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Mörsdorf D, Knabl P, Genikhovich G. Highly conserved and extremely evolvable: BMP signalling in secondary axis patterning of Cnidaria and Bilateria. Dev Genes Evol 2024:10.1007/s00427-024-00714-4. [PMID: 38472535 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-024-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Bilateria encompass the vast majority of the animal phyla. As the name states, they are bilaterally symmetric, that is with a morphologically clear main body axis connecting their anterior and posterior ends, a second axis running between their dorsal and ventral surfaces, and with a left side being roughly a mirror image of their right side. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling has widely conserved functions in the formation and patterning of the second, dorso-ventral (DV) body axis, albeit to different extents in different bilaterian species. Whilst initial findings in the fruit fly Drosophila and the frog Xenopus highlighted similarities amongst these evolutionarily very distant species, more recent analyses featuring other models revealed considerable diversity in the mechanisms underlying dorsoventral patterning. In fact, as phylogenetic sampling becomes broader, we find that this axis patterning system is so evolvable that even its core components can be deployed differently or lost in different model organisms. In this review, we will try to highlight the diversity of ways by which BMP signalling controls bilaterality in different animals, some of which do not belong to Bilateria. Future research combining functional analyses and modelling is bound to give us some understanding as to where the limits to the extent of the evolvability of BMP-dependent axial patterning may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mörsdorf
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Knabl
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Dept. Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, UBB, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Emig AA, Hansen M, Grimm S, Coarfa C, Lord ND, Williams MK. Temporal dynamics of BMP/Nodal ratio drive tissue-specific gastrulation morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579243. [PMID: 38370754 PMCID: PMC10871350 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Anteroposterior (AP) elongation of the vertebrate body plan is driven by convergence and extension (C&E) gastrulation movements in both the mesoderm and neuroectoderm, but how or whether molecular regulation of C&E differs between tissues remains an open question. Using a zebrafish explant model of AP axis extension, we show that C&E of the neuroectoderm and mesoderm can be uncoupled ex vivo, and that morphogenesis of individual tissues results from distinct morphogen signaling dynamics. Using precise temporal manipulation of BMP and Nodal signaling, we identify a critical developmental window during which high or low BMP/Nodal ratios induce neuroectoderm- or mesoderm-driven C&E, respectively. Increased BMP activity similarly enhances C&E specifically in the ectoderm of intact zebrafish gastrulae, highlighting the in vivo relevance of our findings. Together, these results demonstrate that temporal dynamics of BMP and Nodal morphogen signaling activate distinct morphogenetic programs governing C&E gastrulation movements within individual tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Emig
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Megan Hansen
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sandra Grimm
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nathan D Lord
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Margot Kossmann Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Previous address: Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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3
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Asashima M, Satou-Kobayashi Y. Spemann-Mangold organizer and mesoderm induction. Cells Dev 2024:203903. [PMID: 38295873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of the Spemann-Mangold organizer strongly influenced subsequent research on embryonic induction, with research aiming to elucidate the molecular characteristics of organizer activity being currently underway. Herein, we review the history of research on embryonic induction, and describe how the mechanisms of induction phenomena and developmental processes have been investigated. Classical experiments investigating the differentiation capacity and inductive activity of various embryonic regions were conducted by many researchers, and important theories of region-specific induction and the concept for chain of induction were proposed. The transition from experimental embryology to developmental biology has enabled us to understand the mechanisms of embryonic induction at the molecular level. Consequently, many inducing substances and molecules such as transcriptional factors and peptide growth factors involved in the organizer formation were identified. One of peptide growth factors, activin, acts as a mesoderm- and endoderm-inducing substance. Activin induces several tissues and organs from the undifferentiated cell mass of amphibian embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. We review the extent to which we can control in vitro organogenesis from undifferentiated cells, and discuss the application to stem cell-based regenerative medicine based on insights gained from animal experiments, such as in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asashima
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.
| | - Yumeko Satou-Kobayashi
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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Heikes KL, Goldstein B. Expression patterns of FGF and BMP pathway genes in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577774. [PMID: 38352320 PMCID: PMC10862696 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A small number of conserved signaling pathways regulate development of most animals, yet we do not know where these pathways are deployed in most embryos. This includes tardigrades, a phylum with a unique body shape. We examined expression patterns of components of the BMP and FGF signaling pathways during embryonic segmentation and mesoderm development of the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. Among the patterns examined, we found that an FGF ligand gene is expressed in ectodermal segment posteriors and an FGF receptor gene is expressed in underlying endomesodermal pouches, suggesting possible FGF signaling between these developing germ layers. We found that a BMP ligand gene is expressed in lateral ectoderm and dorsolateral bands along segment posteriors, while the BMP antagonist Sog gene is expressed in lateral ectoderm and also in a subset of endomesodermal cells, suggesting a possible role of BMP signaling in dorsal-ventral patterning of lateral ectoderm. In combination with known roles of these pathways during development of common model systems, we developed hypotheses for how the BMP and FGF pathways might regulate embryo segmentation and mesoderm formation of the tardigrade H. exemplaris. These results identify the expression patterns of genes from two conserved signaling pathways for the first time in the tardigrade phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Heikes
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Zhu K, Spaink HP, Durston AJ. Patterning of the Vertebrate Head in Time and Space by BMP Signaling. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:31. [PMID: 37489332 PMCID: PMC10366882 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
How head patterning is regulated in vertebrates is yet to be understood. In this study, we show that frog embryos injected with Noggin at different blastula and gastrula stages had their head development sequentially arrested at different positions. When timed BMP inhibition was applied to BMP-overexpressing embryos, the expression of five genes: xcg-1 (a marker of the cement gland, which is the front-most structure in the frog embryo), six3 (a forebrain marker), otx2 (a forebrain and mid-brain marker), gbx2 (an anterior hindbrain marker), and hoxd1 (a posterior hindbrain marker) were sequentially fixed. These results suggest that the vertebrate head is patterned from anterior to posterior in a progressive fashion and may involve timed actions of the BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongju Zhu
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Center for Life Sciences, Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antony J Durston
