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Park SC, Lee YS, Cho KA, Kim SY, Lee YI, Lee SR, Lim IK. What matters in aging is signaling for responsiveness. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 252:108560. [PMID: 37952903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological responsiveness refers to the capacity of living organisms to adapt to changes in both their internal and external environments through physiological and behavioral mechanisms. One of the prominent aspects of aging is the decline in this responsiveness, which can lead to a deterioration in the processes required for maintenance, survival, and growth. The vital link between physiological responsiveness and the essential life processes lies within the signaling systems. To devise effective strategies for controlling the aging process, a comprehensive reevaluation of this connecting loop is imperative. This review aims to explore the impact of aging on signaling systems responsible for responsiveness and introduce a novel perspective on intervening in the aging process by restoring the compromised responsiveness. These innovative mechanistic approaches for modulating altered responsiveness hold the potential to illuminate the development of action plans aimed at controlling the aging process and treating age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Engineering Major, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Rock Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do 58128, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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2
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Keihani A, Mayeli A, Ferrarelli F. Circadian Rhythm Changes in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200237. [PMID: 36403250 PMCID: PMC10199146 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions in circadian rhythms can occur in healthy aging; however, these changes are more severe and pervasive in individuals with age-related and neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. Circadian rhythm alterations are also present in preclinical stages of dementia, for example, in patients with mild cognitive impairments (MCI); thus, providing a unique window of opportunity for early intervention in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies examining the association between relevant changes in circadian rhythms and their relationship with cognitive dysfunctions in MCI individuals. In this review, circadian system alterations occurring in MCI patients are examined compared to healthy aging individuals while also considering their association with MCI neurocognitive alterations. The main findings are that abnormal circadian changes in rest-activity, core body temperature, melatonin, and cortisol rhythms appear in the MCI stage and that these circadian rhythm disruptions are associated with some of the neurocognitive deficits observed in MCI patients. In addition, preliminary evidence indicates that interventions aimed at restoring regular circadian rhythms may prevent or halt the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and mitigate their related cognitive impairments. Future longitudinal studies with repeated follow-up assessments are needed to establish the translational potential of these findings in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Keihani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ahmad Mayeli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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3
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Nabatchian F, Pakbaz F, Cheshrokh M, Sajadi M, Sharbati S, Afrisham R. Comparison of IgG Against COVID-19 Between Postmenopausal and Nonmenopausal Women Vaccinated With Sinopharm Vaccine. Lab Med 2023; 54:502-506. [PMID: 36857479 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease has spread among the people of the world. Past studies have shown that viral diseases are more common and the immune response is stronger among menopausal women than nonmenopausal women. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the amount of immunoglobulin (Ig)G against COVID-19 between postmenopausal and nonmenopausal women vaccinated with Sinopharm vaccine. METHODS In this case-control study, 90 females vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine were randomly selected from February to April 2022: 45 menopausal participants as the case group and 45 nonmenopausal controls. Demographic characteristics were obtained and blood samples were taken from all subjects. A complete blood count was carried out and the levels of IgG against COVID-19 were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The mean age was 33.3 ± 7.3 years and 60.2 ± 7.02 years for control and menopausal women, respectively. A significant difference was found between the 2 groups for the levels of IgG antibodies against COVID-19 (P = .002, 17.2 ± 9.83 relative unit for case group and 10.2 ± 9.80 relative unit for control subjects). After adjusting, IgG against COVID-19 was significantly correlated to the menopausal state (odds ratio [confidence interval] = 1. 08 [1.03-1. 15]; P = .003). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that menopausal women had higher levels of IgG against COVID-19 in comparison with nonmenopausal females. However, more complementary studies are needed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Nabatchian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pakbaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Cheshrokh
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Maryam Sajadi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Shadi Sharbati
- Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
| | - Reza Afrisham
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Rahman SA, Gathungu RM, Marur VR, St Hilaire MA, Scheuermaier K, Belenky M, Struble JS, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW, Klerman EB, Duffy JF, Kristal BS. Age-related changes in circadian regulation of the human plasma lipidome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:756. [PMID: 37474677 PMCID: PMC10359364 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging alters the amplitude and phase of centrally regulated circadian rhythms. Here we evaluate whether peripheral circadian rhythmicity in the plasma lipidome is altered by aging through retrospective lipidomics analysis on plasma samples collected in 24 healthy individuals (9 females; mean ± SD age: 40.9 ± 18.2 years) including 12 younger (4 females, 23.5 ± 3.9 years) and 12 middle-aged older, (5 females, 58.3 ± 4.2 years) individuals every 3 h throughout a 27-h constant routine (CR) protocol, which allows separating evoked changes from endogenously generated oscillations in physiology. Cosinor regression shows circadian rhythmicity in 25% of lipids in both groups. On average, the older group has a ~14% lower amplitude and a ~2.1 h earlier acrophase of the lipid circadian rhythms (both, p ≤ 0.001). Additionally, more rhythmic circadian lipids have a significant linear component in addition to the sinusoidal across the 27-h CR in the older group (44/56) compared to the younger group (18/58, p < 0.0001). Results from individual-level data are consistent with group-average results. Results indicate that prevalence of endogenous circadian rhythms of the human plasma lipidome is preserved with healthy aging into middle-age, but significant changes in rhythmicity include a reduction in amplitude, earlier acrophase, and an altered temporal relationship between central and lipid rhythms.
