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Lewis KJ, Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Boorman-Padgett JF, Basta-Pljakic J, Louie J, Stephen S, Spray DC, Thi MM, Seref-Ferlengez Z, Majeska RJ, Weinbaum S, Schaffler MB. Estrogen depletion on In vivo osteocyte calcium signaling responses to mechanical loading. Bone 2021; 152:116072. [PMID: 34171514 PMCID: PMC8316427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microstructural adaptation of bone in response to mechanical stimuli is diminished with estrogen deprivation. Here we tested in vivo whether ovariectomy (OVX) alters the acute response of osteocytes, the principal mechanosensory cells of bone, to mechanical loading in mice. We also used super resolution microscopy (Structured Illumination microscopy or SIM) in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to assess changes in the number and organization of "osteocyte mechanosomes" - complexes of Panx1 channels, P2X7 receptors and CaV3 voltage-gated Ca2+ channels clustered around αvβ3 integrin foci on osteocyte processes. Third metatarsals bones of mice expressing an osteocyte-targeted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator (DMP1-GCaMP3) were cyclically loaded in vivo to strains from 250 to 3000 με and osteocyte intracellular Ca2+ signaling responses were assessed in mid-diaphyses using multiphoton microscopy. The number of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes in control mice increase monotonically with applied strain magnitude for the physiological range of strains. The relationship between the number of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes and loading was unchanged at 2 days post-OVX. However, it was altered markedly at 28 days post-OVX. At loads up to 1000 με, there was a dramatic reduction in number of responding (i.e. Ca2+ signaling) osteocytes; however, at higher strains the numbers of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes were similar to control mice. OVX significantly altered the abundance, make-up and organization of osteocyte mechanosome complexes on dendritic processes. Numbers of αvβ3 foci also staining with either Panx 1, P2X7R or CaV3 declined by nearly half after OVX, pointing to a loss of osteocyte mechanosomes on the dendritic processes with estrogen depletion. At the same time, the areas of the remaining foci that stained for αvβ3 and channel proteins increased significantly, a redistribution of mechanosome components suggesting a potential compensatory response. These results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of estrogen depletion on skeletal mechanical adaptation appear at the level of mechanosensation; osteocytes lose the ability to sense small (physiological) mechanical stimuli. This decline may result at least partly from changes in the structure and organization of osteocyte mechanosomes, which contribute to the distinctive sensitivity of osteocytes (particularly their dendritic processes) to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pamela Cabahug-Zuckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James F Boorman-Padgett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jelena Basta-Pljakic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joyce Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stephen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mia M Thi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America; Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Zeynep Seref-Ferlengez
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Sica V, Contieri E, Nola E, Bova R, Papaleo G, Puca GA. Estrogen and Progesterone Binding Proteins in Human Colorectal Cancer. A Preliminary Characterization of Estradiol Receptor. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 67:307-14. [PMID: 7314260 DOI: 10.1177/030089168106700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) were assayed in tumors from 20 patients with primary colorectal cancer. Ten of 20 tumors contained high affinity sites for 17β-estradiol and progesterone. The highest concentration of ER was 56 fmol/mg of protein. The ER dissociation constant ranged from 1.6 × 10−10 M to 8 × 10−10 M (mean 4.6 ± 2.6). The highest concentration of PgR was 42 fmol/mg of protein. The PgR dissociation constant ranged from 3 × 10−9 to 9 × 10−9 M (mean 5.65 ± 2.1). Four out of 20 specimens analyzed were from male patients and all resulted negative for both receptors. Sixty per cent of ER positive tumors were also PgR positive, whereas only 20 % of ER negative were PgR positive. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed that cytoplasmic ER of colorectal cancer sedimented at 3 S in the absence of protease inhibitors and at 4.5 S in the presence of 1 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) both in low and in high ionic strength. When chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 almost all ER was quantitatively recovered in the included fractions. Molecular weights of ER eluted from Sephadex G-200 ranged from 90,000 to 50,000 daltons. Elution profile and molecular weight heterogeneity suggest that, in spite of the presence of PMSF, there is a limited proteolysis of ER. Partially purified colorectal cancer ER did not bind to sepharose-heparin. The isoelectric point of ER was 6.4–6.5.
