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Du W, Verma A, Ye Q, Du W, Lin S, Yamanaka A, Klein OD, Hu JK. Myosin II mediates Shh signals to shape dental epithelia via control of cell adhesion and movement. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011326. [PMID: 38857279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of ectodermal organs begins with the formation of a stratified epithelial placode that progressively invaginates into the underlying mesenchyme as the organ takes its shape. Signaling by secreted molecules is critical for epithelial morphogenesis, but how that information leads to cell rearrangement and tissue shape changes remains an open question. Using the mouse dentition as a model, we first establish that non-muscle myosin II is essential for dental epithelial invagination and show that it functions by promoting cell-cell adhesion and persistent convergent cell movements in the suprabasal layer. Shh signaling controls these processes by inducing myosin II activation via AKT. Pharmacological induction of AKT and myosin II can also rescue defects caused by the inhibition of Shh. Together, our results support a model in which the Shh signal is transmitted through myosin II to power effective cellular rearrangement for proper dental epithelial invagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adya Verma
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Qianlin Ye
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sandy Lin
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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2
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De Magalhães CG, Cvekl A, Jaeger RG, Yan CYI. Lens Placode Modulates Extracellular Matrix Formation During Early Eye Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.30.569417. [PMID: 38076974 PMCID: PMC10705410 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.30.569417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The role extracellular matrix (ECM) in multiple events of morphogenesis has been well described, little is known about its specific role in early eye development. One of the first morphogenic events in lens development is placodal thickening, which converts the presumptive lens ectoderm from cuboidal to pseudostratified epithelium. This process occurs in the anterior pre-placodal ectoderm when the optic vesicle approaches the cephalic ectoderm. Since cells and ECM have a dynamic relationship of interdependence and modulation, we hypothesized that the ECM evolves with cell shape changes during lens placode formation. This study investigates changes in optic ECM including both protein distribution deposition, extracellular gelatinase activity and gene expression patterns during early optic development using chicken and mouse models. In particular, the expression of Timp2 , a metalloprotease inhibitor, corresponds with a decrease in gelatinase activity within the optic ECM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that optic ECM remodeling depends on BMP signaling in the placode. Together, our findings suggest that the lens placode plays an active role in remodeling the optic ECM during early eye development.
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3
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Spatiotemporal Localisation of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans throughout Mouse Lens Morphogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1364. [PMID: 37408198 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein decorated with sulphated HS-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. These negatively charged HS-GAG chains rely on the activity of PAPSS synthesising enzymes for their sulfation, which allows them to bind to and regulate the activity of many positively charged HS-binding proteins. HSPGs are found on the surfaces of cells and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with various components of the cell microenvironment, including growth factors. By binding to and regulating ocular morphogens and growth factors, HSPGs are positioned to orchestrate growth factor-mediated signalling events that are essential for lens epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and lens fibre differentiation. Previous studies have shown that HS sulfation is essential for lens development. Moreover, each of the full-time HSPGs, differentiated by thirteen different core proteins, are differentially localised in a cell-type specific manner with regional differences in the postnatal rat lens. Here, the same thirteen HSPG-associated GAGs and core proteins as well as PAPSS2, are shown to be differentially regulated throughout murine lens development in a spatiotemporal manner. These findings suggest that HS-GAG sulfation is essential for growth factor-induced cellular processes during embryogenesis, and the unique and divergent localisation of different lens HSPG core proteins indicates that different HSPGs likely play specialized roles during lens induction and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Wang Y, Stonehouse-Smith D, Cobourne MT, Green JBA, Seppala M. Cellular mechanisms of reverse epithelial curvature in tissue morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1066399. [PMID: 36518538 PMCID: PMC9742543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1066399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial bending plays an essential role during the multiple stages of organogenesis and can be classified into two types: invagination and evagination. The early stages of invaginating and evaginating organs are often depicted as simple concave and convex curves respectively, but in fact majority of the epithelial organs develop through a more complex pattern of curvature: concave flanked by convex and vice versa respectively. At the cellular level, this is far from a geometrical truism: locally cells must passively adapt to, or actively create such an epithelial structure that is typically composed of opposite and connected folds that form at least one s-shaped curve that we here, based on its appearance, term as "reverse curves." In recent years, invagination and evagination have been studied in increasing cellular detail. A diversity of mechanisms, including apical/basal constriction, vertical telescoping and extrinsic factors, all orchestrate epithelial bending to give different organs their final shape. However, how cells behave collectively to generate reverse curves remains less well-known. Here we review experimental models that