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Virgous C, Lyons L, Sakwe A, Nayyar T, Goodwin S, Hildreth J, Osteen K, Bruner-Tran K, Alawode O, Bourne P, Hills ER, Archibong AE. Resumption of Spermatogenesis and Fertility Post Withdrawal of Hydroxyurea Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119374. [PMID: 37298325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU), a drug for treating cancers of the blood and the management of sickle cell anemia, induces hypogonadism in males. However, the impact of HU on testicular architecture and function, as well as its effects on the resumption of male fertility following treatment withdrawal, remain poorly understood. We used adult male mice to determine whether HU-induced hypogonadism is reversible. Fertility indices of mice treated with HU daily for ~1 sperm cycle (2 months) were compared with those of their control counterparts. All indices of fertility were significantly reduced among mice treated with HU compared to controls. Interestingly, significant improvements in fertility indices were apparent after a 4-month withdrawal from HU treatment (testis weight: month 1 post-HU withdrawal (M1): HU, 0.09 ± 0.01 vs. control, 0.33 ± 0.03; M4: HU, 0.26 ± 0.03 vs. control, 0.37 ± 0.04 g); sperm motility (M1: HU,12 vs. 59; M4: HU, 45 vs. control, 61%; sperm density (M1: HU, 1.3 ± 0.3 vs. control, 15.7 ± 0.9; M4: HU, 8.1 ± 2.5 vs. control, 16.8 ± 1.9 million). Further, circulating testosterone increased in the 4th month following HU withdrawal and was comparable to that of controls. When a mating experiment was conducted, recovering males sired viable offspring with untreated females albeit at a lower rate than control males (p < 0.05); therefore, qualifying HU as a potential candidate for male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Virgous
- Animal Care Facility, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Letitia Lyons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Amos Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Tultul Nayyar
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Shawn Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - James Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Kevin Osteen
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kaylon Bruner-Tran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Alawode
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Phillip Bourne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Edward Richard Hills
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anthony E Archibong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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2
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Marques P. The Effects of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy on the Neoplastic and Normal Pituitary. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2710. [PMID: 37345047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) are usually benign and slow-growing; however, in some cases, they may behave aggressively and become resistant to conventional treatments. Therapeutic options for aggressive or metastatic PitNETs are limited, and currently mainly consist of temozolomide, with little experience of other emerging approaches, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). Somatostatin receptor expression in PitNETs explains the effectiveness of somatostatin analogues for treating PitNETs, particularly those hypersecreting pituitary hormones, such as growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. The expression of such receptors in pituitary tumour cells has provided the rationale for using PRRT to treat patients with aggressive or metastatic PitNETs. However, the PRRT efficacy in this setting remains unestablished, as knowledge on this today is based only on few case reports and small series of cases, which are reviewed here. A total of 30 PRRT-treated patients have been thus far reported: 23 aggressive PitNETs, 5 carcinomas, and 2 of malignancy status unspecified. Of the 27 published cases with information regarding the response to PRRT, 5 (18%) showed a partial response, 8 (30%) had stable disease, and 14 (52%) had progressive disease. No major adverse effects have been reported, and there is also no increased risk of clinically relevant hypopituitarism in patients with pituitary or non-pituitary neuroendocrine tumours following PRRT. PRRT may be regarded as a safe option for patients with aggressive or metastatic PitNETs if other treatment approaches are not feasible or have failed in controlling the disease progression, with tumour shrinkage occurring in up to a fifth of cases, while about a third of aggressive pituitary tumours may achieve stable disease. Here, the data on PRRT in the management of patients with aggressive pituitary tumours are reviewed, as well as the effects of PRRT on the pituitary function in other PRRT-treated cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2635-631 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Matuszewska A, Kowalski K, Jawień P, Tomkalski T, Gaweł-Dąbrowska D, Merwid-Ląd A, Szeląg E, Błaszczak K, Wiatrak B, Danielewski M, Piasny J, Szeląg A. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076492. [PMID: 37047464 PMCID: PMC10094807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, and the poorer response to antipsychotic treatment in men compared to women suggests the involvement of sex hormones in these processes. This article aims to draw attention to the possible relationship between testosterone and some clinical features in male schizophrenic patients and discuss the complex nature of these phenomena based on data from the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to select the papers without limiting the time of the publications. Hormone levels in the body are regulated by many organs and systems, and take place through the neuroendocrine, hormonal, neural, and metabolic pathways. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and function of the organism. Besides their impact on secondary sex characteristics, they influence brain development and function, mood, and cognition. In men with schizophrenia, altered testosterone levels were noted. In many cases, evidence from available single studies gave contradictory results. However, it seems that the testosterone level in men affected by schizophrenia may differ depending on the phase of the disease, types of clinical symptoms, and administered therapy. The etiology of testosterone level disturbances may be very complex. Besides the impact of the illness (schizophrenia), stress, and antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, testosterone levels may be influenced by, i.a., obesity, substances of abuse (e.g., ethanol), or liver damage.
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Spruijt A, Kooistra H, Oei C, Vinke C, Schaefers-Okkens A, De Gier J. The function of the pituitary-testicular axis in dogs prior to and following surgical or chemical castration with the GnRH-agonist deslorelin. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:97-108. [PMID: 36165853 PMCID: PMC10086795 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical castration, that is the reduction of circulating testosterone concentrations to castrate levels by administration of a GnRH-agonist implant, is a popular alternative to surgical castration in male dogs. Detailed information concerning the pituitary-testicular axis following administration of a GnRH-agonist implant is still scarce. Therefore, GnRH-stimulation tests were performed in male dogs, prior to and after surgical and chemical castration. This approach also allowed us to determine plasma concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol in intact male dogs for future reference and to directly compare the effects of surgical and chemical castration on the pituitary-testicular axis. In intact male dogs (n = 42) of different breeds GnRH administration induced increased plasma LH, FSH, oestradiol and testosterone concentrations. After surgical castration basal and GnRH-induced plasma FSH and LH concentrations increased pronouncedly. Additionally, basal and GnRH-induced plasma oestradiol and testosterone concentrations decreased after surgical castration. After chemical castration, with a slow-release implant containing the GnRH-agonist deslorelin, plasma LH and FSH concentrations were lower than prior to castration and lower compared with the same interval after surgical castration. Consequently, plasma oestradiol and testosterone concentrations were lowered to values similar to those after surgical castration. GnRH administration to the chemically castrated male dogs induced a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of LH, but not of FSH. In conclusion, after administration of the deslorelin implant, the plasma concentrations of oestradiol and testosterone did not differ significantly from the surgically castrated animals. After GnRH-stimulation, none of the dogs went to pre-treatment testosterone levels. However, at the moment of assessment at 4,4 months (mean 133 days ± SEM 4 days), the pituitary gonadotrophs were responsive to GnRH in implanted dogs. The increase of LH, but not of FSH, following GnRH administration indicates a differential regulation of the release of these gonadotrophins, which needs to be considered when GnRH-stimulation tests are performed in implanted dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Spruijt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Oei
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vinke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Auke Schaefers-Okkens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey De Gier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chaudhary S, Walia R, Bhansali A, Dayal D, Sachdeva N, Singh T, Bhadada SK. Unravelling a novel, promising and convenient tool for differential diagnosis of delayed puberty: GnRHa-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB). J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:2265-2273. [PMID: 35841519 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etiological diagnosis of delayed puberty is difficult. Despite availability of various basal and stimulation tests differentiation between constitutional delay in puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is still challenging. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of GnRH agonist-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB) for the differential diagnosis of delayed puberty. STUDY DESIGN Participants were recruited into "exploratory cohort" (n = 39) and "validation cohort" (n = 16). "Exploratory cohort" included children with spontaneous puberty and patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. "Validation cohort" constituted children who presented with delayed puberty. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME GnRHa (Triptorelin) stimulation test along with measurement of inhibin B level at 24 h after GnRHa injection was performed in all the study participants. Cut-offs for GnRH-iB were derived from the "exploratory cohort". These cut-offs were applied to the "validation cohort". Basal LH, basal inhibin B(INH-B), GnRHa-stimulated LH at 4 h (GnRH-LH) and GnRH-iB were evaluated for the prediction of onset of puberty on prospective follow-up. RESULTS GnRH-iB at a cut-off value of 113.5 pg/ml in boys and 72.6 pg/ml in girls had 100% sensitivity and specificity for the documentation of puberty. In the "validation cohort" basal LH, basal INH-B, GnRH-LH, and GnRH-iB had a diagnostic accuracy of 68.75%, 81.25%, 68.75% and 93.75% respectively, for the prediction of onset of puberty. Basal LH, basal INH-B and GnRH-LH used alone or in combination were inferior to GnRH-iB used alone. CONCLUSION GnRHa-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB) is a convenient and easily employable test for the differentiation of constitutional delay in puberty from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. CTRI REGISTRATION NO CTRI/2019/10/021570.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhary
