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Zhao B, Yuan Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Gao Y, Yang B, Wu J, Jia W. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients using anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation after cerebral microbleeds combined with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1372231. [PMID: 38560733 PMCID: PMC10978779 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1372231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) undergoing anticoagulation therapy for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, UpToDate, Scopus, WOS, and SinoMed. The search covered observational literature published from each database inception until February 1, 2023. We analyzed the prevalence of CMBs during the follow-up period, compared future ICH risk between patients with and without baseline CMBs (CMBs presence/absence, ≧5 CMBs), and examined factors influencing ICH occurrence in patients with CMBs. Also studied recurrent stroke during anticoagulation therapy, the risk of future ICH when white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and CMBs coexist, and the effects of anticoagulants vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on future ICH. Results We included 7 articles involving 5,134 participants. The incidence of CMBs was 24%; baseline CMBs were associated with an increased ICH risk compared to patients without CMBs. ICH-risk was more significant in patients with baseline ≥5 CMBs. After anticoagulant therapy, ICH risk was higher than that of recurrent IS. The risk of future ICH was significantly increased with anticoagulant VKAs compared with NOAC. Conclusion Anticoagulant therapy for ischemic stroke patients with non-valvular AF and CMBs increases future ICH risk. Discontinuing anticoagulation due to ICH risk should be avoided. NOACs are safe and effective for patients with CMBs and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Gao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoling Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Weihua Jia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhan Z, Fu F, Zhang W, Cheng Z. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes of New Cerebral Microbleeds After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Neuroradiol 2024; 34:209-218. [PMID: 37857916 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-023-01357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are common in the elderly population, and are associated with an increased risk of stroke and dementia. An acute ischemic stroke event can make CMBs develop rapidly. However, the progression of CMBs after intravenous thrombolysis is not well understood. METHODS Following a previously registered protocol, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically searched to identify relevant literature up to August 2022. Cohort studies that reported new CMBs in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing intravenous thrombolysis were included. Random effects models were used to calculate the pooled estimates. RESULTS Seven studies with 1079 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled new CMBs prevalence was 7.6% (95% CI 3.9-14.3%) and 63.6% new CMBs were located in the cerebral lobes. Compared with patients without new CMBs, those with new CMBs were older, had a higher proportion of hypertension, and had higher systolic blood pressure and baseline CMBs burden. The presence of new CMBs increased the likelihood of remote intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 28.75, 95% CI 8.58-96.38) and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 15.49, 95% CI 3.21-74.73) but was not related to functional outcomes or hemorrhagic transformation. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of new CMBs after intravenous thrombolysis was approximately 7.6%. The presence of new CMBs is associated with remote and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage following intravenous thrombolysis. Considering the potential long-term adverse effects of CMBs progression, patients at a high risk of developing new CMBs should be identified based on potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Fangwang Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Zicheng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.
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Saito T, Sakakibara F, Uchida K, Yoshimura S, Sakai N, Imamura H, Yamagami H, Morimoto T. Effect of edaravone on symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute large vessel occlusion on apixaban for non-valvular atrial fibrillation. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120806. [PMID: 37717280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone administration was associated with lower incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) in patients with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, its protective effect on sICH in patients with LVO who receive direct oral anticoagulants for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is uncertain. OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of edaravone administration on the incidence of sICH in patients with acute LVO receiving apixaban for NVAF. METHODS A Japanese multicenter registry of apixaban on clinical outcome of the patients with LVO or stenosis (ALVO study) included patients who were admitted within 24 h after stroke onset and were received apixaban within 14 days of stroke onset. Patients were divided into two groups according to edaravone administration (Edaravone and No-Edaravone groups). The incidence of sICH within one year and infarct growth before apixaban administration were compared between these groups. RESULTS Of the 686 enrolled patients, 622 were included and edaravone was administered to 407 (65.4%). The incidences of sICH in Edaravone and No-Edaravone groups were 1.3% and 5.0%, respectively (p = 0.01). The inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW) hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of Edaravone group for sICH within one year was 0.36 (0.15-0.80) compared to No-Edaravone group. The incidences of infarct growth in Edaravone and No-Edaravone groups were 35.3% and 42.0%, respectively (p = 0.13). IPTW HR (95% CIs) for infarct growth was 0.76 (0.60-0.97). CONCLUSIONS Edaravone administration was associated with a lower incidence of sICH in patients with LVO and NVAF who administrated apixaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Saito
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan; Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sakakibara
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Uchida
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakai
- Neurovascular Research & Neuroendovascular Therapy, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Imamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagami
- Department of Stroke Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Zhou H, Gong X, Luo Z, Li J, Sun J, Lou M, Yan S. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, statin therapy, and cerebral microbleeds: The CIRCLE study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103502. [PMID: 37643520 PMCID: PMC10474226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests a potential association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and statin use, but the exact relationship remains unclear. This study aims to prospectively examine these relationships in a stroke-free population. METHODS From January 2010 to January 2020, we enrolled stroke-free individuals with at least one cerebral small vessel disease imaging marker from the CIRCLE study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03542734). Participants underwent baseline and 1-year follow-up susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and baseline LDL-C testing. New CMBs were categorized as strictly lobar and deep CMBs based on location. RESULTS A total of 209 individuals were included. Baseline serum LDL-C levels were divided into quartiles: Q1 (≤1.76 mmol/L), Q2 (1.77-2.36 mmol/L), Q3 (2.37-2.93 mmol/L), and Q4 (>2.93 mmol/L). The incidence of new deep CMBs was 30.0%, 11.1%, 10.9%, 8.2% in Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, respectively. Multivariate logistic model revealed that only LDL-C in Q1 was associated with increased incidence of new deep CMBs (OR = 4.256; 95% CI: 1.156-15.666; p = 0.029). In a subset of 169 participants without prior statin use, the use of atorvastatin was associated with reduced occurrence of new deep CMBs (OR = 0.181; 95% CI: 0.035-0.928; p = 0.040), while it was not found with rosuvastatin (OR = 0.808; 95% CI: 0.174-3.741; p = 0.785). CONCLUSIONS While lower LDL-C levels were associated with higher CMB development, statin therapy did not increase the risk of new CMBs. Atorvastatin even demonstrated a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Gong
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaping Li
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Department of Radiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shenqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Liu R, Shi X, Feng J, Piao J, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Yin H, Chen X. Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Microbleeds: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:1299-1308. [PMID: 37270442 PMCID: PMC10310681 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent observational studies have reported the association between ischemic stroke (IS) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Whether this reflects a causal association remains to be established. Herein, we adopted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to comprehensively evaluate the causal association of IS and CMBs. METHODS The summary-level genome-wide association studies (GWASs) data of IS were obtained from the GIGASTROKE consortium (62,100 European ancestry cases and 1,234,808 European ancestry controls). All IS cases could be further divided into large-vessel atherosclerosis stroke (LVS, n = 6399), cardio-embolic stroke (CES, n = 10,804) and small-vessel occlusion stroke (SVS, n = 6811). Meanwhile, we used publicly available summary statistics from published GWASs of CMBs (3556 of the 25,862 European participants across 2 large initiatives). A bidirectional MR analysis was conducted using inverse-variance weighting (IVW) as the major outcome, whereas MR-Egger and weighted median (WM) were used to complement the IVW estimates as they can provide more robust estimates in a broader set of scenarios but are less efficient (wider CIs). A Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p < 0.0125 was considered significant, and p values between 0.0125 and 0.05 were considered suggestive of evidence for a potential association. RESULTS We detected that higher risk of IS [IVW odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.07, p = 0.03] and SVS (IVW OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.07-2.47, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with CMBs. Reverse MR analyses found no significant evidence for a causal effect of CMBs on IS and its subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides potential evidence that IS and SVS are causally linked to increased risk of CMBs. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms of association between IS and CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Feng
