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Salimi Z, Afsharinasab M, Rostami M, Eshaghi Milasi Y, Mousavi Ezmareh SF, Sakhaei F, Mohammad-Sadeghipour M, Rasooli Manesh SM, Asemi Z. Iron chelators: as therapeutic agents in diseases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2759-2776. [PMID: 38694398 PMCID: PMC11060230 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The concentration of iron is tightly regulated, making it an essential element. Various cellular processes in the body rely on iron, such as oxygen sensing, oxygen transport, electron transfer, and DNA synthesis. Iron excess can be toxic because it participates in redox reactions that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species and elevate oxidative stress. Iron chelators are chemically diverse; they can coordinate six ligands in an octagonal sequence. Because of the ability of chelators to trap essential metals, including iron, they may be involved in diseases caused by oxidative stress, such as infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Iron-chelating agents, by tightly binding to iron, prohibit it from functioning as a catalyst in redox reactions and transfer iron and excrete it from the body. Thus, the use of iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received increasing attention. This review investigates the function of various iron chelators in treating iron overload in different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Salimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mehdi Afsharinasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | - Yaser Eshaghi Milasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi Ezmareh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Fariba Sakhaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Maryam Mohammad-Sadeghipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Brankovic M, Ivanovic V, Basta I, Khang R, Lee E, Stevic Z, Ralic B, Tubic R, Seo G, Markovic V, Bozovic I, Svetel M, Marjanovic A, Veselinovic N, Mesaros S, Jankovic M, Savic-Pavicevic D, Jovin Z, Novakovic I, Lee H, Peric S. Whole exome sequencing in Serbian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neurogenetics 2024:10.1007/s10048-024-00755-x. [PMID: 38499745 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with a high genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Numerous HSP patients remain genetically undiagnosed despite screening for known genetic causes of HSP. Therefore, identification of novel variants and genes is needed. Our previous study analyzed 74 adult Serbian HSP patients from 65 families using panel of the 13 most common HSP genes in combination with a copy number variation analysis. Conclusive genetic findings were established in 23 patients from 19 families (29%). In the present study, nine patients from nine families previously negative on the HSP gene panel were selected for the whole exome sequencing (WES). Further, 44 newly diagnosed adult HSP patients from 44 families were sent to WES directly, since many studies showed WES may be used as the first step in HSP diagnosis. WES analysis of cohort 1 revealed a likely genetic cause in five (56%) of nine HSP families, including variants in the ETHE1, ZFYVE26, RNF170, CAPN1, and WASHC5 genes. In cohort 2, possible causative variants were found in seven (16%) of 44 patients (later updated to 27% when other diagnosis were excluded), comprising six different genes: SPAST, SPG11, WASCH5, KIF1A, KIF5A, and ABCD1. These results expand the genetic spectrum of HSP patients in Serbia and the region with implications for molecular genetic diagnosis and future causative therapies. Wide HSP panel can be the first step in diagnosis, alongside with the copy number variation (CNV) analysis, while WES should be performed after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Brankovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vukan Ivanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Basta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Zorica Stevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Radoje Tubic
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladana Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivo Bozovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Svetel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Marjanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Veselinovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarlota Mesaros
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Jankovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Savic-Pavicevic
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zita Jovin
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hane Lee
- 3Billion, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stojan Peric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lee J, Kim JJ, Lyoo CH, Kim YJ. Mitochondrial-Membrane-Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration in Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Over 11 Years of Follow-Up. J Clin Neurol 2024; 20:220-222. [PMID: 38433486 PMCID: PMC10921055 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2023.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Sreejith P, Lolo S, Patten KR, Gunasinghe M, More N, Pallanck LJ, Bharadwaj R. Nazo, the Drosophila homolog of the NBIA-mutated protein-c19orf12, is required for triglyceride homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011137. [PMID: 38335241 PMCID: PMC10883546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid dyshomeostasis has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from obesity to neurodegenerative disorders such as Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA). Here, we uncover the physiological role of Nazo, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the NBIA-mutated protein-c19orf12, whose function has been elusive. Ablation of Drosophila c19orf12 homologs leads to dysregulation of multiple lipid metabolism genes. nazo mutants exhibit markedly reduced gut lipid droplet and whole-body triglyceride contents. Consequently, they are sensitive to starvation and oxidative stress. Nazo is required for maintaining normal levels of Perilipin-2, an inhibitor of the lipase-Brummer. Concurrent knockdown of Brummer or overexpression of Perilipin-2 rescues the nazo phenotype, suggesting that this defect, at least in part, may arise from diminished Perilipin-2 on lipid droplets leading to aberrant Brummer-mediated lipolysis. Our findings potentially provide novel insights into the role of c19orf12 as a possible link between lipid dyshomeostasis and neurodegeneration, particularly in the context of NBIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perinthottathil Sreejith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Lolo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kristen R Patten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Maduka Gunasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Neya More
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Leo J Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rajnish Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Amini E, Rohani M, Lang AE, Azad Z, Habibi SAH, Alavi A, Shahidi G, Emamikhah M, Chitsaz A. Estimation of Ambulation and Survival in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:53-62. [PMID: 38291840 PMCID: PMC10828622 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) disorder is a group of ultra-orphan hereditary diseases with very limited data on its course. OBJECTIVES To estimate the probability of preserving ambulatory ability and survival in NBIA. METHODS In this study, the electronic records of the demographic data and clinical assessments of NBIA patients from 2012 to 2023 were reviewed. The objectives of the study and factors impacting them were investigated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two genetically-confirmed NBIA patients consisting of nine subtypes were enrolled. Twenty-four and twenty-five cases were deceased and wheelchair-bound, with a mean disease duration of 11 ± 6.65 and 9.32 ± 5 years. The probability of preserving ambulation and survival was 42.9% in 9 years and 28.2% in 15 years for classical Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN, n = 18), 89.4% in 7 years and 84.7% in 9 years for atypical PKAN (n = 39), 23% in 18 years and 67.8% in 14 years for Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (MPAN, n = 23), 75% in 20 years and 36.5% in 33 years for Kufor Rakeb Syndrome (KRS, n = 17), respectively. The frequencies of rigidity, spasticity, and female gender were significantly higher in deceased cases compared to surviving patients. Spasticity was the only factor associated with death (P value = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS KRS had the best survival with the most extended ambulation period. The classical PKAN and MPAN cases had similar progression patterns to loss of ambulation ability, while MPAN patients had a slower progression to death. Spasticity was revealed to be the most determining factor for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Amini
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Neurology, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and DepartmentThe Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS)TehranIran
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson DiseaseUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zahra Azad
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research CenterThe University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation SciencesTehranIran
| | - Gholamali Shahidi
- Department of Neurology, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maziar Emamikhah
- Department of Neurology, Rasoul Akram HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Chitsaz
- Department of NeurologyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Özçelep ÖF, Turhan A, Fi Dan S, Kandemir S. Rehabilitation for Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Related Neurodegeneration: A Case Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e50540. [PMID: 38222195 PMCID: PMC10787901 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report reports the effects of an 18-week physiotherapy program in children with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). The study involved two brothers, aged 11 and 12, who had been diagnosed with MPAN. The physiotherapy program was divided into three phases and consisted of 18 weeks of training with a pediatric physiotherapist, including balance, coordination, and strengthening exercises. Muscle strength was assessed using pediatric manual muscle testing, functional balance using the Pediatric Berg Balance Test (PBBT), static balance using the Single-Leg Stance Test, dynamic balance using the Functional Reach Test, postural control using the 5-Time Sit-to-Stand Test, and independence using the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). Positive changes were observed in muscle strength, balance, and independence. After Phase I, PBBT scores (younger sibling +4, 8.1%; older +3, 6.8%) were higher than the minimal clinically important difference (MCID=3.66-5.83). After Phase III, although the PBBT scores improved (younger +2, 4.05%; older +1, 2.3%), the older sibling's score was not higher than the MCID. Thus, the two children showed visible improvements in both body structure and function, as well as activity and participation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Faruk Özçelep
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, TUR
| | - Atahan Turhan
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, TUR
| | - Sibel Fi Dan
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, TUR
| | - Safiye Kandemir
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, TUR
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Garg D, Agarwal A, Garg A, Rajan R, Srivastava AK. 'Comb Sign': A Novel Appearance of Substantia Nigra in Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:1004-1005. [PMID: 38229644 PMCID: PMC10789401 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_608_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Divyani Garg
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayush Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Garg
