The diagnosis of ectopic focal hyperinsulinism of infancy with [18F]-dopa positron emission tomography

Congenital hyperinsulinism: localization of a focal lesion with 18F-FDOPA positron emission tomography

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, also known as congenital hyperinsulinism, is a group of disorders characterized by dysregulated insulin release. Neonates with severe, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia who are unresponsive to medical therapy require pancreatectomy to prevent brain damage from hypoglycemia. To date, multiple genetic mutations and syndromes and several unique histopathological entities have been identified in children with hyperinsulinism. Histopathology is characterized as diffuse, focal or atypical. Surgical resection of a focal lesion results in a cure in up to 97% of these children. Imaging with 6-fluoro-(¹⁸F)-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (¹⁸F-FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) is the test of choice for identifying and localizing a focal lesion and has proved to be an invaluable guide for surgical resection. Genetic evaluation is essential for determining who will benefit from PET imaging. This article provides an approach to determine who should be imaged, how to set up a protocol and how to interpret the imaging findings. The diagnosis and management of this disorder require a multidisciplinary approach to prevent brain damage from hypoglycemia.

18F-6-Fluoro-l-Dopa PET/CT Imaging of Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism is characterized by persistent hypoglycemia due to inappropriate excess secretion of insulin resulting in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The clinical course varies from mild to severe, with a significant risk for brain damage. Imaging plays a valuable role in the care of infants and children with severe hypoglycemia unresponsive to medical therapy. ¹⁸F-6-fluoro-l-dopa PET/CT is the method of choice for the detection and localization of a focal lesion of hyperinsulinism. Surgical resection of a focal lesion can lead to a cure with limited pancreatectomy. This article reviews the role of ¹⁸F-6-fluoro-l-dopa PET/CT in the management of this vulnerable population.

Congenital Hyperinsulinism Caused by Novel Homozygous KATP Channel Gene Variants May Be Linked to Unexplained Neonatal Deaths among Kurdish Consanguineous Families

INTRODUCTION

Neonatal hypoglycemia due to congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a potentially life-threatening condition. Biallelic pathogenic variants in KATP channel subunit genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11), causing severe forms of CHI, are more prevalent in regions with a significant rate of consanguinity and may lead to unexplained neonatal deaths. We hypothesized that KATP channel gene variants are the cause of CHI in three unrelated children from consanguineous Kurdish families with histories of four unexplained neonatal deaths with convulsions.

CASES

(1) A girl presented on the 6th day of life with recurrent hypoglycemic convulsions (blood glucose 2.05 mmol/L, insulin 58 mIU/L, C-peptide 2,242 pmol/L). (2) A girl with severe developmental delay was diagnosed with CHI at 3 years of age (blood glucose 2.78 mmol/L, insulin 8.1 mIU/L, C-peptide 761 pmol/L) despite a history of recurrent hypoglycemia since neonatal age. (3) A girl presented at 3 weeks of age with convulsions and unconsciousness (blood glucose 2.5 mmol/L, insulin 14.6 mIU/L, C-peptide 523 pmol/L). Coding regions of the ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes were tested by Sanger sequencing. Potential variants were evaluated using the American College of Medical Genetics standards. Three novel causative homozygous variants were found - p.Trp514Ter in the ABCC8 gene (Pt2), and p.Met1Val (Pt1) and p.Tyr26Ter (Pt3) in the KCNJ11 gene.

CONCLUSION

CHI caused by KATP channel variants was elucidated in three children, providing a highly probable retrospective diagnosis for their deceased siblings. Future lives can be saved by timely diagnosis of CHI when encountering a neonate with unexplained seizures or other signs of recurrent and/or persistent hypoglycemia.

