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Westhoff TA, Borchardt S, Mann S. INVITED REVIEW: Nutritional and management factors that influence colostrum production and composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00034-1. [PMID: 38246551 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is a rich source of nutritional and non-nutritional components and is recognized as essential to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves. Because of the individual and seasonal variability in colostrum yield and composition, maintaining an adequate supply of high-quality colostrum year-round remains a challenge for commercial dairy producers. In this narrative review, we described the individual, seasonal, and herd-level variability of colostrum production and summarized the association between individual animal factors such as parity, sex of the calf, calf birth weight, as well as indicators of the cow's metabolic status and the yield and composition of colostrum. Further, we reviewed the current knowledge on the influence of prepartum nutrition and management strategies on colostrum production. Research on the metabolizable energy and protein supplied in the prepartum diet as well as into the inclusion and source of vitamins, minerals, and feed additives suggests prepartum nutrition influences the yield, quality, and composition of colostrum. Furthermore, the prepartum environment and dry period length remain influential factors in the production of colostrum. However, additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which prepartum nutrition and management affects colostrum production. Lastly, time to colostrum harvest and oxytocin administration as well as the current knowledge on the effect of heat-treatment and colostrum storage strategies on colostral components were discussed. To conclude, we identify critical gaps in knowledge for future focus of investigation in colostrum research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Westhoff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853..
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Collier R, Renquist B, Xiao Y. A 100-Year Review: Stress physiology including heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10367-10380. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Possible association between the breeding value of dairy bulls and milk yield of their mates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100036199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTBritish Friesian and Jersey cows were mated either to high contemporary comparison (CC) bulls for their first pregnancy and to low bulls for their second pregnancy, or vice versa. Sixteen proven bulls were used, four ‘high’ and four ‘low’ in each breed. Least squares analysis of data on 175 lactations gave estimates of each bull's effect on his mates' milk yield in the ensuing lactation, but there were no significant differences between bulls for this ‘mate effect’. The high bulls tended to depress their mates' milk yield in the subsequent lactation and the low bulls tended to increase it. Weighted regressions of the ‘mate effect’ on breeding value had negative slopes for both breeds and for first and second lactations, separately or combined. The high CC bulls appeared to depress their mates' milk yield by at least 10% of the amount by which their daughters' yield was expected to increase.
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Skjervold H. The effect of foetal litter size on milk yield: cross fostering experiments with mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1977.tb01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McNaughton AP, Murray RD. Structure and function of the bovine fetomaternal unit in relation to the causes of retained fetal membranes. Vet Rec 2009; 165:615-22. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.21.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. McNaughton
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Clinical Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - R. D. Murray
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Clinical Science; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Sejrsen K. Mammary Development and Milk Yield in Relation to Growth Rate in Dairy and Dual-purpose Heifers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00015127809435153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ravelich SR, Shelling AN, Ramachandran A, Reddy S, Keelan JA, Wells DN, Peterson AJ, Lee RSF, Breier BH. Altered Placental Lactogen and Leptin Expression in Placentomes from Bovine Nuclear Transfer Pregnancies1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1862-9. [PMID: 15306554 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate growth, development, and function of the placenta is central to the success of nutrient partitioning between the mother, placenta, and fetus. Hormones such as placental lactogen (PL) and leptin are produced in the bovine placenta and play an important role in nutrient partitioning and regulation of placental and fetal growth. Nuclear transfer pregnancies are associated with a number of fetal and placental abnormalities, including increased placental growth and macrosomia, and hence represent a unique situation to gain insight into fetoplacental growth regulation. We have examined the expression of bovine PL (bPL) and leptin in placentomes of artificially inseminated (AI), in vitro produced (IVP), and nuclear transfer (NT) pregnancies at Days 50, 100, and 150 of gestation in the cow. Immunolocalization studies showed that spatial and temporal patterns of expression of bPL and leptin were markedly altered in the placentomes of NT pregnancies compared with AI or IVP controls. Concentrations of bPL in allantoic fluid, as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), were significantly higher (P < or = 0.001) in NT pregnancies (17.9 +/- 3.2 ng/ml; mean +/- SD) compared with AI (2.03 +/- 1.5 ng/ml), but not IVP (23.4 +/- 12.8 ng/ ml) pregnancies on Day 150 of gestation. In contrast, amniotic fluid levels of bPL were significantly decreased in NT pregnancies at Day 150 gestation. Leptin mRNA expression, as determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, was increased 2.4- to 3.0-fold in NT placentomes compared with AI controls at all gestational ages examined. We speculate that the observed dysregulation of expression of bPL and leptin in NT placentomes could contribute to aberrations in cell migration and invasion and subsequently to alterations in placental metabolism and transfer of nutrients to the fetus, thus leading to increased placental and fetal macrosomia in NT pregnancies.