characteristically form reverse curves during organogenesis. These include the circumvallate papillae in the tongue, crypt-villus structure in the intestine, and early tooth germ and describe how, in each case, reverse curves form to connect an invaginated or evaginated placode or opposite epithelial folds. Furthermore, by referring to the multicellular system that occur in the invagination and evagination, we attempt to provide a summary of mechanisms thought to be involved in reverse curvature consisting of apical/basal constriction, and extrinsic factors. Finally, we describe the emerging techniques in the current investigations, such as organoid culture, computational modelling and live imaging technologies that have been utilized to improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms in early tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stonehouse-Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Hemkemeyer SA, Liu Z, Vollmer V, Xu Y, Lohmann B, Bähler M. The RhoGAP-myosin Myo9b regulates ocular lens pit morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1897-1907. [PMID: 36008362 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During eye development the lens placode invaginates to form the lens pit. Further bending of lens epithelium and separation from ectoderm leads eventually to a spherical lens vesicle with enclosed extracellular fluid. Changes in epithelial morphology involve the actin cytoskeleton and its regulators. The myosin Myo9b is simultaneously an actin-based motor and Rho GTPase-activating protein that regulates actin cytoskeleton organization. Myo9b-deficient adult mice and embryos were analyzed for eye malformations and alterations in lens development. RESULTS Myo9b-deficient mice showed a high incidence of microphthalmia and cataracts with occasional blepharitis. Formation of the lens vesicle during embryonic lens development was disordered in virtually all embryos. Lens placode invagination was less deep and gave rise to a conical structure instead of a spherical pit. At later stages either no lens vesicle was formed or a significantly smaller one that was not enclosed by the optic cup. Expression of the cell fate marker Pax6 was not altered. Staining of adherens junctions and F-actin was most intense at the tip of conical invaginations, suggesting that mechanical forces are not properly coordinated between epithelial cells that form the pit. CONCLUSIONS Myo9b is a critical regulator of ocular lens vesicle morphogenesis during eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Veith Vollmer
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Birgit Lohmann
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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6
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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7
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Abstract
Developing organs are shaped, in part, by physical interaction with their environment in the embryo. In recent years, technical advances in live-cell imaging and material science have greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanical forces driving organ formation. Here, we provide a broad overview of the types of forces generated during embryonic development and then focus on a subset of organs underlying our senses: the eyes, inner ears, nose and skin. The epithelia in these organs emerge from a common origin: the ectoderm germ layer; yet, they arrive at unique and complex forms over developmental time. We discuss exciting recent animal studies that show a crucial role for mechanical forces in, for example, the thickening of sensory placodes, the coiling of the cochlea and the lengthening of hair. Finally, we discuss how microfabricated organoid systems can now provide unprecedented insights into the physical principles of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phuong Le
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl R. Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Yergeshov AA, Zoughaib M, Ishkaeva RA, Savina IN, Abdullin TI. Regenerative Activities of ROS-Modulating Trace Metals in Subcutaneously Implanted Biodegradable Cryogel. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020118. [PMID: 35200498 PMCID: PMC8872170 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Divalent trace metals (TM), especially copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn), are recognized as essential microelements for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. To achieve a balance between therapeutic activity and safety of administered TMs, effective gel formulations of TMs with elucidated regenerative mechanisms are required. We studied in vitro and in vivo effects of biodegradable macroporous cryogels doped with Cu, Co or Zn in a controllable manner. The extracellular ROS generation by metal dopants was assessed and compared with the intracellular effect of soluble TMs. The stimulating ability of TMs in the cryogels for cell proliferation, differentiation and cytokine/growth factor biosynthesis was characterized using HSF and HUVEC primary human cells. Multiple responses of host tissues to the TM-doped cryogels upon subcutaneous implantation were characterized taking into account the rate of biodegradation, production of HIF-1α/matrix metalloproteinases and the appearance of immune cells. Cu and Zn dopants did not disturb the intact skin organization while inducing specific stimulating effects on different skin structures, including vasculature, whereas Co dopant caused a significant reorganization of skin layers, the appearance of multinucleated giant cells, along with intense angiogenesis in the dermis. The results specify and compare the prooxidant and regenerative potential of Cu, Co and Zn-doped biodegradable cryogels and are of particular interest for the development of advanced bioinductive hydrogel materials for controlling angiogenesis and soft tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A. Yergeshov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.A.Y.); (M.Z.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Mohamed Zoughaib
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.A.Y.); (M.Z.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Rezeda A. Ishkaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.A.Y.); (M.Z.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Irina N. Savina
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Timur I. Abdullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.A.Y.); (M.Z.); (R.A.I.)