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - R Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - A Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - D Dayal
- Department of Paediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - N Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - T Singh
- Department of Radiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - S K Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Falk P, Severin M, Berglund Å, Guren MG, Hofsli E, Österlund P, Tandberg A, Eberhard J, Sorbye H. Sex hormones and sperm parameters after adjuvant oxaliplatin-based treatment for colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 31:100517. [PMID: 35114500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in individuals of fertile age is increasing. Oxaliplatin is a cornerstone treatment in the adjuvant setting for stage III and high-risk stage II CRC. Limited data exist on possible side effects of oxaliplatin on fertility and gonadal function. More data is needed to guide possible fertility preservation procedures and aid evidence-based fertility counselling. PATIENTS AND METHODS The aim of this study (EudraCT2006-002832-10) was to prospectively investigate sex hormones and sperm parameters after oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy to clarify the risk of infertility and hypogonadism. Twenty males aged ≤55 years and 16 females aged ≤40 years were recruited from five hospitals in the Nordic countries. All had undergone radical surgery due to CRC and were given adjuvant oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil. Measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and semen analysis were done in males, while LH, FSH and oestradiol were measured in females. Measurements were done prior to chemotherapy, after completion of adjuvant treatment and at follow-up 1 and up to 5 years after end of treatment. RESULTS FSH and testosterone levels increased in males after chemotherapy treatment but were restored at follow-up. No patients developed hypogonadism. There was a trend towards a decrease in sperm concentration during treatment (p = 0.063). When comparing sperm concentration and rapid progressive motility of sperms prior to chemotherapy and at follow-up, there were no differences, and no patients became permanently azoospermic by treatment. No distinct altering of gonadal function could be observed in females. CONCLUSIONS Oxaliplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil seems to induce transient decrease in sperm concentration with recovery and a minor transient increase in FSH in males. No distinct altering of gonadal function was observed in females. The risk of infertility and hypogonadism in males and females after adjuvant oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy seems low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Falk
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Backnejlikegatan 14, Kristianstad 29158, Sweden.
| | - Mira Severin
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Backnejlikegatan 14, Kristianstad 29158, Sweden
| | - Åke Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hofsli
- Department of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pia Österlund
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Tandberg
- Department of Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jakob Eberhard
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Backnejlikegatan 14, Kristianstad 29158, Sweden
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology and Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Chaudhary S, Walia R, Bhansali A, Dayal D, Sachdeva N, Singh T, Bhadada SK. FSH-stimulated Inhibin B (FSH-iB): A Novel Marker for the Accurate Prediction of Pubertal Outcome in Delayed Puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3495-e3505. [PMID: 34010394 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians have long been struggling to find an effective tool to predict onset of puberty. OBJECTIVE To explore stimulability of inhibin B after exogenous FSH and its potential role for prediction of onset of puberty. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Study subjects were enrolled into "exploratory cohort" (n = 42) and "validation cohort" (n = 19). The exploratory cohort was further divided into group 1 (healthy children with spontaneous puberty [SP], n = 26) and group 2 (patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [HH], n = 16). The validation cohort included children who presented with complaints of delayed puberty. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME Participants were subjected to FSH stimulation test and GnRH analogue stimulation test. Cutoffs derived from the exploratory cohort for basal and FSH stimulated inhibin B (FSH-iB) were applied on the validation cohort. Basal LH, GnRH analogue-stimulated LH, basal inhibin B, and FSH-iB were compared with clinical outcomes on a prospective follow-up for prediction of onset of puberty. RESULTS There was statistically significant increment in inhibin B after exogenous FSH in group 1 (SP) in both male (188.8 pg/mL; P = 0.002) and female (1065 pg/mL; P = 0.023) subjects. The increment was not statistically significant in group 2 (HH) in both sexes. FSH-iB at a cutoff of 116.14 pg/mL in males and 116.50 pg/mL in females had 100% sensitivity and specificity for labelling entry into puberty. On application of these cutoffs on the validation cohort, FSH-iB had 100% positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for prediction of pubertal onset. CONCLUSION Inhibin B was stimulable in both male and female subjects. FSH-iB can be considered a novel and promising investigation for prediction of onset of puberty. Future studies are required for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Paediatrics, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Tulika Singh
- Department of Radiology, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
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Kong X, Ye Z, Chen Y, Zhao H, Tu J, Meng T, Xiong C, Li H, Gong Y, Zheng L, Cheng B, Zhang Z, Xu P. Clinical application value of Inhibin B alone or in combination with other hormone indicators in subfertile men with different spermatogenesis status: A study of 324 Chinese men. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23882. [PMID: 34181290 PMCID: PMC8373365 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we investigated the clinical value of serum Inhibin B alone or in combination with other hormone indicators in subfertile men. Methods This is a multicenter study involving 324 men from different cities in China. Testicular volume, routine semen analysis, serum Inhibin B, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin were measured. Testicular tissue samples were also analyzed in 78 of 129 patients with azoospermia to distinguish impaired spermatogenesis from obstructive azoospermia. Results The concentration of Inhibin B, FSH, and AMH is related to spermatogenesis. For men with impaired spermatogenesis, including mild‐to‐moderate oligozoospermia (IMO) and severe oligozoospermia (ISO), serum levels of Inhibin B and FSH are highly correlated with sperm counting. However, in patients with idiopathic moderate oligozoospermia or severe oligozoospermia, there was no significant correlation between Inhibin B (or FSH) and sperm concentration. The upper cutoff value of Inhibin B to diagnose ISO is 58.25 pg/ml with a predictive accuracy of 80.65%. To distinguish between nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and obstructive azoospermia (OA), the area under the curve (AUC) for AMH + Inhibin B + FSH is very similar to Inhibin B (0.943 vs. 0.941). The cutoff level of Inhibin B to diagnose nonobstructive azoospermia is 45.9 pg/ml with a positive and negative prediction accuracy of 97.70% and 85.71%, respectively. Conclusion In summary, Inhibin B is a promising biomarker alone or in combination with other hormone indicators for the diagnosis of testicular spermatogenesis status, helping clinical doctors to distinguish NOA from OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Kong
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Ye
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaoping Chen
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Andrology, Jinghua Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Tu
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Hunan Yueyang Meternal and Children Health-Care Hospital, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Tianqing Meng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengliang Xiong
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Honggang Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yijun Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Autoimmune Laboratory Diagnostic Products, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Autoimmune Laboratory Diagnostic Products, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bangning Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Autoimmune Laboratory Diagnostic Products, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Andrology, Jinghua Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Advances in the Regulation of Mammalian Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041134. [PMID: 33921032 PMCID: PMC8071398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reproduction of mammals is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follicle stimulating hormone, as one of the gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, plays an immeasurable role. This article mainly reviews the molecular basis and classical signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone, and summarizes its internal molecular mechanism, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the research of mammalian reproduction regulation and the application of follicle stimulating hormone in production practice. Abstract Mammalian reproduction is mainly driven and regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is a key regulator that ultimately affects animal fertility. As a dimeric glycoprotein hormone, the biological specificity of FSH is mainly determined by the β subunit. As research techniques are being continuously innovated, studies are exploring the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the secretion of mammalian FSH. This article will review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways systematically regulating FSH synthesis and will present the latest hypothesis about the nuclear cross-talk among the various endocrine-induced pathways for transcriptional regulation of the FSH β subunit. This article will provide novel ideas and potential targets for the improved use of FSH in livestock breeding and therapeutic development.
