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Vrljicak P, Lucas ES, Lansdowne L, Lucciola R, Muter J, Dyer NP, Brosens JJ, Ott S. Analysis of chromatin accessibility in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:2467-2477. [PMID: 29259032 PMCID: PMC6040682 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701098r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous decidualization of the endometrium in response to progesterone signaling is confined to menstruating species, including humans and other higher primates. During this process, endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs) differentiate into specialized decidual cells that control embryo implantation. We subjected undifferentiated and decidualizing human EnSCs to an assay for transposase accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) to map the underlying chromatin changes. A total of 185,084 open DNA loci were mapped accurately in EnSCs. Altered chromatin accessibility upon decidualization was strongly associated with differential gene expression. Analysis of 1533 opening and closing chromatin regions revealed over-representation of DNA binding motifs for known decidual transcription factors (TFs) and identified putative new regulators. ATAC-seq footprint analysis provided evidence of TF binding at specific motifs. One of the largest footprints involved the most enriched motif-basic leucine zipper-as part of a triple motif that also comprised the estrogen receptor and Pax domain binding sites. Without exception, triple motifs were located within Alu elements, which suggests a role for this primate-specific transposable element (TE) in the evolution of decidual genes. Although other TEs were generally under-represented in open chromatin of undifferentiated EnSCs, several classes contributed to the regulatory DNA landscape that underpins decidual gene expression.-Vrljicak, P., Lucas, E. S., Lansdowne, L., Lucciola, R., Muter, J., Dyer, N. P., Brosens, J. J., Ott, S. Analysis of chromatin accessibility in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Vrljicak
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, United Kingdom.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma S Lucas
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, United Kingdom.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Lansdowne
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Lucciola
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Muter
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P Dyer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, United Kingdom.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Ott
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust, United Kingdom.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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2
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Alam SMK, Konno T, Soares MJ. Identification of target genes for a prolactin family paralog in mouse decidua. Reproduction 2016; 149:625-32. [PMID: 25926690 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin family 8, subfamily a, member 2 (PRL8A2; also called decidual prolactin-related protein; dPRP) is a member of the expanded prolactin family. PRL8A2 is expressed in the uterine decidua and contributes to pregnancy-dependent adaptations to hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to identify gene targets for PRL8A2 action within the uteroplacental compartment. Affymetrix DNA microarray analysis was performed for RNA samples from WT and Prl8a2 null tissues. Validation of the DNA microarray was performed using quantitative RT-PCR. Nine genes were confirmed with decreased expression in Prl8a2 null tissues (e.g., Klk7, Rimklb, Arhgef6, Calm4, Sprr2h, Prl4a1, Ccl27, Lipg, and Htra3). These include potential decidual, endothelial and trophoblast cell targets positively regulated by PRL8A2. A significant upregulation of Derl3, Herpud1, Creld2, Hsp90b1, Ddit3 and Hspa5 was identified in Prl8a2 null tissues, reflecting an increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. ER stress genes were prominently expressed in the uterine decidua. We propose that PRL8A2 is a mediator of progesterone-dependent modulation of intrauterine responses to physiological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khorshed Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineInstitute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Toshihiro Konno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineInstitute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Michael J Soares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineInstitute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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3
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Hansberg-Pastor V, Piña-Medina AG, González-Arenas A, Camacho-Arroyo I. C/EBPβ Isoforms Expression in the Rat Brain during the Estrous Cycle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:674915. [PMID: 26064112 PMCID: PMC4429186 DOI: 10.1155/2015/674915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor expressed in different areas of the brain that regulates the expression of several genes involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. This protein has three isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, and LIP) with different transcription activation potential. The role of female sex hormones in the expression pattern of C/EBPβ isoforms in the rat brain has not yet been described. In this study we demonstrate by western blot that the expression of the three C/EBPβ isoforms changes in different brain areas during the estrous cycle. In the cerebellum, LAP2 content diminished on diestrus and proestrus and LIP content diminished on proestrus and estrus days. In the prefrontal cortex, LIP content was higher on proestrus and estrus days. In the hippocampus, LAP isoforms presented a switch on diestrus day, since LAP1 content was the highest while that of LAP2 was the lowest. The LAP2 isoform was the most abundant one in all the three brain areas. The LAP/LIP ratio changed throughout the cycle and was tissue specific. These results suggest that C/EBPβ isoforms expression changes in a tissue-specific manner in the rat brain due to the changes in sex steroid hormone levels presented during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hansberg-Pastor