- Correspondence: or
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9
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Insights into Bone Morphogenetic Protein-(BMP-) Signaling in Ocular Lens Biology and Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102604. [PMID: 34685584 PMCID: PMC8533954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a diverse class of growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily. Although originally discovered to possess osteogenic properties, BMPs have since been identified as critical regulators of many biological processes, including cell-fate determination, cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis, throughout the body. In the ocular lens, BMPs are important in orchestrating fundamental developmental processes such as induction of lens morphogenesis, and specialized differentiation of its fiber cells. Moreover, BMPs have been reported to facilitate regeneration of the lens, as well as abrogate pathological processes such as TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize recent insights in this topic and discuss the complexities of BMP-signaling including the role of individual BMP ligands, receptors, extracellular antagonists and cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical BMP-signaling cascades in the lens. By understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BMP activity, we can advance their potential therapeutic role in cataract prevention and lens regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y. Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9351-5170
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10
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Canales Coutiño B, Cornhill ZE, Couto A, Mack NA, Rusu AD, Nagarajan U, Fan YN, Hadjicharalambous MR, Castellanos Uribe M, Burrows A, Lourdusamy A, Rahman R, May ST, Georgiou M. A Genetic Analysis of Tumor Progression in Drosophila Identifies the Cohesin Complex as a Suppressor of Individual and Collective Cell Invasion. iScience 2020; 23:101237. [PMID: 32629605 PMCID: PMC7317029 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death for patients with cancer. Consequently it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie progression of tumor growth toward malignancy. Advances in genome characterization technologies have been very successful in identifying commonly mutated or misregulated genes in a variety of human cancers. However, the difficulty in evaluating whether these candidates drive tumor progression remains a major challenge. Using the genetic amenability of Drosophila melanogaster we generated tumors with specific genotypes in the living animal and carried out a detailed systematic loss-of-function analysis to identify conserved genes that enhance or suppress epithelial tumor progression. This enabled the discovery of functional cooperative regulators of invasion and the establishment of a network of conserved invasion suppressors. This includes constituents of the cohesin complex, whose loss of function either promotes individual or collective cell invasion, depending on the severity of effect on cohesin complex function. Screen identifies genes that affect tumor behavior in a wide variety of ways A functionally validated network of invasion-suppressor genes was generated Loss of cohesin complex function can promote individual or collective cell invasion The fly pupal notum is an excellent in vivo system to study tumor progression
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe E Cornhill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Africa Couto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Natalie A Mack
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Usha Nagarajan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Department of Biochemistry, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123029, India
| | - Yuen Ngan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Marina R Hadjicharalambous
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Amy Burrows
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Ruman Rahman
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sean T May
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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11
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Lombardo VA, Heise M, Moghtadaei M, Bornhorst D, Männer J, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. Morphogenetic control of zebrafish cardiac looping by Bmp signaling. Development 2019; 146:dev.180091. [PMID: 31628109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac looping is an essential and highly conserved morphogenetic process that places the different regions of the developing vertebrate heart tube into proximity of their final topographical positions. High-resolution 4D live imaging of mosaically labelled cardiomyocytes reveals distinct cardiomyocyte behaviors that contribute to the deformation of the entire heart tube. Cardiomyocytes acquire a conical cell shape, which is most pronounced at the superior wall of the atrioventricular canal and contributes to S-shaped bending. Torsional deformation close to the outflow tract contributes to a torque-like winding of the entire heart tube between its two poles. Anisotropic growth of cardiomyocytes based on their positions reinforces S-shaping of the heart. During cardiac looping, bone morphogenetic protein pathway signaling is strongest at the future superior wall of the atrioventricular canal. Upon pharmacological or genetic inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, myocardial cells at the superior wall of the atrioventricular canal maintain cuboidal cell shapes and S-shaped bending is impaired. This description of cellular rearrangements and cardiac looping regulation may also be relevant for understanding the etiology of human congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A Lombardo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina .,Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melina Heise