- Department of Neuroradiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Angelini C, Durand CM, Fergelot P, Deforges J, Vital A, Menegon P, Sarrazin E, Bellance R, Mathis S, Gonzalez V, Renaud M, Frismand S, Schmitt E, Rouanet M, Burglen L, Chabrol B, Desnous B, Arveiler B, Stevanin G, Coupry I, Goizet C. Autosomal Dominant MPAN: Mosaicism Expands the Clinical Spectrum to Atypical Late-Onset Phenotypes. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2103-2115. [PMID: 37605305 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is caused by mutations in the C19orf12 gene. MPAN typically appears in the first two decades of life and presents with progressive dystonia-parkinsonism, lower motor neuron signs, optic atrophy, and abnormal iron deposits predominantly in the basal ganglia. MPAN, initially considered as a strictly autosomal recessive disease (AR), turned out to be also dominantly inherited (AD). OBJECTIVES Our aim was to better characterize the clinical, molecular, and functional spectra associated with such dominant pathogenic heterozygous C19orf12 variants. METHODS We collected clinical, imaging, and molecular information of eight individuals from four AD-MPAN families and obtained brain neuropathology results for one. Functional studies, focused on energy and iron metabolism, were conducted on fibroblasts from AD-MPAN patients, AR-MPAN patients, and controls. RESULTS We identified four heterozygous C19orf12 variants in eight AD-MPAN patients. Two of them carrying the familial variant in mosaic displayed an atypical late-onset phenotype. Fibroblasts from AD-MPAN showed more severe alterations of iron storage metabolism and autophagy compared to AR-MPAN cells. CONCLUSION Our data add strong evidence of the realness of AD-MPAN with identification of novel monoallelic C19orf12 variants, including at the mosaic state. This has implications in diagnosis procedures. We also expand the phenotypic spectrum of MPAN to late onset atypical presentations. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time more drastic abnormalities of iron metabolism and autophagy in AD-MPAN than in AR-MPAN. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Angelini
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Neurogénétique», Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Marie Durand
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Neurogénétique», Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
- MRGM, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- MRGM, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Deforges
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Vital
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Menegon
- Service de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elizabeth Sarrazin
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Neuromusculaires (AOC), Hôpital Pierre Zobda Quitman, CHU Martinique, Fort de France, Martinique
| | - Rémi Bellance
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Neuromusculaires (AOC), Hôpital Pierre Zobda Quitman, CHU Martinique, Fort de France, Martinique
| | - Stéphane Mathis
- Service de Neurologie (Unité Nerf-Muscle), Centre de Référence Maladies Rares, Neuromusculaires (AOC), Centre SLA, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Service de neurologie, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- Service de Neurologie, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- NGERE, INSERM U1256, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Marie Rouanet
- Service d'explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique Pédiatrique, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Trousseau, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Chabrol
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Timone enfants, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Desnous
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Timone enfants, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Benoît Arveiler
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- MRGM, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
- EPHE, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
- MRGM, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Neurogénétique», Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
- MRGM, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Outeiro TF, Alcalay RN, Antonini A, Attems J, Bonifati V, Cardoso F, Chesselet MF, Hardy J, Madeo G, McKeith I, Mollenhauer B, Moore DJ, Rascol O, Schlossmacher MG, Soreq H, Stefanis L, Ferreira JJ. Defining the Riddle in Order to Solve It: There Is More Than One "Parkinson's Disease". Mov Disord 2023. [PMID: 37156737 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 200 years after James Parkinsondescribed a clinical syndrome based on his astute observations, Parkinson's disease (PD) has evolved into a complex entity, akin to the heterogeneity of other complex human syndromes of the central nervous system such as dementia, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Clinicians, pathologists, and basic science researchers evolved arrange of concepts andcriteria for the clinical, genetic, mechanistic, and neuropathological characterization of what, in their best judgment, constitutes PD. However, these specialists have generated and used criteria that are not necessarily aligned between their different operational definitions, which may hinder progress in solving the riddle of the distinct forms of PD and ultimately how to treat them. OBJECTIVE This task force has identified current in consistencies between the definitions of PD and its diverse variants in different domains: clinical criteria, neuropathological classification, genetic subtyping, biomarker signatures, and mechanisms of disease. This initial effort for "defining the riddle" will lay the foundation for future attempts to better define the range of PD and its variants, as has been done and implemented for other heterogeneous neurological syndromes, such as stroke and peripheral neuropathy. We strongly advocate for a more systematic and evidence-based integration of our diverse disciplines by looking at well-defined variants of the syndrome of PD. CONCLUSION Accuracy in defining endophenotypes of "typical PD" across these different but interrelated disciplines will enable better definition of variants and their stratification in therapeutic trials, a prerequisite for breakthroughs in the era of precision medicine. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS), Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Cardoso
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Ian McKeith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Neurosciences, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, Parkinson Toulouse Expert Centre, NS-Park/FCRIN Network and Neuro Toul COEN Centre, Toulouse University Hospital, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience and Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CNS-Campus Neurológico, Torres Vedras, Portugal
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10
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Alvarez Jerez P, Alcantud JL, de Los Reyes-Ramírez L, Moore A, Ruz C, Vives Montero F, Rodriguez-Losada N, Saini P, Gan-Or Z, Alvarado CX, Makarious MB, Billingsley KJ, Blauwendraat C, Noyce AJ, Singleton AB, Duran R, Bandres-Ciga S. Exploring the genetic and genomic connection underlying neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and the risk for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:54. [PMID: 37024536 PMCID: PMC10079978 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation in the brain. In Parkinson's Disease (PD), iron accumulation is a cardinal feature of degenerating regions in the brain and seems to be a key player in mechanisms that precipitate cell death. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic and genomic connection between NBIA and PD. We screened for known and rare pathogenic mutations in autosomal dominant and recessive genes linked to NBIA in a total of 4481 PD cases and 10,253 controls from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Parkinsons' Disease Program and the UKBiobank. We examined whether a genetic burden of NBIA variants contributes to PD risk through single-gene, gene-set, and single-variant association analyses. In addition, we assessed publicly available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data through Summary-based Mendelian Randomization and conducted transcriptomic analyses in blood of 1886 PD cases and 1285 controls. Out of 29 previously reported NBIA screened coding variants, four were associated with PD risk at a nominal p value < 0.05. No enrichment of heterozygous variants in NBIA-related genes risk was identified in PD cases versus controls. Burden analyses did not reveal a cumulative effect of rare NBIA genetic variation on PD risk. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that DCAF17 is differentially expressed in blood from PD cases and controls. Due to low mutation occurrence in the datasets and lack of replication, our analyses suggest that NBIA and PD may be separate molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alvarez Jerez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Luis Alcantud
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia de Los Reyes-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology. Dept. Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anni Moore
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clara Ruz
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Vives Montero
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noela Rodriguez-Losada
- Department Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicine Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA C07), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Prabhjyot Saini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chelsea X Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kimberley J Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Duran
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Chen S, Lai X, Fu J, Yang J, Zhao B, Shang H, Huang R, Chen X. A novel C19ORF12 mutation in two MPAN sisters treated with deferiprone. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:134. [PMID: 37004026 PMCID: PMC10064749 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a rare and devastating disease caused by pathogenic mutations in C19orf12 gene. MPAN is characterized by pathological iron accumulation in the brain and fewer than 100 cases of MPAN have been described. Although the diagnosis of MPAN has achieved a great breakthrough with the application of the whole exome gene sequencing technology, the therapeutic effect of iron chelation therapy in MPAN remains controversial. CASE PRESENTATION We reported that two sisters from the same family diagnosed with MPAN had dramatically different responses to deferiprone (DFP) treatment. The diagnosis of MPAN were established based on typical clinical manifestations, physical examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF) and gene sequencing results. The clinical presentations of the two sisters with MPAN due to novel gene locus mutations were similar to those previously reported. There is no other difference in basic information except that the proband had a later onset age and fertility history. Both the proband and his second sister were treated with deferiprone (DFP), but they had dramatically different responses to the treatment. The proband's condition deteriorated sharply after treatment with DFP including psychiatric symptoms and movement disorders. However, the second sister of the proband became relatively stable after receiving the DFP treatment. After four years of follow-up, the patient still denies any new symptoms of neurological deficits. CONCLUSION The findings of this study enriched the MPAN gene database and indicated that DFP might ameliorate symptom progression in patients without severe autonomic neuropsychiatric impairment at the early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Jiajia Fu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
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12
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A novel C19orf12 frameshift mutation in a MPAN pedigree impairs mitochondrial function and connectivity leading to neurodegeneration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 109:105353. [PMID: 36863113 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein‒associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a rare genetic disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulations combined with neuronal α-synuclein and tau aggregations. Mutations in C19orf12 have been associated with both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance patterns of MPAN. METHODS We present clinical features and functional evidence from a Taiwanese family with autosomal dominant MPAN caused by a novel heterozygous frameshift and nonsense mutation in C19orf12, c273_274 insA (p.P92Tfs*9). To verify the pathogenicity of the identified variant, we examined the mitochondrial function, morphology, protein aggregation, neuronal apoptosis, and RNA interactome in p.P92Tfs*9 mutant knock-in SH-SY5Y cells created with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. RESULTS Clinically, the patients with the C19orf12 p.P92Tfs*9 mutation presented with generalized dystonia, retrocollis, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive decline, starting in their mid-20s. The identified novel frameshift mutation is located in the evolutionarily conserved region of the last exon of C19orf12. In vitro studies revealed that the p.P92Tfs*9 variant is associated with impaired mitochondrial function, reduced ATP production, aberrant mitochondria interconnectivity and ultrastructure. Increased neuronal α-synuclein and tau aggregations, and apoptosis were observed under conditions of mitochondrial stress. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes in clusters related to mitochondrial fission, lipid metabolism, and iron homeostasis pathways was altered in the C19orf12 p.P92Tfs*9 mutant cells compared to control cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide clinical, genetic, and mechanistic insight revealing a novel heterozygous C19orf12 frameshift mutation to be a cause of autosomal dominant MPAN, further strengthening the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of MPAN.
