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Bourrie BCT, Forgie AJ, Makarowski A, Cotter PD, Richard C, Willing BP. Consumption of kefir made with traditional microorganisms resulted in greater improvements in LDL cholesterol and plasma markers of inflammation in males when compared to a commercial kefir: a randomized pilot study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:668-677. [PMID: 37224566 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kefir has long been associated with health benefits; however, recent evidence suggests that these benefits are dependent on the specific microbial composition of the kefir consumed. This study aimed to compare how consumption of a commercial kefir without traditional kefir organisms and a pitched kefir containing traditional organisms affected plasma lipid levels, glucose homeostasis, and markers of endothelial function and inflammation in males with elevated LDL cholesterol. We utilized a crossover design in n = 21 participants consisting of two treatments of 4 weeks each in random order separated by a 4-week washout. Participants received either commercial kefir or pitched kefir containing traditional kefir organisms for each treatment period. Participants consumed 2 servings of kefir (350 g) per day. Plasma lipid profile, glucose, insulin, markers of endothelial function, and inflammation were measured in the fasting state before and after each treatment period. Differences within each treatment period and comparison of treatment delta values were performed using paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively. When compared to baseline, pitched kefir consumption reduced LDL-C, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, while commercial kefir consumption increased TNF-α. Pitched kefir consumption resulted in greater reductions in IL-8, CRP, VCAM-1, and TNF-α when compared to commercial kefir consumption. These findings provide strong evidence that microbial composition is an important factor in the metabolic health benefits associated with kefir consumption. They also provide support for larger studies examining these to assess whether traditional kefir organisms are necessary to confer health benefits to individuals at risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C T Bourrie
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Forgie
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Makarowski
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Caroline Richard
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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2
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Bergström H, Ekström L, Warnqvist A, Bergman P, Björkhem-Bergman L. Variations in biomarkers of dyslipidemia and dysbiosis during the menstrual cycle: a pilot study in healthy volunteers. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:166. [PMID: 33879161 PMCID: PMC8058971 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome may introduce an underestimation of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) as a surrogate marker. Recently, non-High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (non-HDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and remnant-Cholesterol (remnant-C) have been suggested as better biomarkers for dyslipidemia. In addition, the microbial metabolites trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and choline have been associated with CVD and suggested as markers for dysbiosis. There is a lack of knowledge on potential alterations in these biomarkers during the menstrual cycle. The aim of this single center, prospective non-interventional study, was to investigate variations in biomarkers of dyslipidemia and dysbiosis in healthy volunteers during the menstrual cycle. METHOD Serum samples were collected from 17 healthy, regularly menstruating women during two menstrual cycles, including the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases. Levels of lipoproteins, lipoprotein ratios and microbial metabolites were analyzed in a total of 90 samples (30 complete menstrual cycles). RESULTS ApoB, ApoB/HDL and non-HDL-C/HDL ratios were significantly higher in the follicular phase compared to the ovulatory and luteal phases (p < 0.05). Remnant-C were higher during the luteal phase (p < 0.05). TMAO did not vary during the different phases and did not correlate with estrogen levels. CONCLUSION Our data support that biomarkers for dyslipidemia vary during the menstrual cycle. Thus, to avoid an underestimation of cardiovascular risk, sampling during the follicular phase, when levels of pro-atherogenic lipids are higher, may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bergström
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Blickagången 16, Neo floor 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institute, Blickagången 16, Neo floor 7, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stockholms Sjukhem, Palliative Medicine, Mariebergsgatan 22, 112 19, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim JE, Campbell WW. Dietary Cholesterol Contained in Whole Eggs Is Not Well Absorbed and Does Not Acutely Affect Plasma Total Cholesterol Concentration in Men and Women: Results from 2 Randomized Controlled Crossover Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091272. [PMID: 30205602 PMCID: PMC6165023 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole egg is a food source of dietary cholesterol and inconsistent research findings exist about the effect of dietary cholesterol from whole egg on blood cholesterol concentration. We assessed the effect of co-consuming cooked whole egg (CWE) on dietary cholesterol absorption from two randomized-crossover studies. For study 1, 16 men consumed raw vegetables with no egg, 75 g CWE, or 150 g CWE. For study 2, 17 women consumed cooked vegetables with no egg or 100 g CWE. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fractions (TRL) were isolated from collected blood. In study 1, total-cholesterol areas under the curve (AUC)0–10h in TRL were not different but triacylglycerol AUC0–10h in TRL was greater for 150 g CWE vs. 75 g CWE and no egg. Similarly, in study 2, total-cholesterol AUC0–10h in TRL was not different but triacylglycerol AUC0–10h in TRL was greater for 100 g CWE vs. no egg. In both studies, whole egg consumption did not affect plasma total-cholesterol AUC0–10h, while triacylglycerol AUC0–10h was increased. These results suggest that the dietary cholesterol in whole egg was not well absorbed, which may provide mechanistic insight for why it does not acutely influence plasma total-cholesterol concentration and is not associated with longer-term plasma cholesterol control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Food Science & Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore.
