were demonstrated on normal thyroid cells. The origin of IL-1 could be from infiltrating monocytes/-macrophages, endothelial cells as well as from the thyrocytes themselves. Thus, IL-1 activated thyrocyte may participate directly in the immunological process by reacting to and producing immunoinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Rasmussen
- Medical department P, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Dumont JE, Maenhaut C, Pirson I, Baptist M, Roger PP. Growth factors controlling the thyroid gland. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1991; 5:727-54. [PMID: 1661579 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(10)80012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Iwamoto M, Sakihama T, Kimura N, Tasaka K, Onaya T. Augmented interleukin 6 production by rat thyrocytes (FRTL5): effect of interleukin 1 beta and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Cytokine 1991; 3:345-9. [PMID: 1873483 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(91)90504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that rat thyroid follicular (FRTL5) cells can produce interleukin 6 (IL-6) spontaneously and that IL-1 beta enhanced the production of IL-6 dose-dependently. In addition, 10 ng/mL of IL-1 beta in combination with 10 to 1,000 microU/mL of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) synergistically enhanced IL-6 production. It is suggested that IL-6 released from thyroid follicular cells may be a costimulator of autoreactive B and T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease and may constitute another link between the immune and endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Yamanashi Medical School, Japan
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McLachlan SM, Taverne J, Atherton MC, Cooke A, Middleton S, Pegg CA, Clark F, Rees Smith B. Cytokines, thyroid autoantibody synthesis and thyroid cell survival in culture. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 79:175-81. [PMID: 2107049 PMCID: PMC1534751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In autoimmune thyroid disease lymphoid cells infiltrating the thyroid gland occur in conspicuous aggregates or as a diffusely distributed population invading the thyroid follicles. Consequently cytokines secreted by activated T cells or macrophages could influence neighbouring thyroid cells as well as other lymphocytes. We have investigated this possibility using recombinant cytokines. Thyroid cell survival was assessed in terms of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in monolayers exposed to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 (IL-1 alpha and beta) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the presence or absence of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Neither TNF-alpha nor IL-2 affected thyroid cell survival, IFN-gamma was usually inhibitory and IL-1 alpha slightly enhanced cell survival in some experiments. However, the effects were small and variable and were not enhanced by potentially synergistic combinations of cytokines, longer periods of exposure, or different culture conditions. In contrast, IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha inhibited the ability of thyroid lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis to synthesize autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg). Comparison of lymphoid populations isolated by digestion and/or mechanical disaggregation indicated that a population of activated B cells, plasma cells and T cells, intimately associated with thyroid cells since they could only be extracted by digestion, was influenced by cytokines. Our studies suggest that in addition to its well-recognized ability to induce MHC class II antigens on thyroid cells, IFN-gamma may inhibit thyroid cell proliferation and TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-2 may down-regulate thyroid autoantibody synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M McLachlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
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21
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Curriculum vitae and bibliography. Sidney H. Ingbar. Thyroid 1990; 1:107-20. [PMID: 2135978 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1990.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Mavilia C, Vallin E, Frediani U, Rotella CM, Toccafondi R. Intrathyroidal lymphocytes from non toxic multinodular goiter: no evidence for production of thyroid stimulating antibodies. Autoimmunity 1990; 6:239-48. [PMID: 1983328 DOI: 10.3109/08916939008998416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although an autoimmune pathogenesis for non toxic goiter has been suggested, reports concerning circulating antibodies to TSH receptor structures have been conflicting. Intra thyroid lymphocytes, capable of secreting IgG, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases; therefore, the ability of conditioned media obtained from intra thyroid lymphocyte culture, and of IgG purified from these media, to stimulate cAMP accumulation and [3H]-Thymidine (TdR) uptake in FRTL-5 cells was investigated. The activity of IgG produced "in vitro" was compared with that of circulating IgG. Thyroid tissue samples were obtained at surgery from 21 patients with non toxic multinodular goiter (MNG), 5 patients with active Graves' disease (GD), and from 10 normal subjects, undergoing neck surgery for non-thyroidal pathology. IgG purified from media of GD lymphocyte cultures stimulated both cAMP accumulation and [3H]-TdR in 5 out of 5 cases: all of the IgG purified from control or MNG lymphocyte culture media was not active in either assay. Circulating IgG did not affect cAMP accumulation or [3H]-TdR in