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Younger DS. Neurogenetic motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:183-250. [PMID: 37562870 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of neurogenetics have practical applications in rapid diagnosis on blood and body fluids to extract DNA, obviating the need for invasive investigations. The ability to obtain a presymptomatic diagnosis through genetic screening and biomarkers can be a guide to life-saving disease-modifying therapy or enzyme replacement therapy to compensate for the deficient disease-causing enzyme. The benefits of a comprehensive neurogenetic evaluation extend to family members in whom identification of the causal gene defect ensures carrier detection and at-risk counseling for future generations. This chapter explores the many facets of the neurogenetic evaluation in adult and pediatric motor disorders as a primer for later chapters in this volume and a roadmap for the future applications of genetics in neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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Gupta S, Ozimek-Kulik JE, Phillips JK. Nephronophthisis-Pathobiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of a Rare Kidney Genetic Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111762. [PMID: 34828368 PMCID: PMC8623546 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential rise in our understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of genetic cystic kidney diseases can be attributed to the identification of cystogenic genes over the last three decades. The foundation of this was laid by positional cloning strategies which gradually shifted towards next-generation sequencing (NGS) based screenings. This shift has enabled the discovery of novel cystogenic genes at an accelerated pace unlike ever before and, most notably, the past decade has seen the largest increase in identification of the genes which cause nephronophthisis (NPHP). NPHP is a monogenic autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease caused by mutations in a diverse clade of over 26 identified genes and is the most common genetic cause of renal failure in children. NPHP gene types present with some common pathophysiological features alongside a diverse range of extra-renal phenotypes associated with specific syndromic presentations. This review provides a timely update on our knowledge of this disease, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, anatomical and molecular features. We delve into the diversity of the NPHP causing genes and discuss known molecular mechanisms and biochemical pathways that may have possible points of intersection with polycystic kidney disease (the most studied renal cystic pathology). We delineate the pathologies arising from extra-renal complications and co-morbidities and their impact on quality of life. Finally, we discuss the current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for disease management, outlining possible avenues of research to improve the prognosis for NPHP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabarni Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Justyna E. Ozimek-Kulik
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Kathleen Phillips
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
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Swaminathan A. Epilepsy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 8: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:333. [PMID: 31727178 PMCID: PMC6857283 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 is an uncommon genetic condition and presents with gait disturbances, ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, and cognitive and psychiatric abnormalities. Seizures are extremely uncommon in the spinocerebellar ataxias and have been reported only once before in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. This case report highlights the need to evaluate spells in patients with a known neurodegenerative or genetic disease to exclude seizures, and it stresses the importance of timely diagnosis and therapy. Case presentation The patient was a 22-year-old Caucasian woman with known spinocerebellar ataxia 8 since age 10 years. She was admitted to our hospital with new-onset left hemiparesis and encephalopathy in addition to chronic occurrence of multiple spells of confusion and oromanual automatisms with postictal lethargy. Testing confirmed that she was having recurrent seizures with episodes of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Urgent treatment with antiepileptic therapy was initiated; her seizures resolved shortly thereafter, and her mental status improved. Her left hemiparesis has improved; she remains seizure-free; and she has returned to her baseline antiepileptic medications following physical therapy. Conclusions Seizures have been reported extremely rarely in association with spinocerebellar ataxia 8, but they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with spells of altered awareness, especially in those with a known neurodegenerative or genetic condition. Clinicoradiological correlation with symptoms can help expedite diagnosis and treatment. Expert consultation with epileptologists at the earliest signs can help establish the diagnosis quickly, minimize morbidity, and enhance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Swaminathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street and Emile Street, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Teive HAG, Meira AT, Camargo CHF, Munhoz RP. The Geographic Diversity of Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs) in the Americas: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:531-540. [PMID: 31538086 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The frequency and presentation of each of the most common forms of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) varies widely. In the case of the Americas, this diversity is particularly dynamic given additional social, demographic, and cultural characteristics. Objective To describe the regional prevalence and clinical phenotypes of SCAs throughout the continent. Methods A literature search was performed in both MEDLINE and LILACS databases. The research was broadened to include the screening of reference lists of systematic review articles for additional studies. Investigations dating from the earliest available through 2019. Only studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. We analyzed publications with genetically confirmed cases only, ranging from robust samples with epidemiological data to case reports and case series from each country or regions. Results Overall, SCA3 is the most common form in the continent. Region-specific prevalence and ranking of the common forms vary. On the other hand, region-specific phenotypic variations were not consistently found based on the available literature analyzed, with the exception of the absence of epilepsy in SCA10 consistently described in a particular cluster of cases in South Brazil. Conclusion Systematic, multinational studies analyzing in detail the true frequencies of SCAs across the Americas as well as distinct clinical signs and clues of each form would be ideal to look for these potential variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil.,Neurological Diseases Group Graduate Program of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Alex T Meira
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique F Camargo
- Neurological Diseases Group Graduate Program of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Renato P Munhoz
- Movement Disorders Centre Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Moro A, Munhoz RP, Moscovich M, Arruda WO, Raskin S, Silveira-Moriyama L, Ashizawa T, Teive HAG. Nonmotor Symptoms in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 10. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 16:938-944. [PMID: 28589261 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) have been described in several neurodegenerative diseases but have not been systematically evaluated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). The objective of the study is to compare the frequency of NMS in patients with SCA10, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and healthy controls. Twenty-eight SCA10, 28 MJD, and 28 healthy subjects were prospectively assessed using validated screening tools for chronic pain, autonomic symptoms, fatigue, sleep disturbances, psychiatric disorders, and cognitive function. Chronic pain was present with similar prevalence among SCA10 patients and healthy controls but was more frequent in MJD. Similarly, autonomic symptoms were found in SCA10 in the same proportion of healthy individuals, while the MJD group had higher frequencies. Restless legs syndrome and REM sleep behavior disorder were uncommon in SCA10. The mean scores of excessive daytime sleepiness were worse in the SCA10 group. Scores of fatigue were higher in the SCA10 sample compared to healthy individuals, but better than in the MJD. Psychiatric disorders were generally more prevalent in both spinocerebellar ataxias than among healthy controls. The cognitive performance of healthy controls was better compared with SCA10 patients and MJD, which showed the worst scores. Although NMS were present among SCA10 patients in a higher proportion compared to healthy controls, they were more frequent and severe in MJD. In spite of these comparisons, we were able to identify NMS with significant functional impact in patients with SCA10, indicating the need for their systematic screening aiming at optimal treatment and improvement in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba, PR, 80060-900, Brazil.