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jianmin Piao
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongxi Yang
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Haoyuan Yin
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Chen Y, Ye M. Risk factors and their correlation with severity of cerebral microbleed in acute large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 221:107380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small (<1 cm) perivascular hemosiderin depositions. They may be visible in T2* or susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. CMBs may indicate an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or vascular disease. Cerebral white matter changes indicate small vessel disease (SVD), which is also related to CMBs. In cerebral vascular treatment, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is routinely used after stenting. We surveyed our cerebral stenting case series for changes in the number of CMBs. METHODS Patients receiving extracranial or intracranial stenting between 2018 and 2020 were included. All patients received DAPT after stenting. Changes in CMBs, SVD degree, and other findings from pretreatment to follow-up MRI were recorded. Differences between stented artery supplying territory and other territories were compared. RESULTS The average age of the 75 enrolled patients was 65.37 years ± 11.53 (50 male and 25 female patients); 84 extracranial or intracranial stentings were performed. The average Fazekas scale score was 1.32 ± 0.77. Significantly more CMBs developed in the initial ≥6 CMB group than in the initial 0 and 1-5 CMB groups (7 ± 3.6 vs 0.56 ± 1.06, 1.45 ± 3.32, p < 0.001). No significant difference in increased CMBs was observed between the initial 0 and 1-5 CMB groups. Significantly more CMBs developed in the stented artery supplying territory than elsewhere (0.6 ± 0.13 vs 0.44 ± 0.17, p < 0.05). No ICH was noted in our case series. CONCLUSION Preexisting CMB was a risk factor for the onset of new CMBs after stenting and DAPT. Poststenting and DAPT statistically increased CMBs in stented artery supplying territories at short-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ming Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Hsun Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Chang Su
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung Chan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
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Jabłoński B, Gójska-Grymajło A, Ossowska D, Szurowska E, Wyszomirski A, Rojek B, Karaszewski B. New Remote Cerebral Microbleeds on T2 *-Weighted Echo Planar MRI After Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 12:744701. [PMID: 35242092 PMCID: PMC8886895 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.744701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main and well-defined complication of intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). However, rtPA might also be connected with the formation of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), located remotely from the ischemic lesions, that may remain clinically silent. This association might be important because the load of CMBs has been associated with cognitive impairment. We investigated whether administration of rtPA in AIS results in the appearance of new CMBs and if the initial load of CMBs is associated with hemorrhagic transformation. Methods A total of fifty-nine consecutive patients with AIS treated with rtPA underwent MRI including T2*-weighted Echo Planar Imaging (T2*-EPI) shortly before and 7–9 days after rtPA administration. We calculated the load of new CMBs located outside the MR diffusion restriction area in the follow-up imaging and assessed hemorrhagic transformation with ECASS-II scoring. Results A total of forty-nine patients were included for the final analysis. On initial T2*-EPI-GRE, 37 baseline microbleeds (CMBs) were observed in 14 patients (28.6%). On follow-up T2*-EPI-GRE amount of CMBs increased to a total number of 103. New CMBs were found in 5 (14.3%) of 35 patients without and in 9 (64.3%) of 14 with any baseline CMBs. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that presence of baseline CMBs (risk ratio [RR] 5.95, 95% CI 2.69–13.20, p < 0.001) and lower platelets level (risk ratio [RR] 0.992, 95% CI 0.986–0.998, p = 0.007) were independently associated with new CMBs. The baseline load of CMBs was not associated with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. Conclusion In this study, new CMBs were found in nearly 30% of patients with AIS on the 7–9 days after rtPA treatment. Baseline CMBs correlated with a higher risk of new CMBs appearing after the rtPA treatment, independently of other factors. At the same time, in our sample, baseline CMBs did not correlate with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. Since the associations between the CMBs load and cognitive impairment have already been proved, further studies are warranted to investigate possible associations between the thrombolytic treatment of patients with AIS, mainly those with baseline CMBs, and the risk of earlier cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Jabłoński
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Gójska-Grymajło
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Ossowska
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Department of Radiology, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Department of Radiology, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Wyszomirski
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Rojek
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Karaszewski
- Department of Adult Neurology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Hirata Y, Kato N, Muraga K, Shindo A, Nakamura N, Matsuura K, Ii Y, Shiga M, Tabei KI, Satoh M, Fukuma T, Kagawa Y, Fujita S, Kogue R, Umino M, Maeda M, Sakuma H, Dohi K, Tomimoto H. Cerebral Microbleeds With Atrial Fibrillation After Ablation Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:818288. [PMID: 35237131 PMCID: PMC8884243 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.818288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) is significantly higher in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than in those without AF. CMBs in patients with AF have been reported to be primarily of the lobar type, but the exact cause of this remains unknown. We investigated the possibility that hemorrhagic transformation of embolic microinfarction can account for de novo lobar CMBs. Methods A total of 101 patients who underwent ablation therapy for AF were prospectively registered, and 72 patients completed the assessment with MRI 6 months after catheter ablation. Brain MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), were examined at 1–3 days (baseline) and 6 months after catheter ablation. We quantitatively evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of embolic microinfarctions and de novo CMBs. Results Of the 101 patients, 68 were enrolled in this study. Fifty-nine patients (86.8%) showed embolic microinfarctions on baseline DWI immediately after catheter ablation. There were 137 CMBs in SWI, and 96 CMBs were of the lobar type. Six months later, there were 208 CMBs, including 71 de novo CMBs, and 60 of 71 (84.5%) were of the lobar type. Of the 71 de novo CMBs, 56 (78.9%) corresponded to the location of previous embolic microinfarctions found on baseline DWI. The platelet count was significantly lower and hematocrit/hemoglobin and Fazekas score were higher in the group with de novo CMBs than in the group without de novo CMBs. Conclusion De novo CMBs frequently appeared after catheter ablation therapy. Our results suggest that embolic microinfarction can cause lobar CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kato
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kanako Muraga
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Shindo,
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ii
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mariko Shiga
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Tabei
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satoh
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fukuma
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kagawa
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryota Kogue
- Department of Radiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Maki Umino
- Department of Radiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Maeda
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakuma
- Department of Radiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Lansberg MG, Wintermark M, Kidwell CS, Albers GW. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wiegertjes K, Jansen MG, Jolink WM, Duering M, Koemans EA, Schreuder FH, Tuladhar AM, Wermer MJ, Klijn CJ, de Leeuw FE. Differences in cerebral small vessel disease magnetic resonance imaging markers between lacunar stroke and non-Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Stroke J 2021; 6:236-244. [PMID: 34746419 PMCID: PMC8564151 DOI: 10.1177/23969873211031753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is unclear why cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) leads to lacunar stroke
in some and to non–lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in others. We
investigated differences in MRI markers of SVD in patients with lacunar
stroke or non–lobar ICH. Patients and methods We included patients from two prospective cohort studies with either lacunar
stroke (RUN DMC) or non–lobar ICH (FETCH). Differences in SVD markers (white
matter hyperintensities [WMH], lacunes, cerebral microbleeds [CMB]) between