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Shobana N, Kumar MK, Navin AK, Akbarsha MA, Aruldhas MM. Prenatal exposure to excess chromium attenuates transcription factors regulating expression of androgen and follicle stimulating hormone receptors in Sertoli cells of prepuberal rats. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109188. [PMID: 32679048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that gestational exposure to hexavalent chromium (CrVI) represses androgen receptor (Ar) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) in Sertoli cells (SCs) of adult rats, while the mechanism underlying remains obscure. We tested the hypothesis "transient gestational exposure to CrVI during the critical embryonic windows of testicular differentiation and growth may have adverse impact on transcription factors controlling the expression of Ar and Fshr in SCs of the F1 progeny". CrVI (K2Cr2O7) was given through drinking water (50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm), to pregnant rats from gestational day 9-14 (testicular differentiation) and 15 to 21 (prenatal differentiation and proliferation of SC); male progenies were sacrificed on postnatal day 30 (Completion of postnatal SC maturation). A significant increase in free radicals and decrease in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were observed in SCs of experimental rats. Real time PCR and western blot data showed decreased expression of Ar, Fshr, Inhibin B, Transferrin, Androgen binding protein, Claudin 11 and Occludin in SCs of experimental rats; concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and retinoic acid also decreased. Serum FSH, luteinizing hormone and estradiol increased, whereas testosterone and prolactin decreased in experimental rats. Western blot detection revealed decreased levels of transcription factors regulating Fshr viz., USF-1, USF-2, SF-1, c-fos, c-jun and GATA 1, and those of Ar viz., Sp-1, ARA54, SRC-1 and CBP in experimental rats, whereas the levels of cyclinD1 and p53, repressors of Ar increased. ChIP assay detected decreased USF-1 and USF-2 binding to Fshr promoter, and binding of Sp-1 to Ar promoter. We conclude that gestational exposure to CrVI affects SC structure and function in F1 progeny by inducing oxidative stress and diminishing the expression of Ar and Fshr through attenuation of their specific transcriptional regulators and their interaction with the respective promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethabalakrishnan Shobana
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Mani Kathiresh Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Navin
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Mariajoseph Michael Aruldhas
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr.A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600113, India.
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Wang J, Lu N, Zhang S, Tang Z, Huang Y, Li W, Liu G. Reference range and cutoff value of serum inhibin B to predict successful sperm retrieval: A cross-sectional study of 30 613 Chinese men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:232-240. [PMID: 31793003 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The power of inhibin B to predict competent spermatogenesis is not fully understood. The aims of this study were to identify the reliable reference range of inhibin B among normozoospermic men in China and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum inhibin B level as a complementary predictor of successful sperm retrieval in patients with azoospermia. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. The male partners of 30 613 infertile couples who visited our hospital were investigated between March 2017 and March 2019. We analysed semen parameters, serum levels of reproductive hormones (inhibin B, FSH and testosterone) and sperm retrieval results from PESA/TESE in Chinese men. RESULTS The normal reference range of inhibin B was 87.42-299.93 pg/mL among men with normozoospermia in China. Inhibin B levels were negatively correlated with age (r = -.111; P < .001) but positively correlated with total sperm counts in the overall population, reference group and case group (r = .311, r = .208 and r = .444, respectively; P < .001). Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that compared with the FSH and testosterone levels, the inhibin B level had the closest relationship with the total sperm count. The best cutoff value of inhibin B for predicting the retrieval outcome of testicular/epididymal sperm was >77.72 pg/mL (sensitivity = 59.14%, specificity = 92.00% and AUC = 0.801). The inhibin B:FSH ratio (cutoff value > 6.98, sensitivity = 56.99%, specificity = 96.00% and AUC = 0.814) performed better than either the inhibin B level or the FSH level alone. CONCLUSION A new reference range for serum inhibin B was established in China. However, neither serum inhibin B, FSH nor their ratio is adequate for men to decide whether to undergo PESA/TESE to determine the adequacy of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Shuolei Zhang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangming Tang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Weina Li
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Hunan Guangxiu Hi-tech Life Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Rougier C, Hieronimus S, Panaïa-Ferrari P, Lahlou N, Paris F, Fenichel P. Isolated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency in two infertile men without FSH β gene mutation: Case report and literature review. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:234-239. [PMID: 31439307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital FSH deficiency is an exceptional cause of male infertility most often attributed to FSH β gene mutations. The few published cases report azoospermia, severe testicular hypotrophy and normal testosterone levels associated with normal virilization. We report the exploration of two young men aged 26 and 27 years with severe sperm abnormalities, moderate testicular hypotrophy and isolated FSH deficiency. METHODS Several FSH, LH, total testosterone and inhibin B assays and FSH β gene sequencing were performed. RESULTS FSH was almost undetectable at baseline and poorly responsive to GnRH test, whereas LH was normal at baseline and increased after GnRH test. Testosterone levels were within the adult range, while inhibin B levels were upper-normal to high. No FSH β gene mutations were found. Exogenous FSH treatment was followed by spontaneous pregnancy in one case and required intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in the other. CONCLUSIONS The paradoxical high levels of inhibin B reflect the presence of functional Sertoli cells and may explain the isolated FSH deficiency. An intra-gonadal factor stimulating inhibin B secretion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rougier
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France.
| | - Sylvie Hieronimus
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Patricia Panaïa-Ferrari
- Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, University Hospital of Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Najiba Lahlou
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Paris
- Department of Hormonology and Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Fenichel
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France
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Costanzo M, Garcia-Feyling J, Saraco N, Marino R, Pérez Garrido N, Touzon MS, Viterbo G, Lazzati JM, Patiño HC, Mattone C, Maceiras M, Belgorosky A, Guercio G. Accelerated Pubertal Tempo in a 46,XY Aromatase-Deficient Patient. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 90:275-282. [PMID: 30173221 DOI: 10.1159/000492128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. 46,XY-affected patients often remain undiagnosed until late puberty. Only 2 pediatric cases have been reported. Data on pubertal development in affected males are scarce. AIM To report the clinical phenotype and hormonal studies of an aromatase-deficient boy during the prepubertal and early pubertal period. RESULTS The patient was the older brother of a 46,XX girl with aromatase deficiency. Molecular analysis revealed a previously reported homozygous mutation (Arg192Cys) in the CYP19A1 gene. Pubertal onset was at 9.8 years. At 11.3 years of age, signs of rapidly progressive puberty were seen. Laboratory tests revealed normal pubertal basal and GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin levels, normal Sertoli cell markers, and increased testosterone. The prepubertal lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) was normal but pubertal bone mineral accrual was incomplete, leading to osteopenia. CONCLUSION Estrogen restraint on gonadotropin secretion has been demonstrated in animal and human models. Interestingly, our patient presented with accelerated puberty and apparently normal pituitary gonadal function. These findings suggest that aromatase activity may be required to define pubertal progression in boys. Estrogen deficiency due to aromatase deficiency is responsible for insufficient bone mineral accrual during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Costanzo
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Nora Saraco
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Marino
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Sol Touzon
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Viterbo
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Lazzati
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Celeste Mattone
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Maceiras
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Belgorosky
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires,
| | - Gabriela Guercio
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ertaş K, Eroğlu Ö, Yüksel S. Classification of azospermic and oligospermic patients by spermiogram parameters. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.471058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hu X, Ding Z, Hong Z, Zou Z, Feng Y, Zhu R, Ma J, Ge X, Li C, Yao B. Spermatogenesis improved by suppressing the high level of endogenous gonadotropins in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia: a case control pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:91. [PMID: 30243299 PMCID: PMC6150963 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma gonadotropins were associated with desensitization of Sertoli and Leydig cells in the male testis. Testis spermatogenesis ability would be improved via inhibiting high endogenous gonadotropin in patients with severe oligozoospermia. Whether it would be beneficial for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients was still unclear. METHODS Goserelin, a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHα) was used to suppress endogenous gonadotropin levels (gonadotropin reset) in the NOA patients, improving the sensitization of the Sertoli and Leydig cells. Then human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were injected to stimulate them to ameliorate the ability of testicular spermatogenesis. The main outcome measure was the existence of spermatozoa in the semen or by testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Elevation of inhibin B and/or ameliorative expression pattern of ZO-1 was the secondary objective. RESULTS A total of 35 NOA men who failed to retrieve sperm via TESE were enrolled. Among these, 10 patients without treatment were selected as control group and secondary TESE was performed 6 months later. Of the 25 treated men, inhibin B was elevated in 11 patients in the first 4 weeks (Response group), while only 5 patients had constant increase in the following 20 weeks (Response group 2). Of the 5 men, 2 men acquired sperm (Response group 2B), while 3 failed (Response group 2A). Immunofluorescence of mouse vasa homologue (MVH) and ZO-1 showed that both positive MVH signals and ZO-1 expression were significantly increased in the Response group 2, but only Response group 2B showed ameliorative ZO-1 distribution. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotropin reset, a new therapeutic protocol with GnRHα, was able to improve the ability of testicular spermatogenesis in the NOA patients through restoring the sensitivity of Sertoli and Leydig cells, which were reflected by elevated inhibin B and ameliorative ZO-1 expression and distribution. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02544191 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Hu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Zheng Ding
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhiwei Hong
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Zhichuan Zou
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yuming Feng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ruilou Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center and the Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Jinzhao Ma
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xie Ge
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chaojun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center and the Medical School of Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, 210061, China.
