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Irshad K, Huang YK, Rodriguez P, Lo J, Aghoghovwia BE, Pan Y, Chang KC. The Neuroimmune Regulation and Potential Therapeutic Strategies of Optic Pathway Glioma. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1424. [PMID: 37891793 PMCID: PMC10605541 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is one of the causes of pediatric visual impairment. Unfortunately, there is as yet no cure for such a disease. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and the potential therapeutic strategies may help to delay the progression of OPG and rescue the visual morbidities. Here, we provide an overview of preclinical OPG studies and the regulatory pathways controlling OPG pathophysiology. We next discuss the role of microenvironmental cells (neurons, T cells, and tumor-associated microglia and macrophages) in OPG development. Last, we provide insight into potential therapeutic strategies for treating OPG and promoting axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.I.); (B.E.A.)
| | - Yu-Kai Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Paul Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Jung Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Benjamin E. Aghoghovwia
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.I.); (B.E.A.)
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.I.); (B.E.A.)
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Cipri S, Del Baldo G, Fabozzi F, Boccuto L, Carai A, Mastronuzzi A. Unlocking the power of precision medicine for pediatric low-grade gliomas: molecular characterization for targeted therapies with enhanced safety and efficacy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1204829. [PMID: 37397394 PMCID: PMC10311254 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade significant advancements have been made in the discovery of targetable lesions in pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs). These tumors account for 30-50% of all pediatric brain tumors with generally a favorable prognosis. The latest 2021 WHO classification of pLGGs places a strong emphasis on molecular characterization for significant implications on prognosis, diagnosis, management, and the potential target treatment. With the technological advances and new applications in molecular diagnostics, the molecular characterization of pLGGs has revealed that tumors that appear similar under a microscope can have different genetic and molecular characteristics. Therefore, the new classification system divides pLGGs into several distinct subtypes based on these characteristics, enabling a more accurate strategy for diagnosis and personalized therapy based on the specific genetic and molecular abnormalities present in each tumor. This approach holds great promise for improving outcomes for patients with pLGGs, highlighting the importance of the recent breakthroughs in the discovery of targetable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Cipri
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapies and Hemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapies and Hemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fabozzi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapies and Hemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- Healthcare Genetics Program, School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Andrea Carai
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurosurgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell Therapy, Gene Therapies and Hemopoietic Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Tsai JW, Choi JJ, Ouaalam H, Murillo EA, Yeo KK, Vogelzang J, Sousa C, Woods JK, Ligon KL, Warfield SK, Bandopadhayay P, Cooney TM. Integrated response analysis of pediatric low-grade gliomas during and after targeted therapy treatment. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdac182. [PMID: 36926246 PMCID: PMC10011805 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common central nervous system tumor in children, characterized by RAS/MAPK pathway driver alterations. Genomic advances have facilitated the use of molecular targeted therapies, however, their long-term impact on tumor behavior remains critically unanswered. Methods We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective chart and imaging review of pLGGs treated with off-label targeted therapy at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's from 2010 to 2020. Response analysis was performed for BRAFV600E and BRAF fusion/duplication-driven pLGG subsets. Results Fifty-five patients were identified (dabrafenib n = 15, everolimus n = 26, trametinib n = 11, and vemurafenib n = 3). Median duration of targeted therapy was 9.48 months (0.12-58.44). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year EFS from targeted therapy initiation were 62.1%, 38.2%, and 31.8%, respectively. Mean volumetric change for BRAFV600E mutated pLGG on BRAF inhibitors was -54.11%; median time to best volumetric response was 8.28 months with 9 of 12 (75%) objective RAPNO responses. Median time to largest volume post-treatment was 2.86 months (+13.49%); mean volume by the last follow-up was -14.02%. Mean volumetric change for BRAF fusion/duplication pLGG on trametinib was +7.34%; median time to best volumetric response was 6.71 months with 3 of 7 (43%) objective RAPNO responses. Median time to largest volume post-treatment was 2.38 months (+71.86%); mean volume by the last follow-up was +39.41%. Conclusions Our integrated analysis suggests variability in response by pLGG molecular subgroup and targeted therapy, as well as the transience of some tumor growth following targeted therapy cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Tsai
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jungwhan John Choi
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hakim Ouaalam
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Efrain Aguilar Murillo
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology and Neurointervention, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee Kiat Yeo
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecilia Sousa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared K Woods
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon K Warfield
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tabitha M Cooney
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jesus-Ribeiro J, Rebelo O, Ribeiro IP, Pires LM, Melo JD, Sales F, Santana I, Freire A, Melo JB. The landscape of common genetic drivers and DNA methylation in low-grade (epilepsy-associated) neuroepithelial tumors: A review. Neuropathology 2022; 42:467-482. [PMID: 35844095 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LNETs) represent an important group of central nervous system neoplasms, some of which may be associated to epilepsy. The concept of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) includes a heterogenous group of low-grade, cortically based tumors, associated to drug-resistant epilepsy, often requiring surgical treatment. LEATs entities can sometimes be poorly discriminated by histological features, precluding a confident classification in the absence of additional diagnostic tools. This study aimed to provide an updated review on the genomic findings and DNA methylation profiling advances in LNETs, including histological entities of LEATs. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection. High-quality peer-reviewed original manuscripts and review articles with full-text in English, published between 2003 and 2022, were included. Results were screened based on titles and abstracts to determine suitability for inclusion, and when addressed the topic of the review was screened by full-text reading. Data extraction was performed through a qualitative content analysis approach. Most LNETs appear to be driven mainly by a single genomic abnormality and respective affected signaling pathway, including BRAF p.V600E mutations in ganglioglioma, FGFR1 abnormalities in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, MYB alterations in angiocentric glioma, BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma, PRKCA fusions in papillary glioneuronal tumor, between others. However, these molecular alterations are not exclusive, with some overlap amongst different tumor histologies. Also, clustering analysis of DNA methylation profiles allowed the identification of biologically similar molecular groups that sometimes transcend conventional histopathological classification. The exciting developments on the molecular basis of these tumors reinforce the importance of an integrative histopathological and (epi)genetic classification, which can be translated into precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Jesus-Ribeiro
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olinda Rebelo
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Pires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Daniel Melo
- Internal Medicine Department, CUF Coimbra Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sales
- Epilepsy and Sleep Monitoring Unit, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Freire
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neurology Department, Coimbra Luz Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Barbosa Melo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Carneiro TNR, Bim LV, Buzatto VC, Galdeno V, Asprino PF, Lee EA, Galante PAF, Cerutti JM. Evidence of Cooperation between Hippo Pathway and RAS Mutation in Thyroid Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2306. [PMID: 34065786 PMCID: PMC8151534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidences have been steadily increasing worldwide and are projected to become the fourth leading cancer diagnosis by 2030. Improved diagnosis and prognosis predictions for this type of cancer depend on understanding its genetic bases and disease biology. RAS mutations have been found in a wide range of thyroid tumors, from benign to aggressive thyroid carcinomas. Based on that and in vivo studies, it has been suggested that RAS cooperates with other driver mutations to induce tumorigenesis. This study aims to identify genetic alterations or pathways that cooperate with the RAS mutation in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. From a cohort of 120 thyroid carcinomas, 11 RAS-mutated samples were identified. The samples were subjected to RNA-Sequencing analyses. The mutation analysis in our eleven RAS-positive cases uncovered that four genes that belong to the Hippo pathway were mutated. The gene expression analysis revealed that this pathway was dysregulated in the RAS-positive samples. We additionally explored the mutational status and expression profiling of 60 RAS-positive papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Altogether, the mutational landscape and pathway enrichment analysis (gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG)) detected the Hippo pathway as dysregulated in RAS-positive thyroid carcinomas. Finally, we suggest a crosstalk between the Hippo and other signaling pathways, such as Wnt and BMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Nayane Ribeiro Carneiro
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (T.N.R.C.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Larissa Valdemarin Bim
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (T.N.R.C.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Vanessa Candiotti Buzatto
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-060, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (V.G.); (P.F.A.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Vanessa Galdeno
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-060, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (V.G.); (P.F.A.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Paula Fontes Asprino
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-060, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (V.G.); (P.F.A.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS (Center for Life Science) Building 15th Floor, Office 15020 | Lab 15072, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Pedro Alexandre Favoretto Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-060, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (V.G.); (P.F.A.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (T.N.R.C.); (L.V.B.)