groups were investigated with univariable tests; multivariable logistic
regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, and vascular risk factors;
spatial correlation analysis and voxel–wise lesion symptom mapping. Results We included 82 patients with lacunar stroke (median age 63, IQR 57–72) and 54
with non-lobar ICH (66, 59–75). WMH volumes and distribution were not
different between groups. Lacunes were more frequent in patients with a
lacunar stroke (44% vs. 17%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.69, 95% CI
[1.66–22.75]) compared to patients with a non–lobar ICH. CMB were more
frequent in patients with a non–lobar ICH (71% vs. 23%, aOR for lacunar
stroke vs non–lobar ICH 0.08 95% CI [0.02–0.26]), and more often located in
non–lobar regions compared to CMB in lacunar stroke. Discussion Although we obserd different types of MRI markers of SVD within the same
patient, ischemic markers of SVD were more frequent in the ischemic type of
lacunar stroke, and hemorrhagic markers were more prevalent in the
hemorrhagic phenotype of non-lobar ICH. Conclusion There are differences between MRI markers of SVD between patients with a
lacunar stroke and those with a non-lobar ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle G Jansen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilmar Mt Jolink
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Duering
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Emma A Koemans
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Hbm Schreuder
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Jh Wermer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Jm Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of dl-3-N-butylphthalide (NBP) on new cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS We will prospectively enroll patients with AIS admitted to the stroke center of Jingjiang People's Hospital. Qualified participants will be randomly assigned to either the NBP group (NBP injection) or the control group (NBP injection placebo) in a ratio of 1:1. Patients will complete the brain magnetic resonance imaging within 48 hours and 14 days after stroke onset to observe the CMBs through susceptibility weighted imaging, and evaluate whether the use of NBP will affect the new CMBs in AIS patients. SPSS 20.0 will be used for statistical analyses. RESULT We will provide practical and targeted results assessing the safety of NBP for AIS patients, to provide reference for clinical use of NBP. CONCLUSION The stronger evidence about the effect of NBP on new CMBs in AIS patients will be provided for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Ding
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Wei
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiali Niu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jingjiang People's Hospital, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Cheng Y, Wang Y, Song Q, Qiu K, Liu M. Use of anticoagulant therapy and cerebral microbleeds: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2019; 268:1666-1679. [PMID: 31616992 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant therapy increases the risk that cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) progress to intracerebral hemorrhage, but whether the therapy increases risk of CMB occurrence is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the potential association between anticoagulant use and CMB occurrence in stroke and stroke-free individuals. METHODS We searched observational studies in PubMed, Ovid EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from their inception until September 2019. We calculated the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the prevalence and incidence of CMBs in anticoagulant users relative to non-anticoagulant users. RESULTS Forty-seven studies with 25,245 participants were included. The pooled analysis showed that anticoagulant use was associated with CMB prevalence (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26-1.88). The association was observed in subgroups stratified by type of participants: stroke-free, OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.25-2.77; ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06-1.67; and intracerebral hemorrhage, OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.06-4.83. Anticoagulant use was associated with increased prevalence of strictly lobar CMBs (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22-2.32) but not deep/infratentorial CMBs. Warfarin was associated with increased CMB prevalence (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.23-2.18), but novel oral anticoagulants were not. Anticoagulant users showed higher incidence of CMBs during long-term follow-up (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.22-2.44). CONCLUSION Anticoagulant use is associated with higher prevalence and incidence of CMBs. This association appears to depend on location of CMBs and type of anticoagulants. More longitudinal investigations with adjustment for confounders are required to establish the causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Quhong Song
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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14
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Gao Y, Nie K, Duan Z, Wang S, Ma G, Zhang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Dai C, Wang L. A Follow-up Study of Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients Who Received Stents for Symptomatic Cerebral Artery Stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 58:338-346. [PMID: 30769077 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to explore (i) the dynamic changes in cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis who received endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty and (ii) the risk factors associated with the new incidence of CMBs as well as whether CMBs increased the risk of vascular events in these patients. METHODS Clinical information and magnetic resonance images were collected on admission and 3 months after endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty. Based on susceptibility-weighted imaging, the patients were divided into groups with or without newly developed CMBs, and between-group differences in risk factors were compared. We also compared whether CMBs increased the risk of vascular events among those patients. RESULTS Seventy-three patients completed the relevant follow-up examinations. After an average follow-up period of 109 days, 7 (9.6%) patients showed new CMBs. A univariate analysis showed that the number of lacunar infarcts and the increase in systolic blood pressure were higher in patients with new CMBs than in those without new CMBs, and these differences were significant (P = 0.034, P = 0.001). Increased systolic blood pressure was an independent risk factor for developing new CMBs (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS CMBs may be a continuously progressing cerebral small-vessel disease. The newly developed CMBs in patients with intracranial and/or extracranial stents were associated with increased systolic blood pressure but not with the number of baseline CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhenpeng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Changmao Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chengbo Dai
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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15
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Braemswig TB, Villringer K, Turc G, Erdur H, Fiebach JB, Audebert HJ, Endres M, Nolte CH, Scheitz JF. Predictors of new remote cerebral microbleeds after IV thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Neurology 2019; 92:e630-e638. [PMID: 30674591 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency, associated factors, and underlying vasculopathy of new remote cerebral microbleeds (CMB), as well as the risk of concomitant hemorrhagic complications related to new CMBs, after IV thrombolysis (IVT) in acute stroke patients. METHODS We conducted an observational study using data from our local thrombolysis registry. We included consecutive stroke patients with MRI (3T)-based IVT and a follow-up MRI the next day between 2008 and 2017 (n = 396). Only CMBs located outside of the ischemic lesions were considered. We also performed a meta-analysis on new CMBs after IVT that included 2 additional studies. RESULTS In our cohort, new remote CMBs occurred in 16/396 patients (4.0%) after IVT and the distribution was strictly lobar in 13/16 patients (81%). Patients with preexisting CMBs with a strictly lobar distribution were significantly more likely to have new CMBs after IVT (p = 0.014). In the random-effects meta-analysis (n = 741), the pooled cumulative frequency of new CMBs after IVT was 4.4%. A higher preexisting CMB burden (>2) was associated with a higher likelihood of new CMBs (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-10.3) and new CMBs were associated with the occurrence of remote parenchymal hemorrhage (OR 28.8, 95% CI 8.6-96.4). CONCLUSIONS New remote CMBs after IVT occurred in 4% of stroke patients, mainly had a strictly lobar distribution, and were associated with IVT-related hemorrhagic complications. Preexisting CMBs with a strictly lobar distribution and a higher CMB burden were associated with new CMBs after IVT, which may indicate an underlying cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bastian Braemswig
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kersten Villringer
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Turc
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Hebun Erdur
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B Fiebach
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich J Audebert
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian H Nolte
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F Scheitz
- From the Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie (T.B.B., H.E., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (T.B.B., H.E., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.); Center for Stroke Research Berlin (T.B.B., K.V., G.T., J.B.F., H.J.A., M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.T.), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes; INSERM U894 (G.T.), Paris, France; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (M.E., C.H.N., J.F.S.), partner site Berlin; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), partner site Berlin, Germany
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16
