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Mosso J, Simicic D, Şimşek K, Kreis R, Cudalbu C, Jelescu IO. MP-PCA denoising for diffusion MRS data: promises and pitfalls. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119634. [PMID: 36150605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) suffers from a lower signal to noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional MRS owing to the addition of diffusion attenuation. This technique can therefore strongly benefit from noise reduction strategies. In the present work, Marchenko-Pastur principal component analysis (MP-PCA) denoising is tested on Monte Carlo simulations and on in vivo DW-MRS data acquired at 9.4 T in rat brain and at 3 T in human brain. We provide a descriptive study of the effects observed following different MP-PCA denoising strategies (denoising the entire matrix versus using a sliding window), in terms of apparent SNR, rank selection, noise correlation within and across b-values and quantification of metabolite concentrations and fitted diffusion coefficients. MP-PCA denoising yielded an increased apparent SNR, a more accurate B0 drift correction between shots, and similar estimates of metabolite concentrations and diffusivities compared to the raw data. No spectral residuals on individual shots were observed but correlations in the noise level across shells were introduced, an effect which was mitigated using a sliding window, but which should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mosso
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kadir Şimşek
- Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Kreis
- Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ileana O Jelescu
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Deelchand DK, Ho ML, Nestrasil I. Ultra-High-Field Imaging of the Pediatric Brain and Spinal Cord. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2021; 29:643-653. [PMID: 34717851 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging with ultra-high field magnets (≥7T) provides superior signal-to-noise, spatial resolution and tissue contrast; but also greater safety concerns, longer scanning times, and increased distortion and field inhomogeneity. Brain and spinal cord anatomic microstructure and function imaged in greater detail offers improved lesion detection, delineation, and characterization. The ongoing development of novel imaging contrasts and translation of cutting-edge sequences will aid more accurate, sensitive, and precise diagnosis, interventional planning, and follow-up for a variety of pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Deelchand
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mai-Lan Ho
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2025 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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3
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Simicic D, Rackayova V, Xin L, Tkáč I, Borbath T, Starcuk Z, Starcukova J, Lanz B, Cudalbu C. In vivo macromolecule signals in rat brain 1 H-MR spectra at 9.4T: Parametrization, spline baseline estimation, and T 2 relaxation times. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:2384-2401. [PMID: 34268821 PMCID: PMC8596437 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reliable detection and fitting of macromolecules (MM) are crucial for accurate quantification of brain short-echo time (TE) 1 H-MR spectra. An experimentally acquired single MM spectrum is commonly used. Higher spectral resolution at ultra-high field (UHF) led to increased interest in using a parametrized MM spectrum together with flexible spline baselines to address unpredicted spectroscopic components. Herein, we aimed to: (1) implement an advanced methodological approach for post-processing, fitting, and parametrization of 9.4T rat brain MM spectra; (2) assess the concomitant impact of the LCModel baseline and MM model (ie, single vs parametrized); and (3) estimate the apparent T2 relaxation times for seven MM components. METHODS A single inversion recovery sequence combined with advanced AMARES prior knowledge was used to eliminate the metabolite residuals, fit, and parametrize 10 MM components directly from 9.4T rat brain in vivo 1 H-MR spectra at different TEs. Monte Carlo simulations were also used to assess the concomitant influence of parametrized MM and DKNTMN parameter in LCModel. RESULTS A very stiff baseline (DKNTMN ≥ 1 ppm) in combination with a single MM spectrum led to deviations in metabolite concentrations. For some metabolites the parametrized MM showed deviations from the ground truth for all DKNTMN values. Adding prior knowledge on parametrized MM improved MM and metabolite quantification. The apparent T2 ranged between 12 and 24 ms for seven MM peaks. CONCLUSION Moderate flexibility in the spline baseline was required for reliable quantification of real/experimental spectra based on in vivo and Monte Carlo data. Prior knowledge on parametrized MM improved MM and metabolite quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland.,Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory for functional and metabolic imaging (LIFMET), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Rackayova
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland.,Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland.,Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tamas Borbath
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starcukova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory for functional and metabolic imaging (LIFMET), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland.,Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Cudalbu C, Behar KL, Bhattacharyya PK, Bogner W, Borbath T, de Graaf RA, Gruetter R, Henning A, Juchem C, Kreis R, Lee P, Lei H, Marjańska M, Mekle R, Murali-Manohar S, Považan M, Rackayová V, Simicic D, Slotboom J, Soher BJ, Starčuk Z, Starčuková J, Tkáč I, Williams S, Wilson M, Wright AM, Xin L, Mlynárik V. Contribution of macromolecules to brain 1 H MR spectra: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4393. [PMID: 33236818 PMCID: PMC10072289 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proton MR spectra of the brain, especially those measured at short and intermediate echo times, contain signals from mobile macromolecules (MM). A description of the main MM is provided in this consensus paper. These broad peaks of MM underlie the narrower peaks of metabolites and often complicate their quantification but they also may have potential importance as biomarkers in specific diseases. Thus, separation of broad MM signals from low molecular weight metabolites enables accurate determination of metabolite concentrations and is of primary interest in many studies. Other studies attempt to understand the origin of the MM spectrum, to decompose it into individual spectral regions or peaks and to use the components of the MM spectrum as markers of various physiological or pathological conditions in biomedical research or clinical practice. The aim of this consensus paper is to provide an overview and some recommendations on how to handle the MM signals in different types of studies together with a list of open issues in the field, which are all summarized at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamas Borbath
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, Germany
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Phil Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hongxia Lei
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Považan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Veronika Rackayová
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Simicic
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Slotboom
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brian J Soher
- Center for Advanced MR Development, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zenon Starčuk
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starčuková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Scientific Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen Williams
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Martin Wright
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lijing Xin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Vladimír Mlynárik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria
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Tkáč I, Deelchand D, Dreher W, Hetherington H, Kreis R, Kumaragamage C, Považan M, Spielman DM, Strasser B, de Graaf RA. Water and lipid suppression techniques for advanced 1 H MRS and MRSI of the human brain: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4459. [PMID: 33327042 PMCID: PMC8569948 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The neurochemical information provided by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be severely compromised if strong signals originating from brain water and extracranial lipids are not properly suppressed. The authors of this paper present an overview of advanced water/lipid-suppression techniques and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, they provide recommendations for choosing the most appropriate techniques for proper use. Methods of water signal handling are primarily focused on the VAPOR technique and on MRS without water suppression (metabolite cycling). The section on lipid-suppression methods in MRSI is divided into three parts. First, lipid-suppression techniques that can be implemented on most clinical MR scanners (volume preselection, outer-volume suppression, selective lipid suppression) are described. Second, lipid-suppression techniques utilizing the combination of k-space filtering, high spatial resolutions and lipid regularization are presented. Finally, three promising new lipid-suppression techniques, which require special hardware (a multi-channel transmit system for dynamic B1+ shimming, a dedicated second-order gradient system or an outer volume crusher coil) are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dinesh Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wolfgang Dreher
- Department of Chemistry, In vivo-MR Group, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hoby Hetherington
- Department of Radiology Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Research, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chathura Kumaragamage
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michal Považan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M. Spielman
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kreis R, Boer V, Choi I, Cudalbu C, de Graaf RA, Gasparovic C, Heerschap A, Krššák M, Lanz B, Maudsley AA, Meyerspeer M, Near J, Öz G, Posse S, Slotboom J, Terpstra M, Tkáč I, Wilson M, Bogner W. Terminology and concepts for the characterization of in vivo MR spectroscopy methods and MR spectra: Background and experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 34:e4347. [PMID: 32808407 PMCID: PMC7887137 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With a 40-year history of use for in vivo studies, the terminology used to describe the methodology and results of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has grown substantially and is not consistent in many aspects. Given the platform offered by this special issue on advanced MRS methodology, the authors decided to describe many of the implicated terms, to pinpoint differences in their meanings and to suggest specific uses or definitions. This work covers terms used to describe all aspects of MRS, starting from the description of the MR signal and its theoretical basis to acquisition methods, processing and to quantification procedures, as well as terms involved in describing results, for example, those used with regard to aspects of quality, reproducibility or indications of error. The descriptions of the meanings of such terms emerge from the descriptions of the basic concepts involved in MRS methods and examinations. This paper also includes specific suggestions for future use of terms where multiple conventions have emerged or coexisted in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kreis