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Gregory TA, Chumbley LB, Henson JW, Theeler BJ. Adult pilocytic astrocytoma in the molecular era: a comprehensive review. CNS Oncol 2021; 10:CNS68. [PMID: 33448230 PMCID: PMC7962176 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is less prevalent than pediatric PA and is associated with a worse prognosis. In a literature review, we found that 88.3% of the molecular alterations in adult PA are associated with MAPK pathway dysregulation. The most common alterations are fusions of BRAF. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pathway has evolved substantially, heralding advancements in specific targeted therapy. Here, we review clinical and molecular features of adult PA, characteristics predicting aggressive behavior and approaches to standard and investigational therapies. We highlight epigenetic profiling and integrated diagnosis as an essential component of classifying PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Neurology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA
| | - Lyndon B Chumbley
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John W Henson
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Brett J Theeler
- Department of Neurology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
- John P Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
- NIH/NCI Neuro-Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892-8202, USA
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7
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Zheng X, Pan Y, Chen X, Xia S, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang J. Inactivation of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through inhibition of P53-dependent E-cadherin expression. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:117-132. [PMID: 33063904 PMCID: PMC7780018 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), a well-known tumor suppressor, shows contradictory expression patterns in different cancers. This study was undertaken to clarify HIPK2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to reveal the potential mechanism of HIPK2 involvement in OSCC metastasis. Two hundred and four OSCC tissues, together with paired adjacent normal epithelia, dysplastic epithelia, and lymph node metastasis specimens, were collected to profile HIPK2 expression by immunohistochemical staining. High throughput RNA-sequencing was used to detect the dysregulated signaling pathways in HIPK2-deficient OSCC cells. Transwell assay and lymphatic metastatic orthotopic mouse model assay were undertaken to identify the effect of HIPK2 on tumor invasion. Western blotting and luciferase reporter assay were used to examine the HIPK2/P53/E-cadherin axis in OSCC. Nuclear delocalization of HIPK2 was observed during oral epithelial cancerization progression and was associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and poor outcome. Depletion of HIPK2 promoted tumor cell invasion in vitro and facilitated cervical lymph node metastasis in vivo. According to mRNA-sequencing, pathways closely related to tumor invasion were notably activated. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 was found to trigger E-cadherin expression by mediating P53, which directly targets the CDH1 (coding E-cadherin) promoter. Restoring P53 expression rescued the E-cadherin suppression induced by HIPK2 deficiency, whereas rescued cytoplasmic HIPK2 expression had no influence on the expression of E-cadherin and cell mobility. Together, nuclear delocalization of HIPK2 might serve as a valuable negative biomarker for poor prognosis of OSCC and lymph node metastasis. The depletion of HIPK2 expression promoted OSCC metastasis by suppressing the P53/E-cadherin axis, which might be a promising target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuemei Pan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaying Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei_MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H. Microglia/Brain Macrophages as Central Drivers of Brain Tumor Pathobiology. Neuron 2020; 104:442-449. [PMID: 31697921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common brain tumors in children and adults is glioma or astrocytoma. There are few effective therapies for these cancers, and patients with malignant glioma fare poorly, even after aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Over the past decade, it is now appreciated that these tumors are composed of numerous distinct neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell populations, which could each influence overall tumor biology and response to therapy. Among these noncancerous cell types, monocytes (microglia and macrophages) predominate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interactions involving microglia and macrophages relevant to glioma formation, progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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An Alternative Splice Variant of HIPK2 with Intron Retention Contributes to Cytokinesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020484. [PMID: 32093146 PMCID: PMC7072727 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIPK2 is a DYRK-like kinase involved in cellular stress response pathways, development, and cell division. Two alternative splice variants of HIPK2, HIPK2-FL and HIPK2-Δe8, have been previously identified as having different protein stability but similar functional activity in the stress response. Here, we describe one additional HIPK2 splice variant with a distinct subcellular distribution and functional activity in cytokinesis. This novel splice variant lacks the last two exons and retains intron13 with a stop codon after 89 bp of the intron, generating a short isoform, HIPK2-S, that is detectable by 2D Western blots. RT-PCR analyses of tissue arrays and tumor samples show that HIPK2-FL and HIPK2-S are expressed in normal human tissues in a tissue-dependent manner and differentially expressed in human colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that in contrast to HIPK2-FL, HIPK2-S has a diffuse, non-speckled distribution and is not involved in the DNA damage response. Rather, we found that HIPK2-S, but not HIPK2-FL, localizes at the intercellular bridge, where it phosphorylates histone H2B and spastin, both required for faithful cell division. Altogether, these data show that distinct human HIPK2 splice variants are involved in distinct HIPK2-regulated functions like stress response and cytokinesis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Optic pathway gliomas are low-grade neoplasms that affect the precortical visual pathway of children and adolescents. They can affect the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts and radiations and can either be sporadic or associated with neurofibromatosis type one. Gliomas isolated to the optic nerve (ONG) represent a subgroup of optic pathway gliomas, and their treatment remains controversial. New developments in ONG treatment have emerged in recent years, and it is necessary for clinicians to have a current understanding of available therapies. RECENT FINDINGS The current review of the literature covers the background of and recent developments in ONG treatment, with a focus on standard chemotherapy, new molecularly targeted therapies, radiation therapy and surgical resection and debulking. SUMMARY Although standard chemotherapy remains the mainstay of ONG treatment, newer molecularly targeted therapies such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors and bevacizumab represent a promising new treatment modality, and clinical studies are ongoing.