| | - Renato P Munhoz
- Department of Medicine, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mariana Moscovich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba, PR, 80060-900, Brazil
| | - Walter O Arruda
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba, PR, 80060-900, Brazil
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Advanced Molecular Research Center, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, PUC, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba, PR, 80060-900, Brazil
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7
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Bampi GB, Bisso-Machado R, Hünemeier T, Gheno TC, Furtado GV, Veliz-Otani D, Cornejo-Olivas M, Mazzeti P, Bortolini MC, Jardim LB, Saraiva-Pereira ML. Haplotype Study in SCA10 Families Provides Further Evidence for a Common Ancestral Origin of the Mutation. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:501-509. [PMID: 28905220 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy. The disease is caused by a pentanucleotide ATTCT expansion in intron 9 of the ATXN10 gene on chromosome 22q13.3. SCA10 has shown a geographical distribution throughout America with a likely degree of Amerindian ancestry from different countries so far. Currently available data suggest that SCA10 mutation might have spread out early during the peopling of the Americas. However, the ancestral origin of SCA10 mutation remains under speculation. Samples of SCA10 patients from two Latin American countries were analysed, being 16 families from Brazil (29 patients) and 21 families from Peru (27 patients) as well as 49 healthy individuals from Indigenous Quechua population and 51 healthy Brazilian individuals. Four polymorphic markers spanning a region of 5.2 cM harbouring the ATTCT expansion were used to define the haplotypes, which were genotyped by different approaches. Our data have shown that 19-CGGC-14 shared haplotype was found in 47% of Brazilian and in 63% of Peruvian families. Frequencies from both groups are not statistically different from Quechua controls (57%), but they are statistically different from Brazilian controls (12%) (p < 0.001). The most frequent expanded haplotype in Quechuas, 19-15-CGGC-14-10, is found in 50% of Brazilian and in 65% of Peruvian patients with SCA10. These findings bring valuable evidence that ATTCT expansion may have arisen in a Native American chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana B Bampi
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics Identification - Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bisso-Machado
- Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tailise C Gheno
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics Identification - Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel V Furtado
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics Identification - Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Veliz-Otani
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Pillar Mazzeti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Laura B Jardim
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics Identification - Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Genetics Identification - Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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8
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Schüle B, McFarland KN, Lee K, Tsai YC, Nguyen KD, Sun C, Liu M, Byrne C, Gopi R, Huang N, Langston JW, Clark T, Gil FJJ, Ashizawa T. Parkinson's disease associated with pure ATXN10 repeat expansion. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 3:27. [PMID: 28890930 PMCID: PMC5585403 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large, non-coding pentanucleotide repeat expansions of ATTCT in intron 9 of the ATXN10 gene typically cause progressive spinocerebellar ataxia with or without seizures and present neuropathologically with Purkinje cell loss resulting in symmetrical cerebellar atrophy. These ATXN10 repeat expansions can be interrupted by sequence motifs which have been attributed to seizures and are likely to act as genetic modifiers. We identified a Mexican kindred with multiple affected family members with ATXN10 expansions. Four affected family members showed clinical features of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). However, one affected individual presented with early-onset levodopa-responsive parkinsonism, and one family member carried a large repeat ATXN10 expansion, but was clinically unaffected. To characterize the ATXN10 repeat, we used a novel technology of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9-based capture. We sequenced the entire span of ~5.3-7.0 kb repeat expansions. The Parkinson's patient carried an ATXN10 expansion with no repeat interruption motifs as well as an unaffected sister. In the siblings with typical SCA10, we found a repeat pattern of ATTCC repeat motifs that have not been associated with seizures previously. Our data suggest that the absence of repeat interruptions is likely a genetic modifier for the clinical presentation of l-Dopa responsive parkinsonism, whereas repeat interruption motifs contribute clinically to epilepsy. Repeat interruptions are important genetic modifiers of the clinical phenotype in SCA10. Advanced sequencing techniques now allow to better characterize the underlying genetic architecture for determining accurate phenotype-genotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Schüle
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94028 USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Kelsey Lee
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94028 USA
| | | | | | - Chao Sun
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Mei Liu
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Christie Byrne
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94028 USA
| | - Ramesh Gopi
- Silicon Valley Diagnostic Imaging, El Camino Hospital, Mountain View, CA 94040 USA
| | - Neng Huang
- Valley Parkinson Clinic, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA
| | | | - Tyson Clark
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
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9
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Spina Tensini F, Sato MT, Shiokawa N, Ashizawa T, Teive HAG. A Comparative Optical Coherence Tomography Study of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Types 3 and 10. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 16:797-801. [PMID: 28401494 PMCID: PMC6996148 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCA3 presents with a CAG expansion at 14q24.3-q32 while SCA10 shows an ATTCT expansion at 22q13-qter. SCA10 seems to be less aggressive than SCA3. For an in vivo, noninvasive approach of the correlation between central nervous system and clinical evolution, we can use optic coherence tomography (OCT) to measure retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness. To describe OCT findings in SCA10, correlate it with expansion size and disease severity and compare with those of SCA3. We analyzed ten individuals with SCA3 and nine with SCA10 recruited from the neurology service of Hospital de Clínicas of Paraná-Brazil. They were submitted to OCT and clinical evaluation using SARA score. Expansion size, demographic data, time from disease onset, and age of onset were collected. We found no correlation between size of expansion, SARA, and RNFL or GCL thickness in SCA10. RNFL seemed to be thicker in SCA10 (p > 0.05). GCL thickness, SARA, median age, and time from disease onset did not differ between groups. SCA10 individuals had an earlier disease onset. In SCA3, there was a negative correlation between SARA and RNFL thickness in nasal area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper assessing retinal changes by OCT in individuals with SCA10. The lack of correlation between disease progression, age, and time since onset supports the anatomopathological findings which suggest SCA10 is less aggressive than other SCAs. The findings in SCA3 are in accordance with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Spina Tensini
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Treze de Maio, 200, apto 103, Centro, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80020-270, Brazil.