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Emig AA, Williams MLK. Gastrulation morphogenesis in synthetic systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:3-13. [PMID: 35817656 PMCID: PMC9825685 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell culture allow researchers to generate not only most embryonic cell types, but also morphologies of many embryonic structures, entirely in vitro. This recreation of embryonic form from naïve cells, known as synthetic morphogenesis, has important implications for both developmental biology and regenerative medicine. However, the capacity of stem cell-based models to recapitulate the morphogenetic cell behaviors that shape natural embryos remains unclear. In this review, we explore several examples of synthetic morphogenesis, with a focus on models of gastrulation and surrounding stages. By varying cell types, source species, and culture conditions, researchers have recreated aspects of primitive streak formation, emergence and elongation of the primary embryonic axis, neural tube closure, and more. Here, we describe cell behaviors within in vitro/ex vivo systems that mimic in vivo morphogenesis and highlight opportunities for more complete models of early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Emig
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Margot L K Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
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Khateb M, Feng X, Dell'Orso S, Sartorelli V. Protocols to generate and isolate mouse myogenic progenitors both in vitro and in vivo. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102001. [PMID: 36607809 PMCID: PMC9850182 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be directed to acquire cell-lineage-specific genetic programs and phenotypes by stepwise exposure to defined factors, allowing the development of in vitro models for studying disease and tissue generation. In this protocol, we describe the use of cultured mESCs to generate presomitic-like mesoderm cells undergoing further specification towards myogenic progenitors (MPs). Further, we describe here a procedure to obtain, dissect, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolate somitic cells from genetically labeled Pax7+/Cre; Rosa26YFP/+ embryos. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Khateb et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamduh Khateb
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xuesong Feng
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Velloso I, Han W, He X, Abreu JG. The role of Wnt signaling in Xenopus neural induction. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:229-254. [PMID: 36967196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system in amphibians has called attention from scientists for over a century. Interested in the matter of embryonic inductions, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold found out that the dorsal blastopore lip of the salamander's embryo has organizer properties. Such an ectopic graft could induce structures in the host embryo, including a neural tube overlying the notochord of a perfect secondary body axis. A couple of decades later, the frog Xenopus laevis emerged as an excellent embryological experimental model and seminal concepts involving embryonic inductions began to be revealed. The so-called primary induction is, in fact, a composition of signaling and inductive events that are triggered as soon as fertilization takes place. In this regard, since early 1990s an intricate network of signaling pathways has been built. The Wnt pathway, which began to be uncovered in cancer biology studies, is crucial during the establishment of two signaling centers in Xenopus embryogenesis: Nieuwkoop center and the blastula chordin noggin expression center (BCNE). Here we will discuss the historical events that led to the discovery of those centers, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which they operate. This chapter highlights the cooperation of both signaling centers with potential to be further explored in the future. We aim to address the essential morphological transformation during gastrulation and neurulation as well as the role of Wnt signaling in patterning the organizer and the neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Velloso
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wonhee Han
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xi He
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jose G Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Khateb M, Perovanovic J, Ko KD, Jiang K, Feng X, Acevedo-Luna N, Chal J, Ciuffoli V, Genzor P, Simone J, Haase AD, Pourquié O, Dell'Orso S, Sartorelli V. Transcriptomics, regulatory syntax, and enhancer identification in mesoderm-induced ESCs at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111219. [PMID: 35977485 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can adopt lineage-specific gene-expression programs by stepwise exposure to defined factors, resulting in the generation of functional cell types. Bulk and single-cell-based assays were employed to catalog gene expression, histone modifications, chromatin conformation, and accessibility transitions in ESC populations and individual cells acquiring a presomitic mesoderm fate and undergoing further specification toward myogenic and neurogenic lineages. These assays identified cis-regulatory regions and transcription factors presiding over gene-expression programs occurring at defined ESC transitions and revealed the presence of heterogeneous cell populations within discrete ESC developmental stages. The datasets were employed to identify previously unappreciated genomic elements directing the initial activation of Pax7 and myogenic and neurogenic gene-expression programs. This study provides a resource for the discovery of genomic and transcriptional features of pluripotent, mesoderm-induced ESCs and ESC-derived cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamduh Khateb
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jelena Perovanovic
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kyung Dae Ko
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kan Jiang
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuesong Feng
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natalia Acevedo-Luna
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jérome Chal
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veronica Ciuffoli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavol Genzor
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Simone
- FlowCytometry Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Astrid D Haase
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yoon J, Kumar V, Goutam RS, Kim SC, Park S, Lee U, Kim J. Bmp Signal Gradient Modulates Convergent Cell Movement via Xarhgef3.2 during Gastrulation of Xenopus Embryos. Cells 2021; 11:44. [PMID: 35011606 PMCID: PMC8750265 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation is a critical step in the establishment of a basic body plan during development. Convergence and extension (CE) cell movements organize germ layers during gastrulation. Noncanonical Wnt signaling has been known as major signaling that regulates CE cell movement by activating Rho and Rac. In addition, Bmp molecules are expressed in the ventral side of a developing embryo, and the ventral mesoderm region undergoes minimal CE cell movement while the dorsal mesoderm undergoes dynamic cell movements. This suggests that Bmp signal gradient may affect CE cell movement. To investigate whether Bmp signaling negatively regulates CE cell movements, we performed microarray-based screening and found that the transcription of Xenopus Arhgef3.2 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor) was negatively regulated by Bmp signaling. We also showed that overexpression or knockdown of Xarhgef3.2 caused gastrulation defects. Interestingly, Xarhgef3.2 controlled gastrulation cell movements through interacting with Disheveled (Dsh2) and Dsh2-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam1). Our results suggest that Bmp gradient affects gastrulation cell movement (CE) via negative regulation of Xarhgef3.2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.Y.); (V.K.); (R.S.G.); (S.-C.K.)
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.Y.); (V.K.); (R.S.G.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.Y.); (V.K.); (R.S.G.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Sung-Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.Y.); (V.K.); (R.S.G.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.Y.); (V.K.); (R.S.G.); (S.-C.K.)
