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He J, Zhu Y, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y, Yuan M, Cheng Z, Zeng L, Ji X. Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation facilitates isoflurane-induced general anesthesia recovery and improves cognition in mice. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107132. [PMID: 37604030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Delayed arousal and cognitive dysfunction are common, especially in older patients after general anesthesia (GA). Elevating central nervous system serotonin (5-HT) levels can promote recovery from GA and increase synaptic plasticity to improve cognition. Ultrasound neuromodulation has become a noninvasive physical intervention therapy with high spatial resolution and penetration depth, which can modulate neuronal excitability to treat psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to use ultrasound to noninvasively modulate the brain 5-HT levels of mice to promote recovery from GA and improve cognition in mice. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of mice during GA was stimulated by the 1.1 MHz ultrasound with a negative pressure of 356 kPa, and the liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to measure the DRN 5-HT concentrations. The mice's recovery time from GA was assessed, and the cognition was evaluated through spontaneous alternation Y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. After ultrasound stimulation, the mice's DRN 5-HT levels were significantly increased (control: 554.0 ± 103.2 ng/g, anesthesia + US: 664.2 ± 84.1 ng/g, *p = 0.0389); the GA recovery time (return of the righting reflex (RORR) emergence latency time) of mice was significantly reduced (anesthesia: 331.6 ± 70 s, anesthesia + US: 223.2 ± 67.7 s, *p = 0.0215); the spontaneous rotation behavior score of mice was significantly increased (anesthesia: 59.46 ± 5.26 %, anesthesia + US: 68.55 ± 5.24 %; *p = 0.0126); the recognition index was significantly increased (anesthesia: 55.02 ± 6.23 %, anesthesia + US: 78.52 ± 12.21 %; ***p = 0.0009). This study indicates that ultrasound stimulation of DRN increases serotonin levels, accelerates recovery from anesthesia, and improves cognition, which could be an important strategy for treating delayed arousal, postoperative delirium, or even lasting cognitive dysfunction after GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Canwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maodan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lvming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhong J, Lu Z, Fang B, Chen C, Jiang Y. A potential involvement of LCN2 in isoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-023-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fontana BD, Alnassar N, Parker MO. Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222) Has Short-Term Effects on Young Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility, but Not on Aging Fish. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:686102. [PMID: 34421552 PMCID: PMC8371240 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.686102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to anesthetic drugs is common in biomedical sciences being part of routine procedures in different translational species, however its impacts on memory and cognition are still debated, having different impacts depending on drug and age. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a translational species widely used in behavioral neuroscience, where tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) is the most acceptable and used drug when conducting routine procedures. Based on this, we investigated the effects of MS222 (100 mg/l) in young adults and aging zebrafish 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after exposure. Animals' were submitted to the anesthetic procedure until loss of body posture, slowing of opercular movements and lack of response to tail touch with a plastic pipette were achieved, then further left in the drug for 3 min. After that, animals (6 mpf vs. 24 mpf) were transferred to a recovery tank until fully recovered and transferred back to their housing system until further testing in the free movement pattern (FMP) Y-maze, which assesses zebrafish working memory and cognitive lexibility. Young animals had significant impairment in their working memory and cognitive flexibility 1 and 2 days after the exposure to MS222, being fully recovered by day 3 and with no effects 7 days post drug exposure. Increased repetitions were also observed for animals exposed to MS222 which could indicate increased stress-related response in animals up to 2 days after drug exposure. No drug effect was observed in aging animals besides their natural decreased alternations and working memory. Overall, behavioral experiments after routine procedures using MS222 should be performed with caution and need to be delayed, at least 3 days after exposure where working memory, cognitive flexibility, and repetitive behavior are back to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D. Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew O. Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Navarro KL, Huss M, Smith JC, Sharp P, Marx JO, Pacharinsak C. Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science. ILAR J 2021; 62:238-273. [PMID: 34180990 PMCID: PMC9236661 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors’ recommendation based on the authors’ clinical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela L Navarro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monika Huss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Smith
- Bioresources Department, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Sharp
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Animal Resources Authority, Murdoch, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James O Marx
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Corresponding Author: Cholawat Pacharinsak, DVM, PhD, DACVAA, Stanford University, Department of Comparative Medicine, 287 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5410, USA. E-mail:
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Bellantuono I, de Cabo R, Ehninger D, Di Germanio C, Lawrie A, Miller J, Mitchell SJ, Navas-Enamorado I, Potter PK, Tchkonia T, Trejo JL, Lamming DW. A toolbox for the longitudinal assessment of healthspan in aging mice. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:540-574. [PMID: 31915391 PMCID: PMC7002283 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of people aged over 65 is expected to double in the next 30 years. For many, living longer will mean spending more years with the burdens of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Although researchers have made rapid progress in developing geroprotective interventions that target mechanisms of aging and delay or prevent the onset of multiple concurrent age-related diseases, a lack of standardized techniques to assess healthspan in preclinical murine studies has resulted in reduced reproducibility and slow progress. To overcome this, major centers in Europe and the United States skilled in healthspan analysis came together to agree on a toolbox of techniques that can be used to consistently assess the healthspan of mice. Here, we describe the agreed toolbox, which contains protocols for echocardiography, novel object recognition, grip strength, rotarod, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), body composition, and energy expenditure. The protocols can be performed longitudinally in the same mouse over a period of 4-6 weeks to test how candidate geroprotectors affect cardiac, cognitive, neuromuscular, and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bellantuono
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Healthy Lifespan Institute and MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - R de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Ehninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Di Germanio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Miller
- Robert and Arlene KogodCenter on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S J Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P K Potter
- Department of Biological and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - T Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene KogodCenter on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J L Trejo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Joseph DJ, Liu C, Peng J, Liang G, Wei H. Isoflurane mediated neuropathological and cognitive impairments in the triple transgenic Alzheimer's mouse model are associated with hippocampal synaptic deficits in an age-dependent manner. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223509. [PMID: 31600350 PMCID: PMC6786564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many in vivo studies suggest that inhalational anesthetics can accelerate or prevent the progression of neuropathology and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer Disease (AD), but the synaptic mechanisms mediating these ambiguous effects are unclear. Here, we show that repeated exposures of neonatal and old triple transgenic AD (3xTg) and non-transgenic (NonTg) mice to isoflurane (Iso) distinctly increased neurodegeneration as measured by S100β levels, intracellular Aβ, Tau oligomerization, and apoptotic markers. Spatial cognition measured by reference and working memory testing in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) were altered in young NonTg and 3xTg. Field recordings in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampus showed that neonatal control 3xTg mice exhibited hypo-excitable synaptic transmission, reduced paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and normal long-term potentiation (LTP) compared to NonTg controls. By contrast, the old control 3xTg mice exhibited hyper-excitable synaptic transmission, enhanced PPF, and unstable LTP compared to NonTg controls. Repeated Iso exposures reduced synaptic transmission and PPF in neonatal NonTg and old 3xTg mice. LTP was normalized in old 3xTg mice, but reduced in neonates. By contrast, LTP was reduced in old but not neonatal NonTg mice. Our results indicate that Iso-mediated neuropathologic and cognitive defects in AD mice are associated with synaptic pathologies in an age-dependent manner. Based on these findings, the extent of this association with age and, possibly, treatment paradigms warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jiang XL, Gu XY, Zhou XX, Chen XM, Zhang X, Yang YT, Qin Y, Shen L, Yu WF, Su DS. Intestinal dysbacteriosis mediates the reference memory deficit induced by anaesthesia/surgery in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:605-615. [PMID: 31063849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and has become a major concern for patients and caregivers. POCD is most common in older patients. Previous studies demonstrated that the gut microbiome affects cognitive function and behaviour, and perioperative factors, including the operation itself, antibiotics, opioids or acid-inducing drugs, affect the gut microbiome. Thus, we hypothesised that intestinal dysbacteriosis caused by anaesthesia/surgery induces POCD. METHODS Tibial fracture internal fixation was performed in 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice under isoflurane anaesthesia to establish the POCD model. The Morris water maze was used to measure reference memory after anaesthesia/surgery. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA from faecal samples was used to investigate changes in the abundance of intestinal bacteria after anaesthesia/surgery. To confirm the role of the gut microbiome in POCD, we pretreated mice with compound antibiotics or mixed probiotics (VSL#3). Anaesthesia/surgery impaired reference memory and induced intestinal dysbacteriosis in aged mice. RESULTS The 16S rRNA sequencing data revealed 37 genera (18 families) of bacteria that changed in abundance after anaesthesia/surgery. Pretreating mice with compound antibiotics or mixed probiotics (VSL#3) prevented the learning and memory deficits induced by anaesthesia/surgery. We further conducted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of 22 common types of bacteria among the 37 total types to verify the results of bacterial flora changes after anaesthesia/surgery. Numbers of 8 types of bacteria changed after anaesthesia/surgery but returned to normal after treatment with a mix of probiotics. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that deficits in reference memory induced by anaesthesia/surgery are mediated by intestinal dysbacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - X Y Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - X M Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Y T Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital in Quanzhou City of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Y Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - L Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W F Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - D S Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China.