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Roelfsema F, Yang RJ, Veldhuis JD. Differential Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:794-805. [PMID: 29978153 PMCID: PMC6030831 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Controlled, blinded studies of sex-hormone replacement in postmenopausal women using natural estradiol (E2) and native progesterone (P) are few. Objective To delineate the effect of E2 alone or with P on lipids and inflammatory markers. Design A placebo-controlled, double-masked, prospectively randomized study of 40 healthy, postmenopausal volunteers assigned to four treatment groups: placebo, intramuscular E2, and/or micronized oral P for 23 (±2) days. Results Treatment with E2 alone compared with placebo lowered total cholesterol (TC; P = 0.006), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (nonHDL-C; P = 0.004), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P = 0.012), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B; P = 0.02) levels, and raised HDL-C levels (P = 0.03 vs the 3 other groups). Conversely, addition of P to E2 reduced HDL-C levels (P = 0.015). Triglyceride concentrations manifested no effect on E2 or P. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level was highest in women with E2 and P replacement (P = 0.018 vs placebo). Leptin and IL-6 concentrations did not vary. P treatment decreased adiponectin levels (P = 0.019). Serum E2 levels correlated linearly with TC, LDL-C, nonHDL-C, Apo B (all negatively), and SHBG (positively) concentrations. P level correlated negatively with TC (P = 0.029), HDL-C (P = 0.002), and adiponectin (P = 0.002) levels. Conclusion In this study, there were individual and interactive effects of E2 and P on key lipids in postmenopausal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca J Yang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Jensen JT, Addis IB, Hennebold JD, Bogan RL. Ovarian Lipid Metabolism Modulates Circulating Lipids in Premenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3138-3145. [PMID: 28323981 PMCID: PMC5587059 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The premenopausal circulating lipid profile may be linked to the hormonal profile and ovarian lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVE Assess how estradiol, progesterone, and ovarian lipid metabolism contributes to the premenopausal lipid profile; and evaluate the acute effects of a common hormonal oral contraceptive (OC) on circulating lipids. DESIGN Experimental crossover with repeated measures. SETTING Academic hospitals. PATIENTS Eight healthy, regularly menstruating women. INTERVENTIONS Participants underwent periodic serum sampling during a normal menstrual cycle; a standard 21-day, monophasic combined hormonal OC cycle (30 µg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 µg of levonorgestrel per day); menopause simulated by leuprolide acetate (22.5-mg depot); and an artificial menstrual cycle achieved via transdermal estradiol (50 to 300 µg/d) and vaginal micronized progesterone (100 to 300 mg/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes included evaluation of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. To estimate the effect of estradiol, progesterone, and ovarian lipid metabolism, all specimens except those from the OC cycle were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was conducted on the follicular and luteal phases. In a separate analysis, the effect of the OC was evaluated relative to the normal menstrual cycle. RESULTS Estradiol was significantly associated with increased levels of HDL cholesterol throughout the menstrual cycle and in the follicular phase. Ovarian effects were associated with reduced lipid levels, especially during the luteal phase. The OC was associated with an increased total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio and triglycerides. CONCLUSION Previously unappreciated factors including ovarian lipid metabolism may contribute to the premenopausal lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Jensen
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ilana B. Addis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Jon D. Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Randy L. Bogan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Vashishta S, Gahlot S, Goyal R. Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels in Regularly Menstruating Women. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC05-CC07. [PMID: 28658753 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26031.9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiological cyclic variability in levels of sex hormones during a menstrual cycle may possibly have an impact on lipids, lipoprotein levels and therefore on cardiovascular health status of females. AIM To ascertain the effect of menstrual cycle phases on the levels of cardiovascular risk predictors i.e., plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy menstruating women. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 111 healthy regularly menstruating females aged 15-45 years were examined at two points of a menstrual cycle i.e., in the follicular phase (10th day) and in the luteal phase (22nd day) to find out the plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins. The data were statistically analysed using paired t-test. RESULTS A significant decrease in the mean levels of Total Cholesterol (TC) (p=0.006), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.004), TC/High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) (p=0.006), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL)/HDL (p=0.01), and Triglyceride (TG)/HDL (p=0.02) was observed in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase while TG (p=0.18), HDL-C (p=0.16). VLDL-C (p=0.17) did not show a significant difference although lower levels were observed in the luteal phase of TG and VLDL-C and higher levels for HDL-C. CONCLUSION The present findings reveal high levels of oestrogen in the luteal phase compared to follicular phase of menstrual cycle. Clinicians should take menstrual cycle phase in account when inferring a women biomarker measurement in the analysis of cardiovascular diseases, particularly females possessing marginal levels. Moreover research studies should take the menstrual cycle phase in consideration which may be a confounding factor in framing and concluding studies on reproductive age group women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Vashishta