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, and Nuclear Medicine and Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Vincent Boer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Funktions‐ og Billeddiagnostisk EnhedCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - In‐Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hoglund Brain Imaging CenterUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging & Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III & High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Andrew A. Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- High Field MR CenterMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Stefan Posse
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Johannes Slotboom
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, and Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Melissa Terpstra
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Zhou J, Terluk MR, Basso L, Mishra UR, Orchard PJ, Cloyd JC, Schröder H, Kartha RV. N-acetylcysteine Provides Cytoprotection in Murine Oligodendrocytes through Heme Oxygenase-1 Activity. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080240. [PMID: 32717964 PMCID: PMC7460204 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytic injury by oxidative stress can lead to demyelination, contributing to neurodegeneration. We investigated the mechanisms by which an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), reduces oxidative stress in murine oligodendrocytes. We used normal 158N and mutant 158JP cells with endogenously high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Oxidative stress was induced in 158N cells using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 500 μM), and both cells were treated with NAC (50 µM to 500 µM). ROS production, total glutathione (GSH) and cell survival were measured 24 h after treatment. In normal cells, H2O2 treatment resulted in a ~5.5-fold increase in ROS and ~50% cell death. These deleterious effects of oxidative stress were attenuated by NAC, resulting in improved cell survival. Similarly, NAC treatment resulted in decreased ROS levels in 158JP cells. Characterization of mechanisms underlying cytoprotection in both cell lines revealed an increase in GSH levels by NAC, which was partially blocked by an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. Interestingly, we observed heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme, play a critical role in cytoprotection. Inhibition of HO-1 activity abolished the cytoprotective effect of NAC with a corresponding decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Our results indicate that NAC promotes oligodendrocyte survival in oxidative stress-related conditions through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Lisa Basso
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Usha R. Mishra
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - James C. Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Henning Schröder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Reena V. Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.T.); (L.B.); (U.R.M.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-2436
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8
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Güell-Bosch J, Lope-Piedrafita S, Esquerda-Canals G, Montoliu-Gaya L, Villegas S. Progression of Alzheimer's disease and effect of scFv-h3D6 immunotherapy in the 3xTg-AD mouse model: An in vivo longitudinal study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4263. [PMID: 32067292 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable disease that affects most of the 47 million people estimated as living with dementia worldwide. The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In recent years, Aβ-immunotherapy has been revealed as a potential tool in AD treatment. One strategy consists of using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), which avoids the fragment crystallizable (Fc) effects that are supposed to trigger a microglial response, leading to microhemorrhages and vasogenic edemas, as evidenced in clinical trials with bapineuzumab. The scFv-h3D6 generated by our research group derives from this monoclonal antibody, which targets the N-terminal of the Aβ peptide and recognizes monomers, oligomers and fibrils. In this study, 3xTg-AD mice were intraperitoneally and monthly treated with 100 μg of scFv-h3D6 (a dose of ~3.3 mg/kg) or PBS, from 5 to 12 months of age (-mo), the age at which the mice were sacrificed and samples collected for histological and biochemical analyses. During treatments, four monitoring sessions using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) were performed at 5, 7, 9, and 12 months of age. MRI/MRS techniques are widely used in both human and mouse research, allowing to draw an in vivo picture of concrete aspects of the pathology in a non-invasive manner and allowing to monitor its development across time. Compared with the genetic background, 3xTg-AD mice presented a smaller volume in almost all cerebral regions and ages examined, an increase in both the intra and extracellular Aβ1-42 at 12-mo, and an inflammation process at this age, in both the hippocampus (IL-6 and mIns) and cortex (IL-6). In addition, treatment with scFv-h3D6 partially recovered the values in brain volume, and Aβ, IL-6, and mIns concentrations, among others, encouraging further studies with this antibody fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Güell-Bosch
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - G Esquerda-Canals
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Villegas
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Öz G, Deelchand DK, Wijnen JP, Mlynárik V, Xin L, Mekle R, Noeske R, Scheenen TWJ, Tkáč I. Advanced single voxel 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in humans: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 34:e4236. [PMID: 31922301 PMCID: PMC7347431 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional proton MRS has been successfully utilized to noninvasively assess tissue biochemistry in conditions that result in large changes in metabolite levels. For more challenging applications, namely, in conditions which result in subtle metabolite changes, the limitations of vendor-provided MRS protocols are increasingly recognized, especially when used at high fields (≥3 T) where chemical shift displacement errors, B0 and B1 inhomogeneities and limitations in the transmit B1 field become prominent. To overcome the limitations of conventional MRS protocols at 3 and 7 T, the use of advanced MRS methodology, including pulse sequences and adjustment procedures, is recommended. Specifically, the semiadiabatic LASER sequence is recommended when TE values of 25-30 ms are acceptable, and the semiadiabatic SPECIAL sequence is suggested as an alternative when shorter TE values are critical. The magnetic field B0 homogeneity should be optimized and RF pulses should be calibrated for each voxel. Unsuppressed water signal should be acquired for eddy current correction and preferably also for metabolite quantification. Metabolite and water data should be saved in single shots to facilitate phase and frequency alignment and to exclude motion-corrupted shots. Final averaged spectra should be evaluated for SNR, linewidth, water suppression efficiency and the presence of unwanted coherences. Spectra that do not fit predefined quality criteria should be excluded from further analysis. Commercially available tools to acquire all data in consistent anatomical locations are recommended for voxel prescriptions, in particular in longitudinal studies. To enable the larger MRS community to take advantage of these advanced methods, a list of resources for these advanced protocols on the major clinical platforms is provided. Finally, a set of recommendations are provided for vendors to enable development of advanced MRS on standard platforms, including implementation of advanced localization sequences, tools for quality assurance on the scanner, and tools for prospective volume tracking and dynamic linear shim corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Dinesh K. Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jannie P. Wijnen
- High field MR Research group, Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimír Mlynárik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lijing Xin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tom W. J. Scheenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Erwin L Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Zollverein, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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10
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Wilson M, Andronesi O, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Choi IY, Cudalbu C, Dydak U, Emir UE, Gonzalez RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Huppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Kauppinen RA, Klomp DWJ, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjańska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Mullins PG, Murdoch JB, Nelson SJ, Noeske R, Öz G, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Ratai EM, Salibi N, Scheenen TWJ, Smith ICP, Soher BJ, Tkáč I, Vigneron DB, Howe FA. Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:527-550. [PMID: 30919510 PMCID: PMC7179569 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proton MRS (1 H MRS) provides noninvasive, quantitative metabolite profiles of tissue and has been shown to aid the clinical management of several brain diseases. Although most modern clinical MR scanners support MRS capabilities, routine use is largely restricted to specialized centers with good access to MR research support. Widespread adoption has been slow for several reasons, and technical challenges toward obtaining reliable good-quality results have been identified as a contributing factor. Considerable progress has been made by the research community to address many of these challenges, and in this paper a consensus is presented on deficiencies in widely available MRS methodology and validated improvements that are currently in routine use at several clinical research institutions. In particular, the localization error for the PRESS localization sequence was found to be unacceptably high at 3 T, and use of the semi-adiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing sequence is a recommended solution. Incorporation of simulated metabolite basis sets into analysis routines is recommended for reliably capturing the full spectral detail available from short TE acquisitions. In addition, the importance of achieving a highly homogenous static magnetic field (B0 ) in the acquisition region is emphasized, and the limitations of current methods and hardware are discussed. Most recommendations require only software improvements, greatly enhancing the capabilities of clinical MRS on existing hardware. Implementation of these recommendations should strengthen current clinical applications and advance progress toward developing and validating new MRS biomarkers for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Ovidiu Andronesi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter B Barker
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Alberto Bizzi
- U.O. Neuroradiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrick J Bolan
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - In-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Uzay E Emir
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ramon G Gonzalez
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Gruber
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Petra S Huppi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ralph E Hurd
- Stanford Radiological Sciences Lab, Stanford, California
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Risto A Kauppinen