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Abstract
When I was a beginning graduate student 41 yr ago it had been established that estrogen caused mammary duct growth; a combination of estrogen and progesterone was required for lobule-alveolar development of the mammary glands; and prolactin and growth hormone were essential for mammary growth. In laboratory species exogenous prolactin, glucocorticoids, and estrogen would initiate secretion of milk provided the mammary glands had a well-developed lobule-alveolar system. It was not known with certainty that progesterone inhibited the process. For some species, prolactin and thyroxine had been shown to stimulate lactation, while glucocorticoids suppressed lactation. Definitive roles for growth hormone and insulin during lactation had not been established. Studies of hormonal control of mammary growth and function in cattle were few. In vitro methods to study hormonal regulation of the mammary glands were in their infancy. Quantitative measures of changes in mammary cell numbers and specific components of milk in response to hormones were rare. The concepts for quantification of hormone concentrations, hormone receptors, growth factors, and binding proteins in blood; hormonal regulation of nutrient partitioning; and hormonally induced mechanisms of action within mammary cells were waiting to be discovered. And eventually they were. However, lest we become too enamored with our current understanding of the hormones that control mammary growth and lactation, it remains a fact that the greatest physiological stimulus for milk yield is pregnancy, not some cocktail of exogenous hormones, growth factors, receptor agonists/antagonists, or gene therapies. Viva la mom!
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Tucker
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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Di Carlo F, Racca S, Gallo E, Conti G, Russo A, Mondo F, Francalanci S. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the human vagina. J Endocrinol Invest 1985; 8:131-4. [PMID: 4031380 DOI: 10.1007/bf03350667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E) and progesterone (Pg) receptor (R) levels were determined in the human vagina in relation to menopausal status, day of ovarian cycle and pregnancy. The results obtained confirmed that the human vagina contains ER and, in addition, demonstrated for the first time the presence of PgR in this organ in humans. In cycling women, ER and PgR did not vary significantly during the ovarian cycle; however low (less than or equal to 10 fmoles/mg cytosol protein) concentrations of PgR were more frequently (6 out of 8 cases) detected during the secretory phase. No substantial difference was seen in ER and PgR values between anterior and posterior wall of the vagina. In postmenopausal patients the levels of ER (range: 10-83 fmoles/mg) were similar to those found in premenopause (range: 12-78 fmoles/mg). As regards PgR, the majority (14 out of 20) of vaginae were devoid of PgR, 4 had a very low (less than or equal to 6 fmoles/mg) PgR content and only 2 cases had a PgR level higher than 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein. In pregnant patients (6th to 8th week) ER were found in all vaginae, while PgR were present only in some cases (3 out of 8). It was concluded that the behavior of ER in the human vagina seems different from that in the human endometrium, since ER levels do not vary in relation to changes in the concentrations of sexual hormones in the circulation. On the contrary, PgR levels appear to depend on blood estradiol and progesterone concentration, as in other target tissues.
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Marques M, Belló AA, Machado VL, Turyn D, Dellacha JM. In vivo specific uptake of labeled insulin by liver, adipose tissue, pituitary, and adrenals in the turtle Chrysemys dorbigni. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 48:89-97. [PMID: 6751932 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Haslam SZ, Shyamala G. Progesterone receptors in normal mammary gland: receptor modulations in relation to differentiation. J Cell Biol 1980; 86:730-7. [PMID: 7410476 PMCID: PMC2110696 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.86.3.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological basis for the observed modulation in cytoplasmic progesterone receptors (PgR) of normal mammary gland occurring during mammary development was investigated. Specifically, the relative roles of hormones vs. differentiation on (a) the decrease in PgR concentration during pregnancy and lactation and (b) the loss of mammary responsiveness to estrogen during lactation were examined. PgR were measured using the synthetic progestin, R5020, as the ligand. The hormones estrogen and progesterone were tested in vivo for their effect of PgR concentration. Mammary gland differentiation was assessed morphologically and by measuring enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin. These studies show that there is a stepwise decrease in PgR that occurs in two stages. The first decrease is completed by day 12 of pregnancy and the second decrease occurs only after parturition. There appears to be a hormonal basis for the first decrease and it appears to be caused by the negative effect of progesterone on estrogen-mediated increase in PgR. In direct contrast, the absence of PgR during lactation and the mammary tissue insensitivity to estrogenic stimulation of PgR were not related to the hormonal milieu of lactation but were directly related to the secretory state of the mammary gland and lactation per se.