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Wong KKL, Liao JZ, Verheyen EM. A positive feedback loop between Myc and aerobic glycolysis sustains tumor growth in a Drosophila tumor model. eLife 2019; 8:46315. [PMID: 31259690 PMCID: PMC6636907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells usually exhibit aberrant cell signaling and metabolic reprogramming. However, mechanisms of crosstalk between these processes remain elusive. Here, we show that in an in vivo tumor model expressing oncogenic Drosophila Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk), tumor cells display elevated aerobic glycolysis. Mechanistically, elevated Hipk drives transcriptional upregulation of Drosophila Myc (dMyc; MYC in vertebrates) likely through convergence of multiple perturbed signaling cascades. dMyc induces robust expression of pfk2 (encoding 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase; PFKFB in vertebrates) among other glycolytic genes. Pfk2 catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which acts as a potent allosteric activator of Phosphofructokinase (Pfk) and thus stimulates glycolysis. Pfk2 and Pfk in turn are required to sustain dMyc protein accumulation post-transcriptionally, establishing a positive feedback loop. Disruption of the loop abrogates tumorous growth. Together, our study demonstrates a reciprocal stimulation of Myc and aerobic glycolysis and identifies the Pfk2-Pfk governed committed step of glycolysis as a metabolic vulnerability during tumorigenesis. Cancer arises when cells in the body divide and grow excessively. These cells will often also take up more glucose than normal cells and break it down into another chemical known as lactate faster. This change to the chemical reactions happening within the cell, also called a metabolic change, is required to help produce the extra DNA, proteins and fatty molecules that it needs to grow. Elevated levels of certain proteins can trigger the changes that lead to the growth of tumors. MYC (called dMyc in fruit flies) is one of these proteins. It controls cell division and increases the production of enzymes that break down glucose. Hipk is another protein that can induce tumor growth in fruit flies, but how it does so was unknown. Here, Wong et al. show that high levels of Hipk boost glucose metabolism and accumulation of dMyc protein in fruit fly cells. They also describe the link between increased glucose metabolism and uncontrolled cell division. First, fruit fly cells were fed a fluorescent molecule similar to glucose that cannot be broken down by the cells. This experiment established that glucose uptake increases in cells with too much Hipk. These cells also break down glucose faster, confirming that they have increased glucose metabolism. Cells with high levels of Hipk also activate the genes that generate the enzymes involved in glucose breakdown, and increase the activity of the gene coding for dMyc. Levels of the dMyc protein are higher in these cells, which was shown by staining the cells with fluorescent molecules that specifically bind the dMyc protein. It is this buildup of dMyc protein that activates the genes coding for the enzymes responsible for glucose breakdown. PFK2 is one of these enzymes. Finally, Wong et al. inhibited the production of the enzymes that are elevated in cells with high Hipk. Stopping the production of PFK2 prevents both tumor growth and the accumulation of dMyc protein. This shows that high levels of dMyc increase PFK2 levels, leading to further dMyc buildup, and creating a loop that links the uncontrolled cell division caused by too much dMyc and the shift to higher glucose metabolism. These results highlight new potential targets for cancer therapy, showing that targeting glucose metabolism may reduce, or even stop, tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kin Lam Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Centre for Cell Biology Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Jenny Zhe Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Centre for Cell Biology Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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12
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Azad TD, Jiang B, Bettegowda C. Molecular foundations of primary spinal tumors-implications for surgical management. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:222. [PMID: 31297387 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary spinal tumors are rare lesions that require careful clinical management due to their intimate relationship with critical neurovascular structures and the significant associated risk of morbidity. While the advent of molecular and genomic profiling is beginning to impact the management of the cranial counterparts, translation for spinal tumors has lagged behind. Maximal safe surgical resection remains the mainstay of patients with primary spinal tumors, with extent of resection and histology the only consistently identified independent predictors of survival. Adjuvant therapy has had limited impact. To develop targeted neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, improve prognostication, and enhance patient selection in spinal oncology, a thorough understanding of the current molecular and genomic landscape of spinal tumors is required. In this review, we detail the epidemiology, current standard-of-care, and molecular features of the most commonly encountered intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT), intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors, and primary spinal column malignancies (PSCM). We further discuss current efforts and future opportunities for integrating molecular advances in spinal oncology with clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bowen Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Ritter O, Schmitz ML. Differential intracellular localization and dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase family members. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1676-1686. [PMID: 31029697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The three canonical members of the family of homeodomain-interacting protein (HIP) kinases fulfill overlapping and distinct roles in cellular stress response pathways. Here we systematically compared all three endogenous HIPKs for their intracellular distribution and mutual interactions. The endogenous HIPKs are contained in high molecular weight complexes of ~700 kDa but do not directly interact physically. Under basal conditions, HIPK1 was mostly cytoplasmic, while HIPK3 was found in the nucleus and HIPK2 occurred in both compartments. Inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B resulted in the nuclear accumulation of mainly HIPK1 and HIPK2, indicating constitutive dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. The carcinogenic chemical stressor sodium arsenite caused the induction of HIPK2-dependent cell death and also resulted in a rapid and complete nuclear translocation of HIPK2, showing that the intracellular distribution of this kinase can undergo dynamic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Ritter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Description of a Novel Diagnostic Scoring System in Pediatric Optic Nerve Glioma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019; 212:892-898. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.18.20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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16
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Wu YM, Cieślik M, Lonigro RJ, Vats P, Reimers MA, Cao X, Ning Y, Wang L, Kunju LP, de Sarkar N, Heath EI, Chou J, Feng FY, Nelson PS, de Bono JS, Zou W, Montgomery B, Alva A, Robinson DR, Chinnaiyan AM. Inactivation of CDK12 Delineates a Distinct Immunogenic Class of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Cell 2019; 173:1770-1782.e14. [PMID: 29906450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using integrative genomic analysis of 360 metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) samples, we identified a novel subtype of prostate cancer typified by biallelic loss of CDK12 that is mutually exclusive with tumors driven by DNA repair deficiency, ETS fusions, and SPOP mutations. CDK12 loss is enriched in mCRPC relative to clinically localized disease and characterized by focal tandem duplications (FTDs) that lead to increased gene fusions and marked differential gene expression. FTDs associated with CDK12 loss result in highly recurrent gains at loci of genes involved in the cell cycle and DNA replication. CDK12 mutant cases are baseline diploid and do not exhibit DNA mutational signatures linked to defects in homologous recombination. CDK12 mutant cases are associated with elevated neoantigen burden ensuing from fusion-induced chimeric open reading frames and increased tumor T cell infiltration/clonal expansion. CDK12 inactivation thereby defines a distinct class of mCRPC that may benefit from immune checkpoint immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mi Wu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieślik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert J Lonigro
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melissa A Reimers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu Ning
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Navonil de Sarkar
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elisabeth I Heath
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jonathan Chou
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Cancer Biomarkers Team, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Weiping Zou
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ajjai Alva
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Dan R Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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KIAA1549-BRAF Expression Establishes a Permissive Tumor Microenvironment Through NFκB-Mediated CCL2 Production. Neoplasia 2018; 21:52-60. [PMID: 30504064 PMCID: PMC6277251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1549-BRAF is the most frequently identified genetic mutation in sporadic pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), creating a fusion BRAF (f-BRAF) protein with increased BRAF activity. Fusion-BRAF-expressing neural stem cells (NSCs) exhibit increased cell growth and can generate glioma-like lesions following injection into the cerebella of naïve mice. Increased Iba1+ monocyte (microglia) infiltration is associated with murine f-BRAF-expressing NSC-induced glioma-like lesion formation, suggesting that f-BRAF-expressing NSCs attract microglia to establish a microenvironment supportive of tumorigenesis. Herein, we identify Ccl2 as the chemokine produced by f-BRAF-expressing NSCs, which is critical for creating a permissive stroma for gliomagenesis. In addition, f-BRAF regulation of Ccl2 production operates in an ERK- and NFκB-dependent manner in cerebellar NSCs. Finally, Ccr2-mediated microglia recruitment is required for glioma-like lesion formation in vivo, as tumor do not form in Ccr2-deficient mice following f-BRAF-expressing NSC injection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that f-BRAF expression creates a supportive tumor microenvironment through NFκB-mediated Ccl2 production and microglia recruitment.