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Itoh K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Pinhead antagonizes Admp to promote notochord formation. iScience 2021; 24:102520. [PMID: 34142034 PMCID: PMC8188501 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsoventral patterning of a vertebrate embryo critically depends on the activity of Smad1 that mediates signaling by BMP proteins, anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp), and their antagonists. Pinhead (Pnhd), a cystine-knot-containing secreted protein, is expressed in the ventrolateral mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation; however, its molecular targets and signaling mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Our mass spectrometry-based screen of the gastrula secretome identified Admp as Pnhd-associated protein. We show that Pnhd binds Admp and inhibits its ventralizing activity by reducing Smad1 phosphorylation and its transcriptional targets. Importantly, Pnhd depletion further increased phospho-Smad1 levels in the presence of Admp. Furthermore, Pnhd synergized with Chordin and a truncated BMP4 receptor in the induction of notochord markers in ectoderm cells, and Pnhd-depleted embryos displayed notochord defects. Our findings suggest that Pnhd binds and inactivates Admp to promote notochord development. We propose that the interaction between Admp and Pnhd refines Smad1 activity gradients during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Itoh
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Stapornwongkul KS, Vincent JP. Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:393-411. [PMID: 33767424 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells within developing tissues rely on morphogens to assess positional information. Passive diffusion is the most parsimonious transport model for long-range morphogen gradient formation but does not, on its own, readily explain scaling, robustness and planar transport. Here, we argue that diffusion is sufficient to ensure robust morphogen gradient formation in a variety of tissues if the interactions between morphogens and their extracellular binders are considered. A current challenge is to assess how the affinity for extracellular binders, as well as other biophysical and cell biological parameters, determines gradient dynamics and shape in a diffusion-based transport system. Technological advances in genome editing, tissue engineering, live imaging and in vivo biophysics are now facilitating measurement of these parameters, paving the way for mathematical modelling and a quantitative understanding of morphogen gradient formation and modulation.
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13
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Dixit M, Poudel SB, Yakar S. Effects of GH/IGF axis on bone and cartilage. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111052. [PMID: 33068640 PMCID: PMC7736189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulate somatic growth, metabolism and many aspects of aging. As such, actions of GH/IGF have been studied in many tissues and organs over decades. GH and IGF-1 are part of the hypothalamic/pituitary somatotrophic axis that consists of many other regulatory hormones, receptors, binding proteins, and proteases. In humans, GH/IGF actions peak during pubertal growth and regulate skeletal acquisition through stimulation of extracellular matrix production and increases in bone mineral density. During aging the activity of these hormones declines, a state called somatopaguss, which associates with deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system. In this review, we will focus on GH/IGF-1 action in bone and cartilage. We will cover many studies that have utilized congenital ablation or overexpression of members of this axis, as well as cell-specific gene-targeting approaches used to unravel the nature of the GH/IGF-1 actions in the skeleton in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Dixit
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Sher Bahadur Poudel
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, NY, 10010, USA.
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Huang Y, Deng H, Fan Y, Zheng L, Che J, Li X, Aifantis KE. Conductive nanostructured Si biomaterials enhance osteogeneration through electrical stimulation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109748. [PMID: 31349398 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the differentiation of stem cells is affected by the cell culture medium, the scaffold surface and electrochemical signals. However, stimulation of patterned biomaterials seeded with stem cell cultures has not been explored. Herein the effect of electrical stimulation on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) cultured on solid and nanoporous micropyramid patterned Si surfaces was evaluated. It was found that both stimulation and scaffold patterning significantly enhanced osteo-differentiation. The stimulated nanoporous micropyramid scaffolds were more promising compared to the stimulated solid micropyramid surfaces, as they significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via BMP/Smad signaling pathway. Particularly, as compared to the unstimulated patterned biomaterials, the stimulated patterned scaffolds allowed for a significant increase in core binding factor alpha l, alkaline phosphatase, the alpha l chain of type I Col, osteocalcin, and osteonectin, all of which are characteristic for osteo-differentiation. The proposed combination of electrical stimulation with scaffold patterning may provide novel promising strategies for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lisha Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jifei Che
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Katerina E Aifantis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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15
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Zhao HJ, Chang HM, Zhu H, Klausen C, Li Y, Leung PCK. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Promotes Human Trophoblast Cell Invasion by Inducing Activin A Production. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2815-2825. [PMID: 29846546 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and activin A belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are highly expressed in human endometrium and placenta. Studies have demonstrated that activin A and BMP2 play essential roles in the process of early embryo implantation by promoting human trophoblast cell invasion. However, whether activin A production can be regulated by BMP2 in human trophoblast cells remains unknown. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of BMP2 on activin A production and its role in human trophoblast invasion. Primary human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells were used as study models. BMP2 treatment significantly increased inhibin βA (INHBA) mRNA levels and activin A production without altering inhibin α and inhibin βB levels. BMP2-induced EVT cell invasion was attenuated by knockdown of INHBA. The increased INHBA transcription and activin A production by BMP2 were blocked by the type I receptor activin receptor (ACVR)-like kinase 2 (ALK2) and activin receptor-like kinase 3 (ALK3) inhibitor dorsomorphin homolog 1 (DMH-1). BMP2-induced INHBA upregulation was also inhibited by knockdown of type I receptor ALK3 or combined knockdown of type II receptors for BMP2 (BMPR2) and ACVR2A. Whereas BMP2 initiated both canonical SMAD1/5/8 and noncanonical SMAD2/3 signaling, only knockdown of SMAD4, but not SMAD2 and SMAD3, abolished the effects of BMP2 on INHBA. Our results show that BMP2 increases human trophoblast invasion by upregulating INHBA and activin A production via ALK3-BMPR2/ACVR2A-SMAD1/5/8-SMAD4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Chen G, Zhang D, Zhang L, Feng G, Zhang B, Wu Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Hu B. RBM14 is indispensable for pluripotency maintenance and mesoderm development of mouse embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:259-265. [PMID: 29729270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is maintained by core pluripotency transcription factors, cofactors and several signaling pathways. RBM14 is a component of the para-speckle complex, which has been implicated in multiple important biological processes. The role of RBM14 in ESCs and lineage differentiation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we provided evidence that RBM14 plays important roles in maintaining pluripotency and in the early differentiation of ESCs. RBM14 was demonstrated to be expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and localized in the nucleus. RBM14 expression was depleted in mESCs using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology. Our results also showed that RBM14 depletion altered the gene expression profiles of mESCs. In particular, pluripotency-associated genes and genes involved in the Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways were downregulated in RBM14 knockout mESCs. Furthermore, RBM14 was found to be essential for mesoderm development in vitro and in vivo. The specific effects of RBM14 depletion were verified by conducting a rescue experiment. Our findings demonstrated that RBM14 not only plays an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of mESCs but is also indispensable for mesoderm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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17
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Gieseler GM, Ekramzadeh K, Nölle V, Malysheva S, Kempf H, Beutel S, Zweigerdt R, Martin U, Rinas U, Scheper T, Pepelanova I. Solubilization and renaturation of biologically active human bone morphogenetic protein-4 from inclusion bodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:e00249. [PMID: 29876300 PMCID: PMC5989590 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active rhBMP-4 was produced in a prokaryotic host as inclusion bodies. Different refolding recipes were tested for optimal dimerization yield. One-step purification of dimer with cation-exchange membrane chromatography. The product induces trophoblast differentiation in induced pluripotent stem cells. Comparison between commercial rhBMP-4 from cell culture and product from E. coli.