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Motahareh Moghtadaei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dorothee Bornhorst
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jörg Männer
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, UMG, Göttingen University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany .,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Andrés-Delgado L, Ernst A, Galardi-Castilla M, Bazaga D, Peralta M, Münch J, González-Rosa JM, Marques I, Tessadori F, de la Pompa JL, Vermot J, Mercader N. Actin dynamics and the Bmp pathway drive apical extrusion of proepicardial cells. Development 2019; 146:dev.174961. [PMID: 31175121 PMCID: PMC6633599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium, the outer mesothelial layer enclosing the myocardium, plays key roles in heart development and regeneration. During embryogenesis, the epicardium arises from the proepicardium (PE), a cell cluster that appears in the dorsal pericardium (DP) close to the venous pole of the heart. Little is known about how the PE emerges from the pericardial mesothelium. Using a zebrafish model and a combination of genetic tools, pharmacological agents and quantitative in vivo imaging, we reveal that a coordinated collective movement of DP cells drives PE formation. We found that Bmp signaling and the actomyosin cytoskeleton promote constriction of the DP, which enables PE cells to extrude apically. We provide evidence that cell extrusion, which has been described in the elimination of unfit cells from epithelia and the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells, is also a mechanism for PE cells to exit an organized mesothelium and fulfil their developmental fate to form a new tissue layer, the epicardium. Summary: Proepicardial cells emerge from the pericardial mesothelium through apical extrusion, a process that depends on BMP signaling and actomyosin rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Ernst
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bazaga
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Peralta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Juliane Münch
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M González-Rosa
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Marques
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain .,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the early developmental origins of six ocular tissues: the cornea, lens, ciliary body, iris, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. Many of these tissue types are concurrently specified and undergo a complex set of morphogenetic movements that facilitate their structural interconnection. Within the context of vertebrate eye organogenesis, we also discuss the genetic hierarchies of transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate growth, patterning, cell type specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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14
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Panaliappan TK, Wittmann W, Jidigam VK, Mercurio S, Bertolini JA, Sghari S, Bose R, Patthey C, Nicolis SK, Gunhaga L. Sox2 is required for olfactory pit formation and olfactory neurogenesis through BMP restriction and Hes5 upregulation. Development 2018; 145:145/2/dev153791. [PMID: 29352015 PMCID: PMC5825848 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is necessary to maintain pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and to regulate neural development. Neurogenesis in the vertebrate olfactory epithelium persists from embryonic stages through adulthood. The role Sox2 plays for the development of the olfactory epithelium and neurogenesis within has, however, not been determined. Here, by analysing Sox2 conditional knockout mouse embryos and chick embryos deprived of Sox2 in the olfactory epithelium using CRISPR-Cas9, we show that Sox2 activity is crucial for the induction of the neural progenitor gene Hes5 and for subsequent differentiation of the neuronal lineage. Our results also suggest that Sox2 activity promotes the neurogenic domain in the nasal epithelium by restricting Bmp4 expression. The Sox2-deficient olfactory epithelium displays diminished cell cycle progression and proliferation, a dramatic increase in apoptosis and finally olfactory pit atrophy. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation data show that Sox2 directly binds to the Hes5 promoter in both the PNS and CNS. Taken together, our results indicate that Sox2 is essential to establish, maintain and expand the neuronal progenitor pool by suppressing Bmp4 and upregulating Hes5 expression. Summary: Analysis of Sox2 mutant mouse and Sox2 CRISPR-targeted chick embryos reveals that Sox2 controls the establishment of sensory progenitors in the olfactory epithelium by suppressing Bmp4 and upregulating Hes5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Wittmann
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica A Bertolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Soufien Sghari
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raj Bose
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Pearl EJ, Li J, Green JBA. Cellular systems for epithelial invagination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0526. [PMID: 28348256 PMCID: PMC5379028 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial invagination is a fundamental module of morphogenesis that iteratively occurs to generate the architecture of many parts of a developing organism. By changing the physical properties such as the shape and/or position of a population of cells, invagination drives processes ranging from reconfiguring the entire body axis during gastrulation, to forming the primordia of the eyes, ears and multiple ducts and glands, during organogenesis. The epithelial bending required for invagination is achieved through a variety of mechanisms involving systems of cells. Here we provide an overview of the different mechanisms, some of which can work in combination, and outline the circumstances in which they apply. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Pearl