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13
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Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: a case series highlighting phenotypic and genotypic diversity in 20 Indian families. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:113-127. [PMID: 36790591 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is an umbrella term encompassing various inherited neurological disorders characterised by abnormal iron accumulation in basal ganglia. We aimed to study the clinical, radiological and molecular spectrum of disorders with NBIA. All molecular-proven cases of NBIA presented in the last 5 years at 2 tertiary care genetic centres were compiled. Demographic details and clinical and neuroimaging findings were collated. We describe 27 individuals from 20 unrelated Indian families with causative variants in 5 NBIA-associated genes. PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) was the most common, observed in 13 individuals from 9 families. They mainly presented in infancy with neuroregression and hypotonia. A recurrent pathogenic variant in COASY was observed in two neonates with prenatal-onset severe neurodegeneration. Pathogenic bi-allelic variants in PANK2, FA2H and C19ORF12 genes were observed in the rest, and these individuals presented in late childhood and adolescence with gait abnormalities and extrapyramidal symptoms. No intrafamilial and interfamilial variability were observed. Iron deposition on neuroimaging was seen in only 6/17 (35.3%) patients. A total of 22 causative variants across 5 genes were detected including a multiexonic duplication in PLA2G6. The variants c.1799G > A and c.2370 T > G in PLA2G6 were observed in three unrelated families. In silico assessments of 8 amongst 9 novel variants were also performed. We present a comprehensive compilation of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of various subtypes of NBIA from the Indian subcontinent. Clinical presentation of NBIAs is varied and not restricted to extrapyramidal symptoms or iron accumulation on neuroimaging.
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14
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Cerebral Iron Deposition in Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050714. [PMID: 35625641 PMCID: PMC9138489 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cerebral iron regulation appears to have a role in aging and in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Possible unfavorable impacts of iron accumulation include reactive oxygen species generation, induction of ferroptosis, and acceleration of inflammatory changes. Whole-brain iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques allow the examination of macroscopic patterns of brain iron deposits in vivo, while modern analytical methods ex vivo enable the determination of metal-specific content inside individual cell-types, sometimes also within specific cellular compartments. The present review summarizes the whole brain, cellular, and subcellular patterns of iron accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases of genetic and sporadic origin. We also provide an update on mechanisms, biomarkers, and effects of brain iron accumulation in these disorders, focusing on recent publications. In Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s disease, and several disorders within the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation group, there is a focal siderosis, typically in regions with the most pronounced neuropathological changes. The second group of disorders including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows iron accumulation in the globus pallidus, caudate, and putamen, and in specific cortical regions. Yet, other disorders such as aceruloplasminemia, neuroferritinopathy, or Wilson disease manifest with diffuse iron accumulation in the deep gray matter in a pattern comparable to or even more extensive than that observed during normal aging. On the microscopic level, brain iron deposits are present mostly in dystrophic microglia variably accompanied by iron-laden macrophages and in astrocytes, implicating a role of inflammatory changes and blood–brain barrier disturbance in iron accumulation. Options and potential benefits of iron reducing strategies in neurodegeneration are discussed. Future research investigating whether genetic predispositions play a role in brain Fe accumulation is necessary. If confirmed, the prevention of further brain Fe uptake in individuals at risk may be key for preventing neurodegenerative disorders.
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15
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Yang Y, Zhang S, Yang W, Wei T, Hao W, Cheng T, Wang J, Dong W, Qian N. Case Report: Identification of a De novo C19orf12 Variant in a Patient With Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration. Front Genet 2022; 13:852374. [PMID: 35432442 PMCID: PMC9006254 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.852374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial membrane protein–associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) mostly arises as an autosomal recessive disease and is caused by variants in the chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) gene. However, a few C19orf12 monoallelic truncating de novo variants have been reported and segregated as autosomal dominant traits in some cases. Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing and analyzed genes related to neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation for pathogenic variants. The identified variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and tested using in silico tools. Results: The patient had an onset of depression at the age of 22 years, which rapidly progressed to severe dystonia, dementia, and bladder and bowel incontinence. Neuroimaging showed hypointensity in the substantia nigra and the globus pallidum, with additional frontotemporal atrophy. Genetic analysis revealed a single complex de novo variant [c.336_338delinsCACA (p.Trp112CysfsTer40)] in the C19orf12 gene. Conclusion: This study enriches the genetic spectrum and clinical features of C19orf12 variants and provides additional evidence of the variable inheritance pattern of MPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Xin'an Medical Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Hefei, China
| | - Taohua Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Hao
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Clinical School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiuxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Qian
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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16
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Mercan S, Ugur Iseri SA, Yigiter R, Akcakaya NH, Saka E, Yapici Z. Two cases with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration: genetic features and long-term clinical follow-up. Neurocase 2022; 28:37-41. [PMID: 35188090 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.2022702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a rare neurological disease with childhood or adult onset. It is a subtype of clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders, collectively known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation . MPAN is generally associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in C19orf12. Herein, we describe genetic and clinical findings of two MPAN cases from Turkey. In the first case, we have identified the relatively common pathogenic variant of C19orf12 in the homozygous state, which causes late-onset MPAN. The second case was homozygous for an essential splice-site variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Mercan
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Bioengineering, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Sibel Aylin Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Nihan Hande Akcakaya
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esen Saka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Towards Precision Therapies for Inherited Disorders of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2021; 11:51. [PMID: 34909266 PMCID: PMC8641530 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders comprise a group of rare but devastating inherited neurological diseases with unifying features of progressive cognitive and motor decline, and increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia. Although at present there are no proven disease-modifying treatments, the severe nature of these monogenic disorders lends to consideration of personalized medicine strategies, including targeted gene therapy. In this review we summarize the progress and future direction towards precision therapies for NBIA disorders. Methods: This review considered all relevant publications up to April 2021 using a systematic search strategy of PubMed and clinical trials databases. Results: We review what is currently known about the underlying pathophysiology of NBIA disorders, common NBIA disease pathways, and how this knowledge has influenced current management strategies and clinical trial design. The safety profile, efficacy and clinical outcome of clinical studies are reviewed. Furthermore, the potential for future therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Discussion: Therapeutic options in NBIAs remain very limited, with no proven disease-modifying treatments at present. However, a number of different approaches are currently under development with increasing focus on targeted precision therapies. Recent advances in the field give hope that novel strategies, such as gene therapy, gene editing and substrate replacement therapies are both scientifically and financially feasible for these conditions. Highlights This article provides an up-to-date review of the current literature about Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), with a focus on disease pathophysiology, current and previously trialed therapies, and future treatments in development, including consideration of potential genetic therapy approaches.