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Grants
- R01 HL128538 NHLBI NIH HHS
- T32 HL007901 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 AG006072 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 HD107064 NICHD NIH HHS
- U01 NS114001 NINDS NIH HHS
- R21 DA052861 NIDA NIH HHS
- R01 HL132556 NHLBI NIH HHS
- UL1 TR001102 NCATS NIH HHS
- UL1 RR025758 NCRR NIH HHS
- R01 HL166205 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL159207 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U54 AG062322 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 NS114526 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 HL140335 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL114088 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 NS099055 NINDS NIH HHS
- The work was supported by grants from the NIH: R01-HL132556 (BSK), R01-HL140335 (BSK), R01-HL114088 (EBK), R01-AG06072 (JFD), and R01-HL159207 (SAR). KS was supported by a T32 HL07901 and a NIA F32 AG316902. EBK was supported by NIH R01NS099055, U01NS114001, U54AG062322, R21DA052861, R21DA052861, R01NS114526-02S1, R01-HD107064, DoD W81XWH201076; and Leducq Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. The clinical research projects described were supported by NIH grant 1UL1 TR001102-01, 8UL1TR000170-05, UL1 RR025758, Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center, from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources, the National Center for Advancing Translational Science or the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rose M Gathungu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Enara Bio, The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, 1 Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Vasant R Marur
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc, 320 Bent St, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Melissa A St Hilaire
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA, 01845, USA
| | - Karine Scheuermaier
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marina Belenky
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jackson S Struble
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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6
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Parlak GC, Camur BB, Gul S, Ozcan O, Baris I, Kavakli IH. The secondary pocket of Cryptochrome 2 is important for the regulation of its stability and localization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102334. [PMID: 35933018 PMCID: PMC9442382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clock-gene variations contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in various behavioral and physiological processes such as diurnal preference, sleep, metabolism, mood regulation, addiction, and fertility. However, little is known about the possible effects of identified variations at the molecular level. In this study, we performed a functional characterization at the cellular level of rare CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) missense variations that were identified from the Ensembl database. Our structural studies revealed that three variations (p.Pro123Leu, p.Asp406His, p.Ser410Ile) are located at the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2. We show these variants were unable to repress CLOCK/BMAL1-driven transcription in a cell-based reporter assay and had reduced affinity to CLOCK/BMAL1. Furthermore, our biochemical studies indicated that the variants were less stable than the wild-type CRY2, which could be rescued in the presence of Period 2 (PER2), another core clock protein. Finally, we found these variants were unable to properly localize to the nucleus, and thereby were unable to rescue the circadian rhythm in a Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Collectively, our data suggest that the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2 plays a significant role in its nuclear localization independently of PER2 and in the intact circadian rhythm at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cagla Parlak
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Bahar Camur
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc university Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Yilmaz S. Impaired biological rhythm in men with methamphetamine use disorder: the relationship with sleep quality and depression. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2098847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Istinye University, Elazığ Medical Park Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
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8
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Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Chen YL, Liu CT, Tseng HS, Wu PI, She JW, Hsiao YS, Yu HH. Sensitive Detection of Sweat Cortisol Using an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Featuring Nanostructured Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives in the Channel Layer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7584-7593. [PMID: 35588463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanostructures decorated on the channel layer of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) for the detection of sweat cortisol, an adrenocorticosteroid stress hormone. The OECT device featured a bilayer channel confined by a PEDOT:polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) underlayer and a nanostructure-decorated upper layer engineered from the monomers EDOT-COOH and EDOT-EG3 through template-free electrochemical polymerization. This molecular design allowed antibody conjugation using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide coupling through the carboxylic acid side chain, with EDOT-EG3 known to minimize nonspecific binding of biomolecules. We also engineered an OECT device having a channel area without any nanostructures to gain insight into the effect of the nanostructures on cortisol sensing. Our new nanostructure-embedded OECT device facilitated real-time detection of cortisol at concentrations ranging from 1 fg/mL to 1 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.0088 fg/mL with good linearity (R2 = 0.9566), in addition to excellent selectivity toward cortisol among other structurally similar interfering compounds and high stability and reproducibility. With its rapid response for the detection of 100 ng/mL cortisol-spiked artificial sweat, this nanostructure-decorated OECT device has potential clinical practicality and utility in wearable sensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan Aerathupalathu Janardhanan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Po-I Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei She
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science & Technology Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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9
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Babilon S, Myland P, Klabes J, Simon J, Khanh TQ. Study protocol for measuring the impact of (quasi-)monochromatic light on post-awakening cortisol secretion under controlled laboratory conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267659. [PMID: 35584105 PMCID: PMC9116651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol secretion has a fundamental role in human circadian regulation. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) can be observed as a daily recurring sharp increase in cortisol concentration within the first hour after awakening and is influenced by environmental light conditions. The current work provides the study protocol for an ongoing research project that is intended to explore the spectral dependencies and to discuss measures of emotional state and cognitive functioning potentially related to the CAR. Based on a controlled within-subjects sleep laboratory study, the impact of a two-hour, (quasi-)monochromatic, post-awakening light exposure of different peak wavelength (applied from 6:00 to 8:00 am) on resulting CAR levels should be investigated in a systematic manner to eventually derive a corresponding spectral sensitivity model. As a secondary outcome, it should be explored whether a potentially light-enhanced cortisol secretion might also impact different measures of sleepiness, mood, and vigilance for certain wavelengths. The study protocol described in the present work discusses the various protocol steps using pilot data collected for two different wavelength settings (i.e., short-wavelength blue-light at λmax = 476 nm and long-wavelength red-light at λmax = 649 nm) experienced by a group of four healthy male adults at an average ± SD age of 25.25 ± 3.59 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Babilon
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Light and Health Research Center, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Paul Myland
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julian Klabes
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Joel Simon
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Kaladchibachi S, Negelspach DC, Zeitzer JM, Fernandez FX. Investigation of the aging clock's intermittent-light responses uncovers selective deficits to green millisecond flashes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112389. [PMID: 35086027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The central pacemaker of flies, rodents, and humans generates less robust circadian output signals across normative aging. It is not well understood how changes in light sensitivity might contribute to this phenomenon. In the present study, we summarize results from an extended data series (n = 5681) showing that the locomotor activity rhythm of aged Drosophila can phase-shift normally to intermittently spaced episodes of bright polychromatic light exposure (600 lx) but that deficits emerge in response to 8, 16, and 120-millisecond flashes of narrowband blue (λm, 452 nm) and green (λm, 525 nm) LED light. For blue, phase-resetting of the activity rhythm of older flies is not as energy efficient as it is in younger flies at the fastest flash-exposures tested (8 milliseconds), suggesting there might be different floors of light duration necessary to incur photohabituation in each age group. For green, the responses of older flies are universally crippled relative to those of younger flies across the slate of protocols we tested. The difference in green flash photosensitivity is one of the most salient age-related phenotypes that has been documented in the circadian phase-shifting literature thus far. These data provide further impetus for investigations on pacemaker aging and how it might relate to changes in the circadian system's responses to particular sequences of light exposure tuned for wavelength, intensity, duration, and tempo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie M Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 and McKnight Brain Research Institutes, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The reality of life in modern times is that our internal circadian rhythms are often out of alignment with the light/dark cycle of the external environment. This is known as circadian disruption, and a wealth of epidemiological evidence shows that it is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease remains the top cause of death in the United States, and kidney disease in particular is a tremendous public health burden that contributes to cardiovascular deaths. There is an urgent need for new treatments for kidney disease; circadian rhythm-based therapies may be of potential benefit. The goal of this Review is to summarize the existing data that demonstrate a connection between circadian rhythm disruption and renal impairment in humans. Specifically, we will focus on chronic kidney disease, lupus nephritis, hypertension, and aging. Importantly, the relationship between circadian dysfunction and pathophysiology is thought to be bidirectional. Here we discuss the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying circadian dysfunction in diseases of the kidney. Finally, we provide a brief overview of potential circadian rhythm-based interventions that could provide benefit in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mohandas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