18-F-L 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine PET/Computed Tomography in the Management of Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. Several genetic mutations have been identified and are associated with 2 distinct histopathologic forms of disease: diffuse and focal. Targeted clinical evaluation to distinguish medically treatable disease from disease requiring surgical management can prevent life-threatening complications. Detection and localization of a surgically curable focal lesion using PET imaging with 18-F-L 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([18F]-FDOPA) has become standard of care. This article provides guidelines for the selection of patients who can benefit from [18F]-FDOPA-PET/computed tomography and protocols and tips used to diagnose a focal lesion of HI.

Case Report: Two Distinct Focal Congenital Hyperinsulinism Lesions Resulting From Separate Genetic Events

Focal hyperinsulinism (HI) comprises nearly 50% of all surgically treated HI cases and is cured if the focal lesion can be completely resected. Pre-operative localization of the lesion is thus critical. Few cases of hyperinsulinism with multiple focal lesions have been reported, and assessment of the molecular mechanisms driving this rare occurrence has been limited. We present two cases of multifocal HI, each resulting from two independent, pancreatic focal lesions. ¹⁸Fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography detected both lesions preoperatively in one patient, whereas identification of the second lesion was an incidental finding during surgical exploration in the other. Complete resection of the focal lesions resulted in cure of the HI in both cases. In each patient, genetic testing of the individual focal lesions revealed different regions of loss of heterozygosity for the maternal 11p15 allele, confirming that each lesion arose from independent somatic events in the setting of a paternally inherited germline ABCC8 mutation. These cases highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary and personalized approach to the management of infants with HI.

Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia with Pancreatic Teratoma in Infancy: A Case Report

Patient: Female, 6-month-old

Final Diagnosis: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with abdominal teratoma

Symptoms: Hypoglycemia

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: Surgery removal

Specialty: Endocrinology and Metabolic

Surgical treatment of congenital hyperinsulinism

A multidisciplinary approach to patients with congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) can distinguish focal from diffuse HI, localize focal lesions, and permit partial pancreatectomy with cure in almost all focal patients. Surgery does not cure diffuse disease but can help prevent severe hypoglycemia and brain damage. Surgery can be curative for insulinoma and for some cases of atypical HI.

Pancreatic heterotopia in a neonatal abdominopelvic cyst

Pancreatic heterotopia is a rare congenital anomaly more commonly incidentally found in adults. While intra-abdominal cysts found on prenatal imaging are not uncommon, we examine a case of pancreatic heterotopia presenting in an abdominopelvic cyst on prenatal imaging. At birth, the neonate was found to have hypoglycemia unresponsive to treatment that resolved after cyst resection. We will review the etiology, imaging findings and clinical course of this anomaly, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of newborns presenting with unexplained hypoglycemia.

Genotype and phenotype analysis of a cohort of patients with congenital hyperinsulinism based on DOPA-PET CT scanning

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a clinically, genetically, and morphologically heterogeneous disorder. ¹⁸F DOPA-PET CT scanning greatly improves its clinical outcome. Here, we presented the first Chinese ¹⁸F DOPA-PET CT scanning-based CHI cohort highlighting the variable ethic clinical phenotypes and genotypes. Fifty CHI patients were recruited. Median age at presentation was 2 days. Median fasting time was 2 h. Mean insulin level was 25.6 μIU/ml. Fifty-two percent of patients were diazoxide-unresponsive with significantly shorter fasting tolerance time and higher serum insulin level compared with the responsive patients. Seventy-four percent of patients experienced at least one adverse drug reaction. Tremendously increased focal lesions (32%) were detected and 75% of them were cured through surgery. Thirty-one nucleotide sequence changes were identified in 48% patients. Four novel variants (Q608X, Q1347X, Q289X, F1489S) in ABCC8 gene and 2 novel variants (G132A, V138E) in KCNJ11 gene were detected. Of the variants, 87.1% harbored in ABCC and KCNJ11 genes. T1042Qfs*75 in ABCC8 gene was the most common mutation.Conclusion: Highly increased portion of focal lesion was presented in Chinese CHI patients compared with that of the previous reports. Intolerance to diazoxide was much more evident in Chinese or East Asian than other populations. Certain hotspot mutations harbored in Chinese CHI patients. What is Known: • ¹⁸F DOPA-PET CT scanning can provide informative guidance for surgical procedure when medical therapy is not well responded in CHI patients. What is New: • Intolerance to diazoxide is much more evident in Chinese and East Asian CHI patients compared with the other ethnic populations. • Novel mutations were detected in ABCC8 and KCNJ11 gene. Hotspot mutations such as T1042Qfs*75, I1511K, E501K, G111R in ABCC8 gene, and R34H in KCNJ11 gene are predominantly responsible for Chinese CHI patients.