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana Gabriela Piña-Medina
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
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4
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Diep CH, Charles NJ, Gilks CB, Kalloger SE, Argenta PA, Lange CA. Progesterone receptors induce FOXO1-dependent senescence in ovarian cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1433-49. [PMID: 23574718 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of nuclear progesterone receptors (PR) and low circulating progesterone levels are associated with increased ovarian cancer (OC) risk. However, PR are abundantly expressed in a significant percentage of serous and endometrioid ovarian tumors; patients with PR+ tumors typically experience longer progression-free survival relative to those with PR-null tumors. The molecular mechanisms of these protective effects are poorly understood. To study PR action in OC in the absence of added estrogen (i.e., needed to induce robust PR expression), we created ES-2 OC cells stably expressing vector control or GFP-tagged PR-B (GFP-PR). Progestin (R5020) stimulation of ES-2 cells stably expressing GFP-PR induced cellular senescence characterized by altered cellular morphology, prolonged survival, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, G1 cell cycle arrest and upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21, as well as the Forkhead-box transcription factor, FOXO1; these results repeated in unmodified ER+/PR+ PEO4 OC cells. PR-B and FOXO1 were detected within the same PRE-containing regions of the p21 upstream promoter. Knockdown of p21 resulted in molecular compensation via FOXO1-dependent upregulation of numerous FOXO1 target genes (p15, p16, p27) and an increased rate of senescence. Inhibition of FOXO1 (with AS1842856) or stable FOXO1 knockdown inhibited progestin-induced p21 expression and blocked progestin-induced senescence. Overall, these findings support a role for PR as a tumor suppressor in OC cells, which exhibits inhibitory effects by inducing FOXO1-dependent cellular senescence. Clinical "priming" of the PR-FOXO1-p21 signaling pathway using PR agonists may provide a useful strategy to induce irreversible cell cycle arrest and thereby sensitize OC cells to existing chemotherapies as part of combination "two-step" therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Diep
- Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J. The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 97:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kajihara T, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O. The role of FOXO1 in the decidual transformation of the endometrium and early pregnancy. Med Mol Morphol 2013; 46:61-8. [PMID: 23381604 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-013-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful pregnancy requires coordination of embryo development, decidualization of endometrium, and placenta formation. Decidualization denotes the transformation of endometrial stromal cells into specialized secretory cells, a process further characterized with influx of specialized immune cells into stroma, predominantly uterine natural killer cells and macrophages, and vascular remodeling. This differentiation process depends on the convergence of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate and progesterone signaling pathways. The decidual process is indispensable for the formation of a functional feto-maternal interface as it controls tissue homeostasis during endovascular trophoblast invasion and bestows tissue resistance to environmental stress signals, including protection against oxidative cell death. FOXO proteins have emerged as key mediators of cell fate because of their ability to regulate either pro-apoptotic genes or genes involved in differentiation, cell cycle arrest, oxidative defenses, and DNA repair. In the endometrium, FOXO1 is of particular importance as a critical regulator of progesterone-dependent differentiation, menstrual shedding, and protection of the feto-maternal against oxidative damage during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kajihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
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Zhang S, Lin H, Kong S, Wang S, Wang H, Wang H, Armant DR. Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:939-80. [PMID: 23290997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation involves the intimate interaction between an implantation-competent blastocyst and a receptive uterus, which occurs in a limited time period known as the window of implantation. Emerging evidence shows that defects originating during embryo implantation induce ripple effects with adverse consequences on later gestation events, highlighting the significance of this event for pregnancy success. Although a multitude of cellular events and molecular pathways involved in embryo-uterine crosstalk during implantation have been identified through gene expression studies and genetically engineered mouse models, a comprehensive understanding of the nature of embryo implantation is still missing. This review focuses on recent progress with particular attention to physiological and molecular determinants of blastocyst activation, uterine receptivity, blastocyst attachment and uterine decidualization. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms governing embryo implantation should generate new strategies to rectify implantation failure and improve pregnancy rates in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