| | | | - Yogesh Scindia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Blattner MS, Panigrahi SK, Toedebusch CD, Hicks TJ, McLeland JS, Banks IR, Schaibley C, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Bateman RJ, Wardlaw SL, Lucey BP. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β During Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults Is Not Due to Stress or Circadian Disruption. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:471-482. [PMID: 32250301 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oscillate with the sleep-wake cycle in the interstitial fluid of mice and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans. Further, the concentration of Aβ in CSF increases during sleep deprivation. Stress and disruption of the circadian clock are additional mechanisms hypothesized to increase CSF Aβ levels. Cortisol is a marker for stress and has an endogenous circadian rhythm. Other factors such as glucose and lactate have been associated with changes in sleep-wake activity and/or Aβ. OBJECTIVE In this exploratory study, we used samples collected in a previous study to examine how sleep deprivation affects Aβ, cortisol, lactate, and glucose in plasma and CSF from healthy middle-aged adults (N = 11). METHODS Eleven cognitively normal participants without evidence of sleep disturbance were randomized to sleep deprivation or normal sleep control. All participants were invited to repeat the study. Cortisol, lactate, glucose, and Aβ were measured in 2-h intervals over a 36-h period in both plasma and CSF. All concentrations were normalized to the mean prior to calculating mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and other parameters. RESULTS One night of sleep deprivation increases the overnight concentration of Aβ in CSF approximately 10%, but does not significantly affect cortisol, lactate, or glucose concentrations in plasma or CSF between the sleep-deprived and control conditions. CONCLUSION These data suggest that sleep deprivation-related changes in CSF Aβ are not mediated by stress or circadian disruption as measured by cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Blattner
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina D Toedebusch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terry J Hicks
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer S McLeland
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian R Banks
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Schaibley
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan P Lucey
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Moffat SD, An Y, Resnick SM, Diamond MP, Ferrucci L. Longitudinal Change in Cortisol Levels Across the Adult Life Span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:394-400. [PMID: 31714574 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol is a key stress hormone implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Longitudinal information on cortisol exposure has been restricted to animal models and a small number of human studies. The purpose of the present study was to quantify longitudinal change in cortisol across the adult life span. METHODS We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion from ages 20 to 90 years and older. Participants were 1,814 men and women from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who provided a total of 5,527 urine specimens for analysis. The average duration of longitudinal follow-up was 6.6 years. The primary outcome measure was 24-hour urinary free cortisol to creatinine ratio (UFC/Cr) as determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS UFC/Cr follows a U-shaped pattern across the life span with decreases in UFC/Cr in the 20s and 30s, relative stability in the 40s and 50s, and increases thereafter. This pattern of change was robust with respect to adjustment for several potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Age-related changes in cortisol exposure raise important questions about the potential protective or exacerbating role of cortisol exposure in predicting medical, physiological, and behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Moffat
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore
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14
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Lananna BV, Musiek ES. The wrinkling of time: Aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the circadian clock in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104832. [PMID: 32179175 PMCID: PMC7727873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of research now implicates the circadian clock in the regulation of an array of diverse biological processes including glial function, metabolism, peripheral immune responses, and redox homeostasis. Sleep abnormalities and other forms of circadian disruption are common symptoms of aging and neurodegeneration. Circadian clock disruption may also influence the aging processes and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The specific mechanisms governing the interaction between circadian systems, aging, and the immune system are still being uncovered. Here, we review the evidence supporting a bidirectional relationship between aging and the circadian system. Further, we explore the hypothesis that age-related circadian deterioration may exacerbate multiple pathogenic processes, priming the brain for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Lananna
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Dept. of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Are depression and denutrition good predictors of dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in anorexia nervosa? Eur Psychiatry 2020; 13:411-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/1996] [Revised: 02/28/1998] [Accepted: 06/01/1998] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the corticotropic axis in anorexia nervosa. In 93 female inpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa, subsample (n = 64) with DSM-III criteria was also considered. Using stepwise regression analysis, this study examined the relationship between independent variables ie, age, body mass index, scores on depression scales and postdexamethasone serum cortisol, considered as a dependent variable. In patients who met DSM-III criteria, 16.7% of the variance of serum cortisol can be explained. The main predictors are depressive retardation, emaciation and age. Using stepwise logistic regression the main categorical predictors of the test suppression vs non suppression are of the same nature. The condition of realisation of DST are discussed.
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16
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Sosa S, Dobson FS, Bordier C, Neuhaus P, Saraux C, Bosson C, Palme R, Boonstra R, Viblanc VA. Social stress in female Columbian ground squirrels: density-independent effects of kin contribute to variation in fecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Guan Z, Jacobs G, van Pelt H, Van Gerven JM, Burggraaf J, Zhao W. PK/PD modeling of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) challenge test with cortisol measurement in serum and saliva. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00574. [PMID: 32168433 PMCID: PMC7069653 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was planned to build a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) challenge study including a circadian rhythm component of cortisol and to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. Data from three 5‐HTP challenge studies in healthy volunteers were collected. Serum 5‐HTP, saliva, and serum cortisol were sampled as PK and PD marker. The population PK/PD modeling approach was applied. A baseline model of serum cortisol was built to assess the circadian rhythm before a pharmacodynamic model was used to evaluate the drug effect of the 5‐HTP on cortisol. Finally, linear and power function relationships were tested to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. The PK of 5‐HTP could be described using a one‐compartment model with a transit compartment. The typical value for clearance was 20.40 L h−1 and showed inter‐study variability. A cosine function was chosen and properly described the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol. A linear approximation model was applied to fit the 5‐HTP PD effect on cortisol data with a slope of 4.16 ng mL−1 h. A power function provided a better description than a linear function to relate the saliva and serum cortisol. In conclusion, a circadian rhythm component was built in the PK/PD model of the 5‐HTP challenge test which could better improve the understanding of the stimulating effect on HPA with cortisol change. After the 5‐HTP challenge, saliva cortisol correlated well with serum cortisol and was predictable by a population PK‐PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guan
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Jacobs
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Joop M.A. Van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenthe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical PharmacySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong UniversityJinanChina
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18
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Burfield HJ, Carkeet A, Ostrin LA. Ocular and Systemic Diurnal Rhythms in Emmetropic and Myopic Adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2237-2247. [PMID: 31112608 PMCID: PMC6530516 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults and examine relationships with light exposure. Methods Adult subjects (n = 42, 22–41 years) underwent measurements every 4 hours for 24 hours, including blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, and optical coherence tomography imaging. Mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) was calculated. Saliva was collected for melatonin and cortisol analysis. Acrophase and amplitude for each parameter were compared between refractive error groups. Subjects wore a light, sleep, and activity monitor for 1 week before measurements. Results All parameters exhibited significant diurnal rhythm (ANOVA, P < 0.05 for all). Choroidal thickness peaked at 2.42 hours, with a diurnal variation of 25.8 ± 13.44 μm. Axial length peaked at 12.96 hours, with a variation of 35.71 ± 6.6 μm. Melatonin peaked at 3.19 hours during the dark period, while cortisol peaked after light onset at 8.86 hours. IOP peaked at 11.24 hours, with a variation of 4.92 ± 1.57 mm Hg, in antiphase with MOPP, which peaked at 22.02 hours. Amplitudes of daily variations were not correlated with light exposure, and rhythms were not significantly different between emmetropes and myopes, except for body temperature and MOPP. Conclusions Diurnal variations in ocular and systemic parameters were observed in young adults; however, these variations were not associated with habitual light exposure. Emmetropic and myopic refractive error groups showed small but significant differences in body temperature and MOPP, while other ocular and systemic patterns were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Burfield
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew Carkeet
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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19
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Drogos LL, Wynne-Edwards K, Zhou R, Hall SE, Tyndall AV, Longman RS, Eskes G, Poulin MJ. Aerobic exercise increases cortisol awakening response in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:241-248. [PMID: 30721838 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests aerobic exercise may dampen age-related decline in cognitive performance. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and reactivity may be a mechanism by which aerobic exercise benefits cognitive performance, and reduces perceived stress. This investigation was completed as an ancillary investigation of the Brain in Motion (BIM) study, a 6-month supervised aerobic exercise intervention. Participants were generally healthy and screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria for the parent study. Thirty-eight participants were recruited (Mean age = 65.0 [SD = 5.1]; 60% female) and the final longitudinal sample was 32 participants. Participants provided a passive drool sample at: waking, 15, 30, and 45 min post-waking to assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-waking to assess daily area under the curve for cortisol. Salivary cortisol was quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The exercise intervention increased CAR but no differences were observed in daily AUC. In addition, larger increases in CAR were positively associated with greater decreases in subjective stress. Thus, aerobic exercise improved the CAR in otherwise healthy, but sedentary older adults and greater improvements in CAR were associated with greater reductions in perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Drogos
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Canada; University of Calgary Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada
| | | | - Ruokun Zhou
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Canada
| | - Samantha E Hall
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Canada; University of Calgary Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada
| | - Amanda V Tyndall
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Canada; University of Calgary Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada
| | - R Stewart Longman
- University of Calgary Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada; University of Calgary, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Canada; University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Canada; Alberta Health Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Canada
| | - Gail Eskes
- Dalhousie University, Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Canada
| | - Marc J Poulin
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Canada; University of Calgary Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada; University of Calgary, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Canada; University of Calgary Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Canada; University of Calgary, Department of Faculty of Kinesiology, Canada.