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | | | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin O Leach
- CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, England
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- DVA Medical Center and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Paul G Mullins
- Bangor Imaging Unit, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales
| | | | - Sarah J Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Gülin Öz
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Julie W Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Harish Poptani
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - Stefan Posse
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nouha Salibi
- MR R&D, Siemens Healthineers, Malvern, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brian J Soher
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Franklyn A Howe
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, England
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11
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Wiggermann V, Lapointe E, Litvin L, Graf C, Hernández-Torres E, McKenzie M, Vavasour IM, Laule C, MacMillan EL, Li DKB, Kolind SH, Rauscher A, Traboulsee AL. Longitudinal advanced MRI case report of white matter radiation necrosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 6:379-385. [PMID: 30847370 PMCID: PMC6389755 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation necrosis mostly occurs in and near the radiation field. We used magnetic resonance imaging to study radiation-induced necrosis of atypical onset, severity, and extent following stereotactic radiosurgery for a symptomatic arteriovenous malformation. Susceptibility-sensitive imaging, T1-relaxation, myelin water imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were acquired three times up to 52 months postradiosurgery. Increasing water content outside the radiation field, contralateral neuronal loss, and gliosis were detected over time. Our findings suggest that radiation-induced vasculopathic changes spread more diffusely than previously described. An autoimmune response to brain antigens could underlie white matter changes outside the initial radiation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wiggermann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lapointe
- Department of Medicine Division of Neurology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ludmila Litvin
- Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Carina Graf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Enedino Hernández-Torres
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Michael McKenzie
- Department of Surgery Division of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Irene M Vavasour
- UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cornelia Laule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin L MacMillan
- UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Philips Markham Ontario Canada
| | - David K B Li
- Department of Medicine Division of Neurology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Shannon H Kolind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Medicine Division of Neurology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,UBC MRI Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Anthony L Traboulsee
- Department of Medicine Division of Neurology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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12
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Wilson M. Robust retrospective frequency and phase correction for single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:2878-2886. [PMID: 30417937 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Subject motion and static field (B0 ) drift are known to reduce the quality of single voxel MR spectroscopy data due to incoherent averaging. Retrospective correction has previously been shown to improve data quality by adjusting the phase and frequency offset of each average to match a reference spectrum. In this work, a new method (RATS) is developed to be tolerant to large frequency shifts (>7 Hz) and baseline instability resulting from inconsistent water suppression. METHODS In contrast to previous approaches, the variable-projection method and baseline fitting is incorporated into the correction procedure to improve robustness to fluctuating baseline signals and optimization instability. RATS is compared to an alternative method, based on time-domain spectral registration (TDSR), using simulated data to model frequency, phase, and baseline instability. In addition, a J-difference edited glutathione in-vivo dataset is processed using both approaches and compared. RESULTS RATS offers improved accuracy and stability for large frequency shifts and unstable baselines. Reduced subtraction artifacts are demonstrated for glutathione edited MRS when using RATS, compared with uncorrected or TDSR corrected spectra. CONCLUSIONS The RATS algorithm has been shown to provide accurate retrospective correction of SVS MRS data in the presence of large frequency shifts and baseline instability. The method is rapid, generic and therefore readily incorporated into MRS processing pipelines to improve lineshape, SNR, and aid quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Güell-Bosch J, Esquerda-Canals G, Roda AR, Serra-Mir G, Lope-Piedrafita S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Villegas S. Differential effects of apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides on the action of an anti-Aβ scFv in 3xTg-AD mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:380-392. [PMID: 30026023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Aβ immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). The single-chain variable fragment scFv-h3D6 is an anti-Aβ antibody fragment that lacks the Fc region, which is associated with the induction of microglial reactivity by the full-length monoclonal antibody bapineuzumab. ScFv-h3D6 was previously shown to restore the levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein J (apoJ) in a triple-transgenic-AD (3xTg-AD) mouse model. Since apoE and apoJ play an important role in the development of AD, we aimed to study the in vivo effect of the combined therapy of scFv-h3D6 with apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides (MPs). Four-and-a-half-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were treated for six weeks with scFv-h3D6, apoE-MP, apoJ-MP, or a combination of scFv-h3D6 with each of the MPs, or a vehicle, and then the results were compared to non-transgenic mice. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed a general tendency of the different treatments to protect against the reduction in brain volume. Aβ burden decreased after treatment with scFv-h3D6, apoE-MP, or apoJ-MP, but the effect was not as evident with the combined therapies. In terms of glial reactivity, apoE-MP showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect that was eased by the presence of scFv-h3D6, whereas the combination of apoJ-MP and scFv-h3D6 was not detrimental. ScFv-h3D6 alone did not induce microglial reactivity, as full-length antibodies do; rather, it reduced it. Endogenous apoE and apoJ levels were decreased by scFv-h3D6, but the MPs lead to a simultaneous increase of both apolipoproteins. While apoE-MP and apoJ-MP demonstrated different effects in the combined therapies with scFv-h3D6, they did not improve the overall protective effect of scFv-h3D6 in reducing the Aβ burden, apolipoproteins levels or microglial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jofre Güell-Bosch
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gisela Esquerda-Canals
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandro R Roda
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Serra-Mir
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Protein Folding and Stability Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Deelchand DK, Kantarci K, Öz G. Improved localization, spectral quality, and repeatability with advanced MRS methodology in the clinical setting. Magn Reson Med 2018; 79:1241-1250. [PMID: 28618085 PMCID: PMC5760483 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the utility of an advanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol in the clinical setting, and to compare the localization accuracy, spectral quality, and quantification repeatability between this advanced and the conventional vendor-provided MRS protocol on a clinical 3T platform. METHODS Proton spectra were measured from the posterior cingulate cortices in 30 healthy elderly subjects by clinical MR technologists using a vendor-provided (point resolved spectroscopy with advanced 3D gradient-echo B0 shimming) and an advanced (semi-LASER with FAST(EST)MAP shimming) protocol, in random order. Spectra were quantified with LCModel using standard pipelines for the clinical and research settings, respectively. RESULTS The advanced protocol outperformed the vendor-provided protocol in localization accuracy (chemical-shift-displacement error: 2.0%/ppm, semi-LASER versus 11.6%/ppm, point resolved spectroscopy), spectral quality (water linewidth: 6.1 ± 1.8 Hz, FAST(EST)MAP versus 10.5 ± 3.7 Hz, 3D gradient echo; P < 7e-6; residual water: 0.08 ± 0.12%, VAPOR versus 0.45 ± 0.50%, WET; P < 2e-5) and within-session repeatability of metabolite concentrations, particularly of low signal-to-noise ratio data with two to eight averages (test-retest coefficients of variance of metabolite concentrations, P < 0.01). Concentrations of J-coupled metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate were biased when using the default pipeline with simulated macromolecules. CONCLUSIONS The quality of MRS data can be improved using advanced acquisition and analysis protocols on standard 3T hardware in the clinical setting, which can facilitate robust applications in central nervous system diseases. Magn Reson Med 79:1241-1250, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Giapitzakis I, Shao T, Avdievich N, Mekle R, Kreis R, Henning A. Metabolite‐cycled STEAM and semi‐LASER localization for MR spectroscopy of the human brain at 9.4T. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1841-1850. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis‐Angelos Giapitzakis
- High‐Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingen Germany
- IMPRS for Cognitive & Systems NeuroscienceTübingen Germany
| | - Tingting Shao
- High‐Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingen Germany
| | - Nikolai Avdievich
- High‐Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingen Germany
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin Germany
| | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical ResearchUniversity BernBern Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- High‐Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTübingen Germany
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswald Germany
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16