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18
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Lefter A, Mitrea I, Mitrea D, Plaiasu V, Bertoli-Avella A, Beetz C, Cozma L, Tulbă D, Mitu CE, Popescu BO. Novel C19orf12 loss-of-function variant leading to neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Neurocase 2021; 27:481-483. [PMID: 34983316 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.2022703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of inherited disorders characterised by cerebral iron overload mainly in the basal ganglia. Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a form of NBIA caused by pathogenic C19orf12 gene variants. We report on a Romanian patient with MPAN confirmed through exome sequencing, revealing a homozygous nonsense variant in the C19orf12 gene, NM_001031726.3: c.215T>G (p.Leu72*), that co-segregates with disease in tested relatives: the patient`s parents, younger brother and paternal uncle are heterozygous carriers. This is a novel disease-causing variant in the C19orf12 gene and the first reported MPAN case in a Romanian patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lefter
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Mitrea
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Mitrea
- "Neuroaxis" Neurology Clinic, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasilica Plaiasu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, "Alfred Rusescu" Institute for Mother and Child, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Liviu Cozma
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,"Neuroaxis" Neurology Clinic, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Tulbă
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Victor Babeș" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Bhardwaj NK, Gowda VK, Saini J, Sardesai AV, Santhoshkumar R, Mahadevan A. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: Characterization of clinical, radiological, and genetic features of pediatric patients from Southern India. Brain Dev 2021; 43:1013-1022. [PMID: 34272103 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of rare inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Ten types of NBIA are known. Studies reporting various NBIA subtypes together are few. This study was aimed at describing clinical features, neuroimaging findings, and genetic mutations of different NBIA group disorders. METHODS Clinical, radiological, and genetic data of patients diagnosed with NBIA in a tertiary care centre in Southern India from 2014 to 2020 was retrospectively collected and analysed. RESULTS In our cohort of 27 cases, PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) was most common (n = 13) followed by Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) (n = 9). We had 2 cases each of Mitochondrial membrane-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) and Beta-propeller protein- associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) and 1 case of Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome (KRS). Walking difficulty was the presenting complaint in all PKAN cases, whereas the presentation in PLAN was that of development regression with onset at a mean age of 2 years. Overall, 50% patients of them presented with development regression and one-third had epilepsy. Presence of pyramidal signs was most common examination feature (89%) followed by one or more eye findings (81%) and movement disorders (50%). Neuroimaging was abnormal in 24/27 cases and cerebellar atrophy was the commonest finding (52%) followed by globus pallidus hypointensities (44%). CONCLUSIONS One should have a high index of clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of NBIA in children presenting with neuroregression and vision abnormalities in presence of pyramidal signs or movement disorders. Neuroimaging and ophthalmological evaluation provide important clues to diagnosis in NBIA syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Bhardwaj
- Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Jitendra Saini
- Neuroradiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwin Vivek Sardesai
- Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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20
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Sarchione A, Marchand A, Taymans JM, Chartier-Harlin MC. Alpha-Synuclein and Lipids: The Elephant in the Room? Cells 2021; 10:2452. [PMID: 34572099 PMCID: PMC8467310 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial identification of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) at the synapse, numerous studies demonstrated that α-syn is a key player in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Recent advances underline interactions between α-syn and lipids that also participate in α-syn misfolding and aggregation. In addition, increasing evidence demonstrates that α-syn plays a major role in different steps of synaptic exocytosis. Thus, we reviewed literature showing (1) the interplay among α-syn, lipids, and lipid membranes; (2) advances of α-syn synaptic functions in exocytosis. These data underscore a fundamental role of α-syn/lipid interplay that also contributes to synaptic defects in PD. The importance of lipids in PD is further highlighted by data showing the impact of α-syn on lipid metabolism, modulation of α-syn levels by lipids, as well as the identification of genetic determinants involved in lipid homeostasis associated with α-syn pathologies. While questions still remain, these recent developments open the way to new therapeutic strategies for PD and related disorders including some based on modulating synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.S.); (A.M.); (J.-M.T.)
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21
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Jellinger KA. Pallidal degenerations and related disorders: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:521-543. [PMID: 34363531 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders involving preferentially the globus pallidus, its efferet and afferent circuits and/or related neuronal systems are rare. They include a variety of both familial and sporadic progressive movement disorders, clinically manifesting as choreoathetosis, dystonia, Parkinsonism, akinesia or myoclonus, often associated with seizures, mental impairment and motor or cerebellar symptoms. Based on the involved neuronal systems, this heterogenous group has been classified into several subgroups: "pure" pallidal atrophy (PPA) and extended forms, pallidonigral and pallidonigrospinal degeneration (PND, PNSD), pallidopyramidal syndrome (PPS), a highly debatable group, pallidopontonigral (PPND), nigrostriatal-pallidal-pyramidal degeneration (NSPPD) (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome /KRS), pallidoluysian degeneration (PLD), pallidoluysionigral degeneration (PLND), pallidoluysiodentate atrophy (PLDA), the more frequent dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and other hereditary multisystem disorders affecting these systems, e.g., neuroferritinopathy (NF). Some of these syndromes are sporadic, others show autosomal recessive or dominant heredity, and for some specific gene mutations have been detected, e.g., ATP13A2/PARK9 (KRS), FTL1 or ATP13A2 (neuroferritinopathy), CAG triple expansions in gene ATN1 (DRPLA) or pA152T variant in MAPT gene (PNLD). One of the latter, and both PPND and DRPLA are particular subcortical 4-R tauopathies, related to progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and frontotemporal lobe degeneration-17 (FTLD-17), while others show additional 3-R and 4-R tauopathies or TDP-43 pathologies. The differential diagnosis includes a large variety of neurodegenerations ranging from Huntington and Joseph-Machado disease, tauopathies (PSP), torsion dystonia, multiple system atrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), and other extrapyramidal disorders. Neuroimaging data and biological markers have been published for only few syndromes. In the presence of positive family histories, an early genetic counseling may be effective. The etiology of most phenotypes is unknown, and only for some pathogenic mechanisms, like polyglutamine-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in DRPLA, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress in KRS or ferrostasis/toxicity and protein aggregation in NF, have been discussed. Currently no disease-modifying therapy is available, and symptomatic treatment of hypo-, hyperkinetic, spastic or other symptoms may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Salles PA. Challenges in the approach and reporting of atypical manifestations of membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN): An editorial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 89:195-196. [PMID: 34303618 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Salles
- Movement Disorders Section, Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Centro de Trastornos Del Movimiento CETRAM, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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[Research advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021. [PMID: 34130790 PMCID: PMC8213993 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of rare neurogenetic degenerative diseases caused by genetic mutations and characterized by iron deposition in the central nervous system, especially in the basal ganglia, with an overall incidence rate of 2/1 000 000-3/1 000 000. Major clinical manifestations are extrapyramidal symptoms. This disease is presently classified into 14 different subtypes based on different pathogenic genes, and its pathogenesis and treatment remain unclear. This article summarizes the research advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of NBIA, so as to help pediatricians understand this disease and provide a reference for subsequent research on treatment.