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20
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Meir Drexler S, Merz CJ, Jentsch VL, Wolf OT. How stress and glucocorticoids timing-dependently affect extinction and relapse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 98:145-153. [PMID: 30594494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various research groups aimed to augment extinction learning (the most important underlying mechanism of exposure therapy) using glucocorticoids (GCs), in particular the stress hormone cortisol. In this review, we introduce the STaR (Stress Timing affects Relapse) model, a theoretical model of the timing-dependent effects of stress/GCs treatment on extinction and relapse. In particular, we show that (1) pre-extinction stress/GCs promote memory consolidation in a context-independent manner, making extinction memory more resistant to relapse following context change. (2) Post-extinction stress also enhances extinction consolidation, but in a context-bound manner. These differences may result from the timing-dependent effects of cortisol on emotional memory contextualization. At the neural level, extinction facilitation is reflected in alterations in the amygdala-hippocampal-prefrontal cortex network. (3) Stress/GCs before a retrieval test impair extinction retrieval and promote relapse. This may result from strengthening amygdala signaling or disruption of the inhibitory functioning of the prefrontal cortex. The STaR model can contribute to the understanding and prevention of relapse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Meir Drexler
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Valerie L Jentsch
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Clegg A, Hassan-Smith Z. Frailty and the endocrine system. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:743-752. [PMID: 30017798 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a condition characterised by loss of biological reserves, failure of homoeostatic mechanisms, and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. The endocrine system is considered particularly important in frailty, because of its complex inter-relationships with the brain, immune system, and skeletal muscle. This Review summarises evidence indicating a key role for the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the pathogenesis of frailty through aberrant regulation of glucocorticoid secretion, insulin-like growth factor signalling, and androgen production. Evidence also indicates a potential role for vitamin D and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of frailty. The role of thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis of frailty remains uncertain. Key convergent pathological effects of frailty include loss of muscle mass and strength, with consequent impact on mobility and activities of daily living. Future translational research should focus on the understanding of endocrine mechanisms, to identify potential biomarkers of the condition, modifiable targets for treatment, and novel pharmacological drugs targeted at the endocrine components of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clegg
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.
| | - Zaki Hassan-Smith
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Coventry, Coventry, UK
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22
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Taneja V. Sex Hormones Determine Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1931. [PMID: 30210492 PMCID: PMC6119719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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23
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Engert LC, Weiler U, Stefanski V, Schmucker SS. Glucocorticoid receptor number and affinity differ between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes in domestic pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 61:11-16. [PMID: 28554109 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and granulocytes of domestic pigs because glucocorticoid signaling is considered important for animal health and welfare. To investigate GR binding characteristics in intact porcine immune cells, blood samples of 6 castrated male pigs were collected via indwelling vein catheters. Porcine PBMC and granulocytes were isolated using two-layer density gradients, followed by radioligand binding assays to determine the number of GR sites per cell and the dissociation constant Kd as a measure for GR binding affinity. The present study revealed a greater number of GR sites per cell (P = 0.039) in PBMC (mean ± SEM: 1,953 ± 207 sites/cell) compared to granulocytes (1,561 ± 159 sites/cell) in domestic pigs. Furthermore, porcine PBMC had a higher GR binding affinity than porcine granulocytes (P = 0.003) as the dissociation constant Kd of PBMC (1.8 ± 0.2 nM) was lower than that of granulocytes (3.5 ± 0.4 nM). Our results point to differences in underlying mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling in different porcine leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Engert
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - U Weiler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S S Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Roelfsema F, van Heemst D, Iranmanesh A, Takahashi P, Yang R, Veldhuis JD. Impact of age, sex and body mass index on cortisol secretion in 143 healthy adults. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:500-509. [PMID: 28760748 PMCID: PMC5597974 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies on 24-h cortisol secretion are rare. The impact of sex, age and adiposity on cortisol levels, often restricted to one or a few samples, are well recognized, but conflicting. OBJECTIVE To investigate cortisol dynamics in 143 healthy men and women, spanning 7 decades and with a 2-fold body mass index (BMI) range with different analytic tools. SETTING Clinical Research Unit. DESIGN Cortisol concentrations in 10-min samples collected for 24 h. Outcomes were mean levels, deconvolution parameters, approximate entropy (ApEn, regularity statistic) and 24-h rhythms. RESULTS Total 24-h cortisol secretion rates estimated by deconvolution analysis were sex, age and BMI independent. Mean 24-h cortisol concentrations were lower in premenopausal women than those in men of comparable age (176 ± 8.2 vs 217 ± 9.4 nmol/L, P = 0.02), but not in subjects older than 50 years. This was due to lower daytime levels in women, albeit similar in the quiescent overnight period. Aging increased mean cortisol by 10 nmol/L per decade during the quiescent secretory phase and advanced the acrophase of the diurnal rhythm by 24 min/decade. However, total 24-h cortisol secretion rates estimated by deconvolution analysis were sex, age and BMI independent. ApEn of 24-h profiles was higher (more random) in premenopausal women than those in men (1.048 ± 0.025 vs 0.933 ± 0.023, P = 0.001), but not in subjects older than 50 years. ApEn peaked during the daytime. CONCLUSION Sex and age jointly determine the 24-h cortisol secretory profile. Sex effects are largely restricted to age <50 years, whereas age effects elevate concentrations in the late evening and early night and advance the timing of the peak diurnal rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal MedicineSection Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Iranmanesh
- Endocrine SectionMedical Service, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul Takahashi
- Primary Care Internal MedicineMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca Yang
- Endocrine Research UnitMayo Medical and Graduate Schools, Clinical Translational Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research UnitMayo Medical and Graduate Schools, Clinical Translational Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Wan C, Couture-Lalande MÈ, Lebel S, Bielajew C. The role of stressful life events on the cortisol reactivity patterns of breast cancer survivors. Psychol Health 2017; 32:1485-1501. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1346194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Lebel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms play an influential role in nearly all aspects of physiology and behavior in the vast majority of species on Earth. The biological clockwork that regulates these rhythms is dynamic over the lifespan: rhythmic activities such as sleep/wake patterns change markedly as we age, and in many cases they become increasingly fragmented. Given that prolonged disruptions of normal rhythms are highly detrimental to health, deeper knowledge of how our biological clocks change with age may create valuable opportunities to improve health and longevity for an aging global population. In this Review, we synthesize key findings from the study of circadian rhythms in later life, identify patterns of change documented to date, and review potential physiological mechanisms that may underlie these changes.