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Pierpont EI, Eisengart JB, Shanley R, Nascene D, Raymond GV, Shapiro EG, Ziegler RS, Orchard PJ, Miller WP. Neurocognitive Trajectory of Boys Who Received a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant at an Early Stage of Childhood Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:710-717. [PMID: 28418523 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Untreated childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) is a fatal disease associated with progressive cerebral demyelination and rapid, devastating neurologic decline. The standard of care to enhance long-term survival and stabilize cerebral disease is a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Neurologic outcomes are better when HSCT occurs at an earlier stage of cALD, yet there is limited understanding of the neurocognitive trajectory of patients who undergo HSCT. Objectives To characterize neurocognitive outcomes of boys with cALD and early-stage cerebral disease who were treated with an allogeneic HSCT and to identify disease- and treatment-related factors associated with long-term functioning. Design, Setting, and Participants Baseline and follow-up neurocognitive test performance was analyzed for all boys with cALD who received an HSCT at the University of Minnesota between January 1, 1991, and October 20, 2014, and who had a pretransplant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) severity score of less than 10 (scale range, 0-34; higher scores indicate greater severity). Main Outcomes and Measures Longitudinal neurocognitive test performance in 4 domains (verbal comprehension, perceptual [visual] reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) were the primary outcome measures. Secondary analysis at the most recent evaluation also included measures of sustained attention, verbal memory, visual-motor integration, and fine motor function. Results Among the 62 boys in this study (mean [SD] age at transplant, 8.37 [2.80] years; range, 4-16 years), there was a significant association of pretransplant MRI severity and baseline verbal comprehension (r = -0.340; P = .008), perceptual reasoning (r = -0.419; P = .001), and processing speed (r = -0.285; P = .03) scores. Higher pretransplant MRI severity scores were also associated with a steeper decline in neurocognitive functioning during the 5-year follow-up period. Twenty-two of 33 patients (67%) with available long-term follow-up neurocognitive testing had severe impairment in at least 1 neurocognitive domain at the most recent evaluation. Conclusions and Relevance Boys with cALD who have greater than minimal cerebral disease detected on MRI scans at the time of an HSCT are at risk for severe, persistent neurocognitive deficits. These findings motivate further exploration of methods of detecting cerebral disease prior to development of lesions observable on MRI scans, an endeavor that may be facilitated by newborn screening for adrenoleukodystrophy. These findings may serve a benchmark role in evaluating the efficacy of novel interventions for cALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Pierpont
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Julie B Eisengart
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ryan Shanley
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis
| | - David Nascene
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - Elsa G Shapiro
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis5Shapiro & Delaney LLC, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Rich S Ziegler
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Weston P Miller
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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17
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Tran C, Patel J, Stacy H, Mamak EG, Faghfoury H, Raiman J, Clarke JTR, Blaser S, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S. Long-term outcome of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A retrospective cohort study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017; 21:600-609. [PMID: 28274546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder associated with leukodystrophy, myeloneuropathy and adrenocortical insufficiency. We performed a retrospective cohort study to evaluate long-term outcome of patients with X-ALD. METHOD All patients with X-ALD diagnosed between 1989 and 2012 were included. Electronic patient charts were reviewed for clinical features, biochemical investigations, molecular genetic testing, neuroimaging, long-term outcome and treatment. RESULTS Forty-eight patients from 18 unrelated families were included (15 females; 33 males). Seventeen patients were symptomatic at the time of the biochemical diagnosis including 14 with neurocognitive dysfunction and 3 with Addison disease only. Thirty-one asymptomatic individuals were identified by positive family history of X-ALD. During follow-up, eight individuals developed childhood cerebral X-ALD (CCALD), one individual developed adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), six individuals developed Addison disease only, and five individuals remained asymptomatic. Direct sequencing of ABCD1 confirmed the genetic diagnosis in 29 individuals. Seven patients with CCALD underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Nine patients lost the follow-up. There was no correlation between clinical severity score, Loes score and elevated degree of elevated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels in CCALD. CONCLUSION Our study reports forty-eight new patients with X-ALD and their long-term outcome. Only 35% of the patients presented with neurological features or Addison disease. The remaining individuals were identified due to positive family history. Close monitoring of asymptomatic males resulted in early HSCT to prevent progressive lethal neurodegenerative disease. Identification of patients with X-ALD is important to improve neurodevelopmental outcome of asymptomatic males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Tran
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Division of Genetic Medicine, Center for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jaina Patel
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hewson Stacy
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eva G Mamak
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
| | - Hanna Faghfoury
- The Fred A Litwin and Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julian Raiman
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joe T R Clarke
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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18
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McKay J, Tkáč I. Quantitative in vivo neurochemical profiling in humans: where are we now? Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1339-1350. [PMID: 27794521 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biofluids has become one of the key techniques for metabolic profiling and phenotyping. This technique has been widely used in a number of epidemiological studies and in a variety of health disorders. However, its utilization in brain disorders is limited due to the blood-brain barrier, which not only protects the brain from unwanted substances in the blood, but also substantially limits the potential of finding biomarkers for neurological disorders in serum. This review article focuses on the potential of localized in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) for non-invasive neurochemical profiling in the human brain. First, methodological aspects of 1H-MRS (data acquisition, processing and metabolite quantification) that are essential for reliable non-invasive neurochemical profiling are described. Second, the power of 1H-MRS-based neurochemical profiling is demonstrated using some examples of its application in neuroscience and neurology. Finally, the authors present their vision and propose necessary steps to establish 1H-MRS as a method suitable for large-scale neurochemical profiling in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McKay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Inherited or acquired metabolic disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27432685 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter starts with a description of imaging of inherited metabolic disorders, followed by a discussion on imaging of acquired toxic-metabolic disorders of the adult brain. Neuroimaging is crucial for the diagnosis and management of a number of inherited metabolic disorders. Among these, inherited white-matter disorders commonly affect both the nervous system and endocrine organs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled new classifications of these disorders that have greatly enhanced both our diagnostic ability and our understanding of these complex disorders. Beyond the classic leukodystrophies, we are increasingly recognizing new hereditary leukoencephalopathies such as the hypomyelinating disorders. Conventional imaging can be unrevealing in some metabolic disorders, but proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may be able to directly visualize the metabolic abnormality in certain disorders. Hence, neuroimaging can enhance our understanding of pathogenesis, even in the absence of a pathologic specimen. This review aims to present pathognomonic brain MRI lesion patterns, the diagnostic capacity of proton MRS, and information from clinical and laboratory testing that can aid diagnosis. We demonstrate that applying an advanced neuroimaging approach enhances current diagnostics and management. Additional information on inherited and metabolic disorders of the brain can be found in Chapter 63 in the second volume of this series.
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20
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Ratai EM, Gilberto González R. Clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 135:93-116. [PMID: 27432661 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can easily be added to the conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences. Using MRS one can directly compare spectra from pathologic or abnormal tissue and normal tissue. Metabolic changes arising from pathology that can be visualized by MRS may not be apparent from anatomy that can be visualized by conventional MR imaging. In addition, metabolic changes may precede anatomic changes. Thus, MRS is used for diagnostics, to observe disease progression, monitor therapeutic treatments, and to understand the pathogenesis of diseases. MRS may have an important impact on patient management. The purpose of this chapter is to provide practical guidance in the clinical application of MRS of the brain. This chapter provides an overview of MRS-detectable metabolites and their significance. In addition some specific current clinical applications of MRS will be discussed, including brain tumors, inborn errors of metabolism, leukodystrophies, ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The chapter concludes with technical considerations and challenges of clinical MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ratai
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - R Gilberto González
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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In Vivo NMR Studies of the Brain with Hereditary or Acquired Metabolic Disorders. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2647-85. [PMID: 26610379 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, whether hereditary or acquired, affect the brain, and abnormalities of the brain are related to cellular integrity; particularly in regard to neurons and astrocytes as well as interactions between them. Metabolic disturbances lead to alterations in cellular function as well as microscopic and macroscopic structural changes in the brain with diabetes, the most typical example of metabolic disorders, and a number of hereditary metabolic disorders. Alternatively, cellular dysfunction and degeneration of the brain lead to metabolic disturbances in hereditary neurological disorders with neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques allow us to assess a range of pathophysiological changes of the brain in vivo. For example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects alterations in brain metabolism and energetics. Physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects accompanying changes in cerebral blood flow related to neurovascular coupling. Diffusion and T1/T2-weighted MRI detect microscopic and macroscopic changes of the brain structure. This review summarizes current NMR findings of functional, physiological and biochemical alterations within a number of hereditary and acquired metabolic disorders in both animal models and humans. The global view of the impact of these metabolic disorders on the brain may be useful in identifying the unique and/or general patterns of abnormalities in the living brain related to the pathophysiology of the diseases, and identifying future fields of inquiry.