Biologically active human bone morphogenetic protein-4 (hBMP-4) was successfully produced in a prokaryotic host. For this aim, hBMP-4 cDNA was cloned in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the protein was produced in a non-active aggregated form. After washing and solubilization, in vitro refolding of the rhBMP-4 monomer was performed using rapid dilution. In this study, different refolding conditions were tested for the dimerization of rhBMP-4 by one-factor-at-a-time variation. The dimerization process was found to be sensitive to pH, protein concentration and the presence of aggregation suppressors. In contrast, redox conditions and ionic strength did not impact refolding as expected. The dimer was separated from the remaining monomer, aggregates and host cell contaminants in a single step using cation-exchange membrane chromatography. The rhBMP-4 dimer produced in E. coli was biologically active as demonstrated by its capability to induce trophoblast differentiation and primitive streak induction of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimia Ekramzadeh
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Nölle
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Svitlana Malysheva
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Iliyana Pepelanova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
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18
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Row RH, Pegg A, Kinney BA, Farr GH, Maves L, Lowell S, Wilson V, Martin BL. BMP and FGF signaling interact to pattern mesoderm by controlling basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activity. eLife 2018; 7:31018. [PMID: 29877796 PMCID: PMC6013256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesodermal germ layer is patterned into mediolateral subtypes by signaling factors including BMP and FGF. How these pathways are integrated to induce specific mediolateral cell fates is not well understood. We used mesoderm derived from post-gastrulation neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), which undergo a binary mediolateral patterning decision, as a simplified model to understand how FGF acts together with BMP to impart mediolateral fate. Using zebrafish and mouse NMPs, we identify an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of BMP and FGF-mediated mediolateral mesodermal patterning that occurs through modulation of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor activity. BMP imparts lateral fate through induction of Id helix loop helix (HLH) proteins, which antagonize bHLH transcription factors, induced by FGF signaling, that specify medial fate. We extend our analysis of zebrafish development to show that bHLH activity is responsible for the mediolateral patterning of the entire mesodermal germ layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Row
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Amy Pegg
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A Kinney
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Gist H Farr
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Lisa Maves
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
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19
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Kinoshita M, Smith A. Pluripotency Deconstructed. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:44-52. [PMID: 29359419 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency denotes the flexible capacity of single cells to give rise to all somatic lineages and typically also the germline. Mouse ES cells and post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC) are widely used pluripotent cell culture systems. These two in vitro stem cell types have divergent characteristics. They are considered as representative of distinct developmental stages, distinguished by using the terms "naïve" and "primed". A binary description is an over-simplification, however. Here, we discuss an intermediate stage of pluripotency that we term "formative". Formative pluripotency features a gene regulatory network switch from the naïve state and comprises capacitation of enhancers, signaling pathways and epigenetic machinery in order to install competence for lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Sasaki H, Kominami T. Relation of Nodal
expression to the specification of the dorsal-ventral axis and tissue patterning in the starfish Patiria pectinifera. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:724-740. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
- Oita Marine Palace Aquarium “UMITAMAGO”; Takasaki-yama-shita-kaigan Oita 870-0802 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kominami
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
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21
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Suzuki A, Yoshida H, van Heeringen SJ, Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Veenstra GJC, Taira M. Genomic organization and modulation of gene expression of the TGF-β and FGF pathways in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 426:336-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Pitcairn E, Harris H, Epiney J, Pai VP, Lemire JM, Ye B, Shi NQ, Levin M, McLaughlin KA. Coordinating heart morphogenesis: A novel role for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels during cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1309488. [PMID: 28702127 PMCID: PMC5501196 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1309488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated channel (HCN) proteins are important regulators of both neuronal and cardiac excitability. Among the 4 HCN isoforms, HCN4 is known as a pacemaker channel, because it helps control the periodicity of contractions in vertebrate hearts. Although the physiological role of HCN4 channel has been studied in adult mammalian hearts, an earlier role during embryogenesis has not been clearly established. Here, we probe the embryonic roles of HCN4 channels, providing the first characterization of the expression profile of any of the HCN isoforms during Xenopus laevis development and investigate the consequences of altering HCN4 function on embryonic pattern formation. We demonstrate that both overexpression of HCN4 and injection of dominant-negative HCN4 mRNA during early embryogenesis results in improper expression of key patterning genes and severely malformed hearts. Our results suggest that HCN4 serves to coordinate morphogenetic control factors that provide positional information during heart morphogenesis in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pitcairn
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Harris
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Justine Epiney
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Vaibhav P Pai
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nian-Qing Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kelly A McLaughlin
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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23
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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24
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Tsai YH, Nattiv R, Dedhia PH, Nagy MS, Chin AM, Thomson M, Klein OD, Spence JR. In vitro patterning of pluripotent stem cell-derived intestine recapitulates in vivo human development. Development 2016; 144:1045-1055. [PMID: 27927684 PMCID: PMC5358103 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intestine plays a central role in digestion, nutrient absorption and metabolism, with individual regions of the intestine having distinct functional roles. Many examples of region-specific gene expression in the adult intestine are known, but how intestinal regional identity is established during development is a largely unresolved issue. Here, we have identified several genes that are expressed in a region-specific manner in the developing human intestine. Using human embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that the duration of exposure to active FGF and WNT signaling controls regional identity. Short-term exposure to FGF4 and CHIR99021 (a GSK3β inhibitor that stabilizes β-catenin) resulted in organoids with gene expression patterns similar to developing human duodenum, whereas longer exposure resulted in organoids similar to ileum. When region-specific organoids were transplanted into immunocompromised mice, duodenum-like organoids and ileum-like organoids retained their regional identity, demonstrating that regional identity of organoids is stable after initial patterning occurs. This work provides insights into the mechanisms that control regional specification of the developing human intestine and provides new tools for basic and translational research. Summary: Human embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids can be patterned into duodenum-like or ileum-like tissue, recapitulating in vivo human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Green YS, Kwon S, Mimoto MS, Xie Y, Christian JL. Tril targets Smad7 for degradation to allow hematopoietic specification in Xenopus embryos. Development 2016; 143:4016-4026. [PMID: 27633996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus laevis, bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) induce expression of the transcription factor Gata2 during gastrulation, and Gata2 is required in both ectodermal and mesodermal cells to enable mesoderm to commit to a hematopoietic fate. Here, we identify tril as a Gata2 target gene that is required in both ectoderm and mesoderm for primitive hematopoiesis to occur. Tril is a transmembrane protein that functions as a co-receptor for Toll-like receptors to mediate innate immune responses in the adult brain, but developmental roles for this molecule have not been identified. We show that Tril function is required both upstream and downstream of Bmp receptor-mediated Smad1 phosphorylation for induction of Bmp target genes. Mechanistically, Tril triggers degradation of the Bmp inhibitor Smad7. Tril-dependent downregulation of Smad7 relieves repression of endogenous Bmp signaling during gastrulation and this enables mesodermal progenitors to commit to a blood fate. Thus, Tril is a novel component of a Bmp-Gata2 positive-feedback loop that plays an essential role in hematopoietic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Mizuho S Mimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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26