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HILDITCH CJ, DORRIAN J, BANKS S. Time to wake up: reactive countermeasures to sleep inertia. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2016; 54:528-541. [PMID: 27193071 PMCID: PMC5136610 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep inertia is the period of impaired performance and grogginess experienced after waking. This period of impairment is of concern to workers who are on-call, or nap during work hours, and need to perform safety-critical tasks soon after waking. While several studies have investigated the best sleep timing and length to minimise sleep inertia effects, few have focused on countermeasures -especially those that can be implemented after waking (i.e. reactive countermeasures). This structured review summarises current literature on reactive countermeasures to sleep inertia such as caffeine, light, and temperature and discusses evidence for the effectiveness and operational viability of each approach. Current literature does not provide a convincing evidence-base for a reactive countermeasure. Caffeine is perhaps the best option, although it is most effective when administered prior to sleep and is therefore not strictly reactive. Investigations into light and temperature have found promising results for improving subjective alertness; further research is needed to determine whether these countermeasures can also attenuate performance impairment. Future research in this area would benefit from study design features highlighted in this review. In the meantime, it is recommended that proactive sleep inertia countermeasures are used, and that safety-critical tasks are avoided immediately after waking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian DORRIAN
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhan BANKS
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Australia
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Kaseva N, Pyhälä R, Pesonen AK, Räikkönen K, Järvenpää AL, Andersson S, Eriksson JG, Hovi P, Kajantie E. Diurnal Cortisol Patterns and Dexamethasone Suppression Test Responses in Healthy Young Adults Born Preterm at Very Low Birth Weight. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162650. [PMID: 27618620 PMCID: PMC5019381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early life stress, such as painful and stressful procedures during neonatal intensive care after preterm birth, can permanently affect physiological, hormonal and neurobiological systems. This may contribute to altered programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and provoke changes in HPAA function with long-term health impacts. Previous studies suggest a lower HPAA response to stress in young adults born preterm compared with controls born at term. We assessed whether these differences in HPAA stress responsiveness are reflected in everyday life HPAA functioning, i.e. in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns, and reactivity to a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST), in unimpaired young adults born preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g). Methods The participants were recruited from the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults cohort study. At mean age 23.3 years (2.1 SD), 49 VLBW and 36 controls born at term participated in the study. For cortisol analyzes, saliva samples were collected on two consecutive days at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min after wake-up, at 12:00 h, 17:00 h and 22:00 h. After the last salivary sample of the first study day the participants were instructed to take a 0.5 mg dexamethasone tablet. Results With mixed-effects model no difference was seen in overall diurnal salivary cortisol between VLBW and control groups [13.9% (95% CI: -11.6, 47.0), P = 0.31]. Salivary cortisol increased similarly after awakening in both VLBW and control participants [mean difference -2.9% (29.2, 33.0), P = 0.85]. Also reactivity to the low-dose DST (awakening cortisol ratio day2/day1) was similar between VLBW and control groups [-1.1% (-53.5, 103.8), P = 0.97)]. Conclusions Diurnal cortisol patterns and reactivity to a low-dose DST in young adulthood were not associated with preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaseva
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Riikka Pyhälä
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Järvenpää
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
Aging is associated with numerous changes, including changes in sleep timing, duration, and quality. The circadian timing system interacts with a sleep-wake homeostatic system to regulate human sleep, including sleep timing and structure. This article reviews key features of the human circadian timing system, age-related changes in the circadian timing system, and how those changes may contribute to the observed alterations in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI438, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kirsi-Marja Zitting
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI438, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan D Chinoy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI438, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Characterization of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis in Familial Longevity under Resting Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133119. [PMID: 26193655 PMCID: PMC4508039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis is the most important neuro-endocrine stress response system of our body which is of critical importance for survival. Disturbances in HPA-axis activity have been associated with adverse metabolic and cognitive changes. Humans enriched for longevity have less metabolic and cognitive disturbances and therefore diminished activity of the HPA axis may be a potential candidate mechanism underlying healthy familial longevity. Here, we compared 24-h plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentration profiles and different aspects of the regulation of the HPA-axis in offspring from long-lived siblings, who are enriched for familial longevity and age-matched controls. Design Case-control study within the Leiden Longevity study cohort consisting of 20 middle-aged offspring of nonagenarian siblings (offspring) together with 18 partners (controls). Methods During 24 h, venous blood was sampled every 10 minutes for determination of circulatory ACTH and cortisol concentrations. Deconvolution analysis, cross approximate entropy analysis and ACTH-cortisol-dose response modeling were used to assess, respectively, ACTH and cortisol secretion parameters, feedforward and feedback synchrony and adrenal gland ACTH responsivity. Results Mean (95% Confidence Interval) basal ACTH secretion was higher in male offspring compared to male controls (645 (324-1286) ngl/L/24 h versus 240 (120-477) ng/L/24 h, P = 0.05). Other ACTH and cortisol secretion parameters did not differ between offspring and controls. In addition, no significant differences in feedforward and feedback synchrony and adrenal gland ACTH responsivity were observed between groups. Conclusions These results suggest that familial longevity is not associated with major differences in HPA-axis activity under resting conditions, although modest, sex-specific differences may exist between groups that might be clinically relevant.
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Amir D, Ellison PT, Hill KR, Bribiescas RG. Diurnal variation in salivary cortisol across age classes in Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:344-8. [PMID: 25327695 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortisol levels exhibit a diurnal rhythm in healthy men, with peaks in the morning and troughs in the evening. Throughout age, however, this rhythm tends to flatten. This diurnal flattening has been demonstrated in a majority of industrialized populations, although the results have not been unanimous. Regardless, little attention has been paid to nonindustrialized, foraging populations such as the Ache Amerindians of Paraguay. As testosterone levels had previously been shown to diminish with age in this population (Bribiescas and Hill [2010]: Am J Hum Biol 22: 216-220), we hypothesized that cortisol levels would behave similarly, flattening in rhythmicity over age. METHODS We examined morning and evening salivary cortisol samples in Ache Amerindian men in association with age (n = 40, age range 20-64 years). RESULTS Men in the first age class (<20-29 years) exhibited significantly different morning (AM) and evening (PM) values as did men in the second age class (30-39 years). However, men in the third and fourth age classes (40-49 years, and >50 years, respectively) did not exhibit a significant difference between AM and PM values. CONCLUSION Ache Amerindian men exhibit a flattening of the diurnal rhythm across age classes. Our results were able to capture both within- and between-individual variations in cortisol levels, and reflected age-related contrasts in daily cortisol fluctuations. The flattening of the diurnal rhythm with age among the Ache may reflect a common and shared aspect of male senescence across ecological contexts and lifestyles. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:344-348, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Amir