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22
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Ferreira CR, Silber MH, Chang T, Murnick JG, Kirmse B. Cerebral Lipid Accumulation Detected by MRS in a Child with Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 Deficiency: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Genetic Etiologies of Lipid Peaks on MRS. JIMD Rep 2015; 28:69-74. [PMID: 26537576 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of lipids in the brain are located in the bilayer membranes. These lipids are not visible by magnetic resonance spectroscopy since they have restricted mobility. Only mobile lipids, such as cholesterol esters or triglycerides in neutral lipid droplets, have enough rotational freedom to generate a signal on spectroscopy. These signals are detected as peaks at 1.3 ppm, originating from the methylene groups in the fatty acid chain, and 0.9 ppm, originating from the distal methyl group. We review the literature on the different genetic conditions that have been found to show lipid peaks on brain spectroscopy and report the first patient with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 deficiency shown to have such lipid peaks, thus indicating brain fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Molly H Silber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taeun Chang
- Division of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy and Critical Care, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan G Murnick
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian Kirmse
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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van de Looij Y, Dean JM, Gunn AJ, Hüppi PS, Sizonenko SV. Advanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging techniques applied to brain development and animal models of perinatal injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 45:29-38. [PMID: 25818582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used in the field of brain development and perinatal brain injury. Due to technical progress the magnetic field strength (B0) of MR systems has continuously increased, favoring (1)H-MRS with quantification of up to 18 metabolites in the brain and short echo time (TE) MRI sequences including phase and susceptibility imaging. For longer TE techniques including diffusion imaging modalities, the benefits of higher B0 have not been clearly established. Nevertheless, progress has also been made in new advanced diffusion models that have been developed to enhance the accuracy and specificity of the derived diffusion parameters. In this review, we will describe the latest developments in MRS and MRI techniques, including high-field (1)H-MRS, phase and susceptibility imaging, and diffusion imaging, and discuss their application in the study of cerebral development and perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development & Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Division of Child Development & Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane V Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development & Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Tremblay S, Beaulé V, Proulx S, Lafleur LP, Doyon J, Marjańska M, Théoret H. The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for the measurement of bi-hemispheric transcranial electric stimulation effects on primary motor cortex metabolism. J Vis Exp 2014:e51631. [PMID: 25490453 DOI: 10.3791/51631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that (1)H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with (1)H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julien Doyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montréal
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota;
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of Psychology, University of Montréal;
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25
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Abstract
A plethora of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques developed in the last two decades provide unique and noninvasive measurement capabilities for studies of basic brain function and brain diseases in humans. Animal model experiments have been an indispensible part of this development. MR imaging and spectroscopy measurements have been employed in animal models, either by themselves or in combination with complementary and often invasive techniques, to enlighten us about the information content of such MR methods and/or verify observations made in the human brain. They have also been employed, with or independently of human efforts, to examine mechanisms underlying pathological developments in the brain, exploiting the wealth of animal models available for such studies. In this endeavor, the desire to push for ever-higher spatial and/or spectral resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, and unique image contrast has inevitably led to the introduction of increasingly higher magnetic fields. As a result, today, animal model studies are starting to be conducted at magnetic fields ranging from ~ 11 to 17 Tesla, significantly enhancing the armamentarium of tools available for the probing brain function and brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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26
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Öz G, Alger JR, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Boesch C, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Cudalbu C, Dinçer A, Dydak U, Emir UE, Frahm J, González RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Howe FA, Hüppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Klomp DWJ, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjańska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Nelson SJ, Pamir MN, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Pouwels PJW, Ratai EM, Ross BD, Scheenen TWJ, Schuster C, Smith ICP, Soher BJ, Tkáč I, Vigneron DB, Kauppinen RA. Clinical proton MR spectroscopy in central nervous system disorders. Radiology 2014; 270:658-79. [PMID: 24568703 PMCID: PMC4263653 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of published work shows that proton (hydrogen 1 [(1)H]) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy has evolved from a research tool into a clinical neuroimaging modality. Herein, the authors present a summary of brain disorders in which MR spectroscopy has an impact on patient management, together with a critical consideration of common data acquisition and processing procedures. The article documents the impact of (1)H MR spectroscopy in the clinical evaluation of disorders of the central nervous system. The clinical usefulness of (1)H MR spectroscopy has been established for brain neoplasms, neonatal and pediatric disorders (hypoxia-ischemia, inherited metabolic diseases, and traumatic brain injury), demyelinating disorders, and infectious brain lesions. The growing list of disorders for which (1)H MR spectroscopy may contribute to patient management extends to neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and stroke. To facilitate expanded clinical acceptance and standardization of MR spectroscopy methodology, guidelines are provided for data acquisition and analysis, quality assessment, and interpretation. Finally, the authors offer recommendations to expedite the use of robust MR spectroscopy methodology in the clinical setting, including incorporation of technical advances on clinical units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jeffry R. Alger
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Peter B. Barker
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Robert Bartha
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alberto Bizzi
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Chris Boesch
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Patrick J. Bolan
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alp Dinçer
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Uzay E. Emir
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jens Frahm
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ramón Gilberto González
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Stephan Gruber
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Arend Heerschap
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Anke Henning
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Hoby P. Hetherington
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Franklyn A. Howe
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ralph E. Hurd
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Dennis W. J. Klomp
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Roland Kreis
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Marijn J. Kruiskamp
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Martin O. Leach
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Alexander P. Lin
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Peter R. Luijten
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Andrew A. Maudsley
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Carolyn E. Mountford
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - M. Necmettin Pamir
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Jullie W. Pan
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Andrew C. Peet
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Harish Poptani
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Stefan Posse
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Petra J. W. Pouwels
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Brian D. Ross
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Tom W. J. Scheenen
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Christian Schuster
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ian C. P. Smith
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Brian J. Soher
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- From the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (G.O.)
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27
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Definition and quantification of acute inflammatory white matter injury in the immature brain by MRI/MRS at high magnetic field. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:415-23. [PMID: 24346113 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in the corpus callosum (CC) of rat pups results in diffuse white matter injury similar to the main neuropathology of preterm infants. The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and metabolic markers of acute inflammatory injury by high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo. METHODS Twenty-four hours after a 1-mg/kg injection of LPS in postnatal day 3 rat pups, diffusion tensor imaging and proton nuclear magnetic spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) were analyzed in conjunction to determine markers of cell death and inflammation using immunohistochemistry and gene expression. RESULTS MRI and MRS in the CC revealed an increase in lactate and free lipids and a decrease of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Detailed evaluation of the CC showed a marked apoptotic response assessed by fractin expression. Interestingly, the degree of reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient correlated strongly with the natural logarithm of fractin expression, in the same region of interest. LPS injection further resulted in increased activated microglia clustered in the cingulum, widespread astrogliosis, and increased expression of genes for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor. CONCLUSION This model was able to reproduce the typical MRI hallmarks of acute diffuse white matter injury seen in preterm infants and allowed the evaluation of in vivo biomarkers of acute neuropathology after inflammatory challenge.
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28
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Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid indicates iron deficiency compromises cerebral energy metabolism in the infant monkey. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:573-80. [PMID: 23269483 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia affects many pregnant women and young infants worldwide. The health impact is significant, given iron's known role in many body functions, including oxidative and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and brain neurochemistry. The following research determined if (1)H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could detect the adverse influence of early life iron deficiency on the central nervous system. Using a controlled dietary model in 43 infant primates, distinct differences were found in spectra acquired at 600 MHz from the CSF of anemic monkeys. Three metabolite ratios, citrate/pyruvate, citrate/lactate and pyruvate/glutamine ratios, differed significantly in the iron deficient infant and then normalized following the consumption of dietary iron and improvement of clinical indices of anemia in the heme compartment. This distinctive metabolomic profile associated with anemia in the young infant indicates that CSF can be employed to track the neurological effects of iron deficiency and benefits of iron supplementation.