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8
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Al-Sabbagh M, Lam EWF, Brosens JJ. Mechanisms of endometrial progesterone resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:208-15. [PMID: 22085558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the reproductive years, the rise and fall in ovarian hormones elicit in the endometrium waves of cell proliferation, differentiation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, tissue breakdown and regeneration. The activated progesterone receptor, a member of the superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors, is the master regulator of this intense tissue remodelling process in the uterus. Its activity is tightly regulated by interaction with cell-specific transcription factors and coregulators as well as by specific posttranslational modifications that respond dynamically to a variety of environmental and inflammatory signals. Endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, disrupts coordinated progesterone responses throughout the reproductive tract, including in the endometrium. This phenomenon is increasingly referred to as 'progesterone resistance'. Emerging evidence suggests that progesterone resistance in endometriosis is not just a consequence of perturbed progesterone signal transduction caused by chronic inflammation but associated with epigenetic chromatin changes that determine the intrinsic responsiveness of endometrial cells to differentiation cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Al-Sabbagh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB. Progesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 357:18-29. [PMID: 21952082 PMCID: PMC3272316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses mechanisms by which progesterone receptors (PR) regulate transcription. We examine available data in different species and tissues regarding: (1) regulation of PR levels; and (2) expression profiling of progestin-regulated genes by total PRs, or their PRA and PRB isoforms. (3) We address current views about the composition of progesterone response elements, and postulate that PR monomers acting through "half-site" elements are common, entailing cooperativity with neighboring DNA-bound transcription factors. (4) We summarize transcription data for multiple progestin-regulated promoters as directed by total PR, or PRA vs. PRB. We conclude that current models and methods used to study PR function are problematical, and recommend that future work employ cells and receptors appropriate to the species, focusing on analyses of the effects of endogenous receptors targeting endogenous genes in native chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta M Jacobsen
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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10
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Lam EWF, Shah K, Brosens JJ. The diversity of sex steroid action: the role of micro-RNAs and FOXO transcription factors in cycling endometrium and cancer. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:13-25. [PMID: 21382987 DOI: 10.1530/joe-10-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rise and fall in ovarian oestrogen and progesterone production orchestrates a series of events that are indispensable for reproduction, including ovulation, implantation, decidualisation and menstruation. In the uterus, these events involve extensive tissue remodelling, characterised by waves of endometrial cell proliferation, differentiation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, tissue breakdown, menstruation and regeneration. The ability of ovarian hormones to trigger such diverse physiological responses is foremost dependent upon interaction of activated steroid receptors with specific transcription factors, such as Forkhead box class O (FOXO) proteins, involved in cell fate decisions. Furthermore, micro-RNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, have emerged as a major regulator system of steroid hormone responses in the female reproductive tract. Consequently, increasing evidence shows that deregulated uterine miRNA expression underpins a spectrum of common reproductive disorders, ranging from implantation failure to endometriosis. Furthermore, by targeting FOXO transcription factors and other key regulators of tissue homeostasis, oncogenic endometrial miRNAs promote tumourigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W-F Lam