- Ph.D Scholar Medical Physiology and Senior Demonstrator, Department of Physiology, Gian Sagar Medical College, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sushila Gahlot
- Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, Gian Sagar Medical College, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rajni Goyal
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Gian Sagar Medical College, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
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7
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Usselman CW, Stachenfeld NS, Bender JR. The molecular actions of oestrogen in the regulation of vascular health. Exp Physiol 2017; 101:356-61. [PMID: 26778523 DOI: 10.1113/ep085148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review summarizes the beneficial actions of oestrogen on the vasculature, highlighting both molecular mechanisms and functional outcomes. What advances does it highlight? The net effect of oestrogen on the vascular health of women continues to be debated. Recent advances have provided strong evidence for the role of membrane-bound oestrogen receptors in the maintenance of normal endothelial function. On a broader scale, functional outcomes of oestrogen actions on the vasculature may mediate the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women. The conflicting implications of the large-scale clinical menopausal hormone therapy trials in humans versus the findings of studies on experimental animals underscore the limitations within our understanding of the molecular actions of oestrogen. However, recent research has provided improved insight into the actions of oestrogen on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. This review outlines the actions of oestrogen as it contributes to vascular structure, function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W Usselman
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bender
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Bédard A, Corneau L, Lamarche B, Dodin S, Lemieux S. Sex Differences in the Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on LDL Particle Size Distribution and Oxidation. Nutrients 2015; 7:3705-23. [PMID: 25988764 PMCID: PMC4446774 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been previously highlighted in the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). The objective of this study was to investigate whether sex differences also exist with regard to LDL particle size distribution and oxidation. Participants were 37 men and 32 premenopausal women (24–53 years) with slightly elevated LDL-C concentrations (3.4–4.9 mmol/L) or total cholesterol/HDL-C ≥5.0. Variables were measured before and after a four-week isoenergetic MedDiet. Sex differences were found in response to the MedDiet for the proportion of medium LDL (255–260 Å) (p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.01) and small, dense LDL (sdLDL; <255 Å) (trend; p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.06), men experiencing an increase in the proportion of medium LDL with a concomitant reduction in the proportion of sdLDL, while an opposite trend was observed in women. A sex difference was also noted for estimated cholesterol concentrations among sdLDL (p for sex-by-time interaction = 0.03), with only men experiencing a reduction in response to the MedDiet. The MedDiet marginally reduced oxidized LDL (oxLDL) concentrations (p = 0.07), with no sex difference. Results suggest that short-termconsumption of the MedDiet leads to a favorable redistribution of LDL subclasses from smaller to larger LDL only in men. These results highlight the importance of considering sex issues in cardiovascular benefits of the MedDiet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bédard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Louise Corneau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Dodin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 Medicine Avenue, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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9
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Schisterman EF, Mumford SL, Sjaarda LA. Failure to consider the menstrual cycle phase may cause misinterpretation of clinical and research findings of cardiometabolic biomarkers in premenopausal women. Epidemiol Rev 2013; 36:71-82. [PMID: 24042431 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker assessment plays a critical role in the study and prevention of disease. However, variation in biomarkers attributable to the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women may impair understanding the role of certain biomarkers in disease development and progression. Thus, in light of the recently increasing evidence of menstrual cycle variability in multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers, a reexamination of approaches for appropriately studying and diagnosing cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women