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Inoue S, Terada S, Matsumoto T, Ujike H, Uchitomi Y. A case of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy with frontal lobe dysfunction: a novel point mutation in the ABCD1 gene. Intern Med 2012; 51:1403-6. [PMID: 22687851 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 48-year-old man with adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) who developed dementia with subacute onset. He was abulic, indifferent to his surroundings, and without insight with regards to his own disease. An elevated plasma very long chain fatty acid level and a novel point mutation IVS3+2t>g in the ABCD1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of ALD. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed a high intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes. Severe brain hypoperfusion in the frontal lobes was revealed. We believe that this is a rare case of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy with predominant frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Emir UE, Auerbach EJ, Van De Moortele PF, Marjańska M, Uğurbil K, Terpstra M, Tkáč I, Oz G. Regional neurochemical profiles in the human brain measured by ¹H MRS at 7 T using local B₁ shimming. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:152-60. [PMID: 21766380 PMCID: PMC3197892 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased sensitivity and chemical shift dispersion at ultra-high magnetic fields enable the precise quantification of an extended range of brain metabolites from (1)H MRS. However, all previous neurochemical profiling studies using single-voxel MRS at 7 T have been limited to data acquired from the occipital lobe with half-volume coils. The challenges of (1)H MRS of the human brain at 7 T include short T(2) and complex B(1) distribution that imposes limitations on the maximum achievable B(1) strength. In this study, the feasibility of acquiring and quantifying short-echo (TE =8 ms), single-voxel (1)H MR spectra from multiple brain regions was demonstrated by utilizing a 16-channel transceiver array coil with 16 independent transmit channels, allowing local transmit B(1) (B(1)(+)) shimming. Spectra were acquired from volumes of interest of 1-8 mL in brain regions that are of interest for various neurological disorders: frontal white matter, posterior cingulate, putamen, substantia nigra, pons and cerebellar vermis. Local B(1)(+) shimming substantially increased the transmit efficiency, especially in the peripheral and ventral brain regions. By optimizing a STEAM sequence for utilization with a 16-channel coil, artifact-free spectra were acquired with a small chemical shift displacement error (<5% /ppm/direction) from all regions. The high signal-to-noise ratio enabled the quantification of neurochemical profiles consisting of at least nine metabolites, including γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and glutathione, in all brain regions. Significant differences in neurochemical profiles were observed between brain regions. For example, γ-aminobutyric acid levels were highest in the substantia nigra, total creatine was highest in the cerebellar vermis and total choline was highest in the pons, consistent with the known biochemistry of these regions. These findings demonstrate that single-voxel (1)H MRS at ultra-high field can reliably detect region-specific neurochemical patterns in the human brain, and has the potential to objectively detect alterations in neurochemical profiles associated with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay E Emir
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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In vivo monitoring of recovery from neurodegeneration in conditional transgenic SCA1 mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:290-8. [PMID: 21963649 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and objective markers of neuronal function and pathology that can directly assess the effects of neuroprotective treatments in the brain are urgently needed for clinical trials in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we assessed the sensitivity of high field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) to monitor reversal of neurodegeneration by taking advantage of a well characterized conditional mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), where the cerebellar pathology and ataxic phenotype are reversible by doxycycline administration. Transgene expression was suppressed by feeding the mice with chow that contains doxycycline from 6 to 12 weeks of age in an early stage group and from 12 to 24 weeks in a mid-stage group. Cerebellar neurochemical profiles of treated and untreated conditional mice were measured at 9.4 tesla (T) before and after treatment and compared to those of wild type (WT) controls, as well as to histology measures (molecular layer thickness in the primary fissure and a global pathological severity score). Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol in the treated mice trended toward normalization to WT levels in both the early and mid-stage groups. The NAA-to-myo-inositol ratio was significantly different between the treated vs. untreated SCA1 mice and demonstrated partial reversal to WT values both at early and mid-stage, consistent with the histological measures. Taurine and total creatine levels were completely normalized in early and mid-stage treatment groups, respectively. The MRS markers were a more sensitive measure of treatment response than the histological measures from the same volume-of-interest in the early stage group. NAA, myo-inositol and taurine levels were significantly correlated with the histology measures in data combined from all groups. These data demonstrate that MRS markers reliably detect rescue from neuronal pathology and imply that the neurochemical levels measured by MRS accurately reflect treatment efficacy. Therefore this study presents an important step in validating MRS biomarkers as potential surrogate markers to evaluate therapeutics in pre-clinical and clinical trials in SCA1.
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Influence of work shift on glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): evaluation with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3T. Psychiatry Res 2011; 192:55-9. [PMID: 21377845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Working conditions such as shift work constitute a well-known risk factor for insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness complaints. We compared brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and Glx (Glu+Gln) levels in day-shift versus alternate-shift workers with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) at 3T. The study population consisted of 32 healthy adult volunteers (16 day-shift and 16 alternate-shift workers). Each subject underwent MRS conducted using a MEGA-PRESS sequence in the early morning and early evening on the same day. Spectroscopy voxels (3.0 cm × 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm) were placed in the frontal lobe and parieto-occipital lobe. The GABA/Cr ratio in the frontal lobe was significantly lower for the alternate-shift group than for the day-shift group in the early evening (1.885 vs. 0.875). For the other metabolite ratios (Gln/Cr and Glx/Cr), there were no significant differences between the two groups regardless of morning or evening schedule. Our preliminary finding represents a possible alteration of GABA content in the brain related to an irregular work schedule.
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Oz G, Tkáč I. Short-echo, single-shot, full-intensity proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for neurochemical profiling at 4 T: validation in the cerebellum and brainstem. Magn Reson Med 2010; 65:901-10. [PMID: 21413056 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A short echo time (TE = 24 ms) semiadiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (LASER) sequence was designed and optimized for full-intensity proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS) at 4 T. The sequence was combined with VAPOR water suppression and three-dimensional outer volume suppression for improved localization and suppression of unwanted coherences. Artifact-free, single-shot spectra were obtained from the human brain with a spectral pattern almost identical to that obtained with an ultra-short TE (TE = 5 ms) stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence as a result of the train of adiabatic refocusing pulses in semi-LASER that reduce the apparent TE. Approximately 2-fold higher signal intensity relative to STEAM was demonstrated in phantoms and the human brain. To test the performance of the sequence in clinically relevant brain regions with a volume coil, semi-LASER spectra were acquired from three cerebellar and brainstem volumes of interest (VOIs) in 23 healthy subjects. Ultra-short echo STEAM spectra were acquired from the same VOIs to compare neurochemical profiles obtained with semi-LASER with those obtained with STEAM. Neurochemical profiles of the cerebellum and brainstem acquired by these two techniques were nearly identical, validating the accuracy of the metabolite concentrations obtained with semi-LASER at the longer TE relative to STEAM. A high correlation between metabolite concentrations obtained by these two proton (1) H MRS techniques indicated the sensitivity to detect intersubject variation in metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Oz