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Physiological attributes of male and juvenile cattle differing in genetic merit for milk yield: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(91)90116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Akers RM. Lactogenic hormones: binding sites, mammary growth, secretory cell differentiation, and milk biosynthesis in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 1985; 68:501-19. [PMID: 3886733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Roles of the lactogenic hormones prolactin and placental lactogen in mammary development in ruminants were reviewed. In contrast with other ruminants, failure to detect lactogenic activity in the serum of pregnant cows (in excess of that attributed to prolactin) suggests that placental lactogen may have little direct effect on mammary growth or lactogenesis. However, replacement and ablation experiments using ergocryptine provide definitive evidence that increased periparturient secretion of prolactin is necessary for maximal milk production in cattle. Quantitative microscopy indicates a relative failure of mammary cells in cows with inhibited secretion of prolactin to differentiate structurally. Prolactin induces synthesis and secretion of alpha-lactalbumin in prepartum bovine mammary tissue. Temporary disruption of mammary microtubules immediately prepartum in pregnant heifers reduced subsequent milk production, biosynthetic capacity, and cellular differentiation. For maximal milk production, mammary secretory cells apparently must respond to lactogenic hormone stimulation during the immediate periparturient period. Colchicine may desensitize the mammary epithelium to prolactin action. Membrane binding of radiolabeled human growth hormone to ruminant mammary gland provides a measure of lactogenic hormone binding sites. Specific binding to 600 micrograms of mammary membrane protein was 296% greater in lactating, compared with nonlactating, pregnant (65 days of gestation) ewes. Binding capacity (fmol/mg membrane protein) averaged 275 +/- 57 in mammary membranes from nonlactating, pregnant ewes (100 days gestation, n = 2) and 2,325 +/- 521 in mammary membranes from lactating ewes (n = 6, 14 to 21 days postpartum). Greater understanding of hormonal regulation of the ruminant mammary gland likely will result in development of techniques to produce milk more efficiently and perhaps capability to evaluate production potential of young animals.
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Thatcher WW, Bartol FF, Knickerbocker JJ, Curl JS, Wolfenson D, Bazer FW, Roberts RM. Maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle. J Dairy Sci 1984; 67:2797-811. [PMID: 6084020 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nature and potential functions of chemical signals involved in the process of pregnancy recognition in cattle are discussed. The array of prostaglandins, steroid metabolites, and proteins produced by the conceptus and endometrium are described and collated with histological and physiological responses of the uterus and ovary that lead toward maintenance of the corpus luteum. Advances during the last 10 yr partially have identified the conceptus-endometrial-ovarian signal sequence that is associated with maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle. Final evaluation of the control system should permit investigators to improve embryo survival and augment further the impact of embryo manipulation to improve genetic merit of the cattle population.
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Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox CJ. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J Dairy Sci 1982; 65:2213-27. [PMID: 6759540 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological state of dairy animals is a predisposing factor in environmental influences on animal health. Critical phases of life cycle include neonatal period, postpubertal reproduction, and lactation. Primary effect of environment in neonatal period is increased disease incidence associated with reduced immunoglobulin content in plasma of calves. Cold stress has little effect on reproduction; in contrast, heat stress reduces libido, fertility, and embryonic survival in cattle. Heat stress in late gestation reduces fetal growth and alters endocrine status of the dam. Carryover effects of heat stress during late gestation on postpartum lactation and reproduction also are detectable. Heat stress of lactating cattle results in dramatic reductions in roughage intake and rumination. Decreases in roughage intake contribute to decreased volatile fatty acid production and may contribute to alteration in ratio of acetate/propionate. Rumen pH also declines during thermal stress. Electrolyte concentrations, in particular sodium and potassium, also are reduced in rumen fluid of heat stressed cattle. The decrease in sodium and potassium are related to increases in loss of urinary sodium and loss of skin potassium as well as decline in plasma aldosterone and increase in plasma prolactin. Reduction in thyroxine, growth hormone, and glucocorticoid concentrations in chronically heat stressed cattle appear to be related to decreases in basal metabolism.
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Chew B, Maier L, Hillers J, Hodgson A. Relationship Between Calf Birth Weight and Dam's Subsequent 200- and 305-Day Yields of Milk, Fat, and Total Solids in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pope GS, Swinburne JK. Reviews of the progress of dairy science: hormones in milk: their physiological significance and value as diagnostic aids. J DAIRY RES 1980; 47:427-49. [PMID: 7192713 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900021336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Delouis C, Dijiane J, Houdebine LM, Terqui M. Relation between hormones and mammary gland function. J Dairy Sci 1980; 63:1492-513. [PMID: 6253542 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)83110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ, Collier RJ, Eley DS, Herbert Head H. Bovine Conceptus – Maternal Interactions during the pre- and Postpartum Periods. J Dairy Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)83112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The endocrine role in lactation is undisputed, but attempts to correlate milk production with various endocrine products have had limited success. Recent work has suggested that placental hormones, in particular placental lactogen, may be an important regulator of lactation capacity. In addition to concentrations of hormones in blood, it is important to consider receptors in target tissue for the hormones. The concentration of receptors in a tissue may vary with genotype of the individual or under the influence of hormonal state. Other aspects of the target tissue's system for response also must be considered.
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Hayden TJ, Thomas CR, Forsyth IA. Effect of number of young born (litter size) on milk yield of goats: role for placental lactogen. J Dairy Sci 1979; 62:53-63. [PMID: 457977 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Relationships of number of fetuses, placental mass, and lactogenic activity of plasma to development of mammary gland during pregnancy and of litter size to milk yield were examined in British Saanen goats. In late pregnancy lactogenic activity, measured in plasma by radioreceptor assay, increased with number of fetuses. Total weight of placentomes increased with total fetal weight and, hence, fetal number. The weight of the lobulo-alveolar component of the udders was correlated positively with placental mass and fetal number. In hand -milked goats which bore triplets or twins, mean milk yield was 47% and 27%, respectively, higher than in mothers of single kids after correction for lactation number. Milk yield was correlated with the weekly mean of placental lactogen titers between wk 11 and term. This supports the view that placental lactogen has a significant role in the control of normal mammary development and function in goats.
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Adkinson R, Wilcox C, Thatcher W. Effects of Sire of Fetus upon Subsequent Production and Days Open of the Dam. J Dairy Sci 1977. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)84129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Keller HF, Chew BP, Erb RE, Malven PV. Mammary transfer of hormones and constituents into secretions when cows were milked or secretions were samples prepartum. J Dairy Sci 1977; 60:546-56. [PMID: 864042 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(77)83901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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