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Ito AO, Shindo A, Ii Y, Ishikawa H, Taniguchi A, Shiba M, Toma N, Suzuki H, Tomimoto H. Small Cortical Infarcts Transformed to Lobar Cerebral Microbleeds: A Case Series. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:e30-e32. [PMID: 30655044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) have been often observed due to the development of imaging devices, and are classified to deep and lobar MBs. Lobar MBs are strongly associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Here, we report 3 cases of lobar MBs that developed after small cortical ischemic stroke. One case underwent carotid artery stenting for severe carotid stenosis, one was diagnosed with artery-to-artery embolism, and the other was embolic stroke of undetermined source. New small cortical infarctions were detected with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial MRI revealed no hemorrhage around the ischemic lesion on T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) at the onset of stroke. Follow-up SWI after 12-20 months revealed lobar MBs in the previously detected ischemic lesions, and high-intensity lesions remained around the MBs on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging. These cases revealed that cerebral MBs developed through the transformation of small cortical infarctions. All cases showed lobar MBs, and these MBs existed in the previously detected ischemic lesions at a chronic stage. Lobar MBs present around ischemic lesions may predict embolic infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ogawa Ito
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Ii
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Akira Taniguchi
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Shiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie UniversityGraduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Naoki Toma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie UniversityGraduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie UniversityGraduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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17
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Choi KH, Kim JH, Kang KW, Kim JT, Choi SM, Lee SH, Park MS, Kim BC, Kim MK, Cho KH. Impact of Microbleeds on Outcome Following Recanalization in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2019; 50:127-134. [PMID: 30580721 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- We analyzed the association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients and especially in a subgroup of patients with successful recanalization. Methods- A total of 1532 acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. The primary outcome was measured using the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months, according to the CMB status based on magnetic resonance imaging at admission. Favorable outcome was defined as functional independence with modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 to 2. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Results- There was no statistically significant association between the presence of CMB and favorable outcome at 3 months when considering all patients (44.3% versus 37.6%; P=0.121). In patients with recanalization, the number of patients with favorable outcomes was significantly higher in the CMB-negative than in the CMB-positive group (57.0% versus 36.0%; P<0.001). In the final multivariate analysis, the presence of CMB, and in particular high CMB burden (≥5), and lobar location, were significantly associated with less favorable 3-month outcomes (odds ratio=0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.97; P=0.038) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio=3.21; 95% CI, 1.37-7.49; P=0.007) in patients with recanalization. In the analysis of subgroups, a statistically significant interaction was found between CMB presence and recanalization in predicting functional outcomes at 3 months. Conclusions- These results indicate that the presence of CMBs, and especially high burden and lobar location, are independent predictors of poor 3-month clinical outcomes and may increase symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage risk in acute ischemic stroke patients with recanalization. Our findings suggest that CMBs lead to more unfavorable effects in patients with recanalization after large vessel occlusion than in those without recanalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ho Choi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hae Kim
- Molecular Imaging Center (J.-H.K.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.-H.K.), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wook Kang
- From the Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K.), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Han Lee
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Chae Kim
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology (K.-H. Choi, K.-W.K., J.-T.K., S.-M.C., S.-H.L., M.-S.P., B.-C.K., M.-K.K., K.-H. Cho,), Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Shuaib A, Akhtar N, Kamran S, Camicioli R. Management of Cerebral Microbleeds in Clinical Practice. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:449-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Zand R, Shahjouei S, Tsivgoulis G, Singh M, McCormack M, Noorbakhsh-Sabet N, Goyal N, Alexandrov AV. Cerebral Microbleeds are Associated with Higher Mortality Among Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3036-3042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Fladt J, Kronlage C, De Marchis GM. Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities and Microbleeds in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Impact on Recanalization Therapies. A Review of the Literature. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:55-64. [PMID: 30194982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are frequently seen on brain imaging acquired for acute ischemic stroke. Given the raising use of recanalization therapies - both intravenous and endovascular - the interest on the impact of WMH and CMBs on the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and on functional outcome is growing. In this review, we will discuss the relevance of WMH and CMBs among patients with an acute ischemic stroke, focusing on the implications for recanalization therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fladt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Kronlage
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - G M De Marchis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Lauridsen SV, Hvas AM, Sandgaard E, Gyldenholm T, Rahbek C, Hjort N, Tønnesen EK, Hvas CL. Coagulation Profile after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Cohort Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2951-2961. [PMID: 30072172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes death or disability and the incidence increases with age. Knowledge of acute hemostatic function in patients with ICH without anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is sparse. Increased knowledge of the coagulation profile in the acute phase of ICH could improve acute treatment and recovery. We investigated coagulation at admission and changes in coagulation during the first 24hours after symptom onset. METHODS Enrolled were 41 ICH patients without anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy admitted to Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Blood samples were collected at admission, 6, and 24hours after symptom onset. Thromboelastometry (ROTEM), thrombin generation, and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex were analyzed. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, the Modified Rankin Score, and mortality. RESULTS At admission, compared with healthy individuals, ICH patients had increased maximum clot firmness (EXTEM P < .0001; INTEM P < .0001; FIBTEM P < .0001), increased platelet maximum clot elasticity (P < .0001) in ROTEM, higher peak thrombin (P < .0001) and endogenous thrombin potential (P = .01) in thrombin generation, and elevated TAT complex levels. During 24hours after significantly, while thrombin generation showed decreased peak thrombin (P < .0001) and endogenous thrombin potential (P < .0001). Coagulation test results did not differ between patients when stratified according to clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS ICH patients without anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy demonstrated activated coagulation at admission and within 24hours after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emilie Sandgaard
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tua Gyldenholm
- Center for Hemophilia and Thrombosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Rahbek
- Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Hjort
- Department of Neurology, Danish Stroke Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Jiang Z, Hu Z. Remote Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Intravenous Thrombolysis in Pregnancy at 31 Weeks Gestation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Neurologist 2018; 23:19-22. [PMID: 29266040 DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in pregnancy for acute ischemic stroke is infrequent. As a rare complication of thrombolysis, remote intracerebral hemorrhage (rICH) whose mechanisms are unclear has not gained enough attention until now. CASE REPORT We present here a case of 26-year-old pregnant woman at 31 weeks gestation who suffered from sudden onset right-sided hemiparesis and slurred speech. She successfully received intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis within 2.5 hours from stroke onset. Further workup demonstrated multiple and bilateral acute cerebral infarcts due to cardioembolism. At 6 hours after thrombolysis, multifocal intracerebral hemorrhages were developed in her left cerebellum and right temporal cortex, remote from the initial infarct areas. However, the patient achieved a final complete recovery of symptoms. Despite diffusion-weighted imaging could not confirm infarct in the areas of hemorrhages, multiple cerebral embolism was suggested to be involved in the etiology of rICH. CONCLUSIONS rICH is different from local intracerebral hemorrhage in its risk factors, neurological outcomes, and underlying mechanisms. Patients with rICH may have favorable outcomes and multiple cerebral embolism is still one of the important mechanisms for postthrombolytic rICH.