any of the non toxic MNG cases: controls showed no changed at all. However, both activities represented were increased by GD IgG. Conditioned media from intra thyroid lymphocyte cultures significantly inhibited basal cAMP accumulation in 7 out of the 21 non toxic MNG samples and totally abolished the response in all GD patients. [3H]-TdR was not affected by IgG of any of the controls, but it had an inhibitory effect on 8 out of 21 non toxic MNG patients, and significantly stimulated [3H]-TdR in all GD patients. In conclusion, present data demonstrate that intra thyroid lymphocytes from non toxic MNG do not produce antibodies capable of mimicking TSH actions through the adenylate cyclase cascade. Conversely, soluble factors interacting in TSH-mediated functions of FRTL-5 cells are present in conditioned media of intra thyroid lymphocytes of GD and MNG thyroid lymphocytes of GD and MNG thyroid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mavilia
- Metabolic Research Section, Clinica Medica III, Università di Firenze, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Reggio Calabria, Catanzaro, Italy
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Beach JE, Smallridge RC, Kinzer CA, Bernton EW, Holaday JW, Fein HG. Rapid release of multiple hormones from rat pituitaries perifused with recombinant interleukin-1. Life Sci 1989; 44:1-7. [PMID: 2536450 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated a direct action of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on release of hormones from rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture. To rule out any possibility of a paracrine effect from the elevated hormones in the static monolayer system, and to examine further the dynamics of hormone release elicited by IL-1, studies were conducted with rat anterior pituitary tissue in a computer-controlled automated perifusion system. In experiments performed on the same day as sacrifice, IL-1 stimulated the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in a dose-related manner. Peak levels were achieved within 6 minutes of exposure to IL-1. However, PRL was not increased over the baseline fluctuations when pituitaries were perifused with IL-1 after 72 hours of incubation. Hormone release did not appear to undergo desensitization after multiple short pulses of IL-1. Heat-denatured IL-1 had no effect on hormone release. The rapid response suggests that IL-1 acts acutely to release preformed hormone stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Beach
- Division of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100
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Schettini G, Meucci O, Florio T, Scala G, Landolfi E, Grimaldi M. Effect of interleukin 1 beta on transducing mechanisms in 235-1 clonal pituitary cells. Part II: Modulation of calcium fluxes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155:1097-104. [PMID: 2460095 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effect of the interleukin 1 beta on intracellular free calcium concentrations in 235-1 cell line both in basal conditions and after stimulation by the calcium channel activator maitotoxin. Interleukin 1 beta (from 0.01 pM to 10 nM) was unable to significantly affect basal cytosolic free calcium levels in acute conditions. The preincubation of these cells with interleukin 1 beta for 48h modulates maitotoxin stimulation of calcium fluxes without modifying basal intracellular free calcium levels. Low concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (0.01 pM, 1 pM) caused a marked reduction of intracellular free calcium concentrations increase induced by maitotoxin while higher doses of the monokine potentiated maitotoxin stimulation of calcium fluxes. The specificity of interleukin 1 beta effect was tested by means of polyclonal anti-interleukin 1 beta antibody (titer 1:100) which significantly abolished the inhibitory effect of interleukin 1 beta on free cytosolic calcium levels. These results show that a long lasting interaction of interleukin 1 beta with its receptor is able to influence voltage-sensitive calcium channels activation induced by maitotoxin in 235-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schettini
- Dept. of Pharmacology, II School of Medicine, Napoli, Italy
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Schettini G, Florio T, Meucci O, Scala G, Landolfi E, Grimaldi M. Effect of interleukin 1 beta on transducing mechanisms in 235-1 clonal pituitary cells. Part I: Modulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155:1089-96. [PMID: 3263120 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the effect of interleukin 1-beta on adenylate cyclase activity in 235-1 pituitary cell line. The dose-response curve of interleukin 1 beta effect on adenylate cyclase activity showed a significant inhibition of basal enzyme activity at 1 pM concentration, while the inhibition of forskolin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was more pronounced and evident at both 0.01 and 1 pM concentrations. The action of the monokine on basal enzyme activity was almost completely reverted by polyclonal anti interleukin 1 beta antibody. The incubation of the cells for 48h with interleukin 1 beta showed a different pattern of response. The inhibitory effect of interleukin 1 beta on adenylate cyclase activity disappeared, while the highest concentration of interleukin 1 beta tested, caused a meaningful stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity which is not present in acute condition. These data show that interleukin 1-beta interacts with the cAMP-generating system in the 235-1 clonal pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schettini
- Dept. of Pharmacology, II Medical School, University of Naples, Italy