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Kondyli M, Larouche V, Saint-Martin C, Ellezam B, Pouliot L, Sinnett D, Legault G, Crevier L, Weil A, Farmer JP, Jabado N, Perreault S. Trametinib for progressive pediatric low-grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:435-444. [PMID: 30097824 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are low grade gliomas and the most common brain tumors in children. They often represent a therapeutic challenge when incompletely resected as they can recur and progress despite the use of several lines of chemotherapeutic agents or even radiation therapy. Genetic alterations leading to activation of the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase pathway are a hallmark of this disease and offer an interesting therapeutic alternative through the use of targeted inhibitors. METHODS Here, we describe six children with sporadic PA who were treated with trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, following progression under conventional therapies. Retrospective chart review was performed. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 2.3 years (y) old [range 11 months (m)-8.5 y old]. KIAA1549-BRAF fusion was identified in five cases, and hotspot FGFR1/NF1/PTPN11 mutations in one. All patients received at least one previous line of chemotherapy (range 1-4). The median time on treatment was 11 m (range 4-20). Overall, we observed two partial responses and three minor responses as best response; three of these patients are still on therapy. Treatment was discontinued in the patient with progressive disease. The most frequent toxicities were minor to moderately severe skin rash and gastro-intestinal symptoms. Two patients had dose reduction due to skin toxicity. Quality of life was excellent with decreased hospital visits and a close to normal life. CONCLUSION Trametinib appears to be a suitable option for refractory pediatric low-grade glioma and warrants further investigations in case of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kondyli
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Larouche
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Saint-Martin
- Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lauranne Pouliot
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Hematology-Oncology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Legault
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Crevier
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Alex Weil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Farmer
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Perreault
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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19
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Miller KE, Kelly B, Fitch J, Ross N, Avenarius MR, Varga E, Koboldt DC, Boué DR, Magrini V, Coven SL, Finlay JL, Cottrell CE, White P, Gastier-Foster JM, Wilson RK, Leonard J, Mardis ER. Genome sequencing identifies somatic BRAF duplication c.1794_1796dupTAC;p.Thr599dup in pediatric patient with low-grade ganglioglioma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a002618. [PMID: 29434027 PMCID: PMC5880266 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliogliomas (WHO grade I) are rare tumors affecting the central nervous system and are most frequently observed in children. Next-generation sequencing of tumors is being utilized at an increasing rate in both research and clinical settings to characterize the genetic factors that drive tumorigenesis. Here, we report a rare BRAF somatic mutation (NM_004333.4:c.1794_1796dupTAC; p.Thr599dup) in the tumor genome from a pediatric patient in her late teens, who was initially diagnosed with low-grade ganglioglioma at age 13. This duplication of 3 nt introduces a second threonine residue at amino acid 599 of the BRAF protein. Based on previous studies, this variant is likely to increase kinase activity, similar to the well-characterized BRAF p.Val600Glu (V600E) pathogenic variant. In addition, although the p.T599dup somatic mutation has been documented rarely in human cancers, the variant has not been previously reported in ganglioglioma. The identification of this variant presents an opportunity to consider targeted therapy (e.g., BRAF inhibitor) for this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Miller
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin Kelly
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - James Fitch
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Nicole Ross
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Matthew R Avenarius
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Varga
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Daniel R Boué
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Scott L Coven
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Catherine E Cottrell
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Peter White
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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21
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Nasser MM, Mehdipour P. Exploration of Involved Key Genes and Signaling Diversity in Brain Tumors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:393-419. [PMID: 28493234 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are becoming a major cause of death. The classification of brain tumors has gone through restructuring with regard to some criteria such as the presence or absence of a specific genetic alteration in the 2016 central nervous system World Health Organization update. Two categories of genes with a leading role in tumorigenesis and cancer induction include tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes are inactivated through a variety of mechanisms that result in their loss of function. As for the oncogenes, overexpression and amplification are the most common mechanisms of alteration. Important cell cycle genes such as p53, ATM, cyclin D2, and Rb have shown altered expression patterns in different brain tumors such as meningioma and astrocytoma. Some genes in signaling pathways have a role in brain tumorigenesis. These pathways include hedgehog, EGFR, Notch, hippo, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and WNT signaling. It has been shown that telomere length in some brain tumor samples is shortened compared to that in normal cells. As the shortening of telomere length triggers chromosome instability early in brain tumors, it could lead to initiation of cancer. On the other hand, telomerase activity was positive in some brain tumors. It is suggestive that telomere length and telomerase activity are important diagnostic markers in brain tumors. This review focuses on brain tumors with regard to the status of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, cell cycle genes, and genes in signaling pathways as well as the role of telomere length and telomerase in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Mahdian Nasser
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Blaquiere JA, Wong KKL, Kinsey SD, Wu J, Verheyen EM. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase promotes tumorigenesis and metastatic cell behavior. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031146. [PMID: 29208636 PMCID: PMC5818076 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in signaling pathways that regulate tissue growth often lead to tumorigenesis. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) family members are reported to have distinct and contradictory effects on cell proliferation and tissue growth. From these studies, it is clear that much remains to be learned about the roles of Hipk family protein kinases in proliferation and cell behavior. Previous work has shown that Drosophila Hipk is a potent growth regulator, thus we predicted that it could have a role in tumorigenesis. In our study of Hipk-induced phenotypes, we observed the formation of tumor-like structures in multiple cell types in larvae and adults. Furthermore, elevated Hipk in epithelial cells induces cell spreading, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the imaginal disc. Further evidence comes from cell culture studies, in which we expressed Drosophila Hipk in human breast cancer cells and showed that it enhances proliferation and migration. Past studies have shown that Hipk can promote the action of conserved pathways implicated in cancer and EMT, such as Wnt/Wingless, Hippo, Notch and JNK. We show that Hipk phenotypes are not likely to arise from activation of a single target, but rather through a cumulative effect on numerous target pathways. Most Drosophila tumor models involve mutations in multiple genes, such as the well-known RasV12 model, in which EMT and invasiveness occur after the additional loss of the tumor suppressor gene scribble. Our study reveals that elevated levels of Hipk on their own can promote both hyperproliferation and invasive cell behavior, suggesting that Hipk family members could be potent oncogenes and drivers of EMT. Summary: The protein kinase Hipk can promote proliferation and invasive behaviors, and can synergize with known cancer pathways, in a new Drosophila model for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blaquiere