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Wieschaus E, Nüsslein-Volhard C. The Heidelberg Screen for Pattern Mutants of Drosophila: A Personal Account. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:1-46. [PMID: 27501451 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-113015-023138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In large-scale mutagenesis screens performed in 1979-1980 at the EMBL in Heidelberg, we isolated mutations affecting the pattern or structure of the larval cuticle in Drosophila. The 600 mutants we characterized could be assigned to 120 genes and represent the majority of such genes in the genome. These mutants subsequently provided a rich resource for understanding many fundamental developmental processes, such as the transcriptional hierarchies controlling segmentation, the establishment of cell states by signaling pathways, and the differentiation of epithelial cells. Most of the Heidelberg genes are now molecularly known, and many of them are conserved in other animals, including humans. Although the screens were initially driven entirely by curiosity, the mutants now serve as models for many human diseases. In this review, we describe the rationale of the screening procedures and provide a classification of the genes on the basis of their initial phenotypes and the subsequent molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wieschaus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
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27
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Dedhia PH, Bertaux-Skeirik N, Zavros Y, Spence JR. Organoid Models of Human Gastrointestinal Development and Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1098-1112. [PMID: 26774180 PMCID: PMC4842135 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have greatly advanced our ability to grow a diverse range of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell-derived gastrointestinal (GI) tissues in vitro. These systems, broadly referred to as organoids, have allowed the field to move away from the often nonphysiological, transformed cell lines that have been used for decades in GI research. Organoids are derived from primary tissues and have the capacity for long-term growth. They contain varying levels of cellular complexity and physiological similarity to native organ systems. We review the latest discoveries from studies of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal, gastric, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic organoids. These studies have provided important insights into GI development, tissue homeostasis, and disease and might be used to develop personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya H. Dedhia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nina Bertaux-Skeirik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Authors for Correspondence: Jason R. Spence – , Twitter: @TheSpenceLab, Yana Zavros –
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Yu SB, Umair Z, Kumar S, Lee U, Lee SH, Kim JI, Kim S, Park JB, Lee JY, Kim J. xCyp26c Induced by Inhibition of BMP Signaling Is Involved in Anterior-Posterior Neural Patterning of Xenopus laevis. Mol Cells 2016; 39:352-7. [PMID: 26923193 PMCID: PMC4844943 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate neurogenesis requires inhibition of endogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals in the ectoderm. Blocking of BMPs in animal cap explants causes the formation of anterior neural tissues as a default fate. To identify genes involved in the anterior neural specification, we analyzed gene expression profiles using a Xenopus Affymetrix Gene Chip after BMP-4 inhibition in animal cap explants. We found that the xCyp26c gene, encoding a retinoic acid (RA) degradation enzyme, was upregulated following inhibition of BMP signaling in early neuroectodermal cells. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis showed that xCyp26c expression started in the anterior region during the early neurula stage. Overexpression of xCyp26c weakly induced neural genes in animal cap explants. xCyp26c abolished the expression of all trans-/cis-RA-induced posterior genes, but not basic FGF-induced posterior genes. Depletion of xCyp26c by morpholino-oligonucleotides suppressed the normal formation of the axis and head, indicating that xCyp26c plays a critical role in the specification of anterior neural tissue in whole embryos. In animal cap explants, however, xCyp26c morpholinos did not alter anterior-to-posterior neural tissue formation. Together, these results suggest that xCyp26c plays a specific role in anterior-posterior (A-P) neural patterning of Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet-Byeol Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Kangwon200-702,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - SungChan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon 200-702,
Korea
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Schille C, Heller J, Schambony A. Differential requirement of bone morphogenetic protein receptors Ia (ALK3) and Ib (ALK6) in early embryonic patterning and neural crest development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26780949 PMCID: PMC4717534 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate multiple processes in embryonic development, including early dorso-ventral patterning and neural crest development. BMPs activate heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptor-serine/threonine kinases. BMP receptors Ia and Ib, also known as ALK3 and ALK6 respectively, are the most common type I receptors that likely mediate most BMP signaling events. Since early expression patterns and functions in Xenopus laevis development have not been described, we have addressed these questions in the present study. Results Here we have analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of ALK3 and ALK6; we have also carried out loss-of-function studies to define the function of these receptors in early Xenopus development. We detected both redundant and non-redundant roles of ALK3 and ALK6 in dorso-ventral patterning. From late gastrula stages onwards, their expression patterns diverged, which correlated with a specific, non-redundant requirement of ALK6 in post-gastrula neural crest cells. ALK6 was essential for induction of neural crest cell fate and further development of the neural crest and its derivatives. Conclusions ALK3 and ALK6 both contribute to the gene regulatory network that regulates dorso-ventral patterning; they play partially overlapping and partially non-redundant roles in this process. ALK3 and ALK6 are independently required for the spatially restricted activation of BMP signaling and msx2 upregulation at the neural plate border, whereas in post-gastrula development ALK6 exerts a highly specific, conserved function in neural crest development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0101-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jens Heller
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Yoon J, Kim JH, Lee SY, Kim S, Park JB, Lee JY, Kim J. PV.1 induced by FGF-Xbra functions as a repressor of neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos. BMB Rep 2015; 47:673-8. [PMID: 24499677 PMCID: PMC4345511 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.12.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During Xenopus early development, FGF signaling is involved in mesoderm formation and neurogenesis by modulating various signaling cascades. FGF-MAPK signaling induces Xbra expression, which maintains mesodermal fate through an autocatalytic-loop. Interestingly, previous reports have demonstrated that basic FGF (bFGF) treatment alone does not induce neurogenesis in ectodermal explants, even though FGF signaling inhibits BMP signaling via phosphorylation in Smad1 linker region. In addition, the overexpression of dominantnegative Xbra induces neurogenesis in ectodermal explants. However, the detailed mechanism underlying these phenomena has not yet been clarified. In this work, we showed that bFGF-Xbra signaling increased the PV.1 expression. DN-Xbra was found to decrease PV.1 expression, and the co-injection of PV.1 with DN-Xbra reduced neurogenesis in ectodermal explants. Furthermore, the knockdown of PV.1 induced neurogenesis in bFGF-treated ectodermal explants. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FGF-Xbra signaling induces PV.1 expression and that PV.1 functions as a neural repressor in the FGF-treated ectoderm. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(12): 673-678]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Sung-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - SungChan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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31
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Tuazon FB, Mullins MC. Temporally coordinated signals progressively pattern the anteroposterior and dorsoventral body axes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:118-33. [PMID: 26123688 PMCID: PMC4562868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is established through the precise spatiotemporal coordination of morphogen signaling pathways that pattern the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Patterning along the AP axis is directed by posteriorizing signals Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Nodal, and retinoic acid (RA), while patterning along the DV axis is directed by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ventralizing signals. This review addresses the current understanding of how Wnt, FGF, RA and BMP pattern distinct AP and DV cell fates during early development and how their signaling mechanisms are coordinated to concomitantly pattern AP and DV tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States.