- Reproductive Ecology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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de Graaf J, van den Akker ELT, van Lingen RA, Groot Jebbink LJM, de Jong FH, Grunau RE, van Dijk M, Tibboel D. Five-year follow-up of effects of neonatal intensive care and morphine infusion during mechanical ventilation on diurnal cortisol rhythm. J Pediatr 2014; 165:459-463.e2. [PMID: 24996988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the diurnal cortisol secretion rhythm of children who as neonates had been hospitalized differs from that of children without a history of neonatal hospital admission and that this rhythm differs between these hospitalized children treated with either continuous morphine infusion or placebo. STUDY DESIGN A follow-up cohort study was performed with 5-year-old children who as neonates participated in a randomized controlled trial of continuous morphine infusion (born 24-42 weeks' gestation), and a control group of healthy term born (≥ 37 weeks' gestation) children. Five saliva samples over a school day were assayed for cortisol concentrations. The diurnal cortisol rhythm was analyzed with random regression analysis for repeated measurements. RESULTS Compared with the healthy controls, the trial participants had greater cortisol levels (P = .002) after adjustment for sex and socioeconomic status. The administration of morphine did not affect the cortisol concentrations (P = .66) after adjustment for sex, socioeconomic status, and gestational age at birth. CONCLUSIONS The finding that former trial participants had greater cortisol levels at 5 years of age supports the concept of long-lasting programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Morphine infusion in the neonatal period did not alter cortisol secretion at 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke de Graaf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Erica L T van den Akker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A van Lingen
- Princess Amalia Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth J M Groot Jebbink
- Princess Amalia Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neonatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth E Grunau
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monique van Dijk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Siess J, Blechert J, Schmitz J. Psychophysiological arousal and biased perception of bodily anxiety symptoms in socially anxious children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:127-42. [PMID: 23812865 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive models of social anxiety [Clark and Wells, Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment, Guilford Press, New York, 1995], diagnostic criteria and studies on adult samples suggest that both an overestimation of bodily anxiety symptoms and psychophysiological abnormalities play an important role in social anxiety. To date, less is known about such a perception bias and physiological characteristics in children and adolescents with social anxiety. We performed a systematic review of the literature in the electronic databases Medline, PsycINFO, and PSYNDEX. Additional studies were identified by hand search using the ancestry approach. We identified 1,461 studies, screened their titles and abstracts, viewed 94 papers, and included 28 of these. Study samples were heterogeneous and consisted of socially phobic, high socially anxious, shy and test anxious children and adolescents. Regarding a biased perception, most studies in the review suggest that bodily symptoms of anxiety were overestimated by children and adolescents across the social anxiety spectrum when compared with control groups. An elevated psychophysiological reactivity to social stress was present in samples of high social anxiety, shyness, and test anxiety. In clinical samples with social phobia, by contrast, no differences or an even lower physiological responding compared with healthy control groups were reported. In addition, some evidence for a chronic psychophysiological hyperarousal was found across all sample types. The results are discussed with regard to current models of social anxiety, psychophysiological theories, and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Siess
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstrasse 41, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Nater UM, Hoppmann CA, Scott SB. Diurnal profiles of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase change across the adult lifespan: evidence from repeated daily life assessments. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:3167-71. [PMID: 24099860 PMCID: PMC3844069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are known to have distinctive diurnal profiles. However, little is known about systematic changes in these biomarkers across the adult lifespan. In a study of 185 participants (aged 20-81 years), time-stamped salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase were collected 7 times/day over 10 days. Samples were taken upon waking, 30 min later, and then approximately every 3 h until 9 pm. Multilevel models showed that older age was associated with increased daily cortisol secretion as indicated by greater area under the curve, attenuated wake-evening slopes, and more pronounced cortisol awakening responses. Further, older age was related to greater daily alpha-amylase output and attenuated wake-evening slopes. No age differences were observed regarding the alpha-amylase awakening response. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of age-related differences in functioning of stress-related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs M. Nater
- University of Marburg, Dept. of Psychology, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | | | - Stacey B. Scott
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Healthy Aging, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Veldhuis JD, Sharma A, Roelfsema F. Age-dependent and gender-dependent regulation of hypothalamic-adrenocorticotropic-adrenal axis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013; 42:201-25. [PMID: 23702398 PMCID: PMC3675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tightly regulated output of glucocorticoids is critical to maintaining immune competence, the structure of neurons, muscle, and bone, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, work capacity, and vitality in the human and experimental animal. Age, sex steroids, gender, stress, body composition, and disease govern glucocorticoid availability through incompletely understood mechanisms. According to an ensemble concept of neuroendocrine regulation, successful stress adaptations require repeated incremental signaling adjustments among hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin, pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone, and adrenal corticosteroids. Signals are transduced via (positive) feedforward and (negative) feedback effects. Age and gonadal steroids strongly modulate stress-adaptive glucocorticoid secretion by such interlinked pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The pituitary gland has a role in puberty, reproduction, stress-adaptive responses, sodium and water balance, uterine contractions, lactation, thyroid function, growth, body composition and skin pigmentation. Ageing is marked by initially subtle erosion of physiological signalling mechanisms, resulting in lower incremental secretory-burst amplitude, more disorderly patterns of pituitary hormone release and blunted 24 h rhythmic secretion. Almost all pituitary hormones are altered by ageing in humans, often in a manner dependent on sex, body composition, stress, comorbidity, intercurrent illness, medication use, physical frailty, caloric intake, immune status, level of exercise, and neurocognitive decline. The aim of this article is to critically discuss the mechanisms mediating clinical facets of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during ageing, and the extent to which confounding factors operate to obscure ageing-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Goncharova ND. Stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: age-related features of the vasopressinergic regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:26. [PMID: 23486926 PMCID: PMC3594837 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in adaptation to environmental stresses. Parvicellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) into pituitary portal system; CRH and AVP stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release through specific G-protein-coupled membrane receptors on pituitary corticotrophs, CRHR1 for CRH and V1b for AVP; the adrenal gland cortex secretes glucocorticoids in response to ACTH. The glucocorticoids activate specific receptors in brain and peripheral tissues thereby triggering the necessary metabolic, immune, neuromodulatory, and behavioral changes to resist stress. While importance of CRH, as a key hypothalamic factor of HPA axis regulation in basal and stress conditions in most species, is generally recognized, role of AVP remains to be clarified. This review focuses on the role of AVP in the regulation of stress responsiveness of the HPA axis with emphasis on the effects of aging on vasopressinergic regulation of HPA axis stress responsiveness. Under most of the known stressors, AVP is necessary for acute ACTH secretion but in a context-specific manner. The current data on the AVP role in regulation of HPA responsiveness to chronic stress in adulthood are rather contradictory. The importance of the vasopressinergic regulation of the HPA stress responsiveness is greatest during fetal development, in neonatal period, and in the lactating adult. Aging associated with increased variability in several parameters of HPA function including basal state, responsiveness to stressors, and special testing. Reports on the possible role of the AVP/V1b receptor system in the increase of HPA axis hyperactivity with aging are contradictory and requires further research. Many contradictory results may be due to age and species differences in the HPA function of rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda D. Goncharova
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of Russian Academy of Medical SciencesSochi, Russia
- Sochi State UniversitySochi, Russia