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Kenneth Kin Lam Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Stephen D Kinsey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Trubini S, Ubiali A, Paties CT, Cavanna L. Novel BRAF mutation in melanoma: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 8:460-462. [PMID: 29456854 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In melanoma, a number of specific genetic and genomic aberrations have been identified to be important in tumorigenesis. In particular, the mutant B-Raf proto-oncogene, Serine/Threonine kinase (BRAF) gene is the target of tailored therapy with kinase inhibitor molecules. Identification of the array of mutations in patients with melanoma will be useful in determining a genetic profile of the tumor with potential implications for treatment decisions. A rare aminoacidic insertion in codon 599 of the BRAF gene (c.1797_1798insACA, T599insT) was detected by using both direct (Sanger) sequencing and pyrosequencing techniques in a metastatic melanoma of a female elderly patient. As suggested in other clinical contexts including pilocytic astrocytoma, papillary thyroid carcinomas and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, this unusual mutation may be associated with a modified spatial structure of activated P-loop, resulting in a constitutional activation of the BRAF protein. The patient died shortly following the test, thus no biological therapy was performed. Comparable data regarding treatment of melanoma patients with rare BRAF mutations is lacking, and the response to BRAF inhibitors requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Trubini
- Onco-Hematologic Department, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, I-49-29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ubiali
- Onco-Hematologic Department, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, I-49-29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Carlo Terenzio Paties
- Onco-Hematologic Department, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, I-49-29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavanna
- Onco-Hematologic Department, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, I-49-29121 Piacenza, Italy
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24
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Kogiso M, Qi L, Lindsay H, Huang Y, Zhao X, Liu Z, Braun FK, Du Y, Zhang H, Bae G, Zhao S, Injac SG, Sobieski M, Brunell D, Mehta V, Tran D, Murray J, Baxter PA, Yuan XJ, Su JM, Adesina A, Perlaky L, Chintagumpala M, Parsons DW, Lau CC, Stephan CC, Lu X, Li XN. Xenotransplantation of pediatric low grade gliomas confirms the enrichment of BRAF V600E mutation and preservation of CDKN2A deletion in a novel orthotopic xenograft mouse model of progressive pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87455-87471. [PMID: 29152094 PMCID: PMC5675646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cellular and molecular changes that driver pediatric low grade glioma (PLGG) progression, we analyzed putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) and evaluated key biological changes in a novel and progressive patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. Flow cytometric analysis of 22 PLGGs detected CD133+ (<1.5%) and CD15+ (20.7 ± 28.9%) cells, and direct intra-cranial implantation of 25 PLGGs led to the development of 1 PDOX model from a grade II pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA). While CSC levels did not correlate with patient tumor progression, neurosphere formation and in vivo tumorigenicity, the PDOX model, IC-3635PXA, reproduced key histological features of the original tumor. Similar to the patient tumor that progressed and recurred, IC-3635PXA also progressed during serial in vivo subtransplantations (4 passages), exhibiting increased tumor take rate, elevated proliferation, loss of mature glial marker (GFAP), accumulation of GFAP−/Vimentin+ cells, enhanced local invasion, distant perivascular migration, and prominent reactive gliosis in normal mouse brains. Molecularly, xenograft cells with homozygous deletion of CDKN2A shifted from disomy chromosome 9 to trisomy chromosome 9; and BRAF V600E mutation allele frequency increased (from 28% in patient tumor to 67% in passage III xenografts). In vitro drug screening identified 2/7 BRAF V600E inhibitors and 2/9 BRAF inhibitors that suppressed cell proliferation. In summary, we showed that PLGG tumorigenicity was low despite the presence of putative CSCs, and our data supported GFAP−/Vimentin+ cells, CDKN2A homozygous deletion in trisomy chromosome 9 cells, and BRAF V600E mutation as candidate drivers of tumor progression in the PXA xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kogiso
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin, Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Frank K Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Goeun Bae
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sibo Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah G Injac
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Sobieski
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Brunell
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diep Tran
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Murray
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Patricia A Baxter
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Jun Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Xinhua Children's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jack M Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laszlo Perlaky
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Murali Chintagumpala
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Williams Parsons
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching C Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clifford C Stephan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 frequently manifest optic pathway gliomas-low-grade gliomas intrinsic to the visual pathway. This review describes the molecular and genetic mechanisms driving optic pathway gliomas as well as the clinical symptoms of this relatively common genetic condition. Recommendations for clinical management and descriptions of the newest imaging techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Avery
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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26
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Ricker CA, Pan Y, Gutmann DH, Keller C. Challenges in Drug Discovery for Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Low-Grade Glioma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:259. [PMID: 28066715 PMCID: PMC5167692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder that results from germline mutations of the NF1 gene, creating a predisposition to low-grade gliomas (LGGs; pilocytic astrocytoma) in young children. Insufficient data and resources represent major challenges to identifying the best possible drug therapies for children with this tumor. Herein, we summarize the currently available cell lines, genetically engineered mouse models, and therapeutic targets for these LGGs. Conspicuously absent are human tumor-derived cell lines or patient-derived xenograft models for NF1-LGG. New collaborative initiatives between patients and their families, research groups, and pharmaceutical companies are needed to create transformative resources and broaden the knowledge base relevant to identifying cooperating genetic drivers and possible drug therapeutics for this common pediatric brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora A Ricker
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute , Beaverton, OR , USA
| | - Yuan Pan
- Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute , Beaverton, OR , USA
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28
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Blaquiere JA, Verheyen EM. Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinases: Diverse and Complex Roles in Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 123:73-103. [PMID: 28236976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) family of proteins plays diverse, and at times conflicting, biological roles in normal development and disease. In this review we will highlight developmental and cellular roles for Hipk proteins, with an emphasis on the pleiotropic and essential physiological roles revealed through genetic studies. We discuss the myriad ways of regulating Hipk protein function, and how these may contribute to the diverse cellular roles. Furthermore we will describe the context-specific activities of Hipk family members in diseases such as cancer and fibrosis, including seemingly contradictory tumor-suppressive and oncogenic activities. Given the diverse signaling pathways regulated by Hipk proteins, it is likely that Hipks act to fine-tune signaling and may mediate cross talk in certain contexts. Such regulation is emerging as vital for development and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blaquiere
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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29