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32
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The role of the bone morphogenetic proteins in leukaemic stem cell persistence. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:809-15. [PMID: 25109962 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia) is characterized by the presence of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase fusion protein BCR (breakpoint cluster region)-Abl, responsible for driving the disease. Current TKI (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) therapies effectively inhibit BCR-Abl to control CML in the majority of patients, but do not eliminate the LSC (leukaemic stem cell) population, which becomes quiescent following treatment. Patients require long-term treatment to sustain remission; alternative strategies are therefore required, either alone or in combination with TKIs to eliminate the LSCs and provide a cure. The embryonic morphogenetic pathways play a key role in haemopoiesis with recent evidence suggesting LSCs are more dependent on these signals following chemotherapy than normal HSCs (haemopoietic stem cells). Recent evidence in the literature and from our group has revealed that the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) pathway is differentially expressed in CML patients compared with normal donors. In the present review, we explore the role that BMP signalling plays in oesteoblast differentiation, HSC maintenance and the implication of altered BMP signalling on LSC persistence in the BM (bone marrow) niche. Overall, we highlight the BMP pathway as a potential target for developing LSC-directed therapies in CML in the future.
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33
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The prodomain of BMP4 is necessary and sufficient to generate stable BMP4/7 heterodimers with enhanced bioactivity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2307-16. [PMID: 25902523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501449112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 (BMP4 and BMP7) are morphogens that signal as either homodimers or heterodimers to regulate embryonic development and adult homeostasis. BMP4/7 heterodimers exhibit markedly higher signaling activity than either homodimer, but the mechanism underlying the enhanced activity is unknown. BMPs are synthesized as inactive precursors that dimerize and are then cleaved to generate both the bioactive ligand and prodomain fragments, which lack signaling activity. Our study reveals a previously unknown requirement for the BMP4 prodomain in promoting heterodimer activity. We show that BMP4 and BMP7 precursor proteins preferentially or exclusively form heterodimers when coexpressed in vivo. In addition, we show that the BMP4 prodomain is both necessary and sufficient for generation of stable heterodimeric ligands with enhanced activity and can enable homodimers to signal in a context in which they normally lack activity. Our results suggest that intrinsic properties of the BMP4 prodomain contribute to the relative bioactivities of homodimers versus heterodimers in vivo. These findings have clinical implications for the use of BMPs as regenerative agents for the treatment of bone injury and disease.
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34
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Dai M, Wang Y, Fang L, Irwin DM, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Z. Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106100. [PMID: 25166052 PMCID: PMC4148388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of self-powered flight using wings. Differing from mouse or human limbs, four elongated digits within a broad wing membrane support the bat wing, and the foot of the bat has evolved a long calcar that spread the interfemoral membrane. Our recent mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) study found unique expression patterns for genes at the 5' end of the Hoxd gene cluster and for Tbx3 that are associated with digit elongation and wing membrane growth in bats. In this study, we focused on two additional genes, Meis2 and Mab21l2, identified from the mRNA-Seq data. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) we validated the mRNA-Seq results for differences in the expression patterns of Meis2 and Mab21l2 between bat and mouse limbs, and further characterize the timing and location of the expression of these two genes. These analyses suggest that Meis2 may function in wing membrane growth and Mab21l2 may have a role in AP and DV axial patterning. In addition, we found that Tbx3 is uniquely expressed in the unique calcar structure found in the bat hindlimb, suggesting a role for this gene in calcar growth and elongation. Moreover, analysis of the coding sequences for Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 showed that Meis2 and Mab21l2 have high sequence identity, consistent with the functions of genes being conserved, but that Tbx3 showed accelerated evolution in bats. However, evidence for positive selection in Tbx3 was not found, which would suggest that the function of this gene has not been changed. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that the modulation of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of multiple functional conserved genes control limb morphology and drive morphological change in the diversification of mammalian limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
With the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, there is great interest in establishing in vitro models of human intestinal disease and in developing drug-screening platforms that more accurately represent the complex physiology of the intestine. We will review how recent advances in developmental and stem cell biology have made it possible to generate complex, three-dimensional, human intestinal tissues in vitro through directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. These are currently being used to study human development, genetic forms of disease, intestinal pathogens, metabolic disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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36
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Xu PF, Houssin N, Ferri-Lagneau KF, Thisse B, Thisse C. Construction of a Vertebrate Embryo from Two Opposing Morphogen Gradients. Science 2014; 344:87-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1248252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of vertebrate embryos involves tightly regulated molecular and cellular processes that progressively instruct proliferating embryonic cells about their identity and behavior. Whereas numerous gene activities have been found to be essential during early embryogenesis, little is known about the minimal conditions and factors that would be sufficient to instruct pluripotent cells to organize the embryo. Here, we show that opposing gradients of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a well-developed embryo.