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24
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Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation and a Brief Report of the Disease in Iran. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:338-351. [PMID: 34082843 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a term used for a group of hereditary neurological disorders with abnormal accumulation of iron in basal ganglia. It is clinically and genetically heterogeneous with symptoms such as dystonia, dysarthria, Parkinsonism, intellectual disability, and spasticity. The age at onset and rate of progression are variable among individuals. Current therapies are exclusively symptomatic and unable to hinder the disease progression. Approximately 16 genes have been identified and affiliated to such condition with different functions such as iron metabolism (only two genes: Ferritin Light Chain (FTL) Ceruloplasmin (CP)), lipid metabolism, lysosomal functions, and autophagy process, but some functions have remained unknown so far. Subgroups of NBIA are categorized based on the mutant genes. Although in the last 10 years, the development of whole-exome sequencing (WES) technology has promoted the identification of disease-causing genes, there seem to be some unknown genes and our knowledge about the molecular aspects and pathogenesis of NBIA is not complete yet. There is currently no comprehensive study about the NBIA in Iran; however, one of the latest discovered NBIA genes, GTP-binding protein 2 (GTPBP2), has been identified in an Iranian family, and there are some patients who have genetically remained unknown.
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25
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Fraser S, Koenig M, Farach L, Mancias P, Mowrey K. A De Novo case of autosomal dominant mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1706. [PMID: 34041867 PMCID: PMC8372066 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a genetic neurodegenerative condition previously thought to be inherited only in an autosomal recessive pattern through biallelic pathogenic variants in C19orf12. Recent evidence has proposed that MPAN can also follow autosomal dominant forms of inheritance. We present a case of a de novo pathogenic variant in C19orf12 identified in a female with clinical features consistent with a diagnosis of MPAN, adding further evidence that the disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Methods A 17‐year‐old Hispanic female was born to non‐consanguineous healthy parents. She developed progressive muscle weakness and dystonia beginning when she was 12 years old. Trio, whole‐exome sequencing with mitochondrial genome sequencing, and deletion/duplication analysis of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes was performed in December 2019. Results Whole‐exome sequencing analysis revealed a single de novo variant in C19orf12. The specific variant is c.256C>T (p.Q86X) located in exon 3. Conclusion Our clinical report provides further clinical evidence that MPAN can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. The patient's age of onset and clinical symptoms are very similar to the previous patient published with this specific variant as well as others with heterozygous pathogenic variants in C19orf12 in Gregory et al. 2019. Our case report highlights the importance of considering both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive version of MPAN with all patients demonstrating clinical features suggestive of MPAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Fraser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary Koenig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Farach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro Mancias
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kate Mowrey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Erskine D, Koss D, Korolchuk VI, Outeiro TF, Attems J, McKeith I. Lipids, lysosomes and mitochondria: insights into Lewy body formation from rare monogenic disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:511-526. [PMID: 33515275 PMCID: PMC7952289 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of the protein α-synuclein into insoluble intracellular deposits termed Lewy bodies (LBs) is the characteristic neuropathological feature of LB diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with LB (DLB). α-Synuclein aggregation is thought to be a critical pathogenic event in the aetiology of LB disease, based on genetic analyses, fundamental studies using model systems, and the observation of LB pathology in post-mortem tissue. However, some monogenic disorders not traditionally characterised as synucleinopathies, such as lysosomal storage disorders, iron storage disorders and mitochondrial diseases, appear disproportionately vulnerable to the deposition of LBs, perhaps suggesting the process of LB formation may be a result of processes perturbed as a result of these conditions. The present review discusses biological pathways common to monogenic disorders associated with LB formation, identifying catabolic processes, particularly related to lipid homeostasis, autophagy and mitochondrial function, as processes that could contribute to LB formation. These findings are discussed in the context of known mediators of α-synuclein aggregation, highlighting the potential influence of impairments to these processes in the aetiology of LB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David Koss
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee With an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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27
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Sparber P, Krylova T, Repina S, Demina N, Rudenskaya G, Sharkova I, Sharkov A, Kadyshev V, Kanivets I, Korostelev S, Pomerantseva E, Kaimonov V, Mikhailova S, Zakharova E, Skoblov M. Retrospective analysis of 17 patients with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration diagnosed in Russia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 84:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Mignani L, Zizioli D, Borsani G, Monti E, Finazzi D. The Downregulation of c19orf12 Negatively Affects Neuronal and Musculature Development in Zebrafish Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:596069. [PMID: 33425903 PMCID: PMC7785858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane Protein Associated Neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a rare genetic disorder due to mutations in C19orf12 gene. In most cases, the disorder is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and the main clinical features are progressive spastic para/tetraparesis, dystonia, motor axonal neuropathy, parkinsonisms, psychiatric symptoms, and optic atrophy. Besides iron accumulation in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, the neuropathology shows features also observed in Parkinson’s Disease brains, such as α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and hyperphosphorylated tau. Mutations in the gene have been found in other neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, hereditary spastic paraplegia, pallido-pyramidal syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The biological function of C19orf12 gene is poorly defined. In humans, it codes for two protein isoforms: the longer one is present in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and contact regions between mitochondria and ER. Mutations in the gene appear to be linked to defects in mitochondrial activity, lipid metabolism and autophagy/mitophagy. To increase the available tools for the investigation of MPAN pathogenesis, we generated a new animal model in zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish genome contains four co-orthologs of human C19orf12. One of them, located on chromosome 18, is expressed at higher levels at early stages of development. We downregulated its expression by microinjecting embryos with a specific ATG-blocking morpholino, and we analyzed embryonal development. Most embryos showed morphological defects such as unsettled brain morphology, with smaller head and eyes, reduced yolk extension, tilted and thinner tail. The severity of the defects progressively increased and all injected embryos died within 7 days post fertilization. Appropriate controls confirmed the specificity of the observed phenotype. Changes in the expression and distribution of neural markers documented a defective neuronal development, particularly evident in the eyes, the optic tectum, the midbrain-hindbrain boundary; Rohon Beard and dorsal root ganglia neurons were also affected. Phalloidin staining evidenced a significant perturbation of musculature formation that was associated with defective locomotor behavior. These data are consistent with the clinical features of MPAN and support the validity of the model to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease and evaluate molecules with potential therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mignani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Finazzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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SPG43 and ALS-like syndrome in the same family due to compound heterozygous mutations of the C19orf12 gene: a case description and brief review. Neurogenetics 2021; 22:95-101. [PMID: 33394258 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-020-00631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
C19orf12 gene biallelic mutations lead mainly to neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation-4. A 15-year-old male and his 17-year-old sister complained of cramps and exercise intolerance. Clinical examination of the boy mainly showed distal amyotrophy and mild weakness, while the sister predominantly had a tetrapyramidal syndrome. Widespread chronic neurogenic signs and hypointense signals on the striatum were present in both patients. Clinical exome sequencing identified, on both patients, the compound heterozygous pathogenic mutations c.204_214del p.(Gly69ArgfsTer10) and c.32C>T p.(Thr11Met). The description of these rare SPG43 and ALS-like phenotypes in the same family contributes to improve genotype-phenotype correlation in C19orf12-related diseases.