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Chiang JCH, Ellison DW. Molecular pathology of paediatric central nervous system tumours. J Pathol 2016; 241:159-172. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason CH Chiang
- Department of Pathology; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis TN 38105 USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis TN 38105 USA
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30
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Sugimoto K, Ideguchi M, Kimura T, Kajiwara K, Imoto H, Sadahiro H, Ishii A, Kawano H, Ikeda E, Suzuki M. Epithelioid/rhabdoid glioblastoma: a highly aggressive subtype of glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 33:137-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Baker SJ, Ellison DW, Gutmann DH. Pediatric gliomas as neurodevelopmental disorders. Glia 2015; 64:879-95. [PMID: 26638183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors represent the most common solid tumor of childhood, with gliomas comprising the largest fraction of these cancers. Several features distinguish them from their adult counterparts, including their natural history, causative genetic mutations, and brain locations. These unique properties suggest that the cellular and molecular etiologies that underlie their development and maintenance might be different from those that govern adult gliomagenesis and growth. In this review, we discuss the genetic basis for pediatric low-grade and high-grade glioma in the context of developmental neurobiology, and highlight the differences between histologically-similar tumors arising in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade gliomas have good overall survival rates in pediatric patients compared to adults. There are some case series that reported the effectiveness and safety of Gamma Knife radiosurgery, yet they are limited in number of patients. We aimed to review the relevant literature for pediatric low-grade glial tumors treated with stereotactic radiosurgery, specifically Gamma Knife radiosurgery, and to present an exemplary case. CASE DESCRIPTION A 6-year-old boy was admitted to clinic due to head trauma. He was alert, cooperative, and had no obvious motor or sensorial deficit. A head CT scan depicted a hypodense zone at the right caudate nucleus. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicted a mass lesion at the same location. A stereotactic biopsy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was low-grade astrocytoma (grade II, World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 2007). Gamma Knife radiosurgery was applied to the tumor bed. Tumor volume was 21.85 cm(3). Fourteen gray was given to 50% isodose segment of the lesion (maximal dose of 28 Gy). The tumor has disappeared totally in 4 months, and the patient was tumor-free 21 months after the initial treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The presented literature review represents mostly single-center experiences with different patient and treatment characteristics. Accordingly, a mean/median margin dose of 11.3-15 Gy with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is successful in treatment of pediatric and adult low-grade glial tumor patients. However, prospective studies with a large cohort of pediatric patients should be conducted to make a more comprehensive conclusion for effectiveness and safety of GKRS in pediatric low-grade glial tumors.
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33
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Programmed cell death 4 protein (Pdcd4) and homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (Hipk2) antagonistically control translation of Hipk2 mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Alentorn A, Duran-Peña A, Pingle SC, Piccioni DE, Idbaih A, Kesari S. Molecular profiling of gliomas: potential therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:955-62. [PMID: 26118895 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1062368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in the molecular characterization of this tumor group, identifying predictive biomarkers or molecular actionable targets, and paving the way to molecular-based targeted therapies. This personalized therapeutic approach is effective and illustrated in the present review. Among many molecular abnormalities, BRAF mutation and mTOR activation in pilocytic astrocytomas and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas are actionable targets sensitive to vemurafenib and everolimus, respectively. Chromosome arms 1p/19q co-deletion and IDH mutational status are pivotal in driving delivery of early procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine chemotherapy in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. Although consensus to assess MGMT promoter methylation is not reached yet, it may be useful in predicting resistance to temozolomide in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agusti Alentorn
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
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35
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Khatua S, Wang J, Rajaram V. Review of low-grade gliomas in children--evolving molecular era and therapeutic insights. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:643-52. [PMID: 25722047 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas are the commonest brain tumor in children comprising heterogeneous pathological entities. Though the overall prognosis is good, unresectable, and recurrent or progressive tumors in eloquent areas of the brain remain major therapeutic challenge even with advances in chemotherapeutic strategies. With the evolving surge of molecular data, improved understanding of the biology of these tumors is now perceivable that could provide insights into novel therapies. We hope the new era will enable us to profile comprehensive histopathological/molecular classification and prognostic molecular markers in these tumors and guide us to tailor optimal targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Khatua
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Children's Cancer Hospital, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 87, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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36
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Chintagumpala M, Eckel SP, Krailo M, Morris M, Adesina A, Packer R, Lau C, Gajjar A. A pilot study using carboplatin, vincristine, and temozolomide in children with progressive/symptomatic low-grade glioma: a Children's Oncology Group study†. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1132-8. [PMID: 25854526 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was initiated to test the feasibility and toxicity of a regimen that alternates the administration of weekly carboplatin and vincristine with temozolomide in the management of children with progressive and/or symptomatic low-grade glioma. METHODS Eligible children received a 10-week induction regimen followed by six 10-week cycles of maintenance chemotherapy. Feasibility was evaluated with short-term and long-term endpoints. Short-term feasibility was evaluated by the ability to complete induction and 1 maintenance cycle in 24 weeks without >25% reduction in either carboplatin or temozolomide. Long-term feasibility was evaluated by the ability to administer induction and 4 maintenance cycles within 60 weeks without >25% reduction in either carboplatin or temozolomide. Efficacy was assessed by response to initial chemotherapy and 5-year event-free survival. Initial pathology was reviewed centrally. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were enrolled on the study. It was feasible to deliver the regimen, and toxicity was acceptable. The only significant toxicities were hematologic. Both the short-term and long-term feasibility endpoints were met. The short-term feasibility success rate was 87% (95% CI: 77%-96%) and the long-term feasibility success rate was 79% (95% CI: 68%-90%). The 5-year event-free survival was 46% (95% CI: 33%-58%) and the 5-year survival was 87% (95% CI: 75%-93%). CONCLUSION It was feasible to deliver the combination of weekly carboplatin and vincristine alternating with temozolomide to children with progressive/symptomatic low-grade glioma with acceptable toxicities. This combination appears to be effective in delaying progression. Further trials are needed to establish the relative efficacy of this regimen compared with other regimens in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Chintagumpala
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Mark Krailo
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Michael Morris
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Roger Packer
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Ching Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (M.C., A.A., C.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (S.P.E., M.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (M.M.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC (R.P.); St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.G.)