Surgical treatment of congenital hyperinsulinism: Results from 500 pancreatectomies in neonates and children

BACKGROUND

Congenital Hyperinsulinism (HI) causes severe hypoglycemia in neonates and children. We reviewed our experience with pancreatectomy for the various types of HI.

METHODS

From 1998 to 2018, 500 patients with HI underwent pancreatectomy: 246 for focal HI, 202 for diffuse HI, 37 for atypical HI (16 for Localized Islet Nuclear Enlargement [LINE], 21 for Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome), and 15 for insulinoma. Focal HI neonates were treated with partial pancreatectomy. Patients with diffuse HI who failed medical management underwent near-total (98%) pancreatectomy. Atypical HI patients had pancreatectomies tailored to the PET scan and biopsy findings.

RESULTS

The vast majority of pancreatectomies for focal HI were < 50%, and many were 2%-10%. 97% of focal HI patients are cured. For diffuse disease patients, 31% were euglycemic, 20% were hyperglycemic, and 49% required treatment for hypoglycemia; the incidence of diabetes increased with long-term follow-up. All 15 insulinoma patients were cured.

CONCLUSIONS

Our approach to patients with focal HI can distinguish focal from diffuse HI, localize focal lesions, and permit partial pancreatectomy with cure in almost all focal patients. Surgery does not cure diffuse disease but can help prevent severe hypoglycemia and brain damage. Surgery can be curative for insulinoma and for some cases of atypical HI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV.

Intraoperative Ultrasound: A Tool to Support Tissue-Sparing Curative Pancreatic Resection in Focal Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Background: Focal congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) may be cured by resection of the focal, but often non-palpable, pancreatic lesion. The surgical challenge is to minimize removal of normal pancreatic tissue. Aim: To evaluate the results of intraoperative ultrasound-guided, tissue-sparing pancreatic resection in CHI patients at an international expert center. Methods: Retrospective study of CHI patients treated at Odense University Hospital, Denmark, between January 2010 and March 2017. Results: Of 62 consecutive patients with persistent CHI, 24 (39%) had focal CHI by histology after surgery. All patients had a paternal ABCC8 or KCNJ11 mutation and a focal lesion by ¹⁸F-DOPA-PET/CT. Intraoperative ultrasound localized the focal lesion in 16/20 patients (sensitivity 0.80), including one ectopic lesion in the duodenal wall. Intraoperative ultrasound showed no focal lesion in 11/11 patients with diffuse CH (specificity 1.0). The positive predictive value for focal histology was 1.0, negative predictive value 0.73. Tissue-sparing pancreatic resection (focal lesion enucleation, local resection of tail or uncinate process) was performed in 67% (n = 16). In 11/12 having tissue-sparing resection and intraoperative ultrasound, the location of the focal lesion was exactly identified. Eight patients had resection of the pancreatic head or head/body, four with Roux-en-Y, three with pancreatico-gastrostomy and one without reconstruction. None had severe complications to surgery. Cure of hypoglycaemia was seen in all patients after one (n = 21) or two (n = 3) pancreatic resections. Conclusion: In focal CHI, tissue-sparing pancreatic resection was possible in 67%. Intraoperative ultrasound was a helpful supplement to the mandatory use of genetics, preoperative ¹⁸F-DOPA-PET/CT and intraoperative frozen sections.