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30
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Kim YJ, Lee J, Kim NY, Hong S, Cho YS, Yoon J. The burden of rare damaging variants in hereditary atypical parkinsonism genes is increased in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 100:118.e5-118.e13. [PMID: 33423827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Increased burdens of rare coding variants in genes related to lysosomal storage disease or mitochondrial pathways were reported to be associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Under a hypothesis that the burden of damaging rare coding variants is increased in causative genes for hereditary parkinsonism, we analyzed the burdens of rare coding variants with a case-control design. Two cohorts of whole-exome sequencing data and a cohort of genome-wide genotyping data of clinically validated idiopathic Parkinson's disease cases and controls, which were open to the public, were used. The sequence kernel association test-optimal was used to analyze the burden of rare variants in the hereditary parkinsonism gene set, which was constructed from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database through manual curation. The hereditary parkinsonism gene set consisted of 17 genes with a locus symbol prefix for familial Parkinson's disease and 75 hereditary atypical parkinsonism genes. We detected a significant association of enriched burdens of predicted damaging rare coding variants in hereditary parkinsonism genes in all three datasets. Meta-analyses of the rare variant burden test in a subgroup of gene sets revealed an association between burdens of rare damaging variants with PD in a hereditary atypical parkinsonism gene set, but not in a subgroup gene set with a locus symbol prefix for familial Parkinson's disease. Our results highlight the roles of rare damaging variants in causative genes for hereditary atypical parkinsonian disorders. We propose that Mendelian genes associated with hereditary disorders accompanying parkinsonism are involved in Parkinson's disease-related genetic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Computer Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, South Korea
| | - SangKyoon Hong
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeehee Yoon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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31
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Balicza P, Bencsik R, Lengyel A, Gal A, Grosz Z, Csaban D, Rudas G, Danics K, Kovacs GG, Molnar MJ. Novel dominant MPAN family with a complex genetic architecture as a basis for phenotypic variability. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e515. [PMID: 33134513 PMCID: PMC7577556 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study a Hungarian family with autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) with markedly different intrafamilial expressivity. METHODS Targeted sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of known NBIA-associated genes were performed in many affected and unaffected members of the family. In addition, a trio whole-genome sequencing was performed to find a potential explanation of phenotypic variability. Neuropathologic analysis was performed in a single affected family member. RESULTS The clinical phenotype was characterized by 3 different syndromes-1 with rapidly progressive dystonia-parkinsonism with cognitive deterioration, 1 with mild parkinsonism associated with dementia, and 1 with predominantly psychiatric symptoms along with movement disorder. A heterozygous stop-gain variation in the C19Orf12 gene segregated with the phenotype. Targeted sequencing of all known NBIA genes, and MLPA of PLA2G6 and PANK2 genes, as well as whole-genome sequencing in a trio from the family, revealed a unique constellation of oligogenic burden in 3 NBIA-associated genes (C19Orf12 p.Trp112Ter, CP p.Val105PhefsTer5, and PLA2G6 dup(ex14)). Neuropathologic analysis of a single case (39-year-old man) showed a complex pattern of alpha-synucleinopathy and tauopathy, both involving subcortical and cortical areas and the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our study expands the number of cases reported with autosomal dominant mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration and emphasizes the complexity of the genetic architecture, which might contribute to intrafamilial phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balicza
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renata Bencsik
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andras Lengyel
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aniko Gal
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zoltan Grosz
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dora Csaban
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabor Rudas
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krisztina Danics
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Diseases (P.B., R.B., A.L., A.G., Z.G., D.C., M.J.M.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neurology Outpatient Clinic (A.L.), General Medical Clinic, Motala Hospital, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology (G.R.), and Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine (K.D.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (G.G.K.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (G.G.K.), University of Toronto; and Laboratory Medicine Program (G.G.K.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Saneto RP. Mitochondrial diseases: expanding the diagnosis in the era of genetic testing. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2020; 4:384-428. [PMID: 33426505 PMCID: PMC7791531 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. These diseases were initially described a little over three decades ago. Limited diagnostic tools created disease descriptions based on clinical, biochemical analytes, neuroimaging, and muscle biopsy findings. This diagnostic mechanism continued to evolve detection of inherited oxidative phosphorylation disorders and expanded discovery of mitochondrial physiology over the next two decades. Limited genetic testing hampered the definitive diagnostic identification and breadth of diseases. Over the last decade, the development and incorporation of massive parallel sequencing has identified approximately 300 genes involved in mitochondrial disease. Gene testing has enlarged our understanding of how genetic defects lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. These findings have expanded the understanding of how mechanisms of mitochondrial physiology can induce dysfunction and disease, but the complete collection of disease-causing gene variants remains incomplete. This article reviews the developments in disease gene discovery and the incorporation of gene findings with mitochondrial physiology. This understanding is critical to the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P. Saneto
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Neurology/Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Skowronska M, Buksinska-Lisik M, Kmiec T, Litwin T, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I, Czlonkowska A. Is there heart disease in cases of neurodegeneration associated with mutations in C19orf12? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80:15-18. [PMID: 32932022 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN), a subtype of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), patients suffer from optic nerve atrophy and dementia, which are also typical for another group of diseases, the mitochondrial diseases (MD). Around 30% of patients with MD have heart disease, commonly cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias, and 10% experience a major adverse cardiovascular event. The aim of this study was to assess cardiac involvement in MPAN. METHODS Thirteen patients with MPAN were evaluated after written informed consent. All patients had echocardiography and 12 patients had 24-h Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring using 3-channel digital recorders. RESULTS Echocardiography revealed normal values for the dimensions of all heart chambers. The systolic function of the left ventricle was normal in all cases. Right ventricle systolic impairment was found in three patients. 24-hour Holter ECG revealed predominant resting tachycardia during daytime with no physiological slowing of heart rate during sleep in seven cases. No significant arrhythmias were found. In nine patients, selected heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were lower than reference values. CONCLUSION Cardiomyopathy, typical of MD, was not found in patients with MPAN. There were no significant arrhythmias, but disturbances in the circadian rhythm of the heart rate were observed in most cases. The decrease in HRV may reflect an early sign of autonomic dysfunction. A standard cardiac work-up is recommended for patients with MPAN to assess if additional treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skowronska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Czlonkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Kwok JB, Loy CT, Dobson-Stone C, Halliday GM. The complex relationship between genotype, pathology and phenotype in familial dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105082. [PMID: 32927063 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative genes involved in familial forms of dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases where dementia is present as a significant clinical feature, are associated with distinct proteinopathies. This review summarizes the relationship between known genetic determinants of these dementia syndromes and variations in key neuropathological proteins in terms of three types of heterogeneity: (i) Locus Heterogeneity, whereby mutations in different genes cause a similar proteinopathy, as exemplified by mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 leading to AD neuropathology; (ii) Allelic Heterogeneity, whereby different mutations in the same gene lead to different proteinopathies or neuropathological severity, as exemplified by different mutations in MAPT and PRNP giving rise to protein species that differ in their biochemistry and affected cell types; and (iii) Phenotypic Heterogeneity, where identical gene mutations lead to different proteinopathies, as exemplified by LRRK2 p.G2019S being associated with variable Lewy body presence and alternative AD neuropathology or FTLD-tau. Of note, the perceived homogeneity in histologic phenotypes may arise from laboratory-specific assessment protocols which can differ in the panel of proteins screened. Finally, the understanding of the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype in dementia families is highly relevant in terms of therapeutic strategies which range from targeting specific genes, to a broader strategy of targeting a downstream, common biochemical problem that leads to the histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Kwok
- The Brain and Mind Centre & School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clement T Loy
- The Brain and Mind Centre & School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol Dobson-Stone
- The Brain and Mind Centre & School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- The Brain and Mind Centre & School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Lee JH, Yun JY, Gregory A, Hogarth P, Hayflick SJ. Brain MRI Pattern Recognition in Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 33013674 PMCID: PMC7511538 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders can be distinguished by identifying characteristic changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with clinical findings. However, a significant number of patients with an NBIA disorder confirmed by genetic testing have MRI features that are atypical for their specific disease. The appearance of specific MRI patterns depends on the stage of the disease and the patient's age at evaluation. MRI interpretation can be challenging because of heterogeneously acquired MRI datasets, individual interpreter bias, and lack of quantitative data. Therefore, optimal acquisition and interpretation of MRI data are needed to better define MRI phenotypes in NBIA disorders. The stepwise approach outlined here may help to identify NBIA disorders and delineate the natural course of MRI-identified changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Allison Gregory
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Kim Y, Connor JR. The roles of iron and HFE genotype in neurological diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100867. [PMID: 32654761 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is a recurring pathological phenomenon in many neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and others. Iron is essential for normal development and functions of the brain; however, excess redox-active iron can also lead to oxidative damage and cell death. Especially for terminally differentiated cells like neurons, regulation of reactive oxygen species is critical for cell viability. As a result, cellular iron level is tightly regulated. Although iron accumulation related to neurological diseases has been well documented, the pathoetiological contributions of the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE), which controls cellular iron uptake, is less understood. Furthermore, a common HFE variant, H63D HFE, has been identified as a modifier of multiple neurological diseases. This review will discuss the roles of iron and HFE in the brain as well as their impact on various disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Kim
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Mori A, Imai Y, Hattori N. Lipids: Key Players That Modulate α-Synuclein Toxicity and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093301. [PMID: 32392751 PMCID: PMC7247581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease; it is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain and the accumulation of neuronal inclusions, mainly consisting of α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils in the affected regions. The prion-like property of the pathological forms of α-syn transmitted via neuronal circuits has been considered inherent in the nature of PD. Thus, one of the potential targets in terms of PD prevention is the suppression of α-syn conversion from the functional form to pathological forms. Recent studies suggested that α-syn interacts with synaptic vesicle membranes and modulate the synaptic functions. A series of studies suggest that transient interaction of α-syn as multimers with synaptic vesicle membranes composed of phospholipids and other lipids is required for its physiological function, while an α-syn-lipid interaction imbalance is believed to cause α-syn aggregation and the resultant pathological α-syn conversion. Altered lipid metabolisms have also been implicated in the modulation of PD pathogenesis. This review focuses on the current literature reporting the role of lipids, especially phospholipids, and lipid metabolism in α-syn dynamics and aggregation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Mori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (N.H.); Tel.: +81-3-6801-8332 (Y.I. & N.H.)