is warranted. We reviewed studies (from 1934 through 2012) evaluating changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers across phases of the menstrual cycle, including markers of oxidative stress, lipids, insulin sensitivity, and systemic inflammation. Each was observed to vary significantly during the menstrual cycle. For example, nearly twice as many women had elevated cholesterol levels warranting therapy (≥200 mg/dL) during the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase (14.3% vs. 7.9%), with only 3% having consistently high levels during all phases of the cycle. Similarly, nearly twice as many women were classified as being at an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (high sensitivity C-reactive protein >3 mg/L) during menses compared with other phases (12.3% vs. 7.4%). Menstrual cycle-associated variability in cardiometabolic biomarkers is an important source of variability that should be accounted for in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique F Schisterman
- Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone; SD, standard deviation
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10
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Bédard A, Dodin S, Corneau L, Lemieux S. The impact of abdominal obesity status on cardiovascular response to the mediterranean diet. J Obes 2012; 2012:969124. [PMID: 23133745 PMCID: PMC3485524 DOI: 10.1155/2012/969124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of abdominal obesity status on the cardiovascular response to a fully controlled 4-week isoenergetic Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). Thirty-eight abdominally obese individuals (waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) and thirty-one nonabdominally obese individuals were recruited and studied before and after the MedDiet. All analyses were adjusted for the slight decrease in body weight, which occurred during the MedDiet (mean: 0.9 ± 1.2 kg). A group by time interaction was noted for waist circumference (P = 0.02), abdominally obese subjects showing a significant decrease and nonabdominally obese subjects a nonsignificant increase (resp., -1.1 and +0.3%). The MedDiet resulted in decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, apolipoprotein B, A-1, and A-2, total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (time effect: P < 0.05). For all variables related to glucose/insulin homeostasis, no change was observed except for a decrease in 2 h glucose concentrations (time effect: P = 0.03). No group by time interaction was observed in any of the metabolic variables studied. Results from our study suggest that the adoption of the MedDiet leads to beneficial metabolic effects, irrespective of the abdominal obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bédard
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Dodin
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Laval University, 1050 Medicine Avenue, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louise Corneau
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- *Simone Lemieux:
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11
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Mumford SL, Dasharathy S, Pollack AZ, Schisterman EF. Variations in lipid levels according to menstrual cycle phase: clinical implications. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2011; 6:225-234. [PMID: 21743815 PMCID: PMC3130301 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding variations in lipoprotein cholesterol levels throughout the menstrual cycle is important because there may be clinical implications regarding the appropriate timing of measurement and implications on the design and interpretation of studies in women of reproductive age. Our objective was to review the evidence comparing lipoprotein cholesterol levels throughout the menstrual cycle among premenopausal women. Overall, lipoprotein cholesterol levels were observed to vary in response to changing estrogen levels. Taken together, the evidence suggests that total cholesterol and LDL-C tend to be highest during the follicular phase and to decline during the luteal phase, with HDL C highest around ovulation. Based on these findings, the menstrual cycle phase should be taken into account when evaluating lipoprotein cholesterol levels among reproductive-aged women. Measuring cholesterol levels during menses is recommended for consistent comparisons as this phase can be more reliably identified than other phases, although women within National Cholesterol Education Program acceptable ranges, but near the boundaries when tested during menses, should undergo additional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunni L Mumford
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, 6100 Executive Blvd, 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sonya Dasharathy
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, 6100 Executive Blvd, 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Anna Z Pollack