| | - Bing Yao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: Lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:4-22. [PMID: 29253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Lira-Albarrán S. Clinical Applications of Gonadotropins in the Male. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:121-174. [PMID: 27697201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play a pivotal role in reproduction. The synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins are regulated by complex interactions among several endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors of diverse chemical structure. In men, LH regulates the synthesis of androgens by the Leydig cells, whereas FSH promotes Sertoli cell function and thereby influences spermatogenesis. Gonadotropins are complex molecules composed of two subunits, the α- and β-subunit, that are noncovalently associated. Gonadotropins are decorated with glycans that regulate several functions of the protein including folding, heterodimerization, stability, transport, conformational maturation, efficiency of heterodimer secretion, metabolic fate, interaction with their cognate receptor, and selective activation of signaling pathways. A number of congenital and acquired abnormalities lead to gonadotropin deficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a condition amenable to treatment with exogenous gonadotropins. Several natural and recombinant preparations of gonadotropins are currently available for therapeutic purposes. The difference between natural and the currently available recombinant preparations (which are massively produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells for commercial purposes) mainly lies in the abundance of some of the carbohydrates that conform the complex glycans attached to the protein core. Whereas administration of exogenous gonadotropins in patients with isolated congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a well recognized therapeutic approach, their role in treating men with normogonadotropic idiopathic infertility is still controversial. This chapter concentrates on the main structural and functional features of the gonadotropin hormones and how basic concepts have been translated into the clinical arena to guide therapy for gonadotropin deficit in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Support Network, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-National Institutes of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - S Lira-Albarrán
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Namwanje M, Brown CW. Activins and Inhibins: Roles in Development, Physiology, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a021881. [PMID: 27328872 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to participate in a variety of biological processes, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to highly specialized functions in terminally differentiated cells and tissues. Herein, we present the history, structures, signaling mechanisms, regulation, and biological processes in which activins and inhibins participate, including several recently discovered biological activities and functional antagonists. The potential therapeutic relevance of these advances is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Namwanje
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chester W Brown
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
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Datta AK, Nayini K, Eapen A, Barlow S, Lockwood G. Can we predict the chance of successful epididymal or testicular sperm aspiration following vasectomy? HUM FERTIL 2016; 19:120-6. [DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2016.1191681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
World population continues to grow at an unprecedented rate, doubling in a mere 50years to surpass the 7-billion milestone in 2011. This steep population growth exerts enormous pressure on the global environment. Despite the availability of numerous contraceptive choices for women, approximately half of all pregnancies are unintended and at least half of those are unwanted. Such statistics suggest that there is still a gap in contraceptive options for couples, particularly effective reversible contraceptives for men, who have few contraceptive choices. Male hormonal contraception has been an active area of research for almost 50years. The fundamental concept involves the use of exogenous hormones to suppress endogenous production of gonadotropins, testosterone, and downstream spermatogenesis. Testosterone-alone regimens are effective in many men but high dosing requirements and sub-optimal gonadotropin suppression in 10-30% of men limit their use. A number of novel combinations of testosterone and progestins have been shown to be more efficacious but still require further refinement in delivery systems and a clearer understanding of the potential short- and long-term side effects. Recently, synthetic androgens with both androgenic and progestogenic activity have been developed. These agents have the potential to be single-agent male hormonal contraceptives. Early studies of these compounds are encouraging and there is reason for optimism that these may provide safe, reversible, and reliable contraception for men in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing H Chao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Zheng W, Pan S, Wang G, Wang YJ, Liu Q, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu XZ, Liu ZP, Bian JC. Zearalenone impairs the male reproductive system functions via inducing structural and functional alterations of sertoli cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:146-155. [PMID: 26851377 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ZEA on the cytoskeletal structure, and factors specifically expressed by Sertoli cells. Primary Sertoli cells from rats aged 18-21 days were exposed to increasing ZEA concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 μg mL(-1)) for 24 h. The results of immunofluorescence showed disruption of α-tubulin filaments and F-actin bundles, and damage to the nucleus of Sertoli cells on exposure to ZEA. In the control group, the protein level expression of androgen-binding protein (ABP), transferrin, vimentin, N-cadherin, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) were decreased significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01). The mRNA levels of ABP, transferrin, vimentin, N-cadherin, and FSHR varied significantly in the experimental group (p<0.05). The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated a significant decrease in the levels of inhibin-β and transferrin in the cultural supernatants (p<0.05). Additionally, the ultrastructural analysis indicated the absence of mitochondria and Golgi apparatus, and presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These findings showed that ZEA treatment can damage the cytoskeletal structure and affect specific secretory functions of Sertoli cells, which may be an underlying cause of ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- WangLong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - ShunYe Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangguang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Jun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Saybagh District Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiaozuo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R. China, Jiaozuo 454001, Henan, China
| | - JianHong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zong Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Chun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Fraser GL, Hoveyda HR, Clarke IJ, Ramaswamy S, Plant TM, Rose C, Millar RP. The NK3 Receptor Antagonist ESN364 Interrupts Pulsatile LH Secretion and Moderates Levels of Ovarian Hormones Throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4214-25. [PMID: 26305889 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women's health disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are currently treated by GnRH modulators that effectively suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) is an alternative target with an important role in the modulation of this axis. In this report, we demonstrate that systemic administration of an NK3R antagonist (ESN364) prolongs the LH interpulse interval in ovarectomized ewes and significantly lowers plasma LH and FSH concentrations in castrated nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis). Moreover, daily oral dosing of ESN364 throughout the menstrual cycle in M fascicularis lowered plasma estradiol levels in a dose-dependent manner, although nadir levels of estradiol were maintained well above menopausal levels. Nevertheless, estradiol levels during the follicular phase were sufficiently inhibited at all doses to preclude the triggering of ovulation as evidenced by the absence of the LH surge and failure of a subsequent luteal phase rise in plasma progesterone concentrations, consistent with the absence of normal cycle changes in the uterus. Apart from the point at surge, FSH levels were not altered over the course of the menstrual cycle. These effects of ESN364 were reversible upon cessation of drug treatment. Together these data support the proposed role of neurokinin B-NK3R signaling in the control of pulsatile GnRH secretion. Furthermore, in contrast to GnRH antagonists, NK3R antagonists induce a partial suppression of estradiol and thereby offer a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of ovarian sex hormone disorders with a mitigated risk of menopausal-like adverse events in response to long-term drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme L Fraser