Pancreatic uptake and radiation dosimetry of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA from PET imaging studies in infants with congenital hyperinsulinism

METHODS

After injecting 25.6 ± 8.8 MBq (0.7 ± 0.2 mCi) of 18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA intravenously, three static PET scans were acquired at 20, 30, and 40 min post injection in 3-D mode on 10 patients (6 male, 4 female) with congenital hyperinsulinism. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn over several organs visible in the reconstructed PET/CT images and time activity curves (TACs) were generated. Residence times were calculated using the TAC data. The radiation absorbed dose for the whole body was calculated by entering the residence times in the OLINDA/EXM 1.0 software.

RESULTS

The mean residence times for the 18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA in the liver, lungs, kidneys, muscles, and pancreas were 11.54 ± 2.84, 1.25 ± 0.38, 4.65 ± 0.97, 17.13 ± 2.62, and 0.89 ± 0.34 min, respectively. The mean effective dose equivalent for 18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA was 0.40 ± 0.04 mSv/MBq. The CT scan used for attenuation correction delivered an additional radiation dose of 5.7 mSv. The organs receiving the highest radiation absorbed dose from 18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA were the urinary bladder wall (2.76 ± 0.95 mGy/MBq), pancreas (0.87 ± 0.30 mGy/MBq), liver (0.34 ± 0.07 mGy/MBq), and kidneys (0.61 ± 0.11 mGy/MBq). The renal system was the primary route for the radioactivity clearance and excretion.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated radiation dose burden from 18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA is relatively modest to newborns.

18F-DOPA PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT scans as diagnostic tools in focal congenital hyperinsulinism: a blinded evaluation

Purpose

Focal congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is curable by surgery, which is why identification of the focal lesion is crucial. We aimed to determine the use of 18F–fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) PET/CT vs. 68Ga-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic-acid-1-Nal3-octreotide (68Ga-DOTANOC) PET/CT as diagnostic tools in focal CHI.

Methods

PET/CT scans of children with CHI admitted to Odense University Hospital between August 2005 and June 2016 were retrospectively evaluated visually and by their maximal standardized uptake values (SUV_max) by two independent examiners, blinded for clinical, surgical and pathological data. Pancreatic histology was used as the gold standard. For patients without surgery, the genetic profile served as the gold standard.

Results

Fifty-five CHI patients were examined by PET/CT (18F-DOPA n = 53, 68Ga-DOTANOC n = 18). Surgery was performed in 34 patients, no surgery in 21 patients. Fifty-one patients had a classifiable outcome, either by histology (n = 33, 22 focal lesions, 11 non-focal) or by genetics (n = 18, all non-focal). The predictive performance of 18F-DOPA PET/CT to identify focal CHI was identical by visual- and cut-off-based evaluation: sensitivity (95% CI) of 1 (0.85–1); specificity of 0.96 (0.82–0.99). The optimal 18F-DOPA PET SUV_max ratio cut-off was 1.44 and the optimal 68Ga-DOTANOC PET SUV_max cut-off was 6.77 g/ml. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.98 (0.93–1) for 18F-DOPA PET vs. 0.71 (0.43–0.95) for 68Ga-DOTANOC PET (p < 0.03). In patients subjected to surgery, localization of the focal lesion was correct in 91%, and 100%, by 18F-DOPA PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT, respectively.