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37
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Lim JC, Kurihara S, Tamaki R, Mashima Y, Maéno M. Expression and localization of Rdd proteins in Xenopus embryo. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:18-27. [PMID: 24693479 PMCID: PMC3968263 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous study has shown that repeated D domain-like (Rdd) proteins, a group of novel secretory proteins consisting of repeated domains of a cysteine-rich sequence, are involved in the process of blood vessel formation in Xenopus embryo. We performed further experiments to examine the localization of Rdd proteins in embryogenesis. Detection of tagged Rdd proteins expressed in blastomeres showed that Rdd proteins formed a high molecular weight complex and existed in the extracellular space. A rabbit antibody against the Rdd synthetic peptide identified a single band of 28 kD in embryonic tissue extract. By whole-mount immunostaining analysis, signal was detected in the regions of inter-somites, vitelline veins, and branchial arches at the tailbud stage. Staining of Rdd was remarkably reduced in the embryos injected with vascular endothelial growth factor Morpholino. We suggest that Rdd proteins interact with a molecule(s) associated with vascular precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Lim
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kurihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rie Tamaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Maéno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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38
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Kozmikova I, Candiani S, Fabian P, Gurska D, Kozmik Z. Essential role of Bmp signaling and its positive feedback loop in the early cell fate evolution of chordates. Dev Biol 2013; 382:538-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Wong TT, Collodi P. Effects of specific and prolonged expression of zebrafish growth factors, Fgf2 and Lif in primordial germ cells in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23178298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), specified early in development, proliferate and migrate to the developing gonad before sexual differentiation occurs in the embryo and eventually give rise to spermatogonia or oogonia. In this study, we discovered that nanos3 3'UTR, a common method used to label PGCs, not only directed PGC-specific expression of DsRed but also prolonged this expression up to 26 days post fertilization (dpf) when DsRed-nanos3 3'UTR hybrid mRNAs were introduced into 1- to 2-cell-stage embryos. As such, we employed this knowledge to express zebrafish leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif), basic fibroblast growth factor (Fgf2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) in the PGCs and evaluate their effects on PGC development in vivo for over a period of 3 weeks. The results show that expression of Fgf2 significantly increased PGC number at 14- and 21-dpf while Bmp4 resulted in severe ventralization and death of the embryos by 3 days. Expression of Lif resulted in a significant disruption of PGC migration. Mopholino knockdown experiments indicated that Lif illicited its effect on PGC migration through Lif receptor a (Lifra) but not Lifrb. The general approach described in this study could be used to achieve prolonged PGC-specific expression of other proteins to investigate their roles in germ cell and gonad development. The results also indicate that zebrafish PGCs have a mechanism to stabilize and prolong the expression of mRNA that carries nanos3 3'UTR. Understanding this mechanism may make it possible to achieve prolonged RNA expression in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ten-Tsao Wong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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40
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Barnett C, Yazgan O, Kuo HC, Malakar S, Thomas T, Fitzgerald A, Harbour W, Henry JJ, Krebs JE. Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor is critical for neural crest cell function in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 2012; 129:324-38. [PMID: 22691402 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor (WSTF) is one of ∼25 haplodeficient genes in patients with the complex developmental disorder Williams Syndrome (WS). WS results in visual/spatial processing defects, cognitive impairment, unique behavioral phenotypes, characteristic "elfin" facial features, low muscle tone and heart defects. WSTF exists in several chromatin remodeling complexes and has roles in transcription, replication, and repair. Chromatin remodeling is essential during embryogenesis, but WSTF's role in vertebrate development is poorly characterized. To investigate the developmental role of WSTF, we knocked down WSTF in Xenopus laevis embryos using a morpholino that targets WSTF mRNA. BMP4 shows markedly increased and spatially aberrant expression in WSTF-deficient embryos, while SHH, MRF4, PAX2, EPHA4 and SOX2 expression are severely reduced, coupled with defects in a number of developing embryonic structures and organs. WSTF-deficient embryos display defects in anterior neural development. Induction of the neural crest, measured by expression of the neural crest-specific genes SNAIL and SLUG, is unaffected by WSTF depletion. However, at subsequent stages WSTF knockdown results in a severe defect in neural crest migration and/or maintenance. Consistent with a maintenance defect, WSTF knockdowns display a specific pattern of increased apoptosis at the tailbud stage in regions corresponding to the path of cranial neural crest migration. Our work is the first to describe a role for WSTF in proper neural crest function, and suggests that neural crest defects resulting from WSTF haploinsufficiency may be a major contributor to the pathoembryology of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barnett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
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41
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Gilchrist MJ. From expression cloning to gene modeling: the development of Xenopus gene sequence resources. Genesis 2012; 50:143-54. [PMID: 22344767 PMCID: PMC3488295 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus community has made concerted efforts over the last 10–12 years systematically to improve the available sequence information for this amphibian model organism ideally suited to the study of early development in vertebrates. Here I review progress in the collection of both sequence data and physical clone reagents for protein coding genes. I conclude that we have cDNA sequences for around 50% and full-length clones for about 35% of the genes in Xenopus tropicalis, and similar numbers but a smaller proportion for Xenopus laevis. In addition, I demonstrate that the gaps in the current genome assembly create problems for the computational elucidation of gene sequences, and suggest some ways to ameliorate the effects of this. genesis 50:143–154, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gilchrist
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bode
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
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43
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Lee SY, Lim SK, Cha SW, Yoon J, Lee SH, Lee HS, Park JB, Lee JY, Kim SC, Kim J. Inhibition of FGF signaling converts dorsal mesoderm to ventral mesoderm in early Xenopus embryos. Differentiation 2011; 82:99-107. [PMID: 21684060 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In early vertebrate development, mesoderm induction is a crucial event regulated by several factors including the activin, BMP and FGF signaling pathways. While the requirement of FGF in Nodal/activin-induced mesoderm formation has been reported, the fate of the tissue modulated by these signals is not fully understood. Here, we examined the fate of tissues when exogenous activin was added and FGF signaling was inhibited in animal cap explants of Xenopus embryos. Activin-induced dorsal mesoderm was converted to ventral mesoderm by inhibition of FGF signaling. We also found that inhibiting FGF signaling in the dorsal marginal zone, in vegetal-animal cap conjugates or in the presence of the activin signaling component Smad2, converted dorsal mesoderm to ventral mesoderm. The expression and promoter activities of a BMP responsive molecule, PV.1 and a Spemann organizer, noggin, were investigated while FGF signaling was inhibited. PV.1 expression increased, while noggin decreased. In addition, inhibiting BMP-4 signaling abolished ventral mesoderm formation induced by exogenous activin and FGF inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that the formation of dorso-ventral mesoderm in early Xenopus embryos is regulated by a combination of FGF, activin and BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, ChunCheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Mikoshiba K. Role of IP3 receptor in development. Cell Calcium 2011; 49:331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Winterbottom EF, Ramsbottom SA, Isaacs HV. Gsx transcription factors repress Iroquois gene expression. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1422-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pinho S, Simonsson PR, Trevers KE, Stower MJ, Sherlock WT, Khan M, Streit A, Sheng G, Stern CD. Distinct steps of neural induction revealed by Asterix, Obelix and TrkC, genes induced by different signals from the organizer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19157. [PMID: 21559472 PMCID: PMC3084772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amniote organizer (Hensen's node) can induce a complete nervous system when grafted into a peripheral region of a host embryo. Although BMP inhibition has been implicated in neural induction, non-neural cells cannot respond to BMP antagonists unless previously exposed to a node graft for at least 5 hours before BMP inhibitors. To define signals and responses during the first 5 hours of node signals, a differential screen was conducted. Here we describe three early response genes: two of them, Asterix and Obelix, encode previously undescribed proteins of unknown function but Obelix appears to be a nuclear RNA-binding protein. The third is TrkC, a neurotrophin receptor. All three genes are induced by a node graft within 4-5 hours but they differ in the extent to which they are inducible by FGF: FGF is both necessary and sufficient to induce Asterix, sufficient but not necessary to induce Obelix and neither sufficient nor necessary for induction of TrkC. These genes are also not induced by retinoic acid, Noggin, Chordin, Dkk1, Cerberus, HGF/SF, Somatostatin or ionomycin-mediated Calcium entry. Comparison of the expression and regulation of these genes with other early neural markers reveals three distinct "epochs", or temporal waves, of gene expression accompanying neural induction by a grafted organizer, which are mirrored by specific stages of normal neural plate development. The results are consistent with neural induction being a cascade of responses elicited by different signals, culminating in the formation of a patterned nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pinho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela R. Simonsson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E. Trevers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Stower
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William T. Sherlock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio D. Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gaviño MA, Reddien PW. A Bmp/Admp regulatory circuit controls maintenance and regeneration of dorsal-ventral polarity in planarians. Curr Biol 2011; 21:294-9. [PMID: 21295483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal embryos have diverse anatomy and vary greatly in size. It is therefore remarkable that a common signaling pathway, BMP signaling, controls development of the dorsoventral (DV) axis throughout the Bilateria. In vertebrates, spatially opposed expression of the BMP family proteins Bmp4 and Admp (antidorsalizing morphogenetic protein) can promote restoration of DV pattern following tissue removal. bmp4 orthologs have been identified in all three groups of the Bilateria (deuterostomes, ecdysozoans, and lophotrochozoans). By contrast, the absence of admp orthologs in ecdysozoans such as Drosophila and C. elegans has suggested that a regulatory circuit of oppositely expressed bmp4 and admp genes represents a deuterostome-specific innovation. Here we describe the existence of spatially opposed bmp and admp expression in a protostome. An admp ortholog (Smed-admp) is expressed ventrally and laterally in adult Schmidtea mediterranea planarians, opposing the dorsal-pole expression of Smed-bmp4. Smed-admp is required for regeneration following parasagittal amputation. Furthermore, Smed-admp promotes Smed-bmp4 expression and Smed-bmp4 inhibits Smed-admp expression, generating a regulatory circuit that buffers against perturbations of Bmp signaling. These results suggest that a Bmp/Admp regulatory circuit is a central feature of the Bilateria, used broadly for the establishment, maintenance, and regeneration of the DV axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gaviño
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Abstract
Xenopus laevis embryos are particularly well suited to address questions requiring either knockdown or overexpression of genes in a tissue-specific fashion during vertebrate embryonic development. These manipulations are achieved by targeted injection of either antisense morpholino oligonucleotides or synthetic mRNAs, respectively, into the early embryo. Herein we offer detailed protocols describing how to design and perform these experiments successfully, as well as a brief discussion of considerations for performing a microarray analysis in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho S Mimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
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Klymkowsky MW, Rossi CC, Artinger KB. Mechanisms driving neural crest induction and migration in the zebrafish and Xenopus laevis. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:595-608. [PMID: 20962584 PMCID: PMC3011258 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is an evolutionary adaptation, with roots in the formation of mesoderm. Modification of neural crest behavior has been is critical for the evolutionary diversification of the vertebrates and defects in neural crest underlie a range of human birth defects. There has been a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and inductive interactions that converge on defining the neural crest and determining its behavior. While there is a temptation to look for simple models to explain neural crest behavior, the reality is that the system is complex in its circuitry. In this review, our goal is to identify the broad features of neural crest origins (developmentally) and migration (cellularly) using data from the zebrafish (teleost) and Xenopus laevis (tetrapod amphibian) in order to illuminate where general mechanisms appear to be in play, and equally importantly, where disparities in experimental results suggest areas of profitable study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klymkowsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO USA
| | - Christy Cortez Rossi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; University of Colorado Denver; School of Dental Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology; University of Colorado Denver; School of Dental Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
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Alev C, Wu Y, Kasukawa T, Jakt LM, Ueda HR, Sheng G. Transcriptomic landscape of the primitive streak. Development 2010; 137:2863-74. [PMID: 20667916 DOI: 10.1242/dev.053462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In birds and mammals, all mesoderm cells are generated from the primitive streak. Nascent mesoderm cells contain unique dorsoventral (D/V) identities according to their relative ingression position along the streak. Molecular mechanisms controlling this initial phase of mesoderm diversification are not well understood. Using the chick model, we generated high-quality transcriptomic datasets of different streak regions and analyzed their molecular heterogeneity. Fifteen percent of expressed genes exhibit differential expression levels, as represented by two major groups (dorsal to ventral and ventral to dorsal). A complete set of transcription factors and many novel genes with strong and region-specific expression were uncovered. Core components of BMP, Wnt and FGF pathways showed little regional difference, whereas their positive and negative regulators exhibited both dorsal-to-ventral and ventral-to-dorsal gradients, suggesting that robust D/V positional information is generated by fine-tuned regulation of key signaling pathways at multiple levels. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive molecular resource for understanding mesoderm diversification in vivo and targeted mesoderm lineage differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantas Alev
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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