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23
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Chacon-Portillo MA, Llinas RH, Marsh EB. Cerebral microbleeds shouldn't dictate treatment of acute stroke: a retrospective cohort study evaluating risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:33. [PMID: 29587638 PMCID: PMC5870091 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) after acute ischemic stroke carries the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) may indicate increased risk of hemorrhage and can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we examined the association between CMBs and sICH, focusing on the predictive value of their presence, burden, and location. Methods Records from all patients presenting to two academic stroke centers with acute ischemic stroke treated with IV tPA over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, medical, and imaging variables were evaluated. The presence, number, and location (lobar vs nonlobar) of CMBs were noted on gradient echo MRI sequences obtained during the admission. Univariable and multivariable statistical models were used to determine the relationship between CMBs and hemorrhagic (symptomatic and asymptomatic) transformation. Results Of 292 patients (mean age 62.8 years (SD 15.3), 49% African-American, 52% women), 21% (n = 62) had at least one CMB, 1% (n = 3) had > 10 CMBs, and 1% (n = 3) were diagnosed with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy. After treatment, 16% (n = 46) developed hemorrhagic transformation, of which 6 (2%) were sICH. There was no association between CMB presence (p = .135) or location (p = .325) with sICH; however, those with a high CMB burden (> 10 CMB) were more likely to develop sICH (OR 37.8; 95% CI: 2.7–539.3; p = .007). Conclusions Our findings support prior findings that a high CMB burden (> 10) in patients with acute stroke treated with IV tPA are associated with a higher risk of sICH. However, the overall rate of sICH in the presence of CMB is very low, indicating that the presence of CMBs by itself should not dictate the decision to treat with thrombolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Chacon-Portillo
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rafael H Llinas
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Phipps 446, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Marsh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Phipps 446, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Song TJ, Chang Y, Kim AR, Kim Y, Kim YJ. High dietary glycemic load was associated with the presence and burden of cerebral small vessel diseases in acute ischemic stroke patients. Nutr Res 2018; 51:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Renard D. Cerebral microbleeds: a magnetic resonance imaging review of common and less common causes. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:441-450. [PMID: 29222944 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small foci of (acute, subacute or chronic) blood products, best seen using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques sensitive to iron deposits (i.e. gradient-echo T2*-weighted and susceptibility-weighted imaging), frequently encountered in small vessel disease (SVD) (with hypertensive vasculopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy as the most frequent conditions) and also in other disorders. In this review, the MRI characteristics of CMBs and the associated MRI abnormalities encountered in common and less common SVD and non-SVD conditions are the main focus. Identification of the origin of CMBs depends on their localization, the presence of other associated MRI abnormalities, and the patient's history and clinical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Renard
- Department of Neurology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes Cedex 4, France
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26
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Shahjouei S, Tsivgoulis G, Singh M, Mccormack M, Noorbakhsh-sabet N, Goyal N, Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Zand R. Racial Difference in Cerebral Microbleed Burden among Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2680-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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van Leijsen EMC, de Leeuw FE, Tuladhar AM. Disease progression and regression in sporadic small vessel disease-insights from neuroimaging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1191-206. [PMID: 28566448 DOI: 10.1042/CS20160384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is considered the most important vascular contributor to the development of dementia. Comprehensive characterization of the time course of disease progression will result in better understanding of aetiology and clinical consequences of SVD. SVD progression has been studied extensively over the years, usually describing change in SVD markers over time using neuroimaging at two time points. As a consequence, SVD is usually seen as a rather linear, continuously progressive process. This assumption of continuous progression of SVD markers was recently challenged by several studies that showed regression of SVD markers. Here, we provide a review on disease progression in sporadic SVD, thereby taking into account both progression and regression of SVD markers with emphasis on white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes and microbleeds. We will elaborate on temporal dynamics of SVD progression and discuss the view of SVD progression as a dynamic process, rather than the traditional view of SVD as a continuous progressive process, that might better fit evidence from longitudinal neuroimaging studies. We will discuss possible mechanisms and clinical implications of a dynamic time course of SVD, with both progression and regression of SVD markers.
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28
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Shin DH, Klotz E, Kim EY. Single Subcortical Infarct: Pathomechanism Assessed by Thin-Section Computed Tomography Perfusion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:1440-1448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Prats-Sanchez L, Martínez-Domeño A, Camps-Renom P, Delgado-Mederos R, Guisado-Alonso D, Marín R, Dorado L, Rudilosso S, Gómez-González A, Purroy F, Gómez-Choco M, Cánovas D, Cocho D, Garces M, Abilleira S, Martí-Fàbregas J. Risk factors are different for deep and lobar remote hemorrhages after intravenous thrombolysis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640874 PMCID: PMC5480833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Remote parenchymal haemorrhage (rPH) after intravenous thrombolysis is defined as hemorrhages that appear in brain regions without visible ischemic damage, remote from the area of ischemia causing the initial stroke symptom. The pathophysiology of rPH is not clear and may be explained by different underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that rPH may have different risk factors according to the bleeding location. We report the variables that we found associated with deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis. Methods This is a descriptive study of patients with ischemic stroke who were treated with intravenous thrombolysis. These patients were included in a multicenter prospective registry. We collected demographic, clinical and radiological data. We evaluated the number and distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We excluded patients treated endovascularly, patients with parenchymal hemorrhage without concomitant rPH and stroke mimics. We compared the variables from patients with deep or lobar rPH with those with no intracranial hemorrhage. Results We studied 934 patients (mean age 73.9±12.6 years) and 52.8% were men. We observed rPH in 34 patients (3.6%); 9 (0.9%) were deep and 25 (2.7%) lobar. No hemorrhage was observed in 900 (96.6%) patients. Deep rPH were associated with hypertensive episodes within first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis (77.7% vs 23.3%, p<0.001). Lobar rPH were associated with the presence of CMB (53.8% vs 7.9%, p<0.001), multiple (>1) CMB (30.7% vs 4.4%, p = 0.003), lobar CMB (53.8% vs 3.0%, p<0.001) and severe leukoaraiosis (76.9% vs 42%, p = 0.02). Conclusions A high blood pressure within the first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis is associated with deep rPH, whereas lobar rPH are associated with imaging markers of amyloid deposition. Thus, our results suggest that deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis may have different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prats-Sanchez
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Domeño
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado-Mederos
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Marín
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Dorado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Purroy
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - David Cánovas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Sabadell-Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Dolores Cocho
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitari de Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Moises Garces
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Spain
| | - Sonia Abilleira
- Stroke Programme/Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Servei de neuorlogia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Biomedical Research Institute, IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Jeon SB, Ryoo SM, Lee DH, Kwon SU, Jang S, Lee EJ, Lee SH, Han JH, Yoon MJ, Jeong S, Cho YU, Jo S, Lim SB, Kim JG, Lee HB, Jung SC, Park KW, Lee MH, Kang DW, Suh DC, Kim JS. Multidisciplinary Approach to Decrease In-Hospital Delay for Stroke Thrombolysis. J Stroke 2017; 19:196-204. [PMID: 28592785 PMCID: PMC5466296 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Decreasing the time delay for thrombolysis, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with tissue plasminogen activator and intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT), is critical for decreasing the morbidity and mortality of patients experiencing acute stroke. We aimed to decrease the in-hospital delay for both IVT and IAT through a multidisciplinary approach that is feasible 24 h/day.