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Cordero M, Brorsen BW, McFarlane D. Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:317-24. [PMID: 22717182 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cosinor analysis was used to evaluate whether pituitary and adrenal hormones exhibit circadian rhythmicity in horses. The effect of season and animal age on their respective rhythms was also determined. In addition, the usefulness of evaluating cortisol rhythmicity for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) was assessed. Serum cortisol concentrations (P < 0.01), but not plasma ACTH or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), showed a significant circadian periodicity in horses. An effect of season on hormone concentration was observed with plasma ACTH and α-MSH concentration greater in the fall and cortisol concentration greater in the spring (P < 0.001). Age did not affect cortisol rhythm, but it did blunt the variation in cortisol concentration in horses, similar to what has been previously reported to occur in aged people and dogs. In addition, our results suggest that clinically and diagnostically normal, non-PPID-affected horses commonly have a loss of cortisol diurnal rhythm. Therefore, measurement of circadian rhythm is not an appropriate diagnostic test for PPID.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cordero
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
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Sindi S, Juster RP, Wan N, Nair NPV, Ying Kin N, Lupien SJ. Depressive symptoms, cortisol, and cognition during human aging: the role of negative aging perceptions. Stress 2012; 15:130-7. [PMID: 21801079 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.599047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and memory impairments are associated with heightened stress hormone levels during aging. A factor that is related to memory deficits during aging is internalized negative aging stereotypes; the idea people have about the process of aging. In this study, we assessed the associations between internalized negative aging stereotypes, depressive symptoms, subjective and objective memory assessments, and cortisol concentration among older adults. Forty older adults aged between 58 and 85 years (18 females and 22 males; mean age ± SD: 71.25 ± 8.80 years) were assessed in this study. Measures of internalized negative aging stereotypes, depressive symptoms, and both subjective and objective memory performance were assessed. Salivary samples were obtained for measurement of cortisol concentration. Stepwise linear regressions were executed in our main analyses. Internalized negative aging stereotypes were associated with increased depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints. No significant differences were observed for objective memory performance, or cortisol concentration. Internalized negative aging stereotypes are associated with increased depressive symptomatology and subjective complaints of memory; however, they do not predict increased cortisol concentration nor objective memory performance during aging. These results indicate that the mechanism underlying the association between internalized negative aging stereotypes and cognitive impairments may not be related to dysregulations of cortisol secretion among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sindi
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health Research Centre Fernand Seguin, Hospital Louis H Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Prolactin secretion in healthy adults is determined by gender, age and body mass index. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31305. [PMID: 22363612 PMCID: PMC3281966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolactin (PRL) secretion is quantifiable as mean, peak and nadir PRL concentrations, degree of irregularity (ApEn, approximate entropy) and spikiness (brief staccato-like fluctuations). Hypothesis Distinct PRL dynamics reflect relatively distinct (combinations of) subject variables, such as gender, age, and BMI. Location Clinical Research Unit. Subjects Seventy-four healthy adults aged 22–77 yr (41 women and 33 men), with BMI 18.3–39.4 kg/m2. Measures Immunofluorometric PRL assay of 10-min samples collected for 24 hours. Results Mean 24-h PRL concentration correlated jointly with gender (P<0.0001) and BMI (P = 0.01), but not with age (overall R2 = 0.308, P<0.0001). Nadir PRL concentration correlated with gender only (P = 0.017) and peak PRL with gender (P<0.001) and negatively with age (P<0.003), overall R2 = 0.325, P<0.0001. Forward-selection multivariate regression of PRL deconvolution results demonstrated that basal (nonpulsatile) PRL secretion tended to be associated with BMI (R2 = 0.058, P = 0.03), pulsatile secretion with gender (R2 = 0.152, P = 0.003), and total secretion with gender and BMI (R2 = 0.204, P<0.0001). Pulse mass was associated with gender (P = 0.001) and with a negative tendency to age (P = 0.038). In male subjects older than 50 yr (but not in women) approximate entropy was increased (0.942±0.301 vs. 1.258±0.267, P = 0.007) compared with younger men, as well as spikiness (0.363±0.122 vs. 0463±2.12, P = 0.031). Cosinor analysis disclosed higher mesor and amplitude in females than in men, but the acrophase was gender-independent. The acrophase was determined by age and BMI (R2 = 0.186, P = 0.001). Conclusion In healthy adults, selective combinations of gender, age, and BMI specify distinct PRL dynamics, thus requiring balanced representation of these variables in comparative PRL studies.
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Duffy JF, Cain SW, Chang AM, Phillips AJK, Münch MY, Gronfier C, Wyatt JK, Dijk DJ, Wright KP, Czeisler CA. Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 Suppl 3:15602-8. [PMID: 21536890 PMCID: PMC3176605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010666108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythms of melatonin and body temperature are set to an earlier hour in women than in men, even when the women and men maintain nearly identical and consistent bedtimes and wake times. Moreover, women tend to wake up earlier than men and exhibit a greater preference for morning activities than men. Although the neurobiological mechanism underlying this sex difference in circadian alignment is unknown, multiple studies in nonhuman animals have demonstrated a sex difference in circadian period that could account for such a difference in circadian alignment between women and men. Whether a sex difference in intrinsic circadian period in humans underlies the difference in circadian alignment between men and women is unknown. We analyzed precise estimates of intrinsic circadian period collected from 157 individuals (52 women, 105 men; aged 18-74 y) studied in a month-long inpatient protocol designed to minimize confounding influences on circadian period estimation. Overall, the average intrinsic period of the melatonin and temperature rhythms in this population was very close to 24 h [24.15 ± 0.2 h (24 h 9 min ± 12 min)]. We further found that the intrinsic circadian period was significantly shorter in women [24.09 ± 0.2 h (24 h 5 min ± 12 min)] than in men [24.19 ± 0.2 h (24 h 11 min ± 12 min); P < 0.01] and that a significantly greater proportion of women have intrinsic circadian periods shorter than 24.0 h (35% vs. 14%; P < 0.01). The shorter average intrinsic circadian period observed in women may have implications for understanding sex differences in habitual sleep duration and insomnia prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne F. Duffy
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sean W. Cain
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew J. K. Phillips
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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de Souza-Talarico JN, Marin MF, Sindi S, Lupien SJ. Effects of stress hormones on the brain and cognition: Evidence from normal to pathological aging. Dement Neuropsychol 2011; 5:8-16. [PMID: 29213714 PMCID: PMC5619133 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a wide cognitive variability among aged individuals. One factor thought to be associated with this heterogeneity is exposure to chronic stress throughout life. Animal and human evidence demonstrates that glucocorticoids (GCs), the main class of stress hormones, are strongly linked to memory performance whereby elevated GC levels are associated with memory performance decline in both normal and pathological cognitive aging. Accordingly, it is believed that GCs may increase the brain's vulnerability to the effects of internal and external insults, and thus may play a role in the development of age-related cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this review article was to investigate the effects of GCs on normal and pathological cognitive aging by showing how these hormones interact with different brain structures involved in cognitive abilities, subsequently worsen memory performance, and increase the risk for developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nery de Souza-Talarico
- PhD, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of
Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil and Behavioral
and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine,
University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Marie-France Marin
- MSc, Center for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health
Research Center Fernand-Seguin, Louis-H. Lafontaine Hospital, Université de
Montreal, Canada
| | - Shireen Sindi
- MSc, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sonia J. Lupien
- PhD, Center for Studies on Human Stress, Mental Health
Research Center Fernand-Seguin, Louis-H. Lafontaine Hospital, Université de
Montreal, Canada