| | - Mario T Sato
- Neuro-Ophthalmology and Ocular Electrophysiology Sector, Vision Center, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Neuroscience Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Treze de Maio, 200, apto 103, Centro, Curitiba, PR, CEP 80020-270, Brazil
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10
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Gheno TC, Furtado GV, Saute JAM, Donis KC, Fontanari AMV, Emmel VE, Pedroso JL, Barsottini O, Godeiro-Junior C, van der Linden H, Ternes Pereira E, Cintra VP, Marques W, de Castilhos RM, Alonso I, Sequeiros J, Cornejo-Olivas M, Mazzetti P, Leotti VB, Jardim LB, Saraiva-Pereira ML. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10: common haplotype and disease progression rate in Peru and Brazil. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:892-e36. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Gheno
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - G. V. Furtado
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional; INAGEMP; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - K. C. Donis
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - A. M. V. Fontanari
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - V. E. Emmel
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - J. L. Pedroso
- Departamento de Neurologia; Divisão de Neurologia Geral e Unidade de Ataxia; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - O. Barsottini
- Departamento de Neurologia; Divisão de Neurologia Geral e Unidade de Ataxia; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | | | - V. P. Cintra
- Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - W. Marques
- Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - R. M. de Castilhos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional; INAGEMP; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - I. Alonso
- UnIGENe; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - J. Sequeiros
- UnIGENe; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - M. Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas; Lima Peru
| | - P. Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas; Lima Peru
| | - V. B. Leotti
- Departamento de Estatística; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - L. B. Jardim
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional; INAGEMP; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Interna; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - M. L. Saraiva-Pereira
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental - HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica; HCPA; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Instituto de Genética Médica Populacional; INAGEMP; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica; UFRGS; Porto Alegre Brazil
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Nibbeling EAR, Delnooz CCS, de Koning TJ, Sinke RJ, Jinnah HA, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Using the shared genetics of dystonia and ataxia to unravel their pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:22-39. [PMID: 28143763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review we explore the similarities between spinocerebellar ataxias and dystonias, and suggest potentially shared molecular pathways using a gene co-expression network approach. The spinocerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by coordination problems caused mainly by atrophy of the cerebellum. The dystonias are another group of neurological movement disorders linked to basal ganglia dysfunction, although evidence is now pointing to cerebellar involvement as well. Our gene co-expression network approach identified 99 shared genes and showed the involvement of two major pathways: synaptic transmission and neurodevelopment. These pathways overlapped in the two disorders, with a large role for GABAergic signaling in both. The overlapping pathways may provide novel targets for disease therapies. We need to prioritize variants obtained by whole exome sequencing in the genes associated with these pathways in the search for new pathogenic variants, which can than be used to help in the genetic counseling of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A R Nibbeling
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathérine C S Delnooz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory Clinic, Atlanta, USA
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Roxburgh RH, Smith CO, Lim JG, Bachman DF, Byrd E, Bird TD. The unique co-occurrence of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) and Huntington disease. J Neurol Sci 2012; 324:176-8. [PMID: 23083689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a unique thirty-nine year old woman with both Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). She has 48 CAG repeats in the HD gene and 2511 ATTCT repeats in the ATX10 gene. Although both conditions are repeat expansion diseases they are thought to have quite different pathogenic mechanisms. The symptomatic age of onset in this patient (mid30s) is within the expected range for her repeat expansion sizes for each condition, but we discuss the evidence that the two conditions may interact to produce a more severe cognitive phenotype than would be expected for either of the conditions independently. The subject has Amerindian background on the maternal side from Colombia, South America, thus adding a 5th country expressing SCA10, all with Amerindian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Roxburgh
- Neurology Department, Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Teive HAG, Munhoz RP, Arruda WO, Lopes-Cendes I, Raskin S, Werneck LC, Ashizawa T. Spinocerebellar ataxias: genotype-phenotype correlations in 104 Brazilian families. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:443-9. [PMID: 22666787 PMCID: PMC3351252 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(05)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinocerebellar ataxias are neurodegenerative disorders involving the cerebellum and its connections. There are more than 30 distinct subtypes, 16 of which are associated with an identified gene. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a large group of patients from 104 Brazilian families with spinocerebellar ataxias. METHODS We studied 150 patients from 104 families with spinocerebellar ataxias who had received molecular genetic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using basic descriptive statistics and the correlation coefficient (r), Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Yates' correction. The statistical significance level was established for p-values <0.05. RESULTS The results show that the most common subtype was spinocerebellar ataxia 3, which was followed by spinocerebellar ataxia 10. Moreover, the comparison between patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3, spinocerebellar ataxia 10, and other types of spinocerebellar ataxia revealed distinct clinical features for each type. In patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 3, the phenotype was highly pleomorphic, although the most common signs of disease included cerebellar ataxia (CA), ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, eyelid retraction, facial fasciculation, pyramidal signs, and peripheral neuropathy. In patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 10, the phenotype was also rather distinct and consisted of pure cerebellar ataxia and abnormal saccadic eye movement as well as ocular dysmetria. Patients with spinocerebellar ataxias 2 and 7 presented highly suggestive features of cerebellar ataxia, including slow saccadic ocular movements and areflexia in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 and visual loss in spinocerebellar ataxia 7. CONCLUSIONS Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 was the most common subtype examined, followed by spinocerebellar ataxia 10. Patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 2 and 7 demonstrated highly suggestive features, whereas the phenotype of spinocerebellar ataxia 3 patients was highly pleomorphic and spinocerebellar ataxia 10 patients exhibited pure cerebellar ataxia. Epilepsy was absent in all of the patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 10 in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio A G Teive
- Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Internal Medicine Department, Neurology Service, Movement Disorders Unit, Curitiba/PR, Brazil.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn & WIlliam L. McKinght Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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15
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White M, Xia G, Gao R, Wakamiya M, Sarkar PS, McFarland K, Ashizawa T. Transgenic mice with SCA10 pentanucleotide repeats show motor phenotype and susceptibility to seizure: a toxic RNA gain-of-function model. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:706-14. [PMID: 22065565 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder manifested by ataxia and seizure. SCA10 is caused by a large expansion of an intronic ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in the ATXN10 gene. We have recently postulated a toxic RNA-mediated gain of function in the pathogenesis of spinal cerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). The spliced intron-9 RNA containing the expanded AUUCU repeat aggregates in SCA10 cells and sequesters hnRNP K. hnRNP K sequestration triggers the translocation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) to mitochondria, leading to activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. To confirm the toxic RNA-mediated gain of function, we generated a new transgenic mouse model in which the expanded pentanucleotide repeats are constructed in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) to ensure transcription without translation of the repeat. We constructed an artificial transgene containing the SCA10 (ATTCT)(500) track within the 3'UTR of the LacZ gene driven by the rat prion promoter (PrP) and used this to generate a new transgenic mouse model for SCA10. We then examined these mice for neurological phenotypes and histopathological, molecular, and cellular changes. The transgenic mice showed irregular gait and increased seizure susceptibility at the age of 6 months, resembling the clinical phenotype of SCA10. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and pontine nuclei showed neuronal loss. The brains of these animals also showed molecular and cellular changes similar to those previously found in an SCA10 cell model. Expression of the expanded SCA10 AUUCU repeat within the 3'UTR of a gene results in neuronal loss with associated gait abnormalities and increased seizure susceptibility phenotypes, which resemble those seen in SCA10 patients. Moreover, these results bolster the idea that the SCA10 disease mechanism is mediated by a toxic RNA gain-of-function mutation of the expanded AUUCU repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misti White
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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16
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Teive HAG, Munhoz RP, Arruda WO, Raskin S, Werneck LC, Ashizawa T. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 - A review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:655-61. [PMID: 21531163 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant inherited ataxia caused by an expanded ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in intron 9 of the ATXN10 gene, on chromosome 22q13.3. SCA10 represents a rare form of SCA, until now only described in Latin America, particularly in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela. In Mexico and Brazil SCA10 represents the second most common type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. The phenotype described in Mexico, is characterized by the association of cerebellar ataxia with epilepsy, while in Brazil the SCA10 phenotype is that of a pure cerebellar ataxia. As yet unidentified genotypic variables may account for this phenotypic difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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17
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Kurosaki T, Matsuura T, Ohno K, Ueda S. Alu-mediated acquisition of unstable ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats in the human ATXN10 gene. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2573-9. [PMID: 19651850 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 is caused by ATTCT repeat expansion in the ATXN10 gene in humans. We studied the evolutionary history of the human genome to determine the time and mechanism of the acquisition of unstable ATTCT repeats in the genome. We found that long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) was inserted into ATXN10 intron 9; Alu was then inserted in the middle of LINE-1; and endogenous retrovilcus K was lastly retrotransposed in the middle of Alu. The ATTCT repeat was located on the boundary between the 3'-end of the Alu element and the direct repeat arising from LINE-1. We determined nucleotide sequences of the orthologous region of 50 individuals representing 33 primate species and compared them with the human sequence. The analysis revealed that the ATTCT repeat is present only in human and apes. Old World monkeys also possess pentanucleotide repeats, but their motifs are TGTCT and GGTCT. New World monkeys and prosimians are not informative because they lack the corresponding region in ATXN10 intron 9. Our studies dictate two parsimonious scenarios of evolution. First, a TTTCT motif arose from a TTTTT motif at the junction of Alu and LINE-1, which was followed by introduction of A to make an ATTCT motif in hominoids. Second, an ATTCT motif was directly generated from an ancestral ATTTT motif in the common ancestor of catarrhines. We also demonstrate that orangutan uniquely introduced G to make a GTTCT motif and later C to make a GTTCC motif, where newly introduced nucleotides are underlined. Our studies reveal that nucleotide substitutions in a poly(A) tail of the Alu element and the following amplification of pentanucleotides occurred in the lineages of Old World monkeys and hominoids and that unstable ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats originated in the common ancestor of hominoids. These findings also highlight a new aspect of the role of retrotransposons in human disease and evolution, which might be useful in investigating the mystery of human uniqueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Kurosaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Mohan G, Pal PK, Sendhil KR, Thennarasu K, Usha B. Quantitative evaluation of balance in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1: A case control study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:435-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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The ATTCT repeats of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 display strong nucleosome assembly which is enhanced by repeat interruptions. Gene 2009; 434:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pradhan C, Yashavantha BS, Pal PK, Sathyaprabha TN. Spinocerebellar ataxias type 1, 2 and 3: a study of heart rate variability. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 117:337-42. [PMID: 18028243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect cardiac autonomic dysfunction, using analysis of heart rate variability in genetically defined spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive RR intervals were analyzed for time- and frequency-domain parameters in 22 genotypically proven SCA patients (SCA1 = 11, SCA2 = 6 and SCA3 = 5) and compared with that of age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS Reduction in the standard deviation of RR interval (RR_SD) was seen in 72.7% of SCA patients. There was a reduction in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic parameters in SCA without any change in the ratio of low- to high-frequency power. In SCA1, there was a significant negative correlation between RR_SD and duration of illness but not with the CAG repeat lengths of the abnormal allele. Small sample size of SCA2 and SCA3 precluded similar comparison. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac autonomic dysfunction, predominantly parasympathetic, was seen in SCA, and the severity correlated with the duration of illness in SCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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21
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Matsuura T. [Molecular and genetic analysis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10)]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2008; 48:1-10. [PMID: 18386626 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.48.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of the ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in intron 9 of a novel gene, ATXN10, on chromosome 22q13.3. It is clinically characterized by progressive ataxia, seizures, and anticipation, which can vary within and between families. The length of the expanded ATTCT repeats is highly unstable on paternal transmission and shows a variable degree of somatic and germline instabilty, revealing complex SCA10 genetic mechanisms. Moreover, the purity of the expanded repeat element may be a disease modifier. ATTCT repeats have been recently shown to form unpaired DNA structure and may serve as an aberrant DNA replication origin, potentially contributing to repeat instability and cell death. How this untranslated ATTCT expansion leads to neurodegeneration has been still controversial. We discuss several possible pathogenic mechanisms for SCA10, and growing number of evidence indicates a gain-of-function RNA mechanism, similar to the myotonic dystrophies caused by non-coding CTG or CCTG repeat expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Matsuura
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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22
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Teive HA, Arruda WO, Raskin S, Ashizawa T, Werneck LC. The history of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 in Brazil: travels of a gene. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2007; 65:965-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2007000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The authors report the history of spinocerebellar ataxia 10 (SCA10), since its first report in a large Portuguese-ancestry Family with autosomal dominant pure cerebellar ataxia, till the final identification of further families without Mexican ancestry. These families present a quite different phenotype from those SCA10 families described in Mexico.
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23
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Trott A, Jardim LB, Ludwig HT, Saute JAM, Artigalás O, Kieling C, Wanderley HYC, Rieder CRM, Monte TL, Socal M, Alonso I, Ferro A, Carvalho T, do Céu Moreira M, Mendonça P, Ferreirinha F, Silveira I, Sequeiros J, Giugliani R, Saraiva-Pereira ML. Spinocerebellar ataxias in 114 Brazilian families: clinical and molecular findings. Clin Genet 2006; 70:173-6. [PMID: 16879203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kraft S, Furtado S, Ranawaya R, Parboosingh J, Bleoo S, McElligott K, Bridge P, Spacey S, Das S, Suchowersky O. Adult onset spinocerebellar ataxia in a Canadian movement disorders clinic. Can J Neurol Sci 2006; 32:450-8. [PMID: 16408574 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders. Relative frequencies vary within different ethnic groups and geographical locations. OBJECTIVES 1) To determine the frequencies of hereditary and sporadic adult onset SCAs in the Movement Disorders population; 2) to assess if the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) premutation is found in this population. METHODS A retrospective chart review of individuals with a diagnosis of adult onset SCA was carried out. Testing for SCA types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8, Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), Friedreich ataxia and the FMR1 expansion was performed. RESULTS A total of 69 patients in 60 families were identified. Twenty-one (35%) of the families displayed autosomal dominant and two (3.3%) showed autosomal recessive (AR) pattern of inheritance. A positive but undefined family history was noted in nine (15%). The disorder appeared sporadic in 26 patients (43.3%). In the AD families, the most common mutation was SCA3 (23.8%) followed by SCA2 (14.3%) and SCA6 (14.3%). The SCA1 and SCA8 were each identified in 4.8%. FA was found in a pseudodominant pedigree, and one autosomal recessive pedigree. One sporadic patient had a positive test (SCA3).Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy and FMR1 testing was negative. CONCLUSION A positive family history was present in 53.3% of our adult onset SCA patients. A specific genetic diagnosis could be given in 61.9% of dominant pedigrees with SCA3 being the most common mutation, followed by SCA2 and SCA6. The yield in sporadic cases was low. The fragile X premutation was not found to be responsible for SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kraft
- Movement Disorsders program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Matsuura T, Fang P, Pearson CE, Jayakar P, Ashizawa T, Roa BB, Nelson DL. Interruptions in the expanded ATTCT repeat of spinocerebellar ataxia type 10: repeat purity as a disease modifier? Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:125-9. [PMID: 16385455 PMCID: PMC1380209 DOI: 10.1086/498654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is one of numerous genetic disorders that result from simple repeat expansions. SCA10 is caused by expansion of an intronic ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat tract. It is clinically characterized by progressive ataxia, seizures, and anticipation, which can vary within and between families. We report two SCA10 families showing distinct frequencies of seizures and correlations of repeat length with age at onset. One family displayed uninterrupted ATTCT expansions, whereas the other showed multiple interruptions of the repeat by nonconsensus repeat units, which differed both in the length and/or sequence of the repeat unit. Disease-causing microsatellite expansions have been assumed to be composed of uninterrupted pure repeats. Our findings for SCA10 challenge this convention and suggest that the purity of the expanded repeat element may be a disease modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Matsuura