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (N.H.); Tel.: +81-3-6801-8332 (Y.I. & N.H.)
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Alavi A, Mokhtari M, Hajati R, Davarzani A, Fasano A, Lang AE, Rohani M. Late-Onset Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration With Extensive Brain Iron Deposition. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 7:120-121. [PMID: 31970231 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahisa Mokhtari
- Department of Neurology Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Hajati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Atefeh Davarzani
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic Toronto Western Hospital and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic Toronto Western Hospital and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Espay AJ, Vizcarra JA, Marsili L, Lang AE, Simon DK, Merola A, Josephs KA, Fasano A, Morgante F, Savica R, Greenamyre JT, Cambi F, Yamasaki TR, Tanner CM, Gan-Or Z, Litvan I, Mata IF, Zabetian CP, Brundin P, Fernandez HH, Standaert DG, Kauffman MA, Schwarzschild MA, Sardi SP, Sherer T, Perry G, Leverenz JB. Revisiting protein aggregation as pathogenic in sporadic Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. Neurology 2019; 92:329-337. [PMID: 30745444 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for a definitive diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is the pathologic finding of aggregated α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and for Alzheimer disease (AD) aggregated amyloid into plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau into tangles. Implicit in this clinicopathologic-based nosology is the assumption that pathologic protein aggregation at autopsy reflects pathogenesis at disease onset. While these aggregates may in exceptional cases be on a causal pathway in humans (e.g., aggregated α-synuclein in SNCA gene multiplication or aggregated β-amyloid in APP mutations), their near universality at postmortem in sporadic PD and AD suggests they may alternatively represent common outcomes from upstream mechanisms or compensatory responses to cellular stress in order to delay cell death. These 3 conceptual frameworks of protein aggregation (pathogenic, epiphenomenon, protective) are difficult to resolve because of the inability to probe brain tissue in real time. Whereas animal models, in which neither PD nor AD occur in natural states, consistently support a pathogenic role of protein aggregation, indirect evidence from human studies does not. We hypothesize that (1) current biomarkers of protein aggregates may be relevant to common pathology but not to subgroup pathogenesis and (2) disease-modifying treatments targeting oligomers or fibrils might be futile or deleterious because these proteins are epiphenomena or protective in the human brain under molecular stress. Future precision medicine efforts for molecular targeting of neurodegenerative diseases may require analyses not anchored on current clinicopathologic criteria but instead on biological signals generated from large deeply phenotyped aging populations or from smaller but well-defined genetic-molecular cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Espay
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio.
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Luca Marsili
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Anthony E Lang
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - David K Simon
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Aristide Merola
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Keith A Josephs
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Francesca Morgante
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Franca Cambi
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Tritia R Yamasaki
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Patrik Brundin
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Hubert H Fernandez
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - David G Standaert
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Todd Sherer
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - George Perry
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - James B Leverenz
- From the UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E., J.A.V., L.M., A.M.), Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, OH; Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto; Krembil Research Institute (A.E.L., A.F.), Toronto, Canada; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center (D.K.S.), Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; College of Medicine (K.A.J.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (F.M.), St George's University of London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders (R.S.), Department of Neurology and Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.T.G., F.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.R.Y.), University of Kentucky, Lexington; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (C.M.T.), Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Neurology (C.M.T.), University of California-San Francisco; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Canada; Parkinson & Other Movement Disorders Center UC San Diego (I.L.), Department of Neurosciences, Altman Clinical Translational Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology (I.F.M., CP.Z.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (I.F.M.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Center for Neurodegenerative Science (P.B.), Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Center for Neurological Restoration (H.H.F.) and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute (J.B.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (D.G.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética (M.A.K.), Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA; Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica (M.A.K.), Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Division of Neuroscience (S.P.S.), Sanofi-Genzyme, Framingham, MA; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (T.S.), New York, NY; and College of Sciences (G.P.), University of Texas at San Antonio
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40
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Di Fonzo A, Franco G, Barone P, Erro R. Parkinsonism in diseases predominantly presenting with dystonia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 149:307-326. [PMID: 31779818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
If the presence of dystonia is a well-recognized phenomenon in disorders predominantly presenting with parkinsonism, including sporadic Parkinson Disease, the term dystonia-parkinsonism usually refers to rare conditions, often genetic, in which the severity of dystonia usually equates that of parkinsonism. At variance with parkinsonian syndromes with additional dystonia, the conditions reviewed in this chapter have usually their onset in childhood and their diagnostic work-up is different. In fact, the phenotype is not usually specific of the underlying defect and additional investigations are therefore required. Here, we review the diseases predominantly presenting with dystonia where parkinsonism can develop, according to their main pathophysiological mechanism including disorders of dopamine biosynthesis, neurotransmitter transporter disorders, disorder of metal metabolism (i.e., iron, copper and manganese) and other inherited dystonia-parkinsonism conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Franco
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
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41
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Nagarjunakonda S, Daggumati R, Uppala V, Gajula R, Amalakanti S. A Novel Mutation in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation - A Case Report. Neurol India 2019; 67:1341-1343. [PMID: 31744972 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.271257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), previously called Hallervorden Spatz disease, is a group of disorders which share the hallmark of iron deposition in the brain. They are collectively characterized by extrapyramidal movement disorders, particularly those of parkinsonism, dystonia, cognitive regression, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, pyramidal features, optic atrophy, and retinal abnormalities. There is aberrant brain iron metabolism, with large amounts of iron deposited in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. NBIA displays a marked genetic heterogeneity, and 10 genes have been associated with different NBIA subtypes at present. We present a 12-year-old boy with a one and a half-year history of a slow, progressive gait disturbance. An MRI of his brain revealed T2, FLAIR bilateral symmetrical hypointensities in globus pallidus and substantia nigra s/o NBIA. His genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous missense variation in exon 2 of the C19orf12 gene (chr19:30199203; A>C) that results in the amino acid substitution of valine for phenylalanine at codon 51 (p.F51V; ENST00000392278). This is consistent with the MPAN (mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration) subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeswari Daggumati
- Department of Neurology, Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Veeramma Uppala
- Department of Neurology, Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Gajula
- Department of Neurology, Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sridhar Amalakanti
- Department of Neurology, Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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42
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Tranchant C. Is Pallido-Pyramidal Syndrome Still a Useful Concept? Yes. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 7:25-26. [PMID: 31970206 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tranchant
- Neurological Department University Hospital Strasbourg Cedex France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France.,Institut of Genetic and of Molecular and Cellular Biology Illkirch France
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43
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Parkinson's disease-associated iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 regulates neuronal functions and α-synuclein stability through membrane remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20689-20699. [PMID: 31548400 PMCID: PMC6789907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902958116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of α-synuclein aggregation and subsequent Lewy body formation are a key pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PARK14-linked PD, which is caused by mutations of the iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 gene, exhibits a marked Lewy body pathology. iPLA2-VIA, which belongs to the phospholipase A2 family, is another causative gene of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Here, we demonstrate that iPLA2-VIA loss results in acyl-chain shortening in phospholipids, which affects ER homeostasis and neurotransmission and promotes α-synuclein aggregation. The administration of linoleic acid or the overexpression of C19orf12, one of the NBIA-causative genes, also suppresses the acyl-chain shortening by iPLA2-VIA loss. The rescue of iPLA2-VIA phenotypes by C19orf12 provides significant molecular insight into the underlying common pathogenesis of PD and NBIA. Mutations in the iPLA2-VIA/PLA2G6 gene are responsible for PARK14-linked Parkinson’s disease (PD) with α-synucleinopathy. However, it is unclear how iPLA2-VIA mutations lead to α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation and dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration. Here, we report that iPLA2-VIA–deficient Drosophila exhibits defects in neurotransmission during early developmental stages and progressive cell loss throughout the brain, including degeneration of the DA neurons. Lipid analysis of brain tissues reveals that the acyl-chain length of phospholipids is shortened by iPLA2-VIA loss, which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through membrane lipid disequilibrium. The introduction of wild-type human iPLA2-VIA or the mitochondria–ER contact site-resident protein C19orf12 in iPLA2-VIA–deficient flies rescues the phenotypes associated with altered lipid composition, ER stress, and DA neurodegeneration, whereas the introduction of a disease-associated missense mutant, iPLA2-VIA A80T, fails to suppress these phenotypes. The acceleration of α-Syn aggregation by iPLA2-VIA loss is suppressed by the administration of linoleic acid, correcting the brain lipid composition. Our findings suggest that membrane remodeling by iPLA2-VIA is required for the survival of DA neurons and α-Syn stability.