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hamid R Hoveyda
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suresh Ramaswamy
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tony M Plant
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Rose
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
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Doehnert U, Bertelloni S, Werner R, Dati E, Hiort O. Characteristic features of reproductive hormone profiles in late adolescent and adult females with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Sex Dev 2015; 9:69-74. [PMID: 25613104 DOI: 10.1159/000371464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about gonadotropins and sex steroid levels in postpubertal women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). In order to define reproductive hormone profiles in women with CAIS and intact gonads, 42 postpubertal females with proven CAIS (age range 14-50 years) with testes in situ were examined. Reproductive hormone values [testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)] were assessed by commercially available immunoassays. In women with CAIS, LH levels (median 18.5 IU/l, range 5.5-51.1 IU/l) were elevated above the usual adult reference ranges, whereas FSH values (3.5 IU/l, 0.4-16.3 IU/l) were not. Basal T (20 nmol/l, 6-52 nmol/l) and E2 values (113 pmol/l; 18-257 pmol/l) were found in the usual adult male reference ranges; SHBG levels (53 nmol/l, 15-180 nmol/l) were in the adult female reference range. Calculated free androgen indices (Tx10³/SHBG: 380, 114-863) and aromatization indices (E2/T: 0.052, 0.020-0.196) did not differ from the reference ranges for adult men given in the literature (Tx10³/SHBG: 315-936; E2/T: 0.03-0.07). Reproductive hormone profiles in women with CAIS do not follow the usual male/female pattern, suggesting a specific postpubertal hormone milieu. Albeit calculation of CAIS-specific reference ranges requires larger series and standardization of laboratory methods, these results may be a prerequisite for the identification of pathologic hormone patterns in women with CAIS and gonads in situ. The present data will also be useful to monitor hormone replacement therapy in individuals with removed gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Doehnert
- Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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24
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Makanji Y, Zhu J, Mishra R, Holmquist C, Wong WPS, Schwartz NB, Mayo KE, Woodruff TK. Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:747-94. [PMID: 25051334 PMCID: PMC4167436 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When it was initially discovered in 1923, inhibin was characterized as a hypophysiotropic hormone that acts on pituitary cells to regulate pituitary hormone secretion. Ninety years later, what we know about inhibin stretches far beyond its well-established capacity to inhibit activin signaling and suppress pituitary FSH production. Inhibin is one of the major reproductive hormones involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although the physiological role of inhibin as an activin antagonist in other organ systems is not as well defined as it is in the pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibin also modulates biological processes in other organs through paracrine, autocrine, and/or endocrine mechanisms. Inhibin and components of its signaling pathway are expressed in many organs. Diagnostically, inhibin is used for prenatal screening of Down syndrome as part of the quadruple test and as a biochemical marker in the assessment of ovarian reserve. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the biological role of inhibin, its relationship with activin, its signaling mechanisms, and its potential value as a diagnostic marker for reproductive function and pregnancy-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwar Makanji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.M., J.Z., C.H., W.P.S.W., T.K.W.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60610; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (R.M., C.H.), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; and Department of Molecular Biosciences (N.B.S., K.E.M., T.K.W.), Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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25
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A Chinese herbal formula, Wuzi Yanzong Pill (五子衍宗丸), improves spermatogenesis by modulating the secretory function of Sertoli cells. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:194-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary role of inhibin B is the regulation of gametogenesis via negative feedback on the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary. METHODS We studied 14 males with primary hypothyroidism due to various etiologies to determine if they exhibited hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism involving the reproductive segment of the gonadotrophic axis. Levels of inhibin B, FSH, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin were measured. RESULTS The mean level of inhibin B in males with primary hypothyroidism was found to be approximately half that of normal males. The FSH level remained within the normal range and no reciprocal increase was observed as occurs in other conditions with reduced inhibin B. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that primary hypothyroidism has a significant effect on inhibin B levels without reciprocal increase in FSH, which is consistent with a hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal state affecting the reproductive segment of the gonadotrophic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kris Tan
- Rodney Shearman Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Denis Winch
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Simanainen U, Brogley M, Gao YR, Jimenez M, Harwood DT, Handelsman DJ, Robins DM. Length of the human androgen receptor glutamine tract determines androgen sensitivity in vivo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 342:81-6. [PMID: 21664242 PMCID: PMC3148310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A well established functional polymorphism of the human androgen receptor (hAR) is the length of AR's N-terminal glutamine tract (Q-tract). This tract is encoded by a CAG trinucleotide repeat and varies from 8 to 33 codons in the healthy population. Q-tract length is inversely correlated with AR transcriptional activity in vitro, but whether endogenous androgen action is affected is not consistently supported by results of clinical and epidemiological studies. To test whether Q-tract length influences androgen sensitivity in vivo, we examined effects of controlled androgen exposure in "humanized" mice with hAR knock-in alleles bearing 12, 21 or 48 CAGs. Mature male mice were analyzed before or 2weeks after orchidectomy, with or without a subdermal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) implant to attain stable levels of this non-aromatizable androgen. The validity of this DHT clamp was demonstrated by similar serum levels of DHT and its two primary 3αDiol and 3βDiol metabolites, regardless of AR Q-tract length. Q-tract length was inversely related to DHT-induced suppression of castrate serum LH (p=0.005), as well as seminal vesicle (SV) weight (p=0.005) and prostate lobe weights (p<0.006). This confirms that the hAR Q-tract polymorphism mediates in vivo tissue androgen sensitivity by impacting negative hypothalamic feedback and trophic androgen effects on target organs. In this manner, AR Q-tract length variation may influence numerous aspects of male health, from virilization to fertility, as well as androgen-dependent diseases, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Simanainen
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore effectors of the pituitary-testicular axis suitable as potential biochemical markers to screen for testosterone doping. DESIGN Pilot study with male bodybuilding athletes with a self-reported history of testosterone doping (repeated intramuscular administration of testosterone preparations, last injection 8 weeks or less ago) compared with an equal sized control group matched for sex, age, and body mass index. SETTING Endocrine outpatients. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen healthy young men of white background. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Inhibin B, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). RESULTS Although the levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH did not differ between the 2 groups, the serum concentrations of inhibin B in individuals with a history of testosterone doping were exclusively at or below the lower limit of the normal range for adult men (100-400 pg/mL). Inhibin B was significantly lower in those men who used testosterone for weight lifting (76.1 +/- 36.3 ng/L [mean +/- SD]) than in controls (182.1 +/- 35.4 ng/L). CONCLUSION A low concentration of serum inhibin B may reflect the application of exogenous testosterone and appears to be a potential marker associated with anabolic androgenic steroid doping.