- Center for MR Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Oz G, Hutter D, Tkác I, Clark HB, Gross MD, Jiang H, Eberly LE, Bushara KO, Gomez CM. Neurochemical alterations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and their correlations with clinical status. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1253-61. [PMID: 20310029 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers of neurodegeneration are critical for testing of neuroprotective therapies. The clinical applicability of such biomarkers requires sufficient sensitivity to detect disease in individuals. Here we tested the sensitivity of high field (4 tesla) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) to neurochemical alterations in the cerebellum and brainstem in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). We measured neurochemical profiles that consisted of 10 to 15 metabolite concentrations in the vermis, cerebellar hemispheres and pons of patients with SCA1 (N = 9) and healthy controls (N = 15). Total NAA (N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate, tNAA) and glutamate were lower and glutamine, myo-inositol and total creatine (creatine + phosphocreatine, tCr) were higher in patients relative to controls, consistent with neuronal dysfunction/loss, gliotic activity, and alterations in glutamate-glutamine cycling and energy metabolism. Changes in tNAA, tCr, myo-inositol, and glutamate levels were discernible in individual spectra and the tNAA/myo-inositol ratio in the cerebellar hemispheres and pons differentiated the patients from controls with 100% specificity and sensitivity. In addition, tNAA, myo-inositol, and glutamate levels in the cerebellar hemispheres and the tNAA and myo-inositol levels in the pons correlated with ataxia scores (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia, SARA). Two other biomarkers measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a subset of the volunteers (F(2)-isoprostanes asa marker of oxidative stress and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a marker of gliosis) were not different between patients and controls. These data demonstrate that (1)H MRS biomarkers can be utilized to noninvasively assess neuronal and glial status in individual ataxia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Oz
- Center for MR Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Haris M, Cai K, Singh A, Hariharan H, Reddy R. In vivo mapping of brain myo-inositol. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2079-85. [PMID: 20951217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-Inositol (MI) is one of the most abundant metabolites in the human brain located mainly in glial cells and functions as an osmolyte. The concentration of MI is altered in many brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. Currently available magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods for measuring MI are limited to low spatial resolution. Here, we demonstrate that the hydroxyl protons on MI exhibit chemical exchange with bulk water and saturation of these protons leads to reduction in bulk water signal through a mechanism known as chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The hydroxyl proton exchange rate (k=600 s(-1)) is determined to be in the slow to intermediate exchange regime on the NMR time scale (chemical shift (∆ω)>k), suggesting that the CEST effect of MI (MICEST) can be imaged at high fields such as 7 T (∆ω=1.2×10(3)rad/s) and 9.4 T (∆ω=1.6×10(3) rad/s). Using optimized imaging parameters, concentration dependent broad CEST asymmetry between ~0.2 and 1.5 ppm with a peak at ~0.6 ppm from bulk water was observed. Further, it is demonstrated that MICEST detection is feasible in the human brain at ultra high fields (7 T) without exceeding the allowed limits on radiofrequency specific absorption rate. Results from healthy human volunteers (N=5) showed significantly higher (p=0.03) MICEST effect from white matter (5.2±0.5%) compared to gray matter (4.3±0.5%). The mean coefficient of variations for intra-subject MICEST contrast in WM and GM were 0.49 and 0.58 respectively. Potential overlap of CEST signals from other brain metabolites with the observed MICEST map is discussed. This noninvasive approach potentially opens the way to image MI in vivo and to monitor its alteration in many disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haris
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging (CMROI), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
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Iltis I, Hutter D, Bushara KO, Clark HB, Gross M, Eberly LE, Gomez CM, Oz G. (1)H MR spectroscopy in Friedreich's ataxia and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Brain Res 2010; 1358:200-10. [PMID: 20713024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) are the two most frequent forms of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. However, brain metabolism in these disorders is poorly characterized and biomarkers of the disease progression are lacking. We aimed at assessing the neurochemical profile of the pons, the cerebellar hemisphere and the vermis in patients with FRDA and AOA2 to identify potential biomarkers of these diseases. METHODS Short-echo, single-voxel proton ((1)H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired from 8 volunteers with FRDA, 9 volunteers with AOA2, and 38 control volunteers at 4T. Disease severity was assessed by the Friedreich's Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS). RESULTS Neuronal loss/dysfunction was indicated in the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres in both diseases by lower total N-acetylaspartate levels than controls. The putative gliosis marker myo-inositol was higher than controls in the vermis and pons in AOA2 and in the vermis in FRDA. Total creatine, another potential gliosis marker, was higher in the cerebellar hemispheres in FRDA relative to controls. Higher glutamine in FRDA and lower glutamate in AOA2 than controls were observed in the vermis, indicating different mechanisms possibly leading to altered glutamatergic neurotransmission. In AOA2, total N-acetylaspartate levels in the cerebellum strongly correlated with the FARS score (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Distinct neurochemical patterns were observed in the two patient populations, warranting further studies with larger patient populations to determine if the alterations in metabolite levels observed here may be utilized to monitor disease progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Iltis
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Noninvasive detection of presymptomatic and progressive neurodegeneration in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3831-8. [PMID: 20220018 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5612-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies with a conditional mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) suggest that neuronal dysfunction is reversible and neurodegeneration preventable with early interventions. Success of such interventions will depend on early detection of neuronal and glial abnormalities before cell loss and availability of objective methods to monitor progressive neurodegeneration. Cerebellar concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol, and glutamate as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) correlate with ataxia scores of patients with SCA1, indicating their potential as reliable biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Here we investigated whether neurochemical levels are altered by early, presymptomatic disease and whether they gauge disease progression in a mouse model of SCA1. Cerebellar neurochemical profiles of transgenic mice that overexpress the mutant human ataxin-1 (the SCA1[82Q] line) were measured longitudinally up to 1 year by MRS at 9.4 T and compared to those of transgenic mice that overexpress the normal human ataxin-1 (the SCA1[30Q] line) and wild-type controls. Multiple neurochemicals distinguished the SCA1[82Q] mice from controls with no overlap at all ages. Six neurochemicals were significantly different in SCA1[82Q] mice at 6 weeks, before major pathological and neurological changes. Alterations in NAA, myo-inositol, and glutamate progressively worsened and were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) with disease progression as assessed by histology (molecular layer thickness and an overall severity score). Therefore, the neurochemicals that correlate with clinical status in patients reflected progressive pathology in the mouse model. These data demonstrate that presymptomatic and progressive neurodegeneration in SCA1 can be noninvasively monitored using MRS.
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Abstract
Recent advances in radioimaging and immunocytological techniques have enhanced investigations of neurometabolites and axons, giving rise to renewed interest in human white-matter disorders. A strong correlation between axonal loss and disability in some demyelination diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) led to several studies examining the mechanisms of axonal damage. We review the relationship between demyelination, axon loss, and neurologic progression, and the role of advanced neuroimaging in children with different types of leukodystrophies, i.e., X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodysrtophy, Krabbe's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and Alexander's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Mar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA.