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Christopher E. Pearson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Parul Jayakar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Benjamin B. Roa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - David L. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami; and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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Andrali SS, März P, Ozcan S. Ataxin-10 interacts with O-GlcNAc transferase OGT in pancreatic β cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:149-53. [PMID: 16182253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in metazoans are modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). This modification is dynamic and reversible similar to phosphorylation and is catalyzed by the O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Hyperglycemia has been shown to increase O-GlcNAc levels in pancreatic beta cells, which appears to interfere with beta-cell function. To obtain a better understanding of the role of O-linked GlcNAc modification in beta cells, we have isolated OGT interacting proteins from a cDNA library made from the mouse insulinoma MIN6 cell line. We describe here the identification of Ataxin-10, encoded by the SCA10 (spinocerebellar ataxia type 10) gene as an OGT interacting protein. Mutations in the SCA10 gene cause progressive cerebellar ataxias and seizures. We demonstrate that SCA10 interacts with OGT in vivo and is modified by O-linked glycosylation in MIN6 cells, suggesting a novel role for the Ataxin-10 protein in pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath S Andrali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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27
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Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is a dominantly inherited ataxia caused by expansion of ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in intron 9 of a novel gene, E46L, on chromosome 22q13.3. SCA10 is a complex neurodegenerative condition. Initial studies characterized SCA10 as pure cerebellar ataxia associated with seizures. Recent identification of new SCA10 families revealed more diverse phenotypes, including polyneuropathy, pyramidal signs, cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment. Moreover, several families manifest with ataxia without seizures. Thus a complete clinical spectrum is emerging. Progress has also been made in understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of pathogenesis. The length of expanded ATTCT repeats is variable in different tissues and highly unstable during paternal transmission, revealing complex genetic and pathogenetic processes. Under torsional stress, ATTCT repeats form unpaired DNA structure and may serve as an erroneous DNA replication origin, potentially contributing to repeat instability and aberrant cell cycle entry. E46L is a cytoplasmic protein with unknown function. Reduced expression of E46L in primary neuronal cultures from cerebellum and cortex by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) caused increased apoptosis, raising the possibility that reduced expression of E46L might also play an important role in SCA10 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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28
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Matsuura T, Fang P, Lin X, Khajavi M, Tsuji K, Rasmussen A, Grewal RP, Achari M, Alonso ME, Pulst SM, Zoghbi HY, Nelson DL, Roa BB, Ashizawa T. Somatic and germline instability of the ATTCT repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 10. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1216-24. [PMID: 15127363 PMCID: PMC1182085 DOI: 10.1086/421526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ataxia, seizures, and anticipation. It is caused by an expanded ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in intron 9 of a novel gene, designated "SCA10." The ATTCT expansion in SCA10 represents a novel class of microsatellite repeat and is one of the largest found to cause human diseases. The expanded ATTCT repeat is unstably transmitted from generation to generation, and an inverse correlation has been observed between size of repeat and age at onset. In this multifamily study, we investigated the intergenerational instability, somatic and germline mosaicism, and age-dependent repeat-size changes of the expanded ATTCT repeat. Our results showed that (1) the expanded ATTCT repeats are highly unstable when paternally transmitted, whereas maternal transmission resulted in significantly smaller changes in repeat size; (2) blood leukocytes, lymphoblastoid cells, buccal cells, and sperm have a variable degree of mosaicism in ATTCT expansion; (3) the length of the expanded repeat was not observed to change in individuals over a 5-year period; and (4) clinically determined anticipation is sometimes associated with intergenerational contraction rather than expansion of the ATTCT repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Matsuura
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Ping Fang
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Xi Lin
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Mehrdad Khajavi
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Kuniko Tsuji
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Raji P. Grewal
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Madhureeta Achari
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Maria E. Alonso
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Stefan M. Pulst
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Huda Y. Zoghbi
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - David L. Nelson
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Benjamin B. Roa
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and private practice, Houston; Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City; New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Seton Hall University, Edison; and Department of Neurology, Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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29
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Knight MA, Kennerson ML, Anney RJ, Matsuura T, Nicholson GA, Salimi-Tari P, Gardner RJM, Storey E, Forrest SM. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 15 (sca15) maps to 3p24.2-3pter: exclusion of the ITPR1 gene, the human orthologue of an ataxic mouse mutant. Neurobiol Dis 2003; 13:147-57. [PMID: 12828938 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-9961(03)00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied a large Australian kindred with a dominantly inherited pure cerebellar ataxia, SCA15. The disease is characterised by a very slow rate of progression in some family members, and atrophy predominantly of the superior vermis, and to a lesser extent the cerebellar hemispheres. Repeat expansion detection failed to identify either a CAG/CTG or ATTCT/AGAAT repeat expansions segregating with the disease in this family. A genome-wide scan revealed significant evidence for linkage to the short arm of chromosome 3. The highest two-point LOD score was obtained with D3S3706 (Z = 3.4, theta = 0.0). Haplotype analysis identified recombinants that placed the SCA15 locus within an 11.6-cM region flanked by the markers D3S3630 and D3S1304. The mouse syntenic region contains two ataxic mutants, itpr1-/- and opt, affecting the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate type 1 receptor, ITPR1 gene. ITPR1 is predominantly expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mutation analysis from two representative affected family members excluded the coding region of the ITPR1 gene from being involved in the pathogenesis of SCA15. Thus, the itpr1-/- and opt ITPR1 mouse mutants, which each result in ataxia, are not allelic to the human SCA15 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Knight