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29
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Bassas Arnau L. [Exploration of testicular function]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:18-31. [PMID: 19627705 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)70190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The main endocrine function of the testis after puberty is testosterone production. In most cases, hypogonadism in adult men can be diagnosed by determining total testosterone concentration. Due to the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion, blood samples should be extracted early in the morning. The results of commercially available methods for analysis show considerable variability. Furthermore, the threshold for the symptoms of hypogonadism may differ in each individual. For these reasons, moderately low testosterone levels should be interpreted with caution before a diagnosis of hypogonadism can be established. In these cases, determination of either free or bioavailable testosterone can be useful. Direct methods can be used or the respective concentrations can be calculated on the basis of total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). This latter method is easy to perform but the results are less reliable. Endocrinological evaluation of the testes should also include analysis of the gonadotropins (follitropin [FSH] and lutropin [LH]), which are described in another article in this series. Inhibin B is a biological marker of the amount and the physiological status of Sertoli cells in the postpubertal testis. Inhibin B may improve the information given by FSH for the determination of spermatogenic reserve in non-obstructive azoospermia, but determination of this glycoprotein is not currently used for routine assessment. The most important laboratory test to study reproductive function in men is semen analysis. However, the predictive power of this test is limited by the analytical imprecision of current methods, all of which are manual, and by the biological variability of most of their components. Special attention should be paid to pre-analytical procedures, because they require the understanding and participation of the patient. Some organizations and societies have proposed standardized methods to help improve the quality of semen analysis and reliable exchange of the results of seminogram. Biochemical markers of the prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis in seminal plasma can indicate the level of damage in hypospermia or azoospermia. The fertility potential of sperm cells can be investigated with a variety of tests and assays, but none of them can yet be recommended for routine practice. Congenital hypogonadism is frequently caused by chromosome abnormalities, particularly sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Other causes of infertility include structural aberrations of autosomes. The main cytogenetic technique performed to determine chromosome constitution is karyotyping. To detect submicroscopic defects, this test can be performed in conjunction with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Bassas Arnau
- Laboratorio de Andrología, Fundación Puigvert, Cartagena 340, 08025 Barcelona, España.
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Teunissen JJM, Krenning EP, de Jong FH, de Rijke YB, Feelders RA, van Aken MO, de Herder WW, Kwekkeboom DJ. Effects of therapy with [177Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr 3]octreotate on endocrine function. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1758-66. [PMID: 19471926 PMCID: PMC2764054 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues is a novel therapy for patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumours. We determined the effects of PRRT with [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate (177Lu-octreotate) on glucose homeostasis and the pituitary-gonadal, pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal axes. Methods Hormone levels were measured and adrenal function assessed at baseline and up to 24 months of follow-up. Results In 35 men, mean serum inhibin B levels were decreased at 3 months post-therapy (205 ± 16 to 25 ± 4 ng/l, p < 0.05) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased (5.9 ± 0.5 to 22.7 ± 1.4 IU/l, p < 0.05). These levels returned to near baseline levels. Total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels decreased (15.0 ± 0.9 to 10.6 ± 1.0 nmol/l, p < 0.05 and 61.8 ± 8.7 to 33.2 ± 3.7 nmol, p < 0.05), respectively, whereas non-SHBG-bound T did not change. An increase (5.2 ± 0.6 to 7.7 ± 0.7 IU/l, p < 0.05) of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was found at 3 months of follow-up returning to baseline levels thereafter. In 21 postmenopausal women, a decrease in levels of FSH (74.4 ± 5.6 to 62.4 ± 7.7 IU/l, p < 0.05) and LH (26.8 ± 2.1 to 21.1 ± 3.0 IU/l, p < 0.05) was found. Of 66 patients, 2 developed persistent primary hypothyroidism. Free thyroxine (FT4) levels decreased (17.7 ± 0.4 to 15.6 ± 0.6 pmol/l, p < 0.05), whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels did not change. Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) levels decreased (0.38 ± 0.03 to 0.30 ± 0.01 nmol/l, p < 0.05). Before and after therapy adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests showed an adequate response of serum cortisol (> 550 nmol/l, n = 18). Five patients developed elevated HbA1c levels (> 6.5%). Conclusion In men 177Lu-octreotate therapy induced transient inhibitory effects on spermatogenesis, but non-SHBG-bound T levels remained unaffected. In the long term, gonadotropin levels decreased significantly in postmenopausal women. Only a few patients developed hypothyroidism or elevated levels of HbA1c. Therefore, PRRT with 177Lu-octreotate can be regarded as a safe treatment modality with respect to short- and long-term endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J M Teunissen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Foresta C, Selice R, Moretti A, Pati MA, Carraro M, Engl B, Garolla A. Gonadotropin administration after gonadotropin-releasing-hormone agonist: a therapeutic option in severe testiculopathies. Fertil Steril 2008; 92:1326-1332. [PMID: 18829015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plus human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on seminal parameters and pregnancy rate in severe testiculopathies after high FSH plasma concentrations have been suppressed. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. SETTING Infertility center at a university hospital. PATIENT(S) Eighty-seven men affected by severe testiculopathy. INTERVENTION(S) We treated 57 men with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) and then with recombinant human FSH and hCG, and 30 patients did not receive any treatment. Seminal parameters and sperm aneuploidies were evaluated during and after the treatment period. Couples did not achieve a spontaneous pregnancy received assisted reproduction treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Seminal parameters, sperm aneuploidies, testicular cytologic analysis, FSH, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, inhibin B concentrations, and pregnancy rate. RESULT(S) After the therapy period, the treated group showed statistically significant improvement in sperm parameters and sperm aneuploidies. No changes were observed in the untreated group. A trend toward an increase in pregnancy rate also was observed among treated couples (cumulative pregnancy rates 31.6% treated vs. 20.0% untreated), although the increase was not statistically significant. The improvement of seminal parameters in the treated group allowed some patients to undergo in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer instead of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. CONCLUSION(S) Results from this controlled, randomized clinical trial show that FSH therapy improves sperm parameters in severe male factor infertility when endogenous high FSH plasma levels are suppressed. In cases of severely impaired testicles, a rational treatment of male infertility is mandatory to improve the outcome of assisted reproduction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Foresta
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Selice
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Afra Moretti
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Antonio Pati
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Carraro
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Engl
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Brunico, Italy
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Pitteloud N, Dwyer AA, DeCruz S, Lee H, Boepple PA, Crowley WF, Hayes FJ. The relative role of gonadal sex steroids and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in the regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2686-92. [PMID: 18445673 PMCID: PMC2453056 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the importance of testosterone (T), estradiol (E(2)), and GnRH pulse frequency to FSH regulation in men. DESIGN This was a prospective study with four arms. SETTING The study was performed at the General Clinical Research Center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS There were 20 normal (NL) men and 15 men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) who completed the study. INTERVENTION Medical castration and inhibition of aromatase were achieved using ketoconazole x 7 d with: 1) no sex steroid addback, 2) T addback starting on d 4, and 3) E(2) addback starting on d 4. IHH men in these arms received GnRH every 120 min. In a further six IHH men receiving ketoconazole with no addback, GnRH frequency was increased to 35 min for d 4-7. Blood was drawn every 10 min x 12 h at baseline, overnight on d 3-4 and 6-7. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean FSH was calculated from the pool of each frequent sampling study. RESULTS In NL men FSH levels increased from 5.1 +/- 0.7 to 8.7 +/- 1.3 and 9.7 +/- 1.5 IU/liter (P < 0.0001). T caused no suppression of FSH. E(2) reduced FSH from 12.4 +/- 1.8 to 9.3 +/- 1.3 IU/liter (P < 0.05). In IHH men on GnRH every 120 min, FSH levels went from 6.0 +/- 1.6 to 9.0 +/- 3.0 and 11.9 +/- 4.3 (P = 0.07). T caused no suppression of FSH. E(2) decreased FSH such that levels on d 6-7 were similar to baseline. Increasing GnRH frequency to 35 min had no impact on FSH. CONCLUSIONS The sex steroid component of FSH negative feedback in men is mediated by E(2). Increasing GnRH frequency to castrate levels has no impact on FSH in the absence of sex steroids. When inhibin B levels are NL, sex steroids exert a modest effect on FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Pitteloud