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Berardelli R, Margarito E, Ghiggia F, Picu A, Balbo M, Bonelli L, Giordano R, Karamouzis I, Bo M, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Neuroendocrine effects of citalopram, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, during lifespan in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:657-62. [PMID: 20414043 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serotonergic system contributes to the regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In humans, serotonergic agonists increase PRL, ACTH, and cortisol, while serotonin (5HT) influence on GH is controversial. Central 5HT activity and neuroendocrine function change during lifespan. DESIGN To clarify the neuroendocrine response to 5HT across lifespan, we assessed ACTH, cortisol, DHEA, PRL, and GH responses to citalopram (CT) in young adults (YA) (no.=12, 29.2±1.7 yr mean±SEM), middle aged (MA) (no.=12, 54.3±0.9 yr), and elderly (ES) (no.=12, 69.3±0.9 yr) males. All the subjects received placebo (saline iv over 120 min) or CT (20 mg iv over 120 min). Blood samples were taken every 15 min up to 240 min. RESULTS During placebo, ACTH, cortisol, GH, and PRL were similar in all groups while DHEA showed an age-dependent reduction from middle age (p<0.001). During CT, ACTH, and cortisol were higher than during placebo in YA (p<0.05) and even more in MA (p<0.01 vs placebo, p<0.05 vs YA); in ES, the increase of both ACTH and cortisol (p<0.05 vs placebo) was lower than in MA (p<0.05) and higher than in YA (p<0.05 for cortisol only). No changes were observed for DHEA, GH, and PRL in any group. CONCLUSIONS Corticotrope response to CT is age-dependent in normal men, being amplified starting from middle age, suggesting precocious changes in the serotonergic neuroendocrine control during lifespan. CT is a useful tool to evaluate the age-dependent serotonergic function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Berardelli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, Italy
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Emery Thompson M, Muller MN, Kahlenberg SM, Wrangham RW. Dynamics of social and energetic stress in wild female chimpanzees. Horm Behav 2010; 58:440-9. [PMID: 20546741 PMCID: PMC3951729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress hormone measurements can reinforce and refine hypotheses about the costs of particular contexts or behaviors in wild animals. For social species, this is complicated because potential stressors may come from the physical environment, social environment, or some combination of both, while the stress response itself is generalized. Here, we present a multivariate examination of urinary cortisol dynamics over 6 years in the lives of wild female chimpanzees in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We hypothesized that chimpanzee socioecology provides strong indications of both energetic and social stress to females, but that the salience of these stressors might vary over a female's life history in accordance with their changing reproductive costs and social interactions. Using linear mixed models, we found that urinary cortisol levels increased significantly with age but were also elevated in young immigrants to the community. Across reproductive states, cycling, non-estrous females had relatively low cortisol compared to lactating, estrous, or pregnant females. Aggression from males led to higher cortisol levels among estrous females, frequent targets of aggressive sexual coercion. In contrast, energetic stress was most salient to lactating females, who experienced higher cortisol during months of low fruit consumption. Low dominance rank was associated with increased cortisol, particularly during the energetically demanding period of lactation. The effects of female conflict were felt widely, even among those who were the primary aggressors, providing further evidence that long-term resource competition, while apparently muted, exerts a far-reaching impact on the lives of chimpanzee females.
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Wu K, Goyal N, Stark JG, Hochhaus G. Evaluation of the administration time effect on the cumulative cortisol suppression and cumulative lymphocytes suppression for once-daily inhaled corticosteroids: a population modeling/simulation approach. J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 48:1069-80. [PMID: 18728243 DOI: 10.1177/0091270008320607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled glucocorticoids continue to be first-line therapy in asthma. To improve improving patient compliance, newer inhaled glucocorticoids have been developed for once-a-day treatment. This study was interested in identifying the optimal time of dosing using 2 surrogate markers of glucocorticoid action. A previously published study on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (cortisol and blood lymphocyte suppression) of the inhaled glucocorticoids budesonide and fluticasone propionate was reanalyzed using a population pharmacokinetic approach. A stochastic numerical simulation using NONMEM assessed the effects of time of dosing on cortisol (side effect parameter) and blood lymphocytes (side effect and effect parameter). The effects on cortisol were more pronounced when the glucocorticoids were given in the morning, whereas the effects on lymphocytes (an effect controlled by endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids) were maximized when dosing occurred in the late afternoon or evening. Twice-daily dosing of the same dose resulted in smaller differences between maximum and minimal effects. These were of no clinical relevance. Simulations for once-daily dosing support clinical studies that reported a higher antiasthmatic effect and lower cortisol suppression when once-daily dosing occurs in the evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Novartis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Gilpin H, Whitcomb D, Cho K. Atypical evening cortisol profile induces visual recognition memory deficit in healthy human subjects. Mol Brain 2008; 1:4. [PMID: 18803857 PMCID: PMC2546400 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diurnal rhythm-mediated endogenous cortisol levels in humans are characterised by a peak in secretion after awakening that declines throughout the day to an evening trough. However, a significant proportion of the population exhibits an atypical cycle of diurnal cortisol due to shift work, jet-lag, aging, and mental illness. RESULTS The present study has demonstrated a correlation between elevation of cortisol in the evening and deterioration of visual object recognition memory. However, high evening cortisol levels have no effect on spatial memory. CONCLUSION This study suggests that atypical evening salivary cortisol levels have an important role in the early deterioration of recognition memory. The loss of recognition memory, which is vital for everyday life, is a major symptom of the amnesic syndrome and early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study will promote a potential physiologic marker of early deterioration of recognition memory and a possible diagnostic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Schmiegelow K, Vestergaard T, Nielsen SM, Hjalgrim H. Etiology of common childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the adrenal hypothesis. Leukemia 2008; 22:2137-41. [PMID: 18719616 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of infections in the first years of life modulates our immune system, and a low incidence of infections has been linked to an increased risk of common childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We here present a new interpretation of these observations--the adrenal hypothesis--that proposes that the risk of childhood ALL is reduced when early childhood infections induce qualitative and quantitative changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that increase plasma cortisol levels. This may directly eliminate leukemic cells as well as preleukemic cells for the ALL subsets that dominate in the first 5-7 years of life and may furthermore suppress the Th1-dominated proinflammatory response to infections, and thus lower the proliferative stress on pre-existing preleukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schmiegelow
- The Pediatric Clinic, The University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Effect of aging on 24-hour pattern of stress hormones and leptin in rats. Life Sci 2008; 83:142-8. [PMID: 18593590 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the 24-hour changes of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and leptin release in aged rats. Three- and 22-month-old male Wistar rats were killed at 6 time intervals during a 24-hour cycle (n=8-10 rats/group). Aging augmented plasma ACTH while it decreased plasma and adrenal gland corticosterone levels. Plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels attained high levels during all the scotophase, concomitantly with the maxima in ACTH levels, whereas in aged rats only a brief plasma corticosterone peak at the early scotophase and no time of day variations of adrenal corticosterone were observed. Aging augmented circulating leptin, with a significant interaction "agextime" in the factorial ANOVA, i.e. only in young rats time of day changes were significant, with the lowest values of leptin at the middle of the light period and higher values at night. When plasma leptin was expressed on body weight basis, the age-related differences became not significant but the daily pattern of plasma leptin found in young rats persisted. Plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels correlated significantly with plasma ACTH only in young rats. Likewise, plasma leptin correlated with plasma corticosterone only in young rats. These changes can be attributed to a disrupting effect of aging on the homeostatic mechanisms modulating HPA activity and leptin release.
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Abstract
Normal aging is accompanied by changes in the sleep quality, quantity, and architecture. Specifically, there appears to be a measurable decrease in the ability of the healthy elderly to initiate and maintain sleep, accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of the deeper, more restorative slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. There is epidemiologic evidence that this impaired ability to initiate, maintain, and ultimately achieve good quality, optimal sleep may be a marker of increased mortality and neurocognitive dysfunction. Possible mechanisms related to these age-related changes in sleep include age-related changes in circadian modulation, homeostatic factors, cardiopulmonary function, and endocrine function. This article describes the normal changes in sleep physiology in the elderly.
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