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LI C, DAI J, WU F, ZHANG H. Impacts of Different Anesthetic Agents on Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Mice Assessed by Echocardiography. Physiol Res 2019; 68:365-374. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiments were performed to study the effects and time trends of different anesthetic agents on the left ventricular (LV) systolic function and heart rate by high-resolution echocardiography in mice. Ten male C57BL/6J mice were submitted to echocardiography imaging separated by 72-hour intervals under the following conditions: 1) conscious mice, 2) mice anesthetized with isoflurane (ISO, inhaled), 3) mice anesthetized with tribromoethanol (TBE, intraperitoneal), 4) mice anesthetized with chloral hydrate (CH, intraperitoneal), and 5) mice anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (PS, intraperitoneal). The effect of ISO, TBE, CH, and PS on LV systolic function was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min after anesthesia. The results showed that LV systolic function and heart rate (HR) of anesthetized mice were reduced significantly (P<0.05), compared with results in the same mice studied in the conscious state. In addition, the results indicated that the anesthetic with the least effect on LV function was CH, and followed by TBE, PS, ISO. We conclude that different anesthetic agents always depressed the HR and LV systolic function of mice, and, furthermore, the effects and time trends of different anesthetics on LV function are different. In echocardiographic experiments, we should choose proper anesthetic agents according to the experimental requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. LI
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - J. DAI
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - F. WU
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - H. ZHANG
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Bajwa NM, Lee JB, Halavi S, Hartman RE, Obenaus A. Repeated isoflurane in adult male mice leads to acute and persistent motor decrements with long-term modifications in corpus callosum microstructural integrity. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:332-345. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M. Bajwa
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center; VA Loma Linda Healthcare System; Loma Linda California
| | - Jeong B. Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Shina Halavi
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine; University of California; Irvine California
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Absence of Neuropathology With Prolonged Isoflurane Sedation in Healthy Adult Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2018; 29:439-447. [PMID: 27653221 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of isoflurane sedation for prolonged periods in the critical care environment is increasing. However, isoflurane-mediated neurotoxicity has been widely reported. The goal of the present study was to determine whether long-term exposure to low-dose isoflurane in mechanically ventilated rodents is associated with evidence of neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Experimental animals (n=11) were induced with 1.5% isoflurane, intubated, and given a neuromuscular blockade with α-cobratoxin. EEG electrodes were surgically implanted, subcutaneous precordial EKG Ag wire electrodes, and bladder, femoral artery, and femoral vein cannulas permanently placed. After these procedures, the isoflurane concentration was reduced to 0.5% and, in conjunction with the neuromuscular blockade, continued for 7 days. Arterial blood gases and chemistry were measured at 3 time points and core body temperature servoregulated and maintenance IV fluids were given during the 7 days. Experimental animals and untreated controls (n=9) were euthanized on day 7. RESULTS Immunohistochemical and cytochemical assays did not detect evidence of microgliosis, astrocytosis, neuronal apoptosis or necrosis, amyloidosis, or phosphorylated-tau accumulation. Blood glucose levels were significantly reduced on days 3/4 and 6/7 and partial pressure of oxygen was significantly reduced, but still within the normal range, on day 6/7. All other blood measurements were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS No neuropathologic changes consistent with neurotoxicity were detected in the brain after 1 week of continuous exposure to 0.5% isoflurane in healthy rats. These data suggest that even long exposures to low concentrations of isoflurane have no overt consequences on neuropathology.
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Liu X, Yu Y, Zhu S. Inflammatory markers in postoperative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD): A meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195659. [PMID: 29641605 PMCID: PMC5895053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to summarize and discuss the similarities and differences in inflammatory biomarkers in postoperative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods A systematic retrieval of literature up to June 2017 in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, and the Wanfang database was conducted. Extracted data were analyzed with STATA (version 14). The standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each indicator were calculated using a random effect model. We also performed tests of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, assessments of bias, and meta-regression in this meta-analysis. Results A total of 54 observational studies were included. By meta-analysis we found significantly increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (9 studies, SMD 0.883, 95% CI 0.130 to 1.637, P = 0.022 in POD; 10 studies, SMD -0.133, 95% CI -0.512 to 0.246, P = 0.429 in POCD) and interleukin (IL)-6 (7 studies, SMD 0.386, 95% CI 0.054 to 0.717, P = 0.022 in POD; 16 studies, SMD 0.089, 95% CI -0.133 to 0.311, P = 0.433 in POCD) concentrations in both POD and POCD patients. We also found that the SMDs of CRP and IL-6 from POCD patients were positively correlated with surgery type in the meta-regression (CRP: Coefficient = 1.555365, P = 0.001, 10 studies; IL-6: Coefficient = -0.6455521, P = 0.086, 16 studies). Conclusion Available evidence from medium-to-high quality observational studies suggests that POD and POCD are indeed correlated with the concentration of peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers. Some of these markers, such as CRP and IL-6, play roles in both POD and POCD, while others are specific to either one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Isoflurane Use in the Treatment of Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus is Associated with Hippocampal Changes on MRI. Neurocrit Care 2018; 26:420-427. [PMID: 28028789 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Experts recommend aggressive management with continuous intravenous infusions or inhaled anesthetics such as isoflurane. However, there is concern that MRI changes in RSE reflect isoflurane neurotoxicity. We performed a case-control study to determine whether isoflurane is neurotoxic, based on MRI signal changes. METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control study of the incidence of MRI changes in RSE treated with and without isoflurane. Charts were reviewed for demographic and treatment information. T1, T2, and FLAIR sequences of MRIs were reviewed independently by two neuroradiologists blinded to treatment group for presence or absence of signal change or atrophy in the meninges, cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum. RESULTS Eight cases of RSE receiving treatment with isoflurane were identified and double-matched with 15 controls who received only intravenous anesthetics. Baseline characteristics were similar. Hippocampal signal change was observed more frequently in cases receiving isoflurane (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal signal changes were associated with isoflurane use in patients with RSE. They were also associated with number of seizure days prior to MRI and the use of multiple anesthetic agents. Similar changes have been seen as a result of RSE itself, and one cannot rule out the possibility these changes represent seizure-related effects. If isoflurane-related, these hippocampal signal changes may be the result of a direct neurotoxic effect of prolonged isoflurane use or failure of isoflurane to protect the hippocampus from seizure-induced injury despite achieving electrographic burst-suppression.