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37
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Penman CL, Faulkner C, Lowis SP, Kurian KM. Current Understanding of BRAF Alterations in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting in Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:54. [PMID: 25785246 PMCID: PMC4347423 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is known to play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of many tumors as well as normal development. This often occurs through mutation of the genes encoding RAS and RAF proteins which are involved in signal transduction in this pathway. BRAF is one of three RAF kinases which act as downstream effectors of growth factor signaling leading to cell cycle progression, proliferation, and survival. Initially reported as a point mutation (V600E) in the majority of metastatic melanomas, other alterations in the BRAF gene have now been reported in a variety of human cancers including papillary thyroid cancer, colon carcinomas, hairy cell leukemia, and more recently in gliomas. The identification of oncogenic mutations in the BRAF gene have led to a revolution in the treatment of metastatic melanoma using targeted molecular therapies that affect the MAPK pathway either directly through BRAF inhibition or downstream through inhibition of MEK. This review describes the molecular biology of BRAF in the context of pediatric low-grade gliomas, the role of BRAF as a diagnostic marker, the prognostic implications of BRAF, and evidence for therapeutic targeting of BRAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Louise Penman
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Sciences Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym , Bristol , UK
| | - Stephen P Lowis
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street , Bristol , UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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38
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Reis GF, Tihan T. Therapeutic targets in pilocytic astrocytoma based on genetic analysis. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:23-7. [PMID: 25976257 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common astrocytic neoplasm of childhood. Patients have an extremely favorable prognosis after surgical resection, qualifying tumors for a grade I designation by the World Health Organization. The molecular data on PA support a key role for the BRAF oncogene in the pathogenesis of these tumors, with the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion being the most common alteration identified in sporadic cases, particularly those occurring in the posterior fossa. Constitutive activation of BRAF leads to downstream activation of the MEK/MAPK/ERK/p16 pathway, which interestingly is also used by cells to activate oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). In fact, the presence of an active OIS pathway might explain the periods of dormancy or spontaneous regression or both, that can be seen in PA. In addition to reviewing the historical evolution, clinicopathologic, predictive, prognostic, and molecular features of PA, we discuss current therapeutic strategies and the caveats that should be considered for the development of therapies that could be used to more effectively treat challenging cases. Individualized treatment requires identification of the type of MAPK alteration, as several alterations in BRAF have been described in addition to the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion. Combination regimens would also appear crucial to achieve tumor eradication and prevent the development of drug resistance. Balancing mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway inhibition with abrogation of an active OIS should be carefully considered as well to preserve any existing protective pathways. Importantly, PAs are largely indolent tumors, and care should be taken to avoid overtreatment, as aggressive therapy could cause more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Reis
- Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA.
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39
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Abstract
The pilocytic astrocytoma is predominantly a tumor of childhood and the most common type of circumscribed astrocytoma. The indolent nature of this tumor allows for prolonged survival for most patients, rendering the disease a rather "chronic" one, with potential long-term sequelae that are occasionally related to treatment. Two critical features of this tumor are its tendency to remain dormant, or involute even after subtotal resection, and the exceptional anaplastic transformation, sometimes following adjuvant therapy. The biological behavior of pilocytic astrocytoma can often be related to molecular alterations in the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Reis
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0102, USA
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0102, USA.
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Brossier NM, Gutmann DH. Improving outcomes for neurofibromatosis 1-associated brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:415-23. [PMID: 25652347 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1009043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are predisposed to developing CNS tumors, including optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), brainstem gliomas (BSGs) and high-grade gliomas. Although current first-line treatments for low-grade gliomas (OPGs and BSGs) may prevent further tumor growth, they rarely result in restoration of the associated visual or neurological deficits. The availability of accurate small-animal models of NF1-associated brain tumors has established tractable experimental platforms for the discovery and evaluation of promising therapeutic agents. On the basis of these preclinical studies, biologically targeted agents are now being evaluated in children with NF1-associated low-grade brain tumors. Collectively, these models have also begun to reveal potential neuroprotective and risk assessment strategies for this brain tumor-prone population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Brossier
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Gotovac K, Kafka A, Tomas D, Borovečki F. Genetic changes observed in a case of adult pilocytic astrocytoma revealed by array CGH analysis. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:95. [PMID: 25606054 PMCID: PMC4300045 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A palette of copy number changes in a case of adult pilocytic astrocytoma analyzed by Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) is presented. Pilocytic astrocytomas are specific gliomas that are benign and biologically distinct and the molecular mechanisms responsible for their development remain unexplained. The aCGH was performed using SurePrint G3 Human CGH microarrays 4 × 180 K (Agilent Technologies). To ascertain whether some of the aberrations were of constitutive nature, we also analyzed the blood sample from the same patient. RESULTS The result of aCGH analysis demonstrated differences in the tumor tissue when compared to normal control on the array and also to autologous DNA from patient's blood. The total number of aberrations found in our case was 41 including 37 deletions and 4 amplifications. Whole chromosomal gains and losses were not observed. Collectively, our results showed three deletions and one amplification at 1p, two deletions at 2q, two deletions at 4q, two deletion at 5q, two deletions at 7p and two deletions at 7q; there were also three deletions at 8q, one deletion at 9p, one deletion at 10p, three deletions and one amplification at 10q. Chromosome 11 showed two deletions at 11p, while there was one deletion at 12p and one at 12q. Four deletions at 14q; two deletions at 15q, one amplification at 17q and one deletion at 17q; one deletion at 18p, two deletions at 22q and finally one deletion at Xp and one deletion and one amplification at Xq. Among the signaling pathways, olfactory transduction, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and p53 signaling pathway showed significant enrichment ascertained by gene ontology (GO) analysis using the DAVID software. CONCLUSIONS Our aCGH analysis is bringing subtle genomic alterations thus broadening genetic spectrum of adult pilocytic astrocytoma in order to offer new molecular biomarkers that will help in diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- />Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- />Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Gotovac
- />Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, and University Hospital Center Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Kafka
- />Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- />Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Tomas
- />Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- />Hospital Center “Sisters of Charity”, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Borovečki