Conclusion

18F-DOPA PET/CT was excellent in predicting focal CHI and superior compared to 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT. Further use of 68GA-DOTANOC PET/CT in predicting focal CHI is discouraged.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-017-3867-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: clinical, molecular and therapeutical novelties

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HI) is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in children. Impairment of cellular pathways involved in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, broadly classified as channelopathies and metabolopathies, have been discovered in the past two decades. The increasing use of NGS target panels, combined with clinical, biochemical and imaging findings allows differentiating the diagnostic management of children with focal forms, surgically curable, from those with diffuse forms, more conservatively treated with pharmacological and nutritional interventions. Specific approaches according to the subtype of HI have been established and novel therapies are currently under investigation. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, HI remains an important cause of morbidity in children, still accounting for 26-44% of permanent intellectual disabilities, especially in neonatal-onset patients. Initial insult from recurrent hypoglycemia in early life greatly contributes to the poor outcomes. Therefore, patients need to be rapidly identified and treated aggressively, and require at follow-up a complex and regular monitoring, managed by a multidisciplinary HI team. This review gives an overview on the more recent diagnostic and therapeutic tools, on the novel drug and nutritional therapies, and on the long-term neurological outcomes.

Focal congenital hyperinsulinism managed by medical treatment: a diagnostic algorithm based on molecular genetic screening

OBJECTIVE

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) requires rapid diagnosis and treatment to avoid irreversible neurological sequelae due to hypoglycaemia. Aetiological diagnosis is instrumental in directing the appropriate therapy. Current diagnostic algorithms provide a complete set of diagnostic tools including (i) biochemical assays, (ii) genetic facility and (iii) state-of-the-art imaging. They consider the response to a therapeutic diazoxide trial an early, crucial step before proceeding (or not) to specific genetic testing and eventually imaging, aimed at distinguishing diffuse vs focal CHI. However, interpretation of the diazoxide test is not trivial and can vary between research groups, which may lead to inappropriate decisions. Objective of this report is proposing a new algorithm in which early genetic screening, rather than diazoxide trial, dictates subsequent clinical decisions.

PATIENTS, METHODS AND RESULTS

Two CHI patients weaned from parenteral glucose infusion and glucagon after starting diazoxide. No hypoglycaemia was registered during a 72-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS), or hypoglycaemic episodes were present for no longer than 3% of 72-h. Normoglycaemia was obtained by low-medium dose diazoxide combined with frequent carbohydrate feeds for several years. We identified monoallelic, paternally inherited mutations in KATP channel genes, and (18) F-DOPA PET-CT revealed a focal lesion that was surgically resected, resulting in complete remission of hypoglycaemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Although rare, some patients with focal lesions may be responsive to diazoxide. As a consequence, we propose an algorithm that is not based on a 'formal' diazoxide response but on genetic testing, in which patients carrying paternally inherited ABCC8 or KCNJ11 mutations should always be subjected to (18) F-DOPA PET-CT.

Strengths and limitations of using 18fluorine-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine PET/CT for congenital hyperinsulinism

¹⁸fluorine-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) PET/CT is currently the first-line imaging technique to distinguish between focal and diffuse forms of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) and to accurately localize focal forms. However, this technique has a number of limitations, mainly the very small size of focal forms or inversely a very large focal form mimicking a diffuse form, and misinterpretation of physiologic uptake masking hot spots or inversely mimicking focal forms. The other limitation is the limited availability of the radiopharmaceutical. FDOPA PET/CT has no recognized competitor to date among the available morphologic and functional imaging techniques. Other potential approaches using specific tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) are discussed, using radiopharmaceuticals specific for β cell mass or targeting somatostatin receptors. These radiopharmaceuticals can be labeled with gallium-68, a PET emitter readily available in PET centers equipped with 68Ge/68Ga generators.

Congenital hyperinsulinism: Role of fluorine-18L-3, 4 hydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography scanning

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare but complex heterogeneous disorder caused by unregulated secretion of insulin from the β-cells of the pancreas leading to severe hypoglycaemia and neuroglycopaenia. Swift diagnosis and institution of appropriate management is crucial to prevent or minimise adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in children with CHI. Histologically there are two major subtypes of CHI, diffuse and focal disease and the management approach will significantly differ depending on the type of the lesion. Patients with medically unresponsive diffuse disease require a near total pancreatectomy, which then leads on to the development of iatrogenic diabetes mellitus and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. However patients with focal disease only require a limited pancreatectomy to remove only the focal lesion thus providing complete cure to the patient. Hence the preoperative differentiation of the histological subtypes of CHI becomes paramount in the management of CHI. Fluorine-18L-3, 4-hydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-DOPA-PET) is now the gold standard for pre-operative differentiation of focal from diffuse disease and localisation of the focal lesion. The aim of this review article is to give a clinical overview of CHI, then review the role of dopamine in β-cell physiology and finally discuss the role of ¹⁸F-DOPA-PET imaging in the management of CHI.