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Djaiani G, Fedorko L, Beattie WS. Regional Anesthesia in Cardiac Surgery: A Friend or A Foe? Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 9:87-104. [PMID: 15735847 DOI: 10.1177/108925320500900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escalating costs and change in the profile of patients presenting for cardiac surgery requires modification of perioperative management strategies. Regional anesthesia has played an integral part of many fast-track anesthesia protocols across North America and Europe. This review suggests that for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the risk-to-benefit ratio is in favor of epidural and spinal anesthesia, provided there are no specific contraindications and the guidelines for the use of regional techniques in cardiac surgery are followed. Patients managed with regional techniques seem to benefit from superior postoperative analgesia, shorter postoperative ventilation, reduced incidence of supraventricular arrhythmia, and lower rates of perioperative myocardial infarction. The results of this analysis suggest that for each episode of neurologic complication, 20 myocardial infarctions and 76 episodes of atrial fibrillation would be prevented, thus, we would consider the regional anesthesia and analgesia to be an effective strategy that improves perioperative morbidity. However, other treatment modalities such as the addition of calcium channel blockers, aspirin, and beating heart surgery, are also suggested to be beneficial in cardiac surgical patients and may impose less risk than the use of regional techniques. We believe that the results presented in this review are encouraging enough to permit continued investigation. A prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial needs to be adequately powered to answer important clinical questions and allow for a long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Djaiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Walters JL, Chelonis JJ, Fogle CM, Orser BA, Paule MG. Single and repeated exposures to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane do not impair operant performance in aged rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:159-169. [PMID: 27498192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a complication that can occur in the elderly after anesthesia and surgery and is characterized by impairments in information processing, memory, and executive function. Currently, it is unclear whether POCD is due to the effects of surgery, anesthesia, or perhaps some interaction between these or other perioperative variables. Studies in rodents suggest that the development of POCD may be related directly to anesthesia-induced neuroactivity. Volatile anesthetics have been shown to increase cellular inflammation and apoptosis within the hippocampus of aged rodents, while producing corresponding impairments in hippocampal-dependent brain functions. However, it is unclear whether volatile anesthetics can affect additional aspects of cognition that do not primarily depend upon the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to use established operant tests to examine the effects of isoflurane on aspects of behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation in aged rats. Twenty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats (11 male, 10 female) were trained to perform fixed consecutive number (FCN), incremental repeated acquisition (IRA), and progressive ratio (PR) tasks for a minimum of 15 months prior to receiving anesthesia. At 23 months of age, rats were exposed to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air for 2h. Initial results revealed that a 2h exposure to isoflurane had no effect on IRA, FCN, or PR performance. Thus, rats received 3 additional exposures to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air: 2, 4 and 6h exposures with 2 weeks elapsing before exposure two, 3 weeks elapsing between exposures two and three, and 2 weeks elapsing between exposures three and four. These additional exposures had no observable effects on performance of any operant task. These results suggest that single and repeated exposures to isoflurane do not impair the performance of aged rats in tasks designed to measure behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation. This lack of significant effect suggests that the impairments associated with isoflurane exposure may not generalize to all aspects of cognition, but may be selective to tasks that primarily measure spatial memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Walters
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
| | - John J Chelonis
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Charles M Fogle
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Beverley A Orser
- University of Toronto, Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3318, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Merle G Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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Ciproxifan, an H3 receptor antagonist, improves short-term recognition memory impaired by isoflurane anesthesia. J Anesth 2016; 30:684-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-016-2189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Age-related changes in behavior in C57BL/6J mice from young adulthood to middle age. Mol Brain 2016; 9:11. [PMID: 26822304 PMCID: PMC4730600 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is considered to be associated with progressive changes in the brain and its associated sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. A large number of studies comparing young and aged animals have reported differences in various behaviors between age-cohorts, indicating behavioral dysfunctions related to aging. However, relatively little is known about behavioral changes from young adulthood to middle age, and the effect of age on behavior during the early stages of life remains to be understood. In order to investigate age-related changes in the behaviors of mice from young adulthood to middle age, we performed a large-scale analysis of the behavioral data obtained from our behavioral test battery involving 1739 C57BL/6J wild-type mice at 2–12 months of age. Results Significant behavioral differences between age groups (2–3-, 4–5-, 6–7-, and 8–12-month-old groups) were found in all the behavioral tests, including the light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, rotarod, social interaction, prepulse inhibition, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, Barnes maze, and fear conditioning tests, except for the hot plate test. Compared with the 2–3-month-old group, the 4–5- and 6–7-month-old groups exhibited decreased locomotor activity to novel environments, motor function, acoustic startle response, social behavior, and depression-related behavior, increased prepulse inhibition, and deficits in spatial and cued fear memory. For most behaviors, the 8–12-month-old group showed similar but more pronounced changes in most of