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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16
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Cvekl A, Zhang X. Signaling and Gene Regulatory Networks in Mammalian Lens Development. Trends Genet 2017; 33:677-702. [PMID: 28867048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular lens development represents an advantageous system in which to study regulatory mechanisms governing cell fate decisions, extracellular signaling, cell and tissue organization, and the underlying gene regulatory networks. Spatiotemporally regulated domains of BMP, FGF, and other signaling molecules in late gastrula-early neurula stage embryos generate the border region between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm from which multiple cell types, including lens progenitor cells, emerge and undergo initial tissue formation. Extracellular signaling and DNA-binding transcription factors govern lens and optic cup morphogenesis. Pax6, c-Maf, Hsf4, Prox1, Sox1, and a few additional factors regulate the expression of the lens structural proteins, the crystallins. Extensive crosstalk between a diverse array of signaling pathways controls the complexity and order of lens morphogenetic processes and lens transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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17
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Inoue Y, Watanabe T, Okuda S, Adachi T. Mechanical role of the spatial patterns of contractile cells in invagination of growing epithelial tissue. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:444-454. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe 650‐0047 Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
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18
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Cvekl A, Callaerts P. PAX6: 25th anniversary and more to learn. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:10-21. [PMID: 27126352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-binding transcription factor PAX6 was cloned 25 years ago by multiple teams pursuing identification of human and mouse eye disease causing genes, cloning vertebrate homologues of pattern-forming regulatory genes identified in Drosophila, or abundant eye-specific transcripts. Since its discovery in 1991, genetic, cellular, molecular and evolutionary studies on Pax6 mushroomed in the mid 1990s leading to the transformative thinking regarding the genetic program orchestrating both early and late stages of eye morphogenesis as well as the origin and evolution of diverse visual systems. Since Pax6 is also expressed outside of the eye, namely in the central nervous system and pancreas, a number of important insights into the development and function of these organs have been amassed. In most recent years, genome-wide technologies utilizing massively parallel DNA sequencing have begun to provide unbiased insights into the regulatory hierarchies of specification, determination and differentiation of ocular cells and neurogenesis in general. This review is focused on major advancements in studies on mammalian eye development driven by studies of Pax6 genes in model organisms and future challenges to harness the technology-driven opportunities to reconstruct, step-by-step, the transition from naïve ectoderm, neuroepithelium and periocular mesenchyme/neural crest cells into the three-dimensional architecture of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; The Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, K.U. Leuven, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Muccioli M, Qaisi D, Herman K, Plageman TF. Lens placode planar cell polarity is dependent on Cdc42-mediated junctional contraction inhibition. Dev Biol 2016; 412:32-43. [PMID: 26902112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of the ocular lens commences with the formation of the lens placode, an epithelial structure that thickens and subsequently bends inward in a process called invagination. Invagination is observed during the development of many embryonic structures, but the spectrum of morphogenetic events driving this process are, in most cases, not fully understood. A characteristic commonly found in embryonic tissues undergoing epithelial reorganization is planar polarity, a property where cells are geometrically and/or molecularly orientated in a specific direction along the plane of an epithelium. Planar polarity is known to drive the morphogenesis of several epithelial structures, however its role during invagination events is less clear. We have found that at the onset of invagination, cells of the lens placode become geometrically planar polarized such that they are orientated toward a central point in the lens placode. Further investigation revealed that this is due to contraction of radially orientated junctions and the elongation of those circumferentially orientated. Radial junctions have an elevated localization of actomyosin and their contraction is dependent on the F-actin and Rho-kinase binding protein, Shroom3. Elongation of circumferential junctions is dependent upon Cdc42, a Rho-GTPase known to regulate polarity via the Par-complex. We determined that Cdc42 and members of the Par-complex inhibit Shroom3-induced contractility and promote anisotropic placode cell geometry through inhibition of junctional contraction. We postulate that invagination of the lens placode requires careful orchestration of these opposing processes which are mediated by the planar polarization of junctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Dalya Qaisi
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Ken Herman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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