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Sluyser M. Hormone receptors in mouse mammary tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1979; 560:509-29. [PMID: 229907 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(79)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Female
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/therapy
- Pregnancy
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Estrogen
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid
- Receptors, Progesterone
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Litvay M. A possible role of estrogens in carcinogenesis of non-target tissues. Med Hypotheses 1979; 5:953-68. [PMID: 230410 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(79)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitogenic action of the estrogen-receptor complex is supposedly similar in both normal and malignant target tissues. As receptors are present in several types of non-target tissues, in the case of lesions at the nuclear acceptor sites, the complex in those might be able to cause successive mitoses. Estrogen-dependent tumors of non-target tissues have been reported by several investigators. In normal and malignant cells of the breast and some other types of non-endocrine cells, the ability to produce their own estrogens (from circulating precursors) has been shown. The locally formed estrogens might have a role in the initiation of some malignant transformations. Indications of this process are the switching to estrogen production of some neoplastic endocrine or undifferentiated cells, certain ectopic effects displayed by some cancerous tissues, and the possible roles of GH, PRL and cholesterol in the development of some malignancies. The present endocrine system for the synthesis of the sexual hormones might be a specialization of a system at the cellular level. Polypeptide hormones might evolve from regulatory parts of cyclases or phosphodiesterases. Traces of the original biological processes might still be maintained by several cell-types.
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Muldoon TG. Characterization of mouse mammary tissue estrogen receptors under conditions of differing hormonal backgrounds. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:485-94. [PMID: 692115 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(78)90114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Auricchio F, Rotondi A, Sampaolo P, Schiavone E. Cytosol oestrogen receptor of lactating mammary gland. Effect of heparin on the aggregation of the receptor and interaction of the receptor with heparin-Sepharose. Biochem J 1978; 171:137-41. [PMID: 646813 PMCID: PMC1184142 DOI: 10.1042/bj1710137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. An oestrogen receptor is present in low-salt cytosol of the mammary gland of lactating mice as a large aggregate; it is excluded from gel matrix when filtered on a Sephadex G-200 column and sediments at 7S in sucrose gradients. After incubation of cytosol with heparin, the receptor is dissociated. On a Sephadex G-200 column, it is included in the gel matrix and eluted as a protein with mol.wt. 260000 and a Stokes radius of 6.8nm; it sediments at 6S in sucrose gradients. 2. Dissociation of the mammary-gland cytosol oestrogen receptor seems to be the result of interaction of the oestrogen-receptor complex with heparin. This receptor interacts with heparin covalently bound to Sepharose, thereafter sedimenting at 6S. By using this interaction, the cytosol receptor was purified 200-fold compared with the homogenate, with a yield of 70%. 3. The cytosol receptor that was not incubated or was incubated with heparin was much smaller during sucrose-gradient centrifugation than during gel filtration. This discrepancy can be explained by pressure-induced dissociation during high-speed centrifugation. This possibility is supported by the decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the receptor with increased duration of centrifugation.