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Gruber S, Bogner W, Stadlbauer A, Krssak M, Bodamer O. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with Fabry and Gaucher disease. Eur J Radiol 2010; 79:295-8. [PMID: 20227208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fabry and Gaucher diseases are rare progressive inherited disorders of glycosphingolipid metabolism that affect multiple organ systems. The aim of this study was to investigate evidence for metabolic changes in the central nervous system involvement using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. METHODS Seven Fabry and eight Gaucher patients were included into this study. A two-dimensional, spectroscopic imaging method with an ultra-short echo-time of 11 ms was used at a 3T whole body magnet. Absolute metabolic values were retrieved using internal water scaling. Results were compared, with sex- and age-matched controls. RESULTS In contrast to previous findings, absolute and relative metabolite values of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) or NAA/Creatine (Cr), Cr, Choline (Cho) or Cho/Cr and myo-Inositol (mI) or mI/Cr revealed no, differences between Fabry and Gaucher Type 1 (GD1) patients and controls. Average values were, 10.22, 6.32, 2.15 and 5.39 mMol/kg wet weight for NAA, Cr, Cho and mI, respectively. In this study, we found significantly decreasing NAA/Cho with increasing age in all three groups (Fabry, GD1, patients and healthy controls) (between 5 and 8% per decade). CONCLUSIONS There were no changes of the quantified metabolites detected by MRS in normal appearing white matter. This study shows the importance of sex- and age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gruber
- Department of Radiology, MR-Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Liu GT, Volpe NJ, Galetta SL. Retrochiasmal disorders. Neuroophthalmology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2311-1.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Heterogeneity of nervous system mitochondria: Location, location, location! Exp Neurol 2009; 218:293-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Furushima W, Inagaki M, Gunji A, Inoue Y, Kaga M, Mizutani S. Early signs of visual perception and evoked potentials in radiologically asymptomatic boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:927-35. [PMID: 19289696 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808331354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to identify the electrophysiological and psychological signs at a very early stage in asymptomatic boys with childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Flash visual evoked potentials, pattern reversal, and visual event-related potentials were recorded in 6 radiologically asymptomatic boys with adrenoleukodystrophy and 22 control boys. The latency and amplitude of P100 of visual evoked potentials and P1 of event-related potentials were evaluated. Though all patients had normal intelligence quotient, performance intelligence quotient was significantly lower than verbal intelligence quotient in 2 patients. Both P100 and P1 amplitudes were significantly greater in adrenoleukodystrophy than in controls. The difference between performance intelligence quotient and verbal intelligence quotient exhibited significant correlation with P100 amplitude. Enlargement of visual evoked potentials might be a sign of cerebral involvement preceding the appearance of abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Follow-up of asymptomatic boys with both electrophysiological and neuropsychological tests may serve as an aid for deciding the timing of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Furushima
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Haroon E, Watari K, Thomas A, Ajilore O, Mintz J, Elderkin-Thompson V, Darwin C, Kumaran S, Kumar A. Prefrontal myo-inositol concentration and visuospatial functioning among diabetic depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2009; 171:10-9. [PMID: 19097871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus are reported to be at higher risk for developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as dementia and depression. Myo-inositol (mI), a neuronal/glial metabolite associated with multiple functions in the brain, has been shown to be increased in cognitive disorders, depression and diabetes. This study examined whether elevations in dorsolateral (DL) mI of diabetic patients with depression were associated with visuospatial deficits. Diabetic and depressed patients (n=18) were matched with patients with diabetes but without depression (n=20) and control subjects (n=19). Subjects were scored on both the recall and recognition tasks of the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure (ROCF). Proton magnetic spectroscopy spectra from bilateral prefrontal white matter voxels were used to obtain concentrations of mI. Controls showed negative correlations between mI in right DL white matter and recall and recognition subtests. No correlation was observed for depressed diabetic patients. Correlations for diabetic controls fell midway between the comparison and depressed diabetic groups. The expected pattern of association between mI and visuospatial impairment in the right DL prefrontal region was seen among healthy controls. Progressive weakening of this association across both diabetic groups might be related to progressive changes in neural activity that underlies visuospatial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Semel Institute of Neurosciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
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Oberg J, Spenger C, Wang FH, Andersson A, Westman E, Skoglund P, Sunnemark D, Norinder U, Klason T, Wahlund LO, Lindberg M. Age related changes in brain metabolites observed by 1H MRS in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1423-33. [PMID: 17434239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Translational biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease based on non-invasive in vivo methods are highly warranted. (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is non-invasive and applicable in vivo in both humans and experimental animals. In vivo(1)H MRS and 3D MRI were performed on brains of double transgenic (tg) mice expressing a double mutant human beta-amyloid precursor protein APP(K670N,M671L) and human mutated presenilin gene PS1M146L, and wild-type (wt) littermates at 2.5, 6.5 and 9 months of age using a 9.4T magnet. For quantification, LCModel was used, and the data were analyzed using multivariate data analysis (MVDA). MVDA evidenced a significant separation, which became more pronounced with age, between tg and wt mice at all time points. While myo-inositol and guanidoacetate were important for group separation in young mice, N-acetylaspartate, glutamate and macrolipids were important for separation of aged tg and wt mice. Volume segmentation revealed that brain and hippocampus were readily smaller in tg as compared to wt mice at the age of 2.5 months. Amyloid plaques were seen in 6.5 and 9 months, but not in 2.5 months old animals. In conclusion, differences in brain metabolites could be accurately depicted in tg and wt mice in vivo by combining MRS with MVDA. First differences in metabolite content were readily seen at 2.5 months, when volume defects in tg mice were present, but no amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Oberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
MRI is one of the most important tools for the investigation of white matter diseases of the central nervous system. Other techniques based on the magnetic resonance phenomena (magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy) have joined MRI to better caracterize certain diseases, understand their pathophysiology and follow their evolution.
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Mahmood A, Raymond GV, Dubey P, Peters C, Moser HW. Survival analysis of haematopoietic cell transplantation for childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a comparison study. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:687-92. [PMID: 17618834 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Favourable outcomes have been reported for patients with childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) who had received haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) at the early stage of cerebral involvement. However, comparative data for non-transplanted CCALD patients are limited. We analysed survival of CCALD patients who had not received HCT and, in a subgroup with early cerebral disease, compared survival in those who underwent HCT with those who did not. METHODS Retrospective survival analyses were done on 283 CCALD patients identified at the Kennedy Krieger Institute who had not received HCT, focusing on a 30-member early stage cerebral subgroup whose neurological disability and MRI severity scores matched those in a 19-member transplanted subgroup previously reported. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test were used for survival analysis and to estimate the difference between the survival probabilities of the groups with statistical significance set at alpha=0.05. FINDINGS Mean age at onset of symptoms in the entire 283 non-transplanted group was 7 years (SD 2 years). 131 (46%) patients died during the mean follow-up period of 5.9 years (5.3) at a mean age of 12.3 years (4.9). 5-year survival was 66%. The 5-year survival probability of 54% in the early stage group was significantly poorer (chi(2)=7.47, p=0.006) than the 5-year survival of 95% in the transplanted group with early stage cerebral disease. INTERPRETATION HCT done in the early and progressive stages of CCALD is beneficial, and our data support the recommendation that transplantation be offered to patients in the early stages of CCALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mahmood
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Moser HW, Moser AB, Hollandsworth K, Brereton NH, Raymond GV. “Lorenzo’s Oil” Therapy for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Rationale and Current Assessment of Efficacy. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 33:105-13. [PMID: 17901554 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a genetic disorder that damages the nervous system and is associated with the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (SVLCFA). Oral administration of "Lorenzo's oil" (LO), a 4:1 mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate, normalizes the SVLCFA levels in plasma, but its clinical efficacy and the clinical indications for its use have been controversial for more than 15 years. We review the biochemical effects of LO administration and the rationale for its use and present a current appraisal of its capacity to reduce the risk for the childhood cerebral phenotype when administered to asymptomatic boys and to slow progression of adrenomyeloneuropathy in patients without cerebral involvement. We also present current efforts to provide definitive evaluation of its clinical efficacy and discuss its possible role in the new therapeutic opportunities that will arise if newborn screening for X-ALD is validated and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Moser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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48
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Cecil KM, Kos RS. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolic imaging in white matter diseases and pediatric disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 17:275-93. [PMID: 17415001 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e318033787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the reader with an overview of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique and the clinical, pathological, imaging, and metabolic features for select white matter disorders of interest. With this composite summary, the reader should find it easier to implement and interpret spectroscopy in the clinical setting for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Cecil
- Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the College of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Galanaud D, Nicoli F, Confort-Gouny S, Le Fur Y, Dormont D, Girard N, Ranjeva J, Cozzone P. [Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 88:483-96. [PMID: 17457259 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(07)89848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MR spectroscopy (MRS) sequences allow noninvasive exploration of brain metabolism during a MRI examination. Their day-to-day use in a clinical setting has recently been improved by simple programming of sequences and automated quantification of metabolites. However, a few simple rules should be observed in the choice of sequences and the location of the voxels so as to obtain an informative, high-quality examination. The research applications of MR spectroscopy, where use of this examination seeks to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease, must be distinguished from its clinical indications, where MRS provides information that can be used directly in patient management. The most significant of the clinical uses are imaging intracranial tumors (positive and differential diagnosis, extension, treatment follow-up), diffuse brain injury, encephalopathies (especially hepatic and HIV-related), and the diagnosis of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galanaud
- Service de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital La Pitié Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13.
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Galanaud D, Nicoli F, Confort-Gouny S, Le Fur Y, Ranjeva JP, Viola A, Girard N, Cozzone PJ. [Indications for cerebral MR proton spectroscopy in 2007]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007; 163:287-303. [PMID: 17404517 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is being increasingly performed alongside the more conventional MRI sequences in the exploration of neurological disorders. It is however important to clearly differentiate its clinical applications aiming at improving the differential diagnosis or the prognostic evaluation of the patient, from the research protocols, when MRS can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease or to the evaluation of new treatments. The most important applications in clinical practice are intracranial space occupying lesions (especially the positive diagnosis of intracranial abscesses and gliomatosis cerebri and the differential diagnosis between edema and tumor infiltration), alcoholic, hepatic, and HIV-related encephalopathies and the exploration of metabolic diseases. Among the research applications, MRS is widely used in multiple sclerosis, ischemia and brain injury, epilepsy and neuro degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galanaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine et Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
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