Methods We implemented the Stroke Alert Team (SAT) on May 2, 2016, which introduced hospital-initiated ambulance prenotification and reorganized in-hospital processes. We compared the patient characteristics, time for each step of the evaluation and thrombolysis, thrombolysis rate, and post-thrombolysis intracranial hemorrhage from January 2014 to August 2016.
Results A total of 245 patients received thrombolysis (198 before SAT; 47 after SAT). The median door-to-CT, door-to-MRI, and door-to-laboratory times decreased to 13 min, 37.5 min, and 8 min, respectively, after SAT implementation (P<0.001). The median door-to-IVT time decreased from 46 min (interquartile range [IQR] 36–57 min) to 20.5 min (IQR 15.8–32.5 min; P<0.001). The median door-to-IAT time decreased from 156 min (IQR 124.5–212.5 min) to 86.5 min (IQR 67.5–102.3 min; P<0.001). The thrombolysis rate increased from 9.8% (198/2,012) to 15.8% (47/297; P=0.002), and the post-thrombolysis radiological intracranial hemorrhage rate decreased from 12.6% (25/198) to 2.1% (1/47; P=0.035).
Conclusions SAT significantly decreased the in-hospital delay for thrombolysis, increased thrombolysis rate, and decreased post-thrombolysis intracranial hemorrhage. Time benefits of SAT were observed for both IVT and IAT and during office hours and after-hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Beom Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mok Ryoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun U Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Han
- Department of Nursing, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Yoon
- Department of Nursing, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungyang Jo
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lim
- Department of Nursing, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Goo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Bin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Chai Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hwan Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wha Kang
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Chul Suh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong S Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is the most feared and devastating complication of oral anticoagulation, with high mortality and disability in survivors. Oral anticoagulant-related ICH is increasing in incidence, most likely in part due to the increased use of anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the elderly populations with a high prevalence of bleeding-prone cerebral small vessel diseases. Risk scores have been developed to predict bleeding, including ICH, as well as the risk of ischaemic stroke. Recently, attention has turned to brain imaging, in particular, MRI detection of potential prognostic biomarkers, which may help better predict outcomes and individualize anticoagulant decisions. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)--small, round areas of signal loss on blood-sensitive MR sequences--have been hypothesized to be a marker for bleeding-prone small vessel pathology, and thus, future symptomatic ICH risk. In this review, we outline the prevalence and prognostic value of CMBs in populations affected by AF for whom anticoagulation decisions are relevant, including healthy older individuals and survivors of ischaemic stroke or ICH. We consider the limitations of currently available evidence, and discuss future research directions in relation to both prognostic markers and treatment options for atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Group, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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32
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Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common form of cerebral small vessel disease and an important risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment. While the majority of research has focused on the hemorrhagic manifestation of CAA, its ischemic manifestations appear to have substantial clinical relevance as well. Findings from imaging and pathologic studies indicate that ischemic lesions are common in CAA, including white-matter hyperintensities, microinfarcts, and microstructural tissue abnormalities as detected with diffusion tensor imaging. Furthermore, imaging markers of ischemic disease show a robust association with cognition, independent of age, hemorrhagic lesions, and traditional vascular risk factors. Widespread ischemic tissue injury may affect cognition by disrupting white-matter connectivity, thereby hampering communication between brain regions. Challenges are to identify imaging markers that are able to capture widespread microvascular lesion burden in vivo and to further unravel the etiology of ischemic tissue injury by linking structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities to their underlying pathophysiology and histopathology. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ischemic brain injury in CAA will be a key step toward new interventions to improve long-term cognitive outcomes for patients with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael D Reijmer
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lansberg MG, Wintermark M, Kidwell CS, Warach S, Albers GW. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shi ZS, Duckwiler GR, Jahan R, Tateshima S, Gonzalez NR, Szeder V, Saver JL, Kim D, Ali LK, Starkman S, Vespa PM, Salamon N, Villablanca JP, Viñuela F, Feng L, Loh Y, Liebeskind DS. New Cerebral Microbleeds After Mechanical Thrombectomy for Large-Vessel Occlusion Strokes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2180. [PMID: 26632753 PMCID: PMC5059022 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interval appearance of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) after endovascular treatment has never been described. We investigated the frequency and predictors of new CMBs that developed shortly after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke, and its impact on clinical outcome.We retrospectively analyzed patients with large-vessel occlusion strokes treated with Merci Retriever, Penumbra System, or stent-retriever devices. Serial T2*-weighted gradient-recall echo (GRE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and 48 h after endovascular thrombectomy were assessed to identify new CMBs. We examined independent factors associated with new CMBs after mechanical thrombectomy. We analyzed the association of the presence, burden, and distribution of new CMBs with clinical outcome.A total of 187 consecutive patients with serial GRE were enrolled in this study. CMBs were evident in 36 (19.3%) patients before mechanical thrombectomy. New CMBs occurred in 41 (21.9%) patients after mechanical thrombectomy. Of the 68 new CMBs, 45 appeared in the lobar location, 18 in the deep location and 5 in the infratentorial location. The presence of baseline CMBs was associated with new CMBs after mechanical thrombectomy (OR 5.38; 95% CI 2.13-13.59; P < 0.001), no matter whether the patients were treated primarily with mechanical thrombectomy or with intravenous thrombolysis followed by mechanical thrombectomy. Patients with new CMBs did not have increased rates of hemorrhagic transformation, in-hospital mortality, and modified Rankin Scale score 4 to 6 at discharge.New CMBs are common after mechanical thrombectomy in one-fifth of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Baseline CMBs before mechanical thrombectomy predicts the development of new CMBs. New CMBs after mechanical thrombectomy do not influence clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Song Shi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z-SS); Division of Interventional Neuroradiology (GRD, RJ, ST, NRG, VS, FV), Department of Neurology (JLS, DK, LKA, SS, DSL), Department of Emergency Medicine (SS), Department of Neurosurgery (NRG, PMV), Division of Diagnostic Neuroradiology (NS, JPV), and Neurovascular Imaging Research Core (DSL), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Radiology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (LF); Interventional Neuroradiology and Neurocritical Care Services, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA (YL), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Z-SS)
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Yan S, Jin X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liebeskind DS, Lou M. Extensive cerebral microbleeds predict parenchymal haemorrhage and poor outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1267-72. [PMID: 25632155 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thrombolysis-related haemorrhagic transformation (HT) subtypes may have different prognostic implications. We aimed to analyse the impact of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) burden on HT subtypes and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. METHODS We retrospectively examined clinical and radiological data from 333 consecutive patients with acute ischaemic stroke who underwent susceptibility-weighted imaging before intravenous thrombolysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of CMBs on HT subtypes and neurological outcome. RESULTS We observed 596 CMBs in 119 (39.7%) patients on initial gradient-recalled echo scans. HT occurred in 88 (29.3%) patients, among which 62 were haemorrhagic infarction and 26 were parenchymal haemorrhage (PH). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the presence of extensive (≥ 3) CMBs was independently associated with PH (OR 6.704; 95% CI 2.054 to 21.883; p = 0.002) and poor clinical outcome (OR 2.281; 95% CI 1.022 to 5.093; p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The presence of extensive (≥ 3) CMBs increased the risk of PH 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis, and predicted poor clinical outcome independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - David S Liebeskind
- University of California-Los Angeles Stroke Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
With the advances in magnetic resonance imaging, previously unrecognized small brain lesions, which are mostly asymptomatic, have been increasingly detected. Diffusion-weighted imaging can identify small ischemic strokes, while gradient echo T2* imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging can reveal tiny hemorrhagic strokes (microbleeds). In this article, we review silent brain lesions appearing soon after acute stroke events, including silent new ischemic lesions and microbleeds appearing 1) after acute ischemic stroke and 2) after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, we briefly discuss the clinical implications of these silent new brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wha Kang
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Steven Warach