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Incecik F, Herguner OM, Bisgin A. Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration: A Case Series of Six Children. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2019; 23:802-804. [PMID: 33688131 PMCID: PMC7900730 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_268_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of genetic disorders with a progressive extrapyramidal syndrome and excessive iron deposition in the brain, particularly in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Mitochondrial membrane protein–associated neurodegeneration (MPAN), a subtype of NBIA, is caused by mutation in the orphan gene C19orf12. A slowly progressive gait disorder from generalized dystonia and spasticity and cognitive impairment constitute the main features of MPAN. The C19orf12 p.Thr11Met mutation is frequent among Turkish patients with MPAN. Here, we report the clinical manifestations and genetic study results of six Turkish patients with MPAN due to different mutations from previous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Incecik
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, AGENTEM, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozlem M Herguner
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, AGENTEM, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Atil Bisgin
- Department of Medical Genetics, AGENTEM, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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45
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Dusek P, Mekle R, Skowronska M, Acosta-Cabronero J, Huelnhagen T, Robinson SD, Schubert F, Deschauer M, Els A, Ittermann B, Schottmann G, Madai VI, Paul F, Klopstock T, Kmiec T, Niendorf T, Wuerfel J, Schneider SA. Brain iron and metabolic abnormalities in C19orf12 mutation carriers: A 7.0 tesla MRI study in mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2019; 35:142-150. [PMID: 31518459 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by C19orf12 mutations and characterized by iron deposits in the basal ganglia. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify iron concentrations in deep gray matter structures using quantitative susceptibility mapping MRI and to characterize metabolic abnormalities in the pyramidal pathway using 1 H MR spectroscopy in clinically manifesting membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients and asymptomatic C19orf12 gene mutation heterozygous carriers. METHODS We present data of 4 clinically affected membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients (mean age: 21.0 ± 2.9 years) and 9 heterozygous gene mutation carriers (mean age: 50.4 ± 9.8 years), compared to age-matched healthy controls. MRI assessments were performed on a 7.0 Tesla whole-body system, consisting of whole-brain gradient-echo scans and short echo time, single-volume MR spectroscopy in the white matter of the precentral/postcentral gyrus. Quantitative susceptibility mapping, a surrogate marker for iron concentration, was performed using a state-of-the-art multiscale dipole inversion approach with focus on the globus pallidus, thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, and SN. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients, magnetic susceptibilities were 2 to 3 times higher in the globus pallidus (P = 0.02) and SN (P = 0.02) compared to controls. In addition, significantly higher magnetic susceptibility was observed in the caudate nucleus (P = 0.02). Non-manifesting heterozygous mutation carriers exhibited significantly increased magnetic susceptibility (relative to controls) in the putamen (P = 0.003) and caudate nucleus (P = 0.001), which may be an endophenotypic marker of genetic heterozygosity. MR spectroscopy revealed significantly increased levels of glutamate, taurine, and the combined concentration of glutamate and glutamine in membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration, which may be a correlate of corticospinal pathway dysfunction frequently observed in membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration patients. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Radiology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Skowronska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julio Acosta-Cabronero
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Till Huelnhagen
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Daniel Robinson
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schubert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Els
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schottmann
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vince I Madai
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology with Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Image Analysis Center and Department Biomedical Engineering, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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A Novel c19orf12 Mutation in Mitochondrial Membrane Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration. Can J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2019.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wang ZB, Liu JY, Xu XJ, Mao XY, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: Insights into the mitochondria dysregulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109068. [PMID: 31404774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NBIA (Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) is a group of inherited neurologic disorders characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity, in which iron atypical accumulates in basal ganglia resulting in brain magnetic resonance imaging changes, histopathological abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric clinical symptoms. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, ten candidate genes have been identified, including PANK2, PLA2G6, C19orf12, WDR45, FA2H, ATP13A2, FTL, CP, C2orf37, and COASY. They are involved in seemingly unrelated cellular pathways, such as iron homeostasis (FTL, CP), lipid metabolism (PLA2G6, C19orf12, FA2H), Coenzyme A synthesis (PANK2, COASY), and autophagy (WDR45, ATP13A2). In particular, PANK2, COASY, PLA2G6, and C19orf12 are located on mitochondria, which associate with certain subtypes of NBIA showing mitochondria dysregulation. However, the relationships among those four genes are still unclear. Therefore, this review is specifically focused on dysregulation of mitochondria in NBIA and afore-mentioned four genes, with summaries of both pathological and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Wang
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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48
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Tariq H, Butt JUR, Houlden H, Naz S. Are some C19orf12 variants monoallelic for neurological disorders? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 65:267-269. [PMID: 31105013 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huma Tariq
- Department of Neurogenetics, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, University College London, London, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neurogenetics, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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49
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Gregory A, Lotia M, Jeong SY, Fox R, Zhen D, Sanford L, Hamada J, Jahic A, Beetz C, Freed A, Kurian MA, Cullup T, van der Weijden MCM, Nguyen V, Setthavongsack N, Garcia D, Krajbich V, Pham T, Woltjer R, George BP, Minks KQ, Paciorkowski AR, Hogarth P, Jankovic J, Hayflick SJ. Autosomal dominant mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00736. [PMID: 31087512 PMCID: PMC6625130 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is caused by pathogenic sequence variants in C19orf12. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been demonstrated. We present evidence of autosomal dominant MPAN and propose a mechanism to explain these cases. METHODS Two large families with apparently dominant MPAN were investigated; additional singleton cases of MPAN were identified. Gene sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were used to characterize the causative sequence variants in C19orf12. Post-mortem brain from affected subjects was examined. RESULTS In two multi-generation non-consanguineous families, we identified different nonsense sequence variations in C19orf12 that segregate with the MPAN phenotype. Brain pathology was similar to that of autosomal recessive MPAN. We additionally identified a preponderance of cases with single heterozygous pathogenic sequence variants, including two with de novo changes. CONCLUSIONS We present three lines of clinical evidence to demonstrate that MPAN can manifest as a result of only one pathogenic C19orf12 sequence variant. We propose that truncated C19orf12 proteins, resulting from nonsense variants in the final exon in our autosomal dominant cohort, impair function of the normal protein produced from the non-mutated allele via a dominant negative mechanism and cause loss of function. These findings impact the clinical diagnostic evaluation and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gregory
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Mitesh Lotia
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rachel Fox
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dolly Zhen
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lynn Sanford
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeff Hamada
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amir Jahic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alison Freed
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, GOSH-Institute of Child Health, UCL & Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas Cullup
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, London, UK
| | | | - Vy Nguyen
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Daphne Garcia
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Thao Pham
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Benjamin P George
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kelly Q Minks
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Alexander R Paciorkowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Departments of Pediatrics, Biomedical Genetics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Molecular & Medical Genetics, Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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50
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Savitt D, Jankovic J. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. Neurol Clin Pract 2019; 9:e7-e9. [PMID: 30859014 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Savitt
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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