The value of radiologic interventions and (18)F-DOPA PET in diagnosing and localizing focal congenital hyperinsulinism: systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the diagnostic performance of pancreatic venous sampling (PVS), selective pancreatic arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic venous sampling (ASVS), and (18)F-DOPA positron emission tomography (PET) in diagnosing and localizing focal congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI).

PROCEDURES

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science electronic databases were systematically searched from their inception to November 1, 2011. Using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, two blinded reviewers selected articles. Critical appraisal ranked the retrieved articles according to relevance and validity by means of the QUADAS-2 criteria. Pooled data of homogeneous study results estimated the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR).

RESULTS

(18)F-DOPA PET was superior in distinguishing focal from diffuse CHI (summary DOR, 73.2) compared to PVS (summary DOR, 23.5) and ASVS (summary DOR, 4.3). Furthermore, it localized focal CHI in the pancreas more accurately than PVS and ASVS (pooled accuracy, 0.82 vs. 0.76, and 0.64, respectively). Important limitations comprised the inclusion of studies with small sample sizes, high probability of bias and heterogeneity among their results. Studies with small sample sizes and high probability of bias tended to overestimate the diagnostic accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review and meta-analysis found evidence for the superiority of (18)F-DOPA PET in diagnosing and localizing focal CHI in patients requiring surgery for this disease.

Accuracy of PET/CT Scan in the diagnosis of the focal form of congenital hyperinsulinism

PURPOSE

The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity of the (18)fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan (18F-PET/CT) in the diagnosis of focal congenital hyperinsulinism (HI).

METHODS

A retrospective review of children with HI who underwent a preoperative 18F-PET/CT scan was performed.

RESULTS

Between 1/2008 and 2/2012 we performed 105 consecutive 18F-PET/CT scans on infants with HI. Fifty-three patients had focal HI. Of those fifty-three patients, eight had a preoperative 18F-PET/CT scan read as "diffuse disease". The sensitivity of the study in the diagnosis of focal HI was 85%. The location of the eight missed focal lesions was: head (3), body (2), and tail (3). The 18F-PET/CT of the missed head lesions showed homogeneous tracer uptake (n =2) or heterogeneous uptake throughout the pancreas (n=1). The 18F-PET/CT of the 2 missed body lesions and 1 missed tail lesion showed heterogeneous uptake throughout the pancreas. The 18F-PET/CT of the other 2 missed tail lesions showed lesions adjacent to and obscured by the signal of the upper renal pole, identified retrospectively by closer observation. Fifty-two of the 105 patients had diffuse HI. Two of them had 18F-PET/CT studies read as "focal disease". Therefore, the specificity of the study was 96%. Of the forty-seven 18F-PET/CT studies read as "focal disease", forty-five had true focal HI. Therefore, the positive predictive value of the study in the diagnosis of focal HI was 96%.

CONCLUSION

The sensitivity and specificity of 18 F-PET/CT can be affected by certain anatomic features of the pancreas, by the location of the lesion, and by the reader's experience.