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Karaszewski B, Houlden H, Smith EE, Markus HS, Charidimou A, Levi C, Werring DJ. What causes intracerebral bleeding after thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke? Recent insights into mechanisms and potential biomarkers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1127-36. [PMID: 25814492 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The overall population benefit of intravascular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) on functional outcome in ischaemic stroke is clear, but there are some treated patients who are harmed by early symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). Although several clinical and radiological factors increase the risk of rtPA-related ICH, none of the currently available risk prediction tools are yet useful for practical clinical decision-making, probably reflecting our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Finding new methods to identify patients at highest risk of rtPA-related ICH, or new measures to limit risk, are urgent challenges in acute stroke therapy research. In this article, we focus on the potential underlying mechanisms of rtPA-related ICH, highlight promising candidate risk biomarkers and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Karaszewski
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk & University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eric E Smith
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK
| | - Christopher Levi
- Acute Stroke Services, University of Newcastle, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Werring
- University College London, Institute of Neurology & National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stroke Research Group, London, UK
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Shoamanesh A, Yan S, Charidimou A. New Cerebral Microbleeds and Mechanism of Post-Thrombolysis Remote Intracerebral Hemorrhage: "Red Meets White" Revisited. Front Neurol 2015; 6:203. [PMID: 26441822 PMCID: PMC4569965 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Shoamanesh
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Shenqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK ; Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Wang DN, Hou XW, Yang BW, Lin Y, Shi JP, Wang N. Quantity of Cerebral Microbleeds, Antiplatelet Therapy, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:2728-37. [PMID: 26342996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) increase future intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk after ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). However, whether CMB-related ICH risk depends on CMB quantity, CMB location, or antithrombotic agents is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate CMB-related ICH risk, stratifying patients according to the quantity of CMB, the location of CMB, and the type of antithrombotic therapy used. METHODS Literature databases were searched for prospective cohorts reporting ICH outcomes in patients with IS or TIA with baseline CMB evaluation. We calculated pooled relative ratios (RRs) for ICH among patients with and without CMBs. Pooled RRs of CMB-related ICH were further calculated in subgroups stratified by CMB quantity, CMB location, and antithrombotic therapy. RESULTS Among the 10 included studies, the pooled RR of future ICH was 7.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.07-14.70; P < .001) in CMB versus non-CMB patients. Subgroup analysis revealed that compared with non-CMB patients, multiple-CMB patients were at an increased risk for future ICH (RR = 8.02; 95% CI, 3.21-20.01; P < .001), whereas single-CMB patients did not incur this risk (RR = 2.33; 95% CI, .63-8.63; P = .205). A strong association was found between CMB presence and subsequent ICH in antiplatelet users (RR = 16.56; 95% CI, 3.68-74.42; P < .001). Studies on CMB-related ICH according to CMB locations and in anticoagulant users are lacking for subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that patients with IS or TIA with multiple CMBs may incur a higher risk of future ICH, and the presence of CMBs in patients with IS or TIA using antiplatelet agents may significantly increase the subsequent ICH risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Werring
- From the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Mackey J, Wing JJ, Norato G, Sobotka I, Menon RS, Burgess RE, Gibbons MC, Shara NM, Fernandez S, Jayam-Trouth A, Russell L, Edwards DF, Kidwell CS. High rate of microbleed formation following primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2015; 10:1187-91. [PMID: 26311530 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the frequency of microbleed development following intracerebral hemorrhage in a predominantly African-American population and to identify predictors of new microbleed formation. AIMS AND/OR HYPOTHESIS To investigate the frequency and predictors of new microbleeds following intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS The DECIPHER study was a prospective, longitudinal, magnetic resonance-based cohort study designed to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in risk factors for microbleeds and to evaluate the prognostic impact of microbleeds in this intracerebral hemorrhage population. We evaluated new microbleed formation in two time periods: from baseline to 30 days and from 30 days to year 1. RESULTS Of 200 subjects enrolled in DECIPHER, 84 had magnetic resonance imaging at all required time points to meet criteria for this analysis. In the baseline to day 30 analysis, 11 (13·1%) had new microbleeds, compared with 25 (29·8%) in the day 30 to year 1 analysis. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that baseline number of microbleeds [odds ratio 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·01, 1·08), P = 0·01] was associated with new microbleed formation at 30 days. A logistic regression model predicting new microbleed at one-year included baseline number of microbleeds [odds ratio 1·05 (1·00, 1·11), P = 0·046], baseline age [odds ratio 1·05 (1·00, 1·10), P = 0·04], and white matter disease score [odds ratio 1·18 (0·96, 1·45). P = 0·115]. Overall, 28 of 84 (33·3%) intracerebral hemorrhage subjects formed new microbleeds at some point in the first year post-intracerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS We found that one-third of intracerebral hemorrhage subjects in this cohort surviving one-year developed new microbleeds, which suggests a dynamic and rapidly progressive vasculopathy. Future studies are needed to examine the impact of new microbleed formation on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mackey
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gina Norato
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ian Sobotka
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard E Burgess
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Central DuPage Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Russell
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dorothy F Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea S Kidwell
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Song TJ, Chang Y, Shin MJ, Heo JH, Kim YJ. Low levels of plasma omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with cerebral small vessel diseases in acute ischemic stroke patients. Nutr Res 2015; 35:368-74. [PMID: 25921638 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) are related to stroke or cognitive dysfunction. n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represent possible disease-modifying factors for cardiovascular disease or dementia. Our hypothesis was that a low proportion of plasma FAs would be associated with cerebral SVDs. We prospectively enrolled 220 patients with a first-episode cerebral infarction within 7 days after symptom onset. The composition of plasma FAs was analyzed by gas chromatography methods. The presence and burden of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), high-grade white matter changes (HWCs), high-grade perivascular spaces (HPVSs), and asymptomatic lacunar infarctions (ALIs) were investigated. The mean proportion (± SD) was 2.0 ± 0.7 for EPA, 8.9 ± 1.5 for DHA, and 12.0 ± 2.1 for ∑ n-3-PUFAs. In total, 46 (20.9%) patients had CMBs, 64 (29.1 %) had HWCs, 57 (25.9%) had HPVSs, and 65 (29.5%) had ALIs. In univariate analyses, CMBs, HWCs, and HPVSs were each negatively correlated with the proportion of EPA, DHA, and ∑ n-3-PUFAs. In the multivariate analysis, a lower proportion of EPA, DHA and ∑ n-3-PUFAs was associated with the presence of CMBs, HWCs and HPVS, but not ALIs. Total SVDs score was inversely correlated with the proportion of EPA, DHA and ∑ n-3-PUFAs. Overall, we found an association between low proportions of plasma n-3-PUFAs and cerebral SVDs pathologies. Further studies are needed to explore the association and potential therapeutic role of FAs in cerebral SVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Chang
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Shoamanesh A, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Kase CS, Wolf PA, DeCarli C, Romero JR, Seshadri S. Inflammatory biomarkers, cerebral microbleeds, and small vessel disease: Framingham Heart Study. Neurology 2015; 84:825-32. [PMID: 25632086 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between circulating biomarkers of inflammation and MRI markers of small vessel disease. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study relating a panel of 15 biomarkers, representing systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, osteoprotegerin, and fibrinogen), vascular inflammation (intercellular adhesion molecule 1, CD40 ligand, P-selectin, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity, total homocysteine, and vascular endothelial growth factor), and oxidative stress (myeloperoxidase) to ischemic (white matter hyperintensities/silent cerebral infarcts) and hemorrhagic (cerebral microbleeds) markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) on MRI in 1,763 stroke-free Framingham offspring (mean age 60.2 ± 9.1 years, 53.7% women). RESULTS We observed higher levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and myeloperoxidase in the presence of cerebral microbleed (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-4.1 and OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0, respectively), higher levels of osteoprotegerin (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.5), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1), and lower myeloperoxidase (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-1.0) in participants with greater white matter hyperintensity volumes and silent cerebral infarcts. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports a possible role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of CSVD, but suggests that differing inflammatory pathways may underlie ischemic and hemorrhagic subtypes. If validated in other samples, these biomarkers may improve stroke risk prognostication and point to novel therapeutic targets to combat CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Shoamanesh
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento.