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Matsuura T, Ashizawa T. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10: a disease caused by a large ATTCT repeat expansion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 516:79-97. [PMID: 12611436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0117-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
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31
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Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia is one of the most frequent hereditary ataxias of childhood. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. The current state of knowledge concerning genetics, pathophysiology, pathology, clinical course, differential diagnosis, genotype-phenotype correlation, and therapy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Pilch
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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32
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Holmes SE, Hearn EO, Ross CA, Margolis RL. SCA12: an unusual mutation leads to an unusual spinocerebellar ataxia. Brain Res Bull 2001; 56:397-403. [PMID: 11719278 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder which has been described in pedigrees of German American and Indian descent. The phenotype typically begins with tremor in the fourth decade, progressing to include ataxia and other cerebellar and cortical signs. SCA12 is associated with an expansion of a CAG repeat in the 5' region of the gene PPP2R2B which encodes a brain-specific regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase PP2A. The repeat size ranges from 55 to 78 triplets in the mutant allele of affected individuals, and from 9 to 28 triplets in normal alleles. It is possible that an expansion mutation in PPP2R2B may influence PPP2R2B expression, perhaps altering the activity of PP2A, an enzyme implicated in multiple cellular functions, including cell cycle regulation, tau phosphorylation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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33
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Rasmussen A, Matsuura T, Ruano L, Yescas P, Ochoa A, Ashizawa T, Alonso E. Clinical and genetic analysis of four Mexican families with spinocerebellar ataxia type 10. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:234-9. [PMID: 11506407 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by expansion of an unstable ATTCT repeat. SCA10 has been described as a pure cerebellar syndrome accompanied by seizures and has been recognized only in families of Mexican origin. We describe clinical and molecular findings of 18 patients in four Mexican families with SCA10. Affected individuals had an average age at onset of 26.7 years (range 14-44 years) and ATTCT repeats ranging from 920 to 4,140 repeats. We could not detect significant anticipation or correlation between repeat size and age at onset, probably due to the small sample size. In addition to pure cerebellar ataxia and seizures, patients often showed soft pyramidal signs, ocular dyskinesia, cognitive impairment, and/or behavioral disturbances. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed predominant cerebellar atrophy, and nerve conduction studies indicated polyneuropathy in 66% of patients. One family showed hepatic, cardiac, and hematological abnormalities in affected members. These findings suggest that a wide range of tissues may be affected in SCA10, including those outside of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rasmussen
- Department of Neurogenetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
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34
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Yamashita I, Sasaki H, Yabe I, Fukazawa T, Nogoshi S, Komeichi K, Takada A, Shiraishi K, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Kaneko J, Tanaka H, Tsuji S, Tashiro K. A novel locus for dominant cerebellar ataxia (SCA14) maps to a 10.2-cM interval flanked by D19S206 and D19S605 on chromosome 19q13.4-qter. Ann Neurol 2000; 48:156-63. [PMID: 10939565 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2<156::aid-ana4>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dominantly inherited, late-onset pure cerebellar ataxia is a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. Approximately half of these disorders in the Japanese population are caused by moderate expansion of a CAG repeat in the coding region of the CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19p13 (SCA6). However, neither the loci nor the specific mutations for the remaining disorders have been determined. We performed systematic linkage analysis in a three-generation Japanese family with a locus or mutation that differed from those of known spinocerebellar ataxias. The family members with a late onset (> or =39 years old) exhibited pure cerebellar ataxia, whereas those with an early onset (< or =27 years old) first showed intermittent axial myoclonus followed by ataxia. Other neurological signs were sparse, and neuroimaging studies revealed that atrophy was confined to the cerebellum. Multipoint analysis and haplotype reconstruction ultimately traced this novel spinocerebellar ataxia locus (SCA14) to a 10.2-cM interval flanked by D19S206 and D19S605 on chromosome 19q13.4-qter (Zmax = 4.08, corrected for age-dependent penetrance).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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35
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Mayo Cabrero D, Hernández Cristóbal J, Cantarero Duque S, Martínez Delgado B, Urioste Azcorra M, Robledo Batanero M, García-Ruiz Espiga P, Benítez Ortiz J. [Distribution of dominant hereditary ataxias and Friedreich's ataxia in the Spanish population]. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 115:121-5. [PMID: 10996881 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish the distribution of the different forms of dominant ataxias and Friedreich ataxia in Spanish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS We have performed a molecular study in 121 patients presenting ataxia as the first sign of neurodegenerative disease. In these patients, we have performed a molecular study of SCA 1, SCA 2, SCA 3, SCA 6, SCA 7, SCA 8, DRPLA, alpha-TTP (tocopherol transfer protein) and Friedreich's ataxia genes. RESULTS The study showed that the Friedreich ataxia is the most frequent form representing 34.4% of the total of the hereditary ataxias. One patient presented mutation in alpha-TTP gene. Among the dominant forms SCA 3 was the most frequent (27.3%) followed by SCA 7 (16%), SCA 6 (9%) and SCA 2 (4.5%). We have not found mutations in SCA 1 and DRPLA genes. Two of 60 apparently sporadic cases presented mutations in the SCA 6 and SCA 8. CONCLUSIONS The genetic analysis is the principal method to distinguish the different clinic forms of ataxia. We have not found mutations in 41.2% of dominant forms and in 43.3% of recessive forms. These results suggest the existence of new candidates genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mayo Cabrero
- Departamento de Genética, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid.