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point to the devastating environmental impacts that population pressures have caused, including global warming from the developed world and hunger and disease in less developed areas. Moreover, almost half of all pregnancies are still unwanted or unplanned. Clearly, there is a need for expanded, reversible, contraceptive options. Multicultural surveys demonstrate the willingness of men to participate in contraception and their female partners to trust them to do so. Notwithstanding their paucity of options, male methods including vasectomy and condoms account for almost one third of contraceptive use in the United States and other countries. Recent international clinical research efforts have demonstrated high efficacy rates (90-95%) for hormonally based male contraceptives. Current barriers to expanded use include limited delivery methods and perceived regulatory obstacles, which stymie introduction to the marketplace. However, advances in oral and injectable androgen delivery are cause for optimism that these hurdles may be overcome. Nonhormonal methods, such as compounds that target sperm motility, are attractive in their theoretical promise of specificity for the reproductive tract. Gene and protein array technologies continue to identify potential targets for this approach. Such nonhormonal agents will likely reach clinical trials in the near future. Great strides have been made in understanding male reproductive physiology; the combined efforts of scientists, clinicians, industry and governmental funding agencies could make an effective, reversible, male contraceptive an option for family planning over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Page
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Boepple PA, Hayes FJ, Dwyer AA, Raivio T, Lee H, Crowley WF, Pitteloud N. Relative roles of inhibin B and sex steroids in the negative feedback regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone in men across the full spectrum of seminiferous epithelium function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1809-14. [PMID: 18270253 PMCID: PMC2386680 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the relative roles of gonadal sex steroids and inhibin B in the regulation of FSH across a spectrum of seminiferous epithelium function. SUBJECTS The study included three groups: group I, healthy men (n = 31); group II, men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism receiving pulsatile GnRH (n = 12) selected to represent a spectrum of seminiferous tubular development, testicular size, and baseline inhibin B levels; and group III, men with functional anorchia (n = 3) receiving testosterone replacement. DESIGN Subjects were studied before and after 3 d of acute sex steroid withdrawal. SETTING The study was conducted at the Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center of Massachusetts General Hospital. INTERVENTIONS Acute biochemical castration was achieved using high-dose ketoconazole (groups I and II) or withdrawal of androgen therapy (group III). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relationship between FSH and inhibin B in both normal and castrate sex steroid milieu was measured. RESULTS In both normal and castrate sex steroid milieus, there was a negative relationship between inhibin B and FSH, best described by a logarithmic model. Acute biochemical castration resulted in the most dramatic increases in FSH in men with the lowest baseline inhibin B levels. CONCLUSIONS We came to the following conclusions: 1) in the human male, inhibin B is the principal gonadal feedback regulator of FSH secretion unless seminiferous tubular function is severely compromised, and a logarithmic model best describes this relationship; and 2) sex steroid inhibition of FSH secretion is most apparent when serum inhibin B levels fall well below the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boepple
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Pitteloud N, Dwyer AA, DeCruz S, Lee H, Boepple PA, Crowley WF, Hayes FJ. Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion by testosterone in men requires aromatization for its pituitary but not its hypothalamic effects: evidence from the tandem study of normal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-deficient men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:784-91. [PMID: 18073301 PMCID: PMC2266963 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies on the regulation of LH secretion by sex steroids in men are conflicting. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to determine the relative contributions of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) to LH regulation and localize their sites of negative feedback. DESIGN This was a prospective study with three arms. SETTING The study was conducted at a General Clinical Research Center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two normal (NL) men and 11 men with GnRH deficiency due to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) participated. INTERVENTION Medical castration and inhibition of aromatase were achieved using high-dose ketoconazole (KC) for 7 d with 1) no sex steroid add-back; 2) T enanthate 125 mg im starting on d 4; or 3) E2 patch 37.5 microg/d starting on d 4. Blood sampling was performed every 10 min for 12 h at baseline, overnight on d 3-4 and d 6-7. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean LH levels, LH pulse amplitude, and GnRH pulse frequency were assessed at baseline, d 3-4, and d 6-7. RESULTS In NL men, KC caused a 3-fold increase in mean LH on d 3-4, which was stable on d 6-7 with no add-back. Addition of T reduced LH levels (34.6+/-3.9 to 17.4+/-3.6 IU/liter, P<0.05) by slowing GnRH pulse frequency (13.3+/-0.4 to 6.7+/-1.0 pulses/12 h, P<0.005). LH amplitude increased (6.9+/-1.0 to 12.1+/-1.4 IU/liter, P<0.005). E2 add-back suppressed LH levels (36.4+/-5.6 to 19.0+/-2.4 IU/liter, P<0.005), by slowing GnRH pulse frequency (11.4+/-0.2 to 8.6+/-0.4 pulses/12 h, P<0.05) and had no impact on LH pulse amplitude. In IHH men, restoring normal T levels caused no suppression of mean LH levels or LH amplitude. E2 add-back normalized mean LH levels and decreased LH amplitude from 14.7+/-1.7 to 12+/-1.5 IU/liter (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS 1) T and E2 have independent effects on LH. 2) Inhibition of LH by T requires aromatization for its pituitary, but not hypothalamic effects. 3) E2 negative feedback on LH occurs at the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Pitteloud
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Mahmoud A, Comhaire FH. Mechanisms of Disease: late-onset hypogonadism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:430-8. [PMID: 16902519 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset hypogonadism (formerly called the andropause) is a clinical and biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age, which is characterized by typical signs and symptoms and a deficiency in serum testosterone levels. Age-related hypoandrogenism in the male is a result of the interaction of hypothalamopituitary and testicular factors. The hypothalamic pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is blunted, due to increased hypothalamic sensitivity to inhibition by steroids, but the responsiveness of the pituitary gonadotrophs seems to be intact. In addition, testicular volume as well as Leydig cell mass and reserve function are diminished. Taken together, these mechanisms result in reduced testosterone secretion and the loss of nycthemeral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahmoud
- Department of Medical and Urological Andrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Matthiesson KL, McLachlan RI. Male hormonal contraception: concept proven, product in sight? Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:463-82. [PMID: 16597629 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current male hormonal contraceptive (MHC) regimens act at various levels within the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis, principally to induce the withdrawal of the pituitary gonadotrophins and in turn intratesticular androgen production and spermatogenesis. Azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia result from the inhibition of spermatogonial maturation and sperm release (spermiation). All regimens include an androgen to maintain virilization, while in many the suppression of gonadotrophins/spermatogenesis is augmented by the addition of another anti-gonadotrophic agent (progestin, GnRH antagonist). The suppression of sperm concentration to 1 x 10(6)/ml appears to provide comparable contraceptive efficacy to female hormonal methods, but the confidence intervals around these estimates remain relatively large, reflecting the limited number of exposure years reported. Also, inconsistencies in the rapidity and depth of spermatogenic suppression, potential for secondary escape of sperm into the ejaculate and onset of fertility return not readily explainable by analysis of subject serum hormone levels, germ cell number or intratesticular steroidogenesis, are apparent. As such, a better understanding of the endocrine and genetic regulation of spermatogenesis is necessary and may allow for new treatment paradigms. The development of an effective, consumer-friendly male contraceptive remains challenging, as it requires strong translational cooperation not only between basic scientists and clinicians but also between public and private sectors. At present, a prototype MHC product using a long-acting injectable testosterone and depot progestin is well advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati L Matthiesson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Sutcliffe A, Spoudeas HA, Nair D, Bouloux P, Oliver T, Sambrook P, Bannister W, Lambalk CB, Spector T. Comparison of serum FSH and Inhibin B levels between adult male dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:447-50. [PMID: 16253977 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FSH hypersecretion occurs in mothers of dizygotic (DZ) twins. Twinning is inherited via both sexes and transmitted through the female. FSH hypersecretion may thus occur in male DZ twins. METHODS We assayed FSH and its counter-regulatory hormone, Inhibin B, in 108 adult male DZ and 100 monozygotic (MZ) twins (as controls) and compared our results to published norms. RESULTS Inhibin B was elevated and higher in DZ compared with MZ twins with similar FSH. CONCLUSION The normal FSH: Inhibin B endocrine feedback axis is different in adult male DZ twins. This contributes to the theory that the answer to human DZ twinning lies in the actions of FSH and Inhibin, and in their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Sutcliffe
- Department of Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, NW3 2PF, London.