| | - Sarah R Preis
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Carlos S Kase
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Philip A Wolf
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Jose R Romero
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From McMaster University (A.S.), Hamilton, Canada; Harvard Medical School (A.S.), Boston; Boston University School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B.); Boston University School of Medicine (A.S.B., R.S.V., E.J.B., C.S.K., P.A.W., J.R.R., S.S.), MA; and University of California (C.D.), Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
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Abstract
We aimed to determine the frequency of new microbleeds after intravenous thrombolysis using contiguous thin-slice 3T magnetic resonance imaging. We retrospectively examined clinical and imaging data from 121 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging before and 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis. Of the included patients, 44 (36.4%) were women, with a median age of 69 years (range, 35-94 years). A total of 363 baseline microbleeds were observed in 57 patients and 8 new microbleeds in 6 patients. Multiple regression analysis indicated that baseline infarct volume (odds ratio, 1.556/10 mL; 95% CI, 1.017-2.379; P = 0.04) and systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 1.956/10 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.056-3.622; P = 0.03), but not the presence of baseline microbleeds, were independently associated with new microbleeds. The frequency of neither symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage nor remote hemorrhage or any hemorrhagic transformation was different between patients with and without new microbleeds (0.0% vs 1.7%, P > 0.99; 0.0% vs 1.7%, P > 0.99; 50.0% vs 28.7%, P =0.36). New microbleeds developed rapidly 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis. The significance of these new microbleeds and their effect on cognitive and functional outcome merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology (SY, YC, XZ, ML), Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; and Los Angeles Stroke Center (DSL), University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Jeon SB, Parikh G, Choi HA, Badjatia N, Lee K, Schmidt JM, Lantigua H, Connolly ES, Mayer SA, Claassen J. Cerebral microbleeds in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2014; 74:176-81; discussion 181. [PMID: 24176956 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are commonly found after stroke but have not previously been studied in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence, radiographic patterns, predictors, and impact on outcome of CMBs in patients with SAH. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively 39 consecutive patients who underwent T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging within 7 days after onset of spontaneous SAH. We report the frequency and location of CMBs and show their association with demographics, vascular risk factors, the Hunt-Hess grade, the modified Fisher Scale, the Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II, magnetic resonance imaging findings including diffusion-weighted imaging lesions, and laboratory data, as well as data on rebleeding, global cerebral edema, delayed cerebral ischemia, seizures, the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS Eighteen patients (46%) had CMBs. Of these patients, 9 had multiple CMBs, and overall a total of 50 CMBs were identified. The most common locations of CMBs were lobar (n = 23), followed by deep (n = 15) and infratentorial (n = 12). After adjustment for age and history of hypertension, CMBs were related to the presence of diffusion-weighted imaging lesions (odds ratio, 5.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-24.00; P = .03). Three months after SAH, patients with CMBs had nonsignificantly higher modified Rankin Scale scores (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-9.39; P = .18). CONCLUSION This study suggests that CMBs are commonly observed and associated with diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in patients with SAH. Our findings may represent a new mechanism of tissue injury in SAH. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical implications of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Beom Jeon
- *Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Departments of ‡Neurology and ¶Neurosurgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; §Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; ‖Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolu Wang
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yannie O.Y. Soo
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C.T. Mok
- From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Oh MY, Lee H, Kim JS, Ryu WS, Lee SH, Ko SB, Kim C, Kim CH, Yoon BW. Cystatin C, a novel indicator of renal function, reflects severity of cerebral microbleeds. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:127. [PMID: 24925313 PMCID: PMC4077563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal insufficiency, diagnosed using creatinine based estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or microalbumiuria, has been associated with the presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Cystatin C has been shown to be a more sensitive renal indicator than conventional renal markers. Under the assumption that similar pathologic mechanisms of the small vessel exist in the brain and kidney, we hypothesized that the levels of cystatin C may delineate the relationship between CMBs and renal insufficiency by detecting subclinical kidney dysfunction, which may be underestimated by other indicators, and thus reflect the severity of CMBs more accurately. METHODS Data was prospectively collected for 683 patients with ischemic stroke. The severity of CMBs was categorized by the number of lesions. Patients were divided into quartiles of cystatin C, estimated GFR and microalbumin/creatinine ratios. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of each renal indicator with CMBs. RESULTS In models including both quartiles of cystatin C and estimated GFR, only cystatin C quartiles were significant (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 1.88; 95% CI 1.05-3.38; p = 0.03) in contrast to estimated GFR (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 1.28; 95% CI 0.38-4.36; p = 0.70). A model including both quartiles of cystatin C and microalbumin/creatinine ratio also showed that only cystatin C quartiles was associated with CMBs (the highest vs. the lowest, adjusted OR, 2.06; 95% CI 1.07-3.94; p = 0.03). These associations were also observed in the logistic models using log transformed-cystatin C, albumin/creatinine ratio and estimated GFR as continuous variables. Cystatin C was a significant indicator of deep or infratenorial CMBs, but not strictly lobar CMBs. In addition, cystatin C showed the greatest significance in c-statistics for the presence of CMBs (AUC = 0.73 ± 0.03; 95% CI 0.66-0.76; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Cystatin C may be the most sensitive indicator of CMB severity among the renal disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Byung-Woo Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Charidimou A, Werring DJ. A raging fire in acute lacunar stroke: Inflammation, blood–brain barrier dysfunction and the origin of cerebral microbleeds. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xiao L, Sun W, Lan W, Xiong Y, Duan Z, Zhang Z, Fan W, Xu L, Xie X, Ma N, Ye R, Xu G, Liu X, Zhu W. Correlation between cerebral microbleeds and S100B/RAGE in acute lacunar stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:208-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Imaizumi T, Inamura S, Kohama I, Yoshifuji K, Nomura T, Komatsu K. Nascent Lobar Microbleeds and Stroke Recurrences. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:610-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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