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36
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Nagaoka U, Takashima M, Ishikawa K, Yoshizawa K, Yoshizawa T, Ishikawa M, Yamawaki T, Shoji S, Mizusawa H. A gene on SCA4 locus causes dominantly inherited pure cerebellar ataxia. Neurology 2000; 54:1971-5. [PMID: 10822439 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.10.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several different genes or their loci have been identified for autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA). However, other types of ataxia remain unassigned. OBJECTIVE To identify a new locus for ADCA. METHODS Six Japanese families with ADCA with pure cerebellar syndrome (ADCA type III) were examined. These families had been molecularly excluded for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1 through 3, 5 through 8, and 10. Clinical examination was undertaken, and a genome-wide linkage search was performed on 250 microsatellite DNA markers. RESULTS Strong evidence for linkage was found with markers on human chromosome 16q, and haplotype and multipoint analyses further refined the gene locus in a 10.9-cM interval between D16S3089 and D16S515. Linkage disequilibrium was further found with the marker D16S3107 within the interval. The locus was exactly the candidate interval of SCA4, a rare form of ADCA clinically characterized by ataxia with sensory neuropathy and pyramidal tract signs. This would suggest that SCA4 and our ADCA type III are likely to be allelic disorders with different clinical features. CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence that a gene on the SCA4 locus causes a pure cerebellar syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nagaoka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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37
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Abstract
There are many causes of hereditary ataxia. These can be grouped into categories of autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked. Molecularly, many of them are due to trinucleotide repeat expansions. In Friedreich ataxia, the trinucleotide repeat expansions lead to a "loss of function." In the dominant ataxias, the expanded repeats lead to a "gain of function," most likely through accumulation of intranuclear (and less commonly cytoplasmic) polyglutamine inclusions. Channelopathies can also lead to ataxia, especially episodic ataxia. Although phenotypic characteristics are an aid to the clinician, a definitive diagnosis is usually made only through genotypic or molecular studies. Genetic counseling is necessary for the testing of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. No effective treatment is yet available for most ataxic syndromes, except for ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency and the episodic ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Evidente
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Ariz., USA
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38
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Abstract
Nystagmus may have onset in infancy or adulthood. Infantile-onset nystagmus is commonly associated with genetic disease, and recognition of the various genetic and nongenetic diseases in which it may develop has led to the understanding that nystagmus is often a response of the oculomotor system to an early-onset, bilateral abnormality of vision. Adult-onset nystagmus most often develops as a result of nongenetic neurologic disease, and it manifests in a variety of patterns. Genetic studies have allowed further identification of the genes and genetic loci associated with nystagmus, and careful eye-movement recordings in patients with various patterns of nystagmus have further clarified the oculomotor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kerrison
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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39
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Worth PF, Giunti P, Gardner-Thorpe C, Dixon PH, Davis MB, Wood NW. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III: linkage in a large British family to a 7.6-cM region on chromosome 15q14-21.3. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:420-6. [PMID: 10417284 PMCID: PMC1377940 DOI: 10.1086/302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III (ADCA III) is a relatively benign, late-onset, slowly progressive neurological disorder characterized by an uncomplicated cerebellar syndrome. Three loci have been identified: a moderately expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the SCA 6 gene, the SCA 5 locus on chromosome 11, and a third locus on chromosome 22 (SCA 10). We have identified two British families in which affected individuals do not have the SCA 6 expansion and in which the disease is not linked to SCA 5 or SCA 10. Both families exhibit the typical phenotype of ADCA III. Using a genomewide searching strategy in one of these families, we have linked the disease phenotype to marker D15S1039. Construction of haplotypes has defined a 7.6-cM interval between the flanking markers D15S146 and D15S1016, thereby assigning another ADCA III locus to the proximal long-arm of chromosome 15 (SCA 11). We excluded linkage of the disease phenotype to this region in the second family. These results indicate the presence of two additional ADCA III loci and more clearly define the genetic heterogeneity of ADCA III.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Worth
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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40
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Matsuura T, Achari M, Khajavi M, Bachinski LL, Zoghbi HY, Ashizawa T. Mapping of the gene for a novel spinocerebellar ataxia with pure cerebellar signs and epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1999; 45:407-11. [PMID: 10072060 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<407::aid-ana21>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a family with a new type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) in which pure cerebellar ataxia is often accompanied with epilepsy. No CAG repeat expansions were detected at the spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1, 2, 3, 6, or 7 locus, and SCAs 4 and 5 were excluded by linkage analysis. We found linkage between the disease locus and D22S274 (Zmax = 3.86 at theta = 0.00) and two other makers in 22q13-qter. Haplotype analysis of the crossover events and the multipoint linkage mapping localized the disease locus to an 8.8-cM region between D22S1177 and D22S1160.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuura
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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41
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Zu L, Figueroa KP, Grewal R, Pulst SM. Mapping of a new autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia to chromosome 22. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:594-9. [PMID: 9973298 PMCID: PMC1377770 DOI: 10.1086/302247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical symptoms include cerebellar dysfunction and associated signs from dysfunction in other parts of the nervous system. So far, five spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) genes have been identified: SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, and SCA7. Loci for SCA4 and SCA5 have been mapped. However, approximately one-third of SCAs have remained unassigned. We have identified a Mexican American pedigree that segregates a new form of ataxia clinically characterized by gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Two individuals have seizures. After excluding all known genetic loci for linkage, we performed a genomewide search and identified linkage to a 15-cM region on chromosome 22q13. A maximum LOD score of 4.3 (recombination fraction 0) was obtained for D22S928 and D22S1161. This distinct form of ataxia has been designated "SCA10." Anticipation was observed in the available parent-child pairs, suggesting that trinucleotide-repeat expansion may be the mutagenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zu
- Division of Neurology and Rose Moss Laboratory for Parkinson's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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