Role of 18F-DOPA PET/CT imaging in congenital hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism is a leading cause of severe hypoglycaemia in the newborn period. There are two (diffuse and focal) histological subtypes of congenital hyperinsulinism. The diffuse form affects the entire pancreas and if medically unresponsive will require a near total (95%-98%) pancreatectomy. The focal form affects only a small region of the pancreas (with the rest of the pancreas being normal in endocrine and exocrine function) and only requires a limited pancreatectomy. This limited section of the focal lesion has the potential for curing the patient. Thus the pre-operative differentiation of these two subgroups is extremely important. Recent advances in Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography ((18)F-DOPA PET/CT) have radically changed the clinical approach to patient with congenital hyperinsulinism. In most patients this novel imaging technique is able to offer precise pre-operative localisation of the focal lesion, thus guiding the extent of surgical resection.

Fluorine-18 DOPA-PET and PET/CT Imaging in Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism is the principle cause of hypoglycemia during infancy but successful treatment is difficult and persistent hypoglycemia carries the risk of neurologic damage. Focal and diffuse abnormalities are the common forms of hyperinsulinism. Identification and localization of focal hyperinsulinism can be cured by partial pancreatectomy. It has been shown that affected pancreatic areas utilize LDOPA in a higher rate than normal pancreatic tissue and, thus, labeling L-DOPA with fluorine-18 (FDOPA) allows functional mapping of hyperinsulinism using PET. This article presents a fundamental overview of the genetics background, pathology, management, and the role of FDOPA-PET imaging in hyperinsulinism.

Advances in the diagnosis and management of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) is a consequence of unregulated insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells and is a major cause of hypoglycemic brain injury and mental retardation. Congenital HH is caused by mutations in genes involved in regulation of insulin secretion, seven of which have been identified (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, CGK, HADH, SLC16A1 and HNF4A). Severe forms of congenital HH are caused by mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11, which encode the two components of the pancreatic beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Mutations in HNF4A, GLUD1, CGK, and HADH lead to transient or persistent HH, whereas mutations in SLC16A1 cause exercise-induced HH. Rapid genetic analysis combined with an understanding of the histological features (focal or diffuse disease) of congenital HH and the introduction of (18)F-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine PET-CT to guide laparoscopic surgery have totally transformed the clinical approach to this complex disease. Adult-onset HH is mostly caused by an insulinoma; however, it has also been reported to present as postprandial HH in patients with noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome, in those who have undergone gastric-bypass surgery for morbid obesity, and in those with mutations in the insulin-receptor gene.

6-L-18F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine PET in neuroendocrine tumors: basic aspects and emerging clinical applications

In recent years, 6-l-18F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) PET has emerged as a new diagnostic tool for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. This application is based on the unique property of neuroendocrine tumors to produce and secrete various substances, a process that requires the uptake of metabolic precursors, which leads to the uptake of 18F-DOPA. This nonsystematic review first describes basic aspects of 18F-DOPA imaging, including radiosynthesis, factors involved in tracer uptake, and various aspects of metabolism and imaging. Subsequently, this review provides an overview of current clinical applications in neuroendocrine tumors, including carcinoid tumors, pancreatic islet cell tumors, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperinsulinism, and various other clinical entities. The application of PET/CT in carcinoid tumors has unsurpassed sensitivity. In medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and hyperinsulinism, results are also excellent and contribute significantly to clinical management. In the remaining conditions, the initial experience with 18F-DOPA PET indicates that it seems to be less valuable, but further study is required.

[A 67-year-old patient with recurrent hypoglycemia]

A 67 year old female patient was admitted to our clinic with recurrent hypoglycemia in December 2006. Laboratory findings revealed an elevated insulin, and C-peptide. Imaging techniques revealed a tumor of the pancreas involving the spleen with metastases of the liver, expressing somatostatin receptors. Ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed and confirmed the suspected insulinoma. Since the hypoglycemias could not sufficiently be controlled by subcutaneous administration of octreotide and by oral glucose intake, surgical debulking was performed in a palliative intention. After resection the patient was free of hypoglycemia. In case of diagnosed insulinoma, underlying MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) should be considered. Excision of the tumor is recommended in patients with benign solitary insulinomas. If complete excision is impossible, there are several therapeutic options that aim at preventing hypoglycemia. Thus, in contrast to other extended tumors, surgery is reasonable in malignant insulinoma even in case of metastatic disease.