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, 6100 Executive Blvd, 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, 6100 Executive Blvd, 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Maruyama C, Araki R, Kawamura M, Kondo N, Kigawa M, Kawai Y, Takanami Y, Miyashita K, Shimomitsu T. Azuki bean juice lowers serum triglyceride concentrations in healthy young women. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 43:19-25. [PMID: 18648655 PMCID: PMC2459248 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of azuki bean juice supplementation, prescribed according to a Kanpo medicine regimen, on serum lipid concentrations were studied. Healthy young Japanese women were recruited and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups using a parallel-group design. Control (n = 10), azuki (n = 11) and Concentrated azuki (CA) (n = 12) juice groups consumed 150 g daily of the isocaloric assigned juice for one menstrual cycle with their usual diet. Triglyceride concentrations were decreased in the azuki juice group (p<0.05) and tended to be decreased in the CA juice group (p = 0.055). Triglyceride concentrations in the azuki and CA juice groups decreased by 0.170 mmol/liter (15.4%) and 0.159 mmol/liter (17.9%), respectively (p<0.05). The azuki and CA juice used in this study inhibited pancreatic lipase activity 29.2% and 56.9%, respectively, in vitro. Lipid peroxide changes, based on ANCOVA with the initial level and alpha-tocopherol changes as covariates, did not differ among the three groups. Serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol concentrations did not change. Thus, azuki bean juice intake, as a traditional Kampo prescription, might be beneficial for preventing hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Risa Araki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mito Kawamura
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Naoko Kondo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mieko Kigawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yukari Kawai
- Sport Medical Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Miyashita
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruichi Shimomitsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Magkos F, Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on basal very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E1243-9. [PMID: 16835398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00246.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, manifested by increased plasma triglyceride (TG), increased total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Premenopausal women have a less atherogenic plasma lipid profile and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than men, but this female advantage disappears after menopause. This suggests that female sex steroids affect lipoprotein metabolism. The impact of variations in the availability of ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle on lipoprotein metabolism is not known. We therefore investigated whether very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) kinetics are different during the follicular (FP) and luteal phases (LP) of the menstrual cycle. We studied seven healthy, premenopausal women (age 27 +/- 2 yr, BMI 25 +/- 2 kg/m(2)) once during FP and once during LP. We measured VLDL-TG, VLDL-apoB-100, and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics by using stable isotope-labeled tracers, VLDL subclass profile by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, whole body fat oxidation by indirect calorimetry, and the plasma concentrations of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) by ELISA. VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 concentrations in plasma, VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 secretion rates and mean residence times, VLDL subclass distribution, FFA concentration and rate of appearance in plasma, whole body substrate oxidation, and LPL and HL concentrations in plasma were not different during the FP and the LP. We conclude that VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 metabolism is not affected by menstrual cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Prabhakaran B, Dowling EA, Branch JD, Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Effect of 14 weeks of resistance training on lipid profile and body fat percentage in premenopausal women. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33:190-5. [PMID: 10378072 PMCID: PMC1756170 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.33.3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of a supervised, intensive (85% of one repetition maximum (1-RM)) 14 week resistance training programme on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women. SUBJECTS Twenty four women (mean (SD) age 27 (7) years) took part in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a non-exercising control group or a resistance exercise training group. The resistance exercise training group took part in supervised 45-50 minute resistance training sessions (85% of 1-RM), three days a week on non-consecutive days for 14 weeks. The control group did not take part in any structured physical activity. RESULTS Two way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in strength (1-RM) in the exercising group. There were significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total cholesterol (mean (SE) 4.68 (0.31) v 4.26 (0.23) mmol/1 (180 (12) v 164 (9) mg/dl)), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (2.99 (0.29) v 2.57 (0.21) mmol/l (115 (11) v 99 (8) mg/dl), the total to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio (4.2 (0.42) v 3.6 (0.42)), and body fat percentage (27.9 (2.09) v 26.5 (2.15)), as well as a strong trend towards a significant decrease in the LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio (p = 0.057) in the resistance exercise training group compared with their baseline values. No differences were seen in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. No changes were found in any of the measured variables in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that resistance training has a favourable effect on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prabhakaran
- Old Dominion University, Darden College of Education, Department of Exercise Science, Physical Education and Recreation, Norfolk, VA 23529-0196, USA
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