- Cancer Research-UK Laboratories, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Leitao BB, Jones MC, Brosens JJ. The SUMO E3-ligase PIAS1 couples reactive oxygen species-dependent JNK activation to oxidative cell death. FASEB J 2011; 25:3416-25. [PMID: 21676946 PMCID: PMC3177572 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) mount a hypersumoylation response in a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent manner. The mechanism that couples JNK signaling to the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway and its functional consequences are not understood. We show that ROS-dependent JNK activation converges on the SUMO pathway via PIAS1 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1). Unexpectedly, PIAS1 knockdown not only prevented ROS-dependent hypersumoylation but also enhanced JNK signaling in HESCs. Conversely, PIAS overexpression increased sumoylation of various substrates, including c-Jun, yet inhibited basal and ROS-dependent JNK activity independently of its SUMO ligase function. Expression profiling demonstrated that PIAS1 knockdown enhances and profoundly modifies the transcriptional response to oxidative stress signals. Using a cutoff of 2-fold change or more, a total of 250 ROS-sensitive genes were identified, 97 of which were not dependent on PIAS1. PIAS1 knockdown abolished the regulation of 43 genes but also sensitized 110 other genes to ROS. Importantly, PIAS1 silencing was obligatory for the induction of several cellular defense genes in response to oxidative stress. In agreement, PIAS1 knockdown attenuated ROS-dependent caspase-3/7 activation and subsequent apoptosis. Thus, PIAS1 determines the level of JNK activity in HESCs, couples ROS signaling to the SUMO pathway, and promotes oxidative cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B Leitao
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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Leitao B, Jones MC, Fusi L, Higham J, Lee Y, Takano M, Goto T, Christian M, Lam EWF, Brosens JJ. Silencing of the JNK pathway maintains progesterone receptor activity in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells exposed to oxidative stress signals. FASEB J 2009; 24:1541-51. [PMID: 20026682 PMCID: PMC2857868 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-149153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Survival of the conceptus is dependent on continuous progesterone signaling in the maternal decidua but how this is achieved under conditions of oxidative stress that characterize early pregnancy is unknown. Using primary cultures, we show that modest levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase sumoylation in human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs), leading to enhanced modification and transcriptional inhibition of the progesterone receptor (PR). The ability of ROS to induce a sustained hypersumoylation response, or interfere with PR activity, was lost upon differentiation of HESCs into decidual cells. Hypersumoylation in response to modest levels of ROS requires activation of the JNK pathway. Although ROS-dependent JNK signaling is disabled on decidualization, the cells continue to mount a transcriptional response, albeit distinct from that observed in undifferentiated HESCs. We further show that attenuated JNK signaling in decidual cells is a direct consequence of altered expression of key pathway modulators, including induction of MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1). Overexpression of MKP1 dampens JNK signaling, prevents hypersumoylation, and maintains PR activity in undifferentiated HESCs exposed to ROS. Thus, JNK silencing uncouples ROS signaling from the SUMO conjugation pathway and maintains progesterone responses and cellular homeostasis in decidual cells under oxidative stress conditions imposed by pregnancy.—Leitao, B., Jones, M. C., Fusi, L., Higham, J., Lee, Y. Takano, M., Goto, T., Christian, M., Lam, E. W.-F., Brosens, J. J. Silencing of the Jnk pathway maintains progesterone receptor activity in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells exposed to oxidative stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Leitao
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd., London W12 0NN
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Goldman S, Lovett DH, Shalev E. Mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) transcriptional repression by progesterone in jar choriocarcinoma cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:41. [PMID: 19426551 PMCID: PMC2687445 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the MMP-2 promoter lacks a canonical progesterone response element (PRE), the hormone inhibits MMP-2 expression and is part of treatment protocols in gynecological invasive pathologies, including endometriosis and endometrial hyperplasia. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which progesterone inhibits MMP-2 expression. METHODS The effect of progesterone on MMP-2 expression in the JAR human choriocarcinoma cell line was analyzed by gelatin zymography. MMP-2 transcript expression was studied using Northern blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Rat promoter deletion analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immuno-precipitation assays were performed in order to locate the DNA binding site and the transcription factors involved in MMP-2 regulation. RESULTS Progesterone significantly decreased secretion of pro-MMP-2 and MMP-2 transcript expression level in a dose-dependent manner. Progesterone (1 microM) significantly decreased both human and rat MMP-2 promoter activity (80.1% +/- 0.3 and 81.3% +/- 0.23, respectively). Progesterone acts through the SP1 family transcription factors-binding site, located between -1433 and -1342 bp region from the transcriptional start site of the rat MMP-2 promoter, which are present in the orthologous human MMP-2 promoter. Progesterone receptor (PR), SP2, SP3 and SP4 proteins are constitutively bound to this consensus sequence. CONCLUSION Progesterone reduces PR and SP4 binding to the MMP-2 promoter, thereby suppressing transcription. Progesterone also promotes SP4 degradation. These novel mechanisms of MMP-2 regulation by progesterone provide the biological rationale for the use of progesterone in clinical settings associated with increased MMP-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Goldman
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Centre, Afula, Israel
| | - David H Lovett
- The Department of Medicine, SFVAMC, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Shalev