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39
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Bernard DJ, Woodruff TK, Plant TM. Cloning of a novel inhibin alpha cDNA from rhesus monkey testis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:71. [PMID: 15471543 PMCID: PMC526212 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibins are dimeric gonadal protein hormones that negatively regulate pituitary FSH synthesis and secretion. Inhibin B is produced by testicular Sertoli cells and is the primary circulating form of inhibin in most adult male mammals. Inhibin B is comprised of the inhibin alpha subunit disulfide-linked to the inhibin/activin betaB subunit. Here we describe the cloning of the cDNAs encoding these subunits from adult rhesus monkey testis RNA. METHODS The subunit cDNAs were cloned by a combination of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) RT-PCR from adult rhesus monkey testis RNA. RESULTS Both the inhibin alpha and betaB subunit nucleotide and predicted protein sequences are highly conserved with other mammalian species, particularly with humans. During the course of these investigations, a novel inhibin alpha mRNA isoform was also identified. This form, referred to as rhesus monkey inhibin alpha-variant 2, appears to derive from both alternative transcription initiation as well as alternative splicing. rmInhibin alpha-variant 2 is comprised of a novel 5' exon (exon 0), which is spliced in-frame with exon 2 of the conventional inhibin alpha isoforms (variant 1). Exon 1 is skipped in its entirety such that the pro-alpha and part of the alpha N regions are not included in the predicted protein. rmInhibin alpha-variant 2 is of relatively low abundance and its biological function has not yet been ascertained. CONCLUSION The data show that the predicted inhibin B protein is very similar between monkeys and humans. Therefore, studies in monkeys using recombinant human inhibins are likely to reflect actions of the homologous ligands. In addition, we have observed the first inhibin alpha subunit mRNA variant. It is possible that variants will be observed in other species as well and this may lead to novel insights into inhibin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tony M Plant
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Tomasi PA, Oates R, Brown L, Delitala G, Page DC. The pituitary-testicular axis in Klinefelter's syndrome and in oligo-azoospermic patients with and without deletions of the Y chromosome long arm. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59:214-22. [PMID: 12864799 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most frequent known genetic causes of severe oligospermia (< 5 million sperm/ml) or azoospermia in men are Klinefelter's syndrome (KS), and deletions in the Y chromosome long arm (Yq). We aimed to compare the function of the pituitary-testicular axis in patients with severe oligospermia or azoospermia, idiopathic or associated with Y chromosome deletions or Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) and in control subjects. PATIENTS We studied 47 men with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia, 42 with Yq deletions (27 AZFc, 13 AZFb and two AZFa) and oligo-azoospermia, 14 with KS and 39 control subjects (total 143). MEASUREMENTS We analysed levels of FSH, inhibin-B, LH, free testosterone and oestradiol in all subjects, and we calculated indexes based on those hormones. RESULTS Inhibin-B levels were indistinguishable between patients with idiopathic and Y deletion-associated oligo-azoospermia, lowest in the Klinefelter's patients and highest in controls. FSH levels followed the reverse pattern: indistinguishable between patients with idiopathic and deletion-associated oligo-azoospermia, highest in Klinefelter's patients and lowest in controls. Oestradiol, free testosterone and the derived indeces were not different in subjects with Yq deletions compared to those with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia. Among the Yq-deleted patients, no measured or derived parameter differed between the subjects with AZFc deletion and those with AZFb deletion. When non-KS oligo-azoospermic patients were classified according to histology [Sertoli cell-only (SCO), n = 18 or non-Sertoli cell only (non-SCO), n= 18] and compared to KS patients, the hormonal pattern did not differ between SCO and non-SCO subjects, but levels in KS patients were significantly different for FSH, inhibin-B and the FSH/inhibin-B ratio. KS patients not only had lower inhibin-B than SCO and non-SCO oligo-azoospermic men, but also higher FSH levels for any given inhibin-B concentration. CONCLUSION Our data show that Y-deleted patients do not have a lesser impairment of Sertoli cell function than patients with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia, and support the concept that the main determinant of inhibin-B production is the germ cell mass. Also, our results suggest that one or more other factors, apart from inhibin-B, may contribute to increased pituitary secretion of FSH in KS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Tomasi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA.
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Adamopoulos D, Kapolla N, Nicopoulou S, Pappa A, Koukkou E, Gregoriou A. Assessment of Sertoli cell functional reserve and its relationship to sperm parameters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 26:215-25. [PMID: 12846797 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cell functional reserve was assessed in normozoospermic men and oligozoospermic patients and its prognostic potential was evaluated for patient selection and treatment. For the first objective, three groups of normo-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/normozoospermic fertile men (n:12), normo-FSH/oligozoospermic (n:21) and hyper-FSH/oligozoospermic subfertile men participated in the study whereas for the second objective 24 normo-FSH oligozoospermic patients volunteered for a pilot therapeutic trial. For the first part, high purity (hp) FSH (225 i.u., i.m.), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (1500 i.u., i.m.) or their combination was given separately at weekly intervals, with samplings at 0, 3, 24 and 48 h. For the pilot trial, rec-FSH (150 i.u./48 h, i.m.) or placebo were prescribed for 6 months. The main outcome measures for the study were inhibin-B (inh-B), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, testosterone and oestradiol concentrations and the main sperm parameters. Bolus administration of hp-FSH or hp-FSH/hCG combination in normozoospermic men resulted in a significant rise of inh-B in normozoospermic men (mean +/- SD, basal: 183.8+/-24.2 pg/mL in hp-FSH and 175.2+/-23.5 in hp-FSH/hCG treatment; 48 h: 256.1+/-34.2 and 246.3+/-19.0, respectively, p<0.001 for both). In oligozoospermic groups basal inh-B concentration was lower than in normozoospermic men (normo-FSH: 117.4+/-16.5, hyper-FSH: 81.2+/-19.8, p<0.001 for both) with a post-stimulation increase noted only in normo-FSH patients (hp-FSH 24-h: 132.8+/-19.7, p<0.01; hp-FSH/hCG 0 min: 105.7+/-20.1, 24-h: 119.5+/-20.6, p<0.05). Total sperm number and progressive motility showed significant improvements (p<0.05 for both) after 6 months of rec-FSH treatment in the group of patients with a satisfactory response to hp-FSH stimulation. In conclusion, the basal and reserve activity of Sertoli cells, as judged by inh-B secretion, was higher in normozoospermic than in dyspermic men, with a better therapeutic outcome noted in those patients with an adequate response to hp-FSH stimulation.
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Luboshitzky R, Kaplan-Zverling M, Shen-Orr Z, Nave R, Herer P. Seminal plasma androgen/oestrogen balance in infertile men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2002; 25:345-51. [PMID: 12406366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the balance between oestrogen and androgen in seminal plasma is important for normal fertility was investigated. We determined the concentrations of oestradiol and testosterone in blood and seminal plasma from 62 infertile men and 32 normozoospermic men. Infertile men were classified according to semen analysis (concentration, motility and morphology): asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia and oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined in all participants. For all subjects, mean testosterone levels were lower and mean oestradiol were higher in seminal plasma than in blood. Seminal plasma testosterone levels were lower in the infertile groups vs. control men ( p < 0.0002). Oligpzoospermic and oligoteratoasthenozoospermic men had significantly higher seminal plasma oestradiol levels compared with controls ( p < 0.03). The three infertile groups had significantly lower seminal plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio than control men ( p < 0.001). Sperm analysis data (concentration, motility and morphology) significantly correlated with seminal plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio. The findings of elevated seminal plasma oestradiol, decreased testosterone and testosterone/oestradiol ratio in infertile men, and the significant correlation between hormone levels and sperm analysis data suggest that the local balance between androgen and oestrogen is important for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luboshitzky
- Endocrine Institute, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
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