these behaviors compared with the younger age groups. Older groups exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the light/dark transition test whereas those groups showed seemingly decreased anxiety-like behavior measured by the elevated plus maze test. Conclusions The large-scale analysis of behavioral data from our battery of behavioral tests indicated age-related changes in a wide range of behaviors from young adulthood to middle age in C57BL/6J mice, though these results might have been influenced by possible confounding factors such as the time of day at testing and prior test experience. Our results also indicate that relatively narrow age differences can produce significant behavioral differences during adulthood in mice. These findings provide an insight into our understanding of the neurobiological processes underlying brain function and behavior that are subject to age-related changes in early to middle life. The findings also indicate that age is one of the critical factors to be carefully considered when designing behavioral tests and interpreting behavioral differences that might be induced by experimental manipulations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0191-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang HL, Ma RH, Fang H, Xue ZG, Liao QW. Impaired Spatial Learning Memory after Isoflurane Anesthesia or Appendectomy in Aged Mice is Associated with Microglia Activation. J Cell Death 2015; 8:9-19. [PMID: 26380557 PMCID: PMC4560456 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s30596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been one of the most common problems in elderly patients following surgery. But the specific mechanism of POCD is still not clear. To further understand the reason of these postoperative behavioral deficits, we evaluated the spatial learning memory of both adult (3 months) and aged (18 months) male mice, 3 or 28 days after isoflurane (Iso) exposure for two hours or appendectomy (App). Hippocampal microglia activation and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression were also evaluated at day 3, day 14 and day 28 after Iso exposure or appendectomy. Results showed that spatial learning memory of aged, but not adult, mice was impaired after Iso exposure or appendectomy, accompanied with more hippocampal microglia activation and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ overexpression. These findings suggest that the cognitive deficits of elderly patients who have undergone surgeries are quite possibly caused by hippocampal microglia overactivation and the subsequent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Hua Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. ; Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang-Gang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Wu Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li RJ, Yang J, Yang Y, Ma N, Jiang B, Sun QW, Li YJ. Speckle tracking echocardiography in the diagnosis of early left ventricular systolic dysfunction in type II diabetic mice. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 25292177 PMCID: PMC4197287 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse is a well-established type II diabetes animal model used to investigate diabetic cardiomyopathy. Previous reports have documented diabetic cardiomyopathy is accompanied by cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. To better elucidate early or subtle changes in cardiac performance in db/db mice, we used speckle tracking echocardiography to assess systolic myocardial strain in vivo with diabetic db/db mice in order to study early changes of left ventricle contractile function in type II diabetes model. Methods Male diabetic db/db mice and age-matched control mice from C57BL/6J strain at 8,12 and 16 weeks of age were subjected to echocardiography. At the midpapillary level in the parasternal left ventricular short-axis view, end diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter, interventricular septal thickness and posterior wall thicknesses, ejection fraction, fractional shortening were determined by M-mode echocardiography. Using speckle-tracking based strain analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic images acquired from the parasternal short-axis views at the mid-papillary level, systolic global radial and circumferential strain values were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in interventricular septal thickness, posterior wall thicknesses, end diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter, ejection fraction and fractional shortening between db/db and age-matched control mice at 8,12 or 16 weeks of age (P > 0.05). At 8 and 12 weeks of age, there was no significant difference in left ventricular radial strain and circumferential strain between db/db mice and age-matched controls (P > 0.05). But at 16 weeks of age, the left ventricular radial strain and circumferential strain in db/db mice were lower than in control mice (P < 0.01). Conclusion The present study shows that speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to evaluate cardiac functional alterations in mouse models of cardiovascular disease. Radial and circumferential strain are more sensitive and can be used for detection of early left ventricular contractile dysfunction in db/db type II diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ya Yang
- Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Cao J, Wang Z, Mi W, Zuo Z. Isoflurane unveils a critical role of glutamate transporter type 3 in regulating hippocampal GluR1 trafficking and context-related learning and memory in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 272:58-64. [PMID: 24797327 PMCID: PMC4077290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate transporter type 3 (EAAT3) may play a role in cognition. Isoflurane enhances EAAT3 trafficking to the plasma membrane. Thus, we used isoflurane to determine how EAAT3 might regulate learning and memory and the trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, such as GluR1, to the plasma membrane, a fundamental biochemical process for learning and memory. Here, isoflurane increased EAAT3 but did not change GluR1 levels in the plasma membrane of wild-type mouse hippocampus. Isoflurane increased protein phosphatase activity in the wild-type and EAAT3(-/-) mouse hippocampus. Also, isoflurane reduced GluR1 in the plasma membrane and decreased phospho-GluR1 in EAAT3(-/-) mice. The phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid attenuated these effects. Finally, isoflurane inhibited context-related fear conditioning in EAAT3(-/-) mice but not in wild-type mice. Thus, isoflurane may increase GluR1 trafficking to the plasma membrane via EAAT3 and inhibit GluR1 trafficking via protein phosphatase. Lack of EAAT3 effects leads to decreased GluR1 trafficking and impaired cognition after isoflurane exposure in EAAT3(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - W Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Z Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Zhang F, Zhu ZQ, Liu