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HaEmek Medical Centre, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Abstract
Pituitary-derived prolactin (PRL) is a well-known regulator of the lactating mammary gland. However, the recent discovery that human adipose tissue produces PRL as well as expresses the PRL receptor (PRLR) highlights a previously unappreciated action of PRL as a cytokine involved in adipose tissue function. Biologically active PRL is secreted by all adipose tissue depots examined: breast, visceral and subcutaneous. The expression of adipose PRL is regulated by a non-pituitary, alternative superdistal promoter. PRL expression and release increases during early pre-adipocyte differentiation and is stimulated by cyclic AMP activators, including beta adrenergic receptor agonists. PRL release from subcutaneous adipose explants is attenuated during obesity, suggesting that adipose PRL production is altered by the metabolic state. Several lines of evidence indicate that PRL suppresses lipid storage as well as the release of adipokines such as adiponectin, interleukin-6 and possibly leptin. PRL has also been implicated in the regulation of adipogenesis. A newly developed PRL-secreting human adipocyte cell line, LS14, should allow comprehensive examination of the regulation and function of adipocyte-derived PRL. Collectively, these studies raise the prospect that PRL affects energy homeostasis through its action as an adipokine and is involved in the manifestation of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brandebourg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Lee K, Jeong J, Tsai MJ, Tsai S, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ. Molecular mechanisms involved in progesterone receptor regulation of uterine function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 102:41-50. [PMID: 17067792 PMCID: PMC2562605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian steroid hormone progesterone is a major regulator of uterine function. The actions of this hormone is mediated through its cognate receptor, the progesterone receptor, Pgr. Ablation of the Pgr has shown that this receptor is critical for all female reproductive functions including the ability of the uterus to support and maintain the development of the implanting mouse embryo. High density DNA microarray analysis has identified direct and indirect targets of Pgr action. One of the targets of Pgr action is a member of the Hedgehog morphogen Indian Hedgehog, Ihh. Ihh and members of the Hh signaling cascade show a coordinate expression pattern in the mouse uterus during the preimplantation period of pregnancy. The expression of Ihh and its receptor Patched-1, Ptc1, as well as, down stream targets of Ihh-Ptch1 signaling, such as the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TF II show that this morphogen pathway mediates communication between the uterine epithelial and stromal compartments. The members of the Ihh signaling axis may function to coordinate the proliferation, vascularization and differentiation of the uterine stroma during pregnancy. This analysis demonstrates that progesterone regulates uterine function in the mouse by coordinating the signals from the uterine epithelium to stroma in the preimplantation mouse uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Spooner CJ, Guo X, Johnson PF, Schwartz RC. Differential roles of C/EBP beta regulatory domains in specifying MCP-1 and IL-6 transcription. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1384-92. [PMID: 16784777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
C/EBPbeta is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family of transcription factors and has been shown to be a critical transcriptional regulator of various proinflammatory genes, including IL-6 and MCP-1. To examine the roles of the C/EBPbeta transactivation and regulatory domains in LPS-induced MCP-1 and IL-6 expression, we expressed various N-terminal truncations and deletions of C/EBPbeta in P388 murine B lymphoblasts, which lack endogenous C/EBPbeta expression and are normally unresponsive to LPS for expression of IL-6 and MCP-1. Unexpectedly, a region between amino acids 105 and 212 of C/EBPbeta that includes regulatory domains 1 and 2 facilitates C/EBPbeta activation of IL-6 expression, while having an inhibitory effect on MCP-1 expression. Thus, this region can mediate promoter-specific effects on cytokine and chemokine gene transcription. LIP, the naturally occurring truncated form of C/EBPbeta, largely retains these regulatory domains and stimulates IL-6 but not MCP-1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chauncey J Spooner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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17
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Goldman S, Shalev E. A proposed mechanism for progesterone regulation of trophoblast MMP2 transcription independent of classical progesterone response elements on its promoter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL ASSISTED REPRODUCTION 2006; 3:4. [PMID: 16600042 PMCID: PMC1459195 DOI: 10.1186/1743-1050-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Progesterone receptor act as ligand-inducible transcription factor in the respective target cells by binding to specific progesterone response elements in the promoter of the target genes. However, despite the lack of the classical progesterone response elements on matrix-metalloproteinase-2 promoter, progesterone has been shown to decrease the activity of this promoter Presentation of the hypothesis It has recently been suggested that in addition to interacting with their classical co-activators and co-repressors, progesterone receptor are capable of binding to several transcription factors. By interacting with other classes of transcription factors, progesterone receptor is capable of transcriptional activation through the transcription factors cognate DNA binding site. Testing the hypothesis Exploring transcription factors and transcription binding sites, interacting with the progesterone receptor in modulation of the matrix-metalloproteinase promoter. Implications of the hypothesis Identification of additional endogenous progesterone target genes makes it possible to further explore the signaling mechanisms by which the hormone regulates biological actions. Furthermore, the concepts of ligand-driven conformational diversity and selective tissue actions can be exploited in the future for drug development which selectively regulate orphan receptors from the nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Goldman