Evaluation of [18F]fluoro-L-DOPA positron emission tomography-computed tomography for surgery in focal congenital hyperinsulinism

CONTEXT

In congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), the identification and precise localization of a focal lesion is essential for successful surgery.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to evaluate the predictive value and accuracy of integrated [18F]fluoro-L-DOPA ([18F]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) for the surgical therapy of CHI.

DESIGN

This was an observational study.

SETTING

The study was performed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery at a university hospital.

PATIENTS

From February 2005 to September 2007, 10 children with the clinical signs of CHI and an increased radiotracer uptake in a circumscribed area of the pancreas in the [18F]FDOPA PET-CT were evaluated.

INTERVENTIONS

Guided by the [18F]FDOPA PET-CT report, all children underwent partial pancreatic resection, in two cases twice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Correlation of the anatomical findings at surgery with the report of the [18F]FDOPA PET-CT, and the results of surgery and clinical outcome were determined.

RESULTS

In nine children the intraoperative situation corresponded exactly to the description of the [18F]FDOPA PET-CT. A limited resection of the pancreas was curative in eight cases at the first surgery, in one case at the second intervention. We observed no diabetes mellitus or exocrine insufficiency in the follow up so far. In one child, hypoglycemia persisted even after two partial resections of the pancreatic head. Histological analysis finally revealed an atypical intermediate form of CHI.

CONCLUSIONS

The integrated [18F]FDOPA PET-CT is accurate to localize the lesion in focal CHI and is a valuable tool to guide the surgeon in limited pancreatic resection.

Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography as a tool to localize an insulinoma or beta-cell hyperplasia in adult patients

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE

Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising method in localizing neuroendocrine tumors. Recently, it has been shown to differentiate focal forms of congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy. The current study was set up to determine the potential of 18F-DOPA PET in identifying the insulin-secreting tumors or beta-cell hyperplasia of the pancreas in adults.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We prospectively studied 10 patients with confirmed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and presumed insulin-secreting tumor using 18F-DOPA PET. Anatomical imaging was performed with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All patients were operated on, and histological verification was available in each case. Semiquantitative PET findings in the pancreas using standardized uptake values were compared to standardized uptake values of seven consecutive patients with nonpancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

RESULTS

By visual inspection of 18F-DOPA PET images, it was possible in nine of 10 patients to localize the pancreatic lesion, subsequently confirmed by histological analysis. 18F-DOPA uptake was enhanced in six of seven solid insulinomas and in the malignant insulinoma and its hepatic metastasis. Two patients with beta-cell hyperplasia showed increased focal uptake of 18F-DOPA in the affected areas. As compared to CT or MRI, 18F-DOPA PET was more sensitive in localizing diseased pancreatic tissue.

CONCLUSION

18F-DOPA PET was useful in most patients with insulinoma and negative CT, MRI, and ultrasound results. In agreement with previous findings in infants, preoperative 18F-DOPA imaging seems to be a method of choice for the detection of beta-cell hyperplasia in adults. It should be considered for the detection of insulinoma or beta-cell hyperplasia in patients with confirmed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemias when other diagnostic work-up is negative.

A case of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy successfully managed with subcutaneous octreotide injection and nocturnal intravenous glucose supply

Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) is often resistant to medical therapy and is normally treated by subtotal pancreatectomy to avoid neurological complications. However, many problems after surgery, such as recurrence of hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus, remain to be solved. This report concerns a case of PHHI that was resistant to octreotide or diazoxide alone but was successfully controlled with subcutaneous injection of octreotide in combination with nocturnal glucose infusion through central venous catheter. The patient exhibited natural remission of hyperinsulinism with age, and all treatment was ceased at the age of 4 yr. Growth and neurological development of the patient have been normal. This combined therapy can be a therapeutic option as a substitute for surgical solutions.