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Khan SA, Schmidt K, Hallin P, Di Pauli R, De Geyter C, Nieschlag E. Human testis cytosol and ovarian follicular fluid contain high amounts of interleukin-1-like factor(s). Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988; 58:221-30. [PMID: 3264798 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(88)90158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human testicular cytosol and ovarian follicular fluid were analyzed for the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1)-like factors. Both the follicular fluid and testis cytosol preparations exhibited significant IL-1-like activity as determined by the murine thymocyte proliferation bioassay. The dose-response lines obtained with the gonadal preparations were parallel to each other and to those obtained with monocyte-derived IL-1 and the activity of the gonadal IL-1 could be neutralized by specific IL-1 antibodies. After gel chromatography of human follicular fluid (hFF) and human testis cytosol (hTC) proteins, IL-1 activity was found in the molecular weight region between 30 and 50 kilodaltons (kDa). Chromatofocusing of IL-1 from hFF and hTC revealed that the major part of IL-1 in both cases exhibited similar charge properties (pI less than 6.0). However, two extra peaks (pI 7.0 and greater than 9.0, respectively) were observed in hFF preparations. After isoelectrofocusing (IEF), IL-1 activity of hFF was also found in two different pH regions; a broad area of activity was localized between pH 5.5 and 7.0, while a sharp peak was observed with an approximate pI value of 9.5. Re-chromatofocusing or IEF of alkaline IL-1-like activity resulted in a heterogeneous profile of IL-1-like activity suggesting that the alkaline material may represent either a precursor or an aggregated form of the acidic IL-1. None of the IL-1 peaks obtained from hFF or hTC exhibited IL-2 activity as assessed in a specific IL-2 bioassay. The results of the present study indicate that both gonads may produce high amounts of IL-1-like factor(s) which might play a regulatory role in normal gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Khan
- Max Planck Clinical Research Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, F.R.G
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Zakarija M, Jin S, McKenzie JM. Evidence supporting the identity in Graves' disease of thyroid-stimulating antibody and thyroid growth-promoting immunoglobulin G as assayed in FRTL5 cells. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:879-84. [PMID: 2893811 PMCID: PMC442540 DOI: 10.1172/jci113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the question: in Graves' disease is there a thyroid-growth stimulating IgG (TGI) separate from thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb)? Using the functioning rat thyroid line (FRTL5) cells for TGI (incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA) and TSAb (increase in cAMP concentration) assays, we tested IgG from 30 Graves' patients. Positive TGI assay occurred only if cAMP increased in the cells and responses correlated, i.e., r = 0.95, P less than 0.001. With one very potent TSAb-IgG we showed that Fab was active as TGI and TSAb, IgG with pI of 8.5-9.0 was the most potent fraction in both systems and an inhibitory IgG prevented the action of both TSAb-IgG and TSH in both the TSAb and TGI assays. In the last example, the action was on the cell membrane and not on the TSH or IgG. These data are entirely compatible with the view that in Graves' disease, at least as tested in FRTL5 cells, the same IgG is active in stimulating both growth and adenylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zakarija
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
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Gottschall PE, Uehara A, Hoffmann ST, Arimura A. Interleukin-1 inhibits follicle stimulating hormone-induced differentiation in rat granulosa cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 149:502-9. [PMID: 2827644 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that factors secreted from cells of the immune system can affect endocrine function. In this report we show that the monokine, interleukin-1, inhibits follicle stimulating hormone-induced development of luteinizing hormone receptors and reduces progesterone secreted from cultured rat granulosa cells. These effects of interleukin-1 were observed in the physiological range of 10(-9) M. The ability of sex steroids to influence the immune response together with our results support the hypothesis that there is a bidirectional communication network which links the immune and reproductive endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Gottschall
- U.S.-Japan Biomedical Research Laboratories, Tulane University Hebert Center, Belle Chasse, Louisisana 70037
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Weetman AP. Recombinant gamma-interferon stimulates iodide uptake and cyclic AMP production by the FTRL5 thyroid cell line. FEBS Lett 1987; 221:91-4. [PMID: 3040468 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of recombinant rat gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) on iodide uptake and cAMP production by rat thyroid cells in vitro was studied using the continuously growing, functional FRTL5 cell line. Both functions were stimulated by gamma-IFN at concentrations of 1-10 U/ml. Iodide uptake was dependent on protein synthesis, since it was blocked by cycloheximide treatment, but was not dependent on growth factors in calf serum routinely used for FRTL5 cell culture. These results show that gamma-IFN can stimulate thyroid cell function as well as aberrant Ia expression in vitro.
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