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, 18101, Afula, Israel
| | - Eliezer Shalev
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, 18101, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Radde J, Löning T, Bamberger AM. Expression Pattern of the CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein C/EBP-β in Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2004; 23:373-7. [PMID: 15381907 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000139645.32997.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family consists of several factors that are important regulators of intracellular processes and hormone action. C/EBP-beta, the most important member of the C/EBP family, was shown recently to be expressed in the normal human placenta where it is localized in villous syncytiotrophoblast and in the extravillous (intermediate) trophoblast but not the villous cytotrophoblast. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of C/EBP-beta in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) which has not been studied so far. We used immunohistochemistry on a total of 15 cases of GTD including nine complete hydatidiform moles, one placental site nodule (PSN), one placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and four choriocarcinomas. All our tested specimens showed positivity for C/EBP-beta. The strongest C/EBP-beta expression could be observed in villous syncytiotrophoblast and in the trophoblast proliferations on the villous surface of hydatidiform moles; villous cytotrophoblast was negative. The PSN also showed positive nuclear staining but the expression was not as strong as it was in the hydatidiform moles and the total amount of stained cells was the lowest of all GTD. The PSTT also showed immunoreactivity but with a weaker and more heterogeneous staining than in the choriocarcinomas. The specific expression pattern of C/EBP-beta in GTD indicate that C/EBP-beta could potentially be an additional marker of such lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Radde
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Gynecopathology, Institute of Pathology, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Leonhardt SA, Boonyaratanakornkit V, Edwards DP. Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription signaling mechanisms. Steroids 2003; 68:761-70. [PMID: 14667966 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The diverse effects of progesterone on female reproductive tissues are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Thus, PR is an important therapeutic target in female reproduction and in certain endocrine dependent cancers. This paper reviews our understanding of the mechanism of action of the most widely used PR antagonist RU486. Although RU486 is a competitive steroidal antagonist that can displace the natural hormone for PR, it's potency derives from additional "active antagonism" that involves inhibiting the activity of PR hormone agonist complexes in trans through heterodimerization and competition for binding to progesterone response elements on target DNA, and by recruitment of corepressors that have the potential to actively repress gene transcription. An additional functional role for PR has recently been defined whereby a subpopulation of PR in the cytoplasm or cell membrane is capable of mediating rapid progesterone induced activation of certain signal transduction pathways in the absence of gene transcription. This paper also reviews recent results on the mechanism of the extra-nuclear action of PR and the potential biological roles and implications of this novel PR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Leonhardt
- Department of Pathology B216, School of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box B216, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Abstract
The uterus is composed of heterogeneous cell types that undergo cyclic synchronized waves of proliferation and differentiation in response to the rise and fall of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone. The spatial and temporal diversity in cellular responses to ovarian hormones within a given endometrial cell compartment is thought to be effected by locally released factors. These endometrial polypeptides bind to specific cell surface receptors on target cells, resulting in activation of signal transduction pathways by way of coupling to GTP-binding proteins (G proteins), or through autophosphorylation in response to conformational changes induced by the binding of ligand. Within this paradigm, the highly complex and coordinated expression of decidua-specific genes by differentiating endometrial stroma cells during the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle could be regarded as the result of the convergence of liganded steroid hormone receptors and specific activated cytoplasmatic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Christian
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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