- />Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, and University Hospital Center Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- />Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kilday JP, Bartels UK, Bouffet E. Targeted therapy in pediatric low-grade glioma. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:441. [PMID: 24604059 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Collectively, pediatric low-grade gliomas account for most brain tumors reported in children. Surgery is typically curable for operable lesions. However, more effective therapies are required for inaccessible tumors, both to overcome refractory disease and to minimize the toxicity associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. Recent years have witnessed rapid improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of several childhood tumors, including low-grade gliomas. As a result, several novel compounds targeting and inhibiting critical components of molecular signaling pathways purported to be overactive in the disease have been developed. This article summarizes the most recent literature evaluating such novel targeted agents in childhood low-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Kilday
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK,
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Yong EX, McKelvie P, Murphy M, Wang YY. Anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1993-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kaul A, Toonen JA, Gianino SM, Gutmann DH. The impact of coexisting genetic mutations on murine optic glioma biology. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:670-7. [PMID: 25246427 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor predisposition syndrome are prone to the development of optic pathway gliomas resulting from biallelic inactivation of the NF1 gene. Recent studies have revealed the presence of other molecular alterations in a small portion of these NF1-associated brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to leverage Nf1 genetically engineered mouse strains to define the functional significance of these changes to optic glioma biology. METHODS Nf1+/- mice were intercrossed with Nf1(flox/flox) mice, which were then crossed with Nf1(flox/flox); GFAP-Cre mice, to generate Nf1(flox/mut); GFAP-Cre (FMC) mice. These mice were additionally mated with conditional KIAA1549:BRAF knock-in or Pten(flox/wt) mice to generate Nf1(flox/mut); f-BRAF; GFAP-Cre (FMBC) mice or Nf1(flox/mut); Pten(flox/wt); GFAP-Cre (FMPC) mice, respectively. The resulting optic gliomas were analyzed for changes in tumor volume, proliferation, and retinal ganglion cell loss. RESULTS While KIAA1549:BRAF conferred no additional biological properties on Nf1 optic glioma, FMPC mice had larger optic gliomas with greater proliferative indices and microglial infiltration. In addition, all 3 Nf1 murine optic glioma strains exhibited reduced retinal ganglion cell survival and numbers; however, FMPC mice had greater retinal nerve fiber layer thinning near the optic head relative to FMC and FMBC mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these experiments demonstrate genetic cooperativity between Nf1 loss and Pten heterozygosity relevant to optic glioma biology and further underscore the value of employing genetically engineered mouse strains to define the contribution of discovered molecular alterations to brain tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kaul
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph A Toonen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott M Gianino
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Roth JJ, Santi M, Rorke-Adams LB, Harding BN, Busse TM, Tooke LS, Biegel JA. Diagnostic application of high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis for children with brain tumors. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:111-23. [PMID: 24767714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis is currently used as a first tier test for pediatric brain tumors at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The results from 100 consecutive patients are summarized in the present report. Eighty-seven percent of the tumors had at least one pathogenic copy number alteration. Nineteen of 56 low grade gliomas (LGGs) demonstrated a duplication in 7q34, which resulted in a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion. Chromosome band 7q34 deletions, which resulted in a FAM131B-BRAF fusion, were identified in one pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and one dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT). One ganglioglioma (GG) demonstrated a 6q23.3q26 deletion that was predicted to result in a MYB-QKI fusion. Gains of chromosomes 5, 6, 7, 11, and 20 were seen in a subset of LGGs. Monosomy 6, deletion of 9q and 10q, and an i(17)(q10) were each detected in the medulloblastomas (MBs). Deletions and regions of loss of heterozygosity that encompassed TP53, RB1, CDKN2A/B, CHEK2, NF1, and NF2 were identified in a variety of tumors, which led to a recommendation for germline testing. A BRAF p.Thr599dup or p.V600E mutation was identified by Sanger sequencing in one and five gliomas, respectively, and a somatic TP53 mutation was identified in a fibrillary astrocytoma. No TP53 hot-spot mutations were detected in the MBs. SNP array analysis of pediatric brain tumors can be combined with pathologic examination and molecular analyses to further refine diagnoses, offer more accurate prognostic assessments, and identify patients who should be referred for cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn J Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lucy B Rorke-Adams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian N Harding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tracy M Busse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura S Tooke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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Bergthold G, Bandopadhayay P, Bi WL, Ramkissoon L, Stiles C, Segal RA, Beroukhim R, Ligon KL, Grill J, Kieran MW. Pediatric low-grade gliomas: how modern biology reshapes the clinical field. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:294-307. [PMID: 24589977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas represent the most frequent brain tumors arising during childhood. They are characterized by a broad and heterogeneous group of tumors that are currently classified by the WHO according to their morphological appearance. Here we review the clinical features of these tumors, current therapeutic strategies and the recent discovery of genomic alterations characteristic to these tumors. We further explore how these recent biological findings stand to transform the treatment for these tumors and impact the diagnostic criteria for pediatric low-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Stiles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacques Grill
- Departement de Cancerologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Gustave Roussy and Unité Mixte de Recherche 8203 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dahiya S, Emnett RJ, Haydon DH, Leonard JR, Phillips JJ, Perry A, Gutmann DH. BRAF-V600E mutation in pediatric and adult glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:318-9. [PMID: 24311634 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Dahiya
- Corresponding author: David H. Gutmann, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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Reis GF, Bloomer MM, Perry A, Phillips JJ, Grenert JP, Karnezis AN, Tihan T. Pilocytic astrocytomas of the optic nerve and their relation to pilocytic astrocytomas elsewhere in the central nervous system. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1279-87. [PMID: 23702730 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytoma is a low-grade glioma that affects mostly children and young adults and can occur anywhere in the central nervous system. Pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve is an equally indolent subtype that is occasionally associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. In earlier studies, this subtype was considered within the larger category of 'optic pathway glioma,' which included infiltrating astrocytomas and other hypothalamic tumors. However, there have been suggestions that gliomas in the optic nerve, and especially pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve, are biologically different from tumors within the hypothalamus and other parts of the optic tract. Furthermore, the recent discovery of BRAF duplication and fusion with the KIAA1549 gene is reported to be more typical for posterior fossa tumors, and the rate of this aberration is not well known in pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve. To determine the distinction of pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve from pilocytic astrocytoma of the posterior fossa and to investigate the prevalence of BRAF aberrations, we reviewed the clinicopathological and molecular features of all such patients in our institution. Our study demonstrates that BRAF duplication is more frequent in posterior fossa tumors compared with pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve (P=0.011). However, the rates of phospho-MAPK1 and CDKN2A expression were high in both pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve and posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma, suggesting that the MAPK pathway is active in these tumors. Our study supports the notion that BRAF duplication is more typical of posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma and that molecular alterations other than KIAA1549 fusion may underlie MAPK pathway activation in pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Reis
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Anatomic Pathology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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