DEX, Zhang C, Gong QH, Zhu YH. Emulsified isoflurane anesthesia decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and induces cognitive dysfunction in adult rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:471-477. [PMID: 25009603 PMCID: PMC4079394 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe complication characterized by cognitive decline in patients following anesthesia and surgery. Previous studies have suggested that volatile anesthetics, for example isoflurane, may contribute to such impairment. In the present study, the effects of emulsified isoflurane (EI) exposure on cognitive function, as well as the potential mechanisms, were investigated in animal models. Eight-month-old male rats were administered a single intravenous injection of 8% EI. The rats were then subjected to the Morris water maze test to assess their cognitive functions at different time-points following drug administration. Samples were taken in order to detect the plasma corticosterone concentration and the levels of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), as well as the expression of BDNF and NGF in the hippocampal region. The results showed that a single injection of EI caused reversible learning and memory dysfunction in adult rats. It was found that downregulation of BDNF expression may contribute to the isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment of these rats. Increased expression of NGF may be associated with the protection mechanism subsequent to learning and memory function decline, and therefore may accelerate the recovery of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - DE-Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Hai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Hohsfield LA, Ehrlich D, Humpel C. Cholesterol diet counteracts repeated anesthesia/infusion-induced cognitive deficits in male Brown Norway rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:154-62. [PMID: 23973449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are associated with alterations in cholesterol levels and metabolism. Moreover, convincing evidence shows that high cholesterol diet can lead to learning and memory impairments. On the other hand, a significant body of research has also demonstrated that learning is improved by elevated dietary cholesterol. Despite these conflicting findings, it is clear that cholesterol plays an important role in these cognitive properties. However, it remains unclear how this blood-brain barrier (BBB)-impenetrable molecule affects the brain and under what circumstances it provides either detrimental or beneficial effects to learning and memory. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of 5% cholesterol diet on six-month-old inbred Brown Norway rats. More important, we sought to examine the role that cholesterol can play when repeated anesthesia and intravenous infusion disrupts cognitive function. This present study supports previous work showing that enriched cholesterol diet leads to significant alterations in neuroinflammation and BBB disruption. Following repeated anesthesia and intravenous infusion of saline we observe that animals under normal diet conditions exhibit significant deficiencies in spatial learning and cholinergic neuron populations compared to animals under enriched cholesterol diet, which do not show such deficiencies. These findings indicate that cholesterol diet can protect against or counteract anesthesia/infusion-induced cognitive deficits. Ultimately, these results suggest that cholesterol homeostasis serves an important functional role in the brain and that altering this homeostasis can either exert positive or negative effects on cognitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kilicaslan A, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Nurullahoglu Atalik E. Single and repeated sevoflurane or desflurane exposure does not impair spatial memory performance of young adult mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27:641-9. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Kilicaslan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranli
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Selcuk University; Konya Turkey
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Selcuk University; Konya Turkey
| | - Esra Nurullahoglu Atalik
- Department of Pharmacology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
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Su D, Zhao Y, Xu H, Wang B, Chen X, Chen J, Wang X. Isoflurane exposure during mid-adulthood attenuates age-related spatial memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185565 PMCID: PMC3501473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many in vitro findings suggest that isoflurane exposure might accelerate the process of Alzheimer Disease (AD); however, no behavioral evidence exists to support this theory. In the present study, we hypothesized that exposure of APP/PS1 transgenic mice to isoflurane during mid-adulthood, which is the pre-symptomatic phase of amyloid beta (Abeta) deposition, would alter the progression of AD. Seven-month-old Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates were exposed to 1.1% isoflurane for 2 hours per day for 5 days. Learning and memory ability was tested 48 hours and 5 months following isoflurane exposure using the Morris Water Maze and Y maze, respectively. Abeta deposition and oligomers in the hippocampus were measured by immunohistochemistry or Elisa 5 months following isoflurane exposure. We found that the performance of both the transgenic and wild-type mice in the Morris Water Maze significantly improved 48 hours following isoflurane exposure. The transgenic mice made significantly fewer discrimination errors in the Y maze following isoflurane exposure, and no differences were found between wild-type littermates 5 months following isoflurane exposure. For the transgenic mice, the Abeta plaque and oligomers in the hippocampus was significantly decreased in the 5 months following isoflurane exposure. In summary, repeated isoflurane exposure during the pre-symptomatic phase not only improved spatial memory in both the APP/PS1 transgenic and wild-type mice shortly after the exposure but also prevented age-related decline in learning and memory and attenuated the Abeta plaque and oligomers in the hippocampus of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diansan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Fenrich KK, Weber P, Hocine M, Zalc M, Rougon G, Debarbieux F. Long-term in vivo imaging of normal and pathological mouse spinal cord with subcellular resolution using implanted glass windows. J Physiol 2012; 590:3665-75. [PMID: 22641787 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated in vivo two-photon imaging of adult mammalian spinal cords, with subcellular resolution, would be crucial for understanding cellular mechanisms under normal and pathological conditions. Current methods are limited because they require surgery for each imaging session. Here we report a simple glass window methodology avoiding repeated surgical procedures and subsequent inflammation. We applied this strategy to follow axon integrity and the inflammatory response over months by multicolour imaging of adult transgenic mice. We found that glass windows have no significant effect on axon number or structure, cause a transient inflammatory response, and dramatically increase the throughput of in vivo spinal imaging. Moreover, we used this technique to track retraction/degeneration and regeneration of cut axons after a ‘pin-prick' spinal cord injury with high temporal fidelity. We showed that regenerating axons can cross an injury site within 4 days and that their terminals undergo dramatic morphological changes for weeks after injury. Overall the technique can potentially be adapted to evaluate cellular functions and therapeutic strategies in the normal and diseased spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith K Fenrich