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12
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Auricchio F, Rotondi A, Schiavone E, Bresciani F. Oestrogen receptor of mammary gland. Inhibition of aggregation and characterization of receptor from lactating gland in the presence of sodium bromide. Biochem J 1978; 169:481-8. [PMID: 646787 PMCID: PMC1183820 DOI: 10.1042/bj1690481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. When NaBr, a chaotropic salt, is added, in concentrations ranging from 0.5m to 2m, to low-salt mammary cytosol, (i) age-dependent aggregation of oestrogen receptor is inhibited, (ii) the receptor sediments as a sharp peak at 4.2S on sucrose-gradient centrifugation, with complete disappearance of heavier forms, and (iii) on gel filtration with Sephadex G-200, the receptor is included in the gel matrix. On a calibrated column, the receptor has a Stokes radius of 3.7nm (+/-6%). 2. Because NaBr inhibits interaction of receptor with other components of cytosol, the values of the sedimentation coefficient, measured by sucrose-gradient sedimentation, and of the Stokes radius, measured by gel filtration, can be accepted with confidence. From these values, it can be computed that the oestrogen-receptor form in NaBr has a mol.wt. of 64000, with a frictional ratio of 1.4. 3. Also, inhibition of aggregation by NaBr allows a 30-90-fold purification of oestrogen receptor. Analysis of this partially purified receptor by sucrose-gradient sedimentation and gel filtration in NaBr gives the same results as for receptor in crude cytosol. On electrofocusing on a pH5-8 gradient, the partially purified oestrogen receptor focuses at pH6.2. On removal of NaBr, receptor aggregates even in this partially purified state. It seems likely that at the protein and ionic concentrations of cytoplasm in vivo, the 64000-mol.wt. receptor form is part of higher states of self- and/or hetero-association with other cytoplasmic components. 4. NaBr up to a concentration of 2m does not inhibit binding of oestrogen by receptor, nor does it decrease the affinity of the interaction (K(D) approximately 8.9x10(-10)m). The total number of binding sites in cytosol, however, decreases by approx. 10%, but this decrease may actually be the result of elimination of lower-affinity binding by non-receptor components of cytosol. 5. NaSCN, another chaotropic salt, was also tested but gave less satisfactory results with the mammary cytosol than with uterine cytosol. EDTA was omitted from the buffers because it favours aggregation of mammary oestrogen receptor. KCl (0.4m), sucrose (15%) and ZnSO(4) (3mm) did not prevent aggregation of receptor.
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13
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Park DC, Wittliff JL. Assessment of "activation" of estrogen receptors in lactating mammary gland using DNA-cellulose binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 78:251-8. [PMID: 907673 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hunt ME, Muldoon TG. Factors controlling estrogen receptor levels in normal mouse mammary tissue. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 8:181-6. [PMID: 859319 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(77)90048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Puca GA, Nola E, Sica V, Bresciani F. Estrogen binding proteins of calf uterus. Molecular and functional characterization of the receptor transforming factor: A Ca2+-activated protease. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bischoff F, Bryson G. The pharmacodynamics and toxicology of steroids and related compounds. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1977; 15:61-157. [PMID: 335852 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024915-2.50008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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McGuire WL, Horwitz KB, Chamness GC, Zava DT. A physiological role for estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 7:875-82. [PMID: 799735 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(76)90005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sar M, Stumpf WE. Autoradiography of mammary glands and uteri of mice after the injection of [3H]-estradiol. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 7:391-4. [PMID: 180349 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(76)90100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Auricchio F, Rotondi A, Bresciani F. Oestrogen receptor in mammary gland cytosol of virgin, pregnant and lactating mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1976; 4:55-60. [PMID: 173590 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(76)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Auricchio F, Satriano R, Rotondi A, Quirino A, Bresciani F. Polyphasic changes in incorporation of precursors into ribonucleic acid of oestradiol-stimulated mammary gland. Biochem J 1975; 152:211-6. [PMID: 1220681 PMCID: PMC1172462 DOI: 10.1042/bj1520211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. At 3 weeks after ovariectomy, mammary glands (5th pair) of adult Swiss mice show (i) no significant decrease in weight, (ii) 20% of the original rate of incorporation of [(3)H]-uridine into RNA (after a 30min pulse), and (iii) 90% of the original rate of incorporation of l-[(3)H]leucine into protein (after a 15min pulse). 2. A single injection of oestradiol-17beta into these ovariectomized mice produces, during the next 17h, a series of discrete bursts of increased incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into mammary-gland RNA; the bursts, which are variable in height, reach peaks at approx. 1, 9, 12 and 16h after hormone administration; an increase is already detected at 15min, the earliest time-point investigated; each burst lasts for approx. 2h. There is no significant stimulation of [(3)H]uridine incorporation into RNA of liver and quadriceps femoris muscle. 3. Nuclear incorporation of [(3)H]UTP into RNA of mammary gland in vitro is linear with time for up to 20min at 15 degrees C; it requires CTP, GTP and ATP and is inhibited by actinomycin D. Also, the incorporation is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin in high salt concentrations but only weakly in low salt concentrations, a result indicating that RNA polymerase II activity predominates in high salt, whereas RNA polymerase I activity predominates in low salt concentrations. Injection of oestradiol-17beta in vivo followed by measurement of nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro shows a definite increase in both RNA polymerase activities 30min after oestradiol-17beta injection, the earliest time-point investigated, a higher increase at 1h, a decline at 4h, and again a large increase at 12h. These results in general agree with the changes in precursor incorporation into RNA measured directly in the animal and suggest that changes in [(3)H]uridine uptake into RNA are not precursor-pool-dependent.
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Silhavy TJ, Szmelcman S, Boos W, Schwartz M. On the significance of the retention of ligand by protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:2120-4. [PMID: 1094454 PMCID: PMC432708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.6.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When a solution of binding protein and its ligand is dialyzed against a large volume of ligand-free medium the rate of exit of the ligand from the protein-containing compartment can be extremely slow, much slower than the rate observed in the absence of protein. This is what we call retention of ligand by protein. A simple calculation demonstrates that when the protein concentration is in large excess over the total ligand concentration, the exit of ligand follows quasi-first-order kinetics, the half-life being proportional to (1 + (P)/Kd), where (P) is the concentration of binding sites, and Kd the dissociation constant characteristic of the equilibrium between the ligand and the protein. Experimental verification of this relation is provided in the case of the periplasmic maltose-binding protein of Escherichia coli; The implications of the retention effect in biochemical techniques are discussed, as well as its possible significance in biological phenomena, such as bacterial chemotaxis and transport, mechanism of hormone action, or transmission of the nerve impulse.
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The estrogen receptor: A minireview. Life Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(74)90282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sapag-Hagar M, Greenbaum AL. Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and hormone interrelationships in the mammary gland of the rat during pregnancy and lactation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:303-12. [PMID: 4369755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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De Pérez Bedés GD. The effects of chlormadinone acetate upon estradiol uptake by the rat mammary gland in organ culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 118:1050-3. [PMID: 4131754 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Richards JF, Griffith DR. Effect of cis-and trans-clomiphene on mammary gland development in the rat. Fertil Steril 1974; 25:74-8. [PMID: 4810202 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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André J, Rochefort H. Estrogen receptors: physiology and clinical applications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1974; 4:67-81. [PMID: 4370004 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(74)90011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Mukherjee AS, Washburn LL, Banerjee MR. Role of insulin as a "permissive" hormone in mammary gland development. Nature 1973; 246:159-60. [PMID: 4586108 DOI: 10.1038/246159a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rubright WC, Terman SA, Yannone ME. A comparative study of in vitro 3H-17B estradiol binding in gingiva, skeletal muscle and uterus of ovariectomized rabbits. J Periodontal Res 1973; 8:304-13. [PMID: 4269773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rubright WC, Higa LH, Yannone ME. Histological quantification of the biological effects of estradiol benzoate on the gingiva and genital mucosa of castrated rabbits. J Periodontal Res 1971; 6:55-64. [PMID: 4255156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1971.tb00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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