- Aix Marseille University, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy CNRS, 7288 Case 907 Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Lee S, Park SH, Zuo Z. Effects of isoflurane on learning and memory functions of wild-type and glutamate transporter type 3 knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:302-7. [PMID: 22221107 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES General anesthetics may contribute to the post-operative cognitive dysfunction. This study was designed to determine the effects of isoflurane on the learning and memory of healthy animals or animals with a decreased brain antioxidative capacity. METHODS Seven- to nine-week-old female CD-1 wild-type mice or glutamate transporter type 3 (EAAT3) knockout mice whose brains have a decreased glutathione level were exposed to or were not exposed to 1.3% isoflurane for 2 h. They were subjected to fear conditioning or Barnes maze tests 1 week later. KEY FINDINGS The EAAT3 knockout mice had less freezing behaviour than the wild-type mice in tone-related fear. Isoflurane did not affect the freezing behaviour of the wild-type and EAAT3 knockout mice. The time for the wild-type and EAAT3 knockout mice to identify the target hole in the training sessions and memory test with the Barnes maze was not affected by isoflurane. However, the EAAT3 knockout mice took longer to identify the target hole than the wild-type mice in these tests. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EAAT3 knockout mice have significant cognitive impairment. Isoflurane may not significantly affect the cognition of wild-type and EAAT3 knockout mice in a delayed phase after isoflurane exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunam Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Su D, Zhao Y, Wang B, Xu H, Li W, Chen J, Wang X. Isoflurane-induced spatial memory impairment in mice is prevented by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27632. [PMID: 22114680 PMCID: PMC3219671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that isoflurane exposure impairs spatial memory in aged animals, there are no clinical treatments available to prevent this memory deficit. The anticholinergic properties of volatile anesthetics are a biologically plausible cause of cognitive dysfunction in elderly subjects. We hypothesized that pretreatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, prevents isoflurane-induced spatial memory impairment in aged mice. In present study, eighteen-month-old mice were administered donepezil (5 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline by oral gavage with a feeding needle for four weeks. Then the mice were exposed to isoflurane (1.2%) for six hours. Two weeks later, mice were subjected to the Morris water maze to examine the impairment of spatial memory after exposure to isoflurane. After the behavioral test, the mice were sacrificed, and the protein expression level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetylase (ChAT) and α7 nicotinic receptor (α7-nAChR) were measured in the brain. Each group consisted of 12 mice. We found that isoflurane exposure for six hours impaired the spatial memory of the mice. Compared with the control group, isoflurane exposure dramatically decreased the protein level of ChAT, but not AChE or α7-nAChR. Donepezil prevented isoflurane-induced spatial memory impairments and increased ChAT levels, which were downregulated by isoflurane. In conclusions, pretreatment with the AChE inhibitor donepezil prevented isoflurane-induced spatial memory impairment in aged mice. The mechanism was associated with the upregulation of ChAT, which was decreased by isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diansan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Su D, Zhao Y, Wang B, Li W, Xiao J, Chen J, Wang X. Repeated but not single isoflurane exposure improved the spatial memory of young adult mice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55:468-73. [PMID: 21288227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to general anesthesia damages the spatial memory of aged rodents, but its role in the young adult has not been well investigated. This study was conducted to determine the effects of single and repeated isoflurane exposure on spatial memory in young adult mice. METHODS The experimental design comprised three series of experiments. In the first series, animals (2 months old) were randomly exposed to 1.4% isoflurane for 2 or 6 h or vehicle gas for 6 h (n=15 in each group). The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed at 48 h after anesthetic exposure to evaluate spatial memory. In the second part, animals were randomly exposed to 1.4% isoflurane (isoflurane group, n=15) or vehicle gas only (control group, n=15) for 2 h/day on 5 consecutive days. Forty-eight hours later, the MWM was performed. In the third part, animals were randomized into an isoflurane group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) as in the second part of the experiment. Two weeks later, the MWM was performed. RESULTS The mean escape latency time and the mean pathway length measured at 48 h after repeated isoflurane exposure decreased significantly compared with the control. However, there was no difference between the two groups when tested at 2 weeks after repeated isoflurane exposure. A single exposure to isoflurane lasting 2 or 6 h had no effect on the performance of mice in the MWM as compared with the control. CONCLUSION Repeated but not single isoflurane exposure temporarily improved the spatial memory of young adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Fodale V, Santamaria LB, Schifilliti D, Mandal PK. Anaesthetics and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a pathological mechanism mimicking Alzheimer’s disease. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:388-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Learning and memory are cognitive functions commonly impaired after surgery, especially in elderly patients. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane anaesthesia on episodic-like memory in young and aged wild-type mice and mice with altered nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission (beta2KO). Mice learned objects before randomization to control, anaesthesia or sham groups. Anaesthesia was maintained at 2.6% sevoflurane for 2 h, starting immediately after training. Object memory testing was performed after 24 h, when one familiar object was replaced by a nonfamiliar object. While nonanaesthetized mice showed memory retention of the familiar object, anaesthetized wild-type and beta2KO mice showed impaired memory. Sevoflurane anaesthesia thus causes memory impairment in mice regardless of beta2 receptor-mediated nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Rice OV, Grande AV, Dehktyar N, Bruneus M, Robinson JK, Gatley SJ. Long-term effects of irradiation with iron-56 particles on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:215-225. [PMID: 19259693 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-009-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy ions during a Mars mission might damage the brain, thus compromising mission success and the quality of life of returning astronauts. Several workers have suggested that the dopamine system is particularly sensitive to heavy ion radiation, but direct evidence for this notion is lacking. We examined measures of brain dopamine viability at times up to 15 months after acute exposure of rats to (56)Fe (1.2-2.4 Gy). No effects were seen in brain sections stained for tyrosine hydroxylase, the classical marker for dopamine cells and nerve terminals. Locomotion stimulated by cocaine, which directly activates the dopamine system, was reduced at 6 months but not at 12 months. Furthermore, in a visually cued lever-pressing test, reaction times, which are prolonged by dopamine system damage, were identical in irradiated and control animals. However, learning times were increased by irradiation. Our data suggest that the midbrain dopamine system is not especially sensitive to damage by (56)Fe particles at doses much higher than would be associated with travel to and from Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onarae V Rice
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Bert B, Hartje I, Voigt JP, Arndt G, Ulbrich HF, Fink H, Hauff P. Repeated anaesthesia with isoflurane and xylazine/levomethadone/fenpipramide premedication in female Beagle dogs: Influence on general health and wellbeing. Lab Anim 2008; 42:473-82. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.06023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Summary Beagle dogs continue to be used in experimental studies and preclinical and clinical trials, many of which address the usage of anaesthesia. In order to reduce the number of animals, researchers tend to conduct several experiments on a single animal. The question arises, however, as to whether or not this frequent usage involves more than simply additional stress and discomfort for the individual animal. Within the framework of an existing study involving six female Beagle dogs, we investigated the effects of repeated (5) isoflurane anaesthesia with xylazine/levomethadone/fenpipramide premedication carried out at short intervals (2 weeks) and compared these with the effects of two treatments intermitted by a longer resting period (8 weeks). To verify our hypothesis that frequent anaesthesia affects the dog's wellbeing more than the occasional anaesthesia, the following parameters were measured at regular intervals: body weight, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, reflexes and heart rate, both at rest and during a treadmill exercise. In addition, recovery behaviour subsequent to anaesthesia was monitored for one hour. Our observations indicate that the anaesthetic effects are most prominent 24 h after the anaesthetic treatment. However, crossover analysis of our data cannot show that there is no statistical difference of whether dogs were anaesthetized occasionally or frequently. In our study, it appears that frequent anaesthesia within a two-week period did not affect the wellbeing and general health of Beagle dogs in a super-additive manner and that a minimum of two-week testing-free period is sufficient to ensure complete recovery from the unwanted effects induced by anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Hartje
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J-P Voigt
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - G Arndt
- Institute for Biometrics and Data Processing, School for Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - H-F Ulbrich
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Research Laboratories, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Fink
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Hauff
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Bekker A, Shah R, Quartermain D, Li YS, Blanck T. Isoflurane preserves spatial working memory in adult mice after moderate hypoxia. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1134-8. [PMID: 16551911 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000198637.36539.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative hypoxia may contribute to postoperative cognitive impairment. It is unknown, however, whether anesthetics exacerbate or protect against hypoxia-related central nervous system impairment. We sought to determine whether hypoxia alone or in combination with isoflurane disrupts working memory in mice. To this extent, we assigned adult mice to one of four treatments for 1 h: oxygen 21%, oxygen 21% + isoflurane 1.2%, oxygen 8%, or oxygen 8% + isoflurane 1.2%. Mice breathed spontaneously throughout the experiment. Body temperature was maintained at 37 degrees C + 0.5 degrees C. Mice were allowed to recover for 24 h to avoid the confounding influence of residual anesthetics on neurobehavioral performance. Working memory was assessed by use of a Y maze modified for mice. For the training trial, entry to one arm was blocked and mice were permitted to run between the two open arms for 15 min and inspect the objects outside. For the test trial, carried out 1 h later, all arms were open. Time spent in each arm was automatically recorded by a camera and associated software. Mice were tested 1, 4, and 7 days after anesthesia. A different arm was used as the novel arm for each test. Performance was analyzed with repeated-measurements analysis of variance, followed by analysis of simple main effects and by post hoc comparison using Newman-Keuls test when appropriate. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Animals subjected to hypoxia (8% oxygen for 1 h) spent significantly less time in the novel arm 1 day after the insult. The impairment, however, was transient. Hypoxic mice performance improved to the level of the control animals on the fourth post-treatment day. Mice subjected to hypoxia plus isoflurane exhibited no impairment and were comparable to the control group at all time points. Hypoxia transiently impairs performance in a spatial memory task. It appears that isoflurane protects against this deleterious effect of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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