1
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Pan D, Zhang X, Jin K, Jin ZB. CRX haploinsufficiency compromises photoreceptor precursor translocation and differentiation in human retinal organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 38049871 PMCID: PMC10696917 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRX-associated autosomal dominant retinopathies suggest a possible pathogenic mechanism of gene haploinsufficiency. However, based on reported human patient cases and studies with mouse models, it is hard to confirm the specific weight of haploinsufficiency in pathogenesis due to the interspecies gaps between gene expression and function. METHODS We created monoallelic CRX by replacing one allele with tdTomato in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and subsequently dissect pathogenesis in hESCs-derived retinal organoids. We used transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses to dissect phenotypic differences between CRX-monoallelic knockout and control wildtype organoids. For location analysis of CRX+ cells, a CRX-expression-tracing system was constructed in control hESCs. We implemented long-term live-cell imaging to describe the translocation of CRX+ cells between two groups in early organoid differentiation. The expression pattern of these dynamic differences was validated using RNA-seq and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS We identified delayed differentiation of outer nuclear layer (ONL) stratification along with thinner ONL, serious loss of photoreceptor outer segments, as well as downregulated expression of gene for phototransduction and inner/outer segment formation. By live-cell imaging and immunostaining, we observed the overtension of actomyosin network and the arrested translocation of monoallelic CRX+ cells in the early stage of retinal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that gene haploinsufficiency is the mechanism for the dominant pathogenicity of CRX and discovered that CRX regulated postmitotic photoreceptor precursor translocation in addition to its specification of photoreceptor cell fates during human retinal development. These findings revealed a new underlying mechanism of CRX dominant pathogenesis and provided a new clue for the treatment of CRX-associated human retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kangxin Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
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2
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Rocha-Martins M, Nerli E, Kretzschmar J, Weigert M, Icha J, Myers EW, Norden C. Neuronal migration prevents spatial competition in retinal morphogenesis. Nature 2023; 620:615-624. [PMID: 37558872 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The concomitant occurrence of tissue growth and organization is a hallmark of organismal development1-3. This often means that proliferating and differentiating cells are found at the same time in a continuously changing tissue environment. How cells adapt to architectural changes to prevent spatial interference remains unclear. Here, to understand how cell movements that are key for growth and organization are orchestrated, we study the emergence of photoreceptor neurons that occur during the peak of retinal growth, using zebrafish, human tissue and human organoids. Quantitative imaging reveals that successful retinal morphogenesis depends on the active bidirectional translocation of photoreceptors, leading to a transient transfer of the entire cell population away from the apical proliferative zone. This pattern of migration is driven by cytoskeletal machineries that differ depending on the direction: microtubules are exclusively required for basal translocation, whereas actomyosin is involved in apical movement. Blocking the basal translocation of photoreceptors induces apical congestion, which hampers the apical divisions of progenitor cells and leads to secondary defects in lamination. Thus, photoreceptor migration is crucial to prevent competition for space, and to allow concurrent tissue growth and lamination. This shows that neuronal migration, in addition to its canonical role in cell positioning4, can be involved in coordinating morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Elisa Nerli
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Kretzschmar
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Weigert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Caren Norden
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Amini R, Bhatnagar A, Schlüßler R, Möllmert S, Guck J, Norden C. Amoeboid-like migration ensures correct horizontal cell layer formation in the developing vertebrate retina. eLife 2022; 11:e76408. [PMID: 35639083 PMCID: PMC9208757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of cells in the developing brain is integral for the establishment of neural circuits and function of the central nervous system. While migration modes during which neurons employ predetermined directional guidance of either preexisting neuronal processes or underlying cells have been well explored, less is known about how cells featuring multipolar morphology migrate in the dense environment of the developing brain. To address this, we here investigated multipolar migration of horizontal cells in the zebrafish retina. We found that these cells feature several hallmarks of amoeboid-like migration that enable them to tailor their movements to the spatial constraints of the crowded retina. These hallmarks include cell and nuclear shape changes, as well as persistent rearward polarization of stable F-actin. Interference with the organization of the developing retina by changing nuclear properties or overall tissue architecture hampers efficient horizontal cell migration and layer formation showing that cell-tissue interplay is crucial for this process. In view of the high proportion of multipolar migration phenomena observed in brain development, the here uncovered amoeboid-like migration mode might be conserved in other areas of the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Archit Bhatnagar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und MedizinErlangenGermany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und MedizinErlangenGermany
- Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6OeirasPortugal
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4
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Ahmed M, Kojima Y, Masai I. Strip1 regulates retinal ganglion cell survival by suppressing Jun-mediated apoptosis to promote retinal neural circuit formation. eLife 2022; 11:74650. [PMID: 35314028 PMCID: PMC8940179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, an interplay between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), amacrine (AC), and bipolar (BP) cells establishes a synaptic layer called the inner plexiform layer (IPL). This circuit conveys signals from photoreceptors to visual centers in the brain. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in its development remain poorly understood. Striatin-interacting protein 1 (Strip1) is a core component of the striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAK) complex, and it has shown emerging roles in embryonic morphogenesis. Here, we uncover the importance of Strip1 in inner retina development. Using zebrafish, we show that loss of Strip1 causes defects in IPL formation. In strip1 mutants, RGCs undergo dramatic cell death shortly after birth. AC and BP cells subsequently invade the degenerating RGC layer, leading to a disorganized IPL. Mechanistically, zebrafish Strip1 interacts with its STRIPAK partner, Striatin 3 (Strn3), and both show overlapping functions in RGC survival. Furthermore, loss of Strip1 or Strn3 leads to activation of the proapoptotic marker, Jun, within RGCs, and Jun knockdown rescues RGC survival in strip1 mutants. In addition to its function in RGC maintenance, Strip1 is required for RGC dendritic patterning, which likely contributes to proper IPL formation. Taken together, we propose that a series of Strip1-mediated regulatory events coordinates inner retinal circuit formation by maintaining RGCs during development, which ensures proper positioning and neurite patterning of inner retinal neurons. The back of the eye is lined with an intricate tissue known as the retina, which consists of carefully stacked neurons connecting to each other in well-defined ‘synaptic’ layers. Near the surface, photoreceptors cells detect changes in light levels, before passing this information through the inner plexiform layer to retinal ganglion cells (or RGCs) below. These neurons will then relay the visual signals to the brain. Despite the importance of this inner retinal circuit, little is known about how it is created as an organism develops. As a response, Ahmed et al. sought to identify which genes are essential to establish the inner retinal circuit, and how their absence affects retinal structure. To do this, they introduced random errors in the genetic code of zebrafish and visualised the resulting retinal circuits in these fast-growing, translucent fish. Initial screening studies found fish with mutations in a gene encoding a protein called Strip1 had irregular layering of the inner retina. Further imaging experiments to pinpoint the individual neurons affected showed that in zebrafish without Strip1, RGCs died in the first few days of development. Consequently, other neurons moved into the RGC layer to replace the lost cells, leading to layering defects. Ahmed et al. concluded that Strip1 promotes RGC survival and thereby coordinates proper positioning of neurons in the inner retina. In summary, these findings help to understand how the inner retina is wired; they could also shed light on the way other layered structures are established in the nervous system. Moreover, this study paves the way for future research investigating Strip1 as a potential therapeutic target to slow down the death of RGCs in conditions such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ahmed
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Yutaka Kojima
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Ichiro Masai
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
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5
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Aghaizu ND, Warre-Cornish KM, Robinson MR, Waldron PV, Maswood RN, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Repeated nuclear translocations underlie photoreceptor positioning and lamination of the outer nuclear layer in the mammalian retina. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109461. [PMID: 34348137 PMCID: PMC8356022 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In development, almost all stratified neurons must migrate from their birthplace to the appropriate neural layer. Photoreceptors reside in the most apical layer of the retina, near their place of birth. Whether photoreceptors require migratory events for fine-positioning and/or retention within this layer is not well understood. Here, we show that photoreceptor nuclei of the developing mouse retina cyclically exhibit rapid, dynein-1-dependent translocation toward the apical surface, before moving more slowly in the basal direction, likely due to passive displacement by neighboring retinal nuclei. Attenuating dynein 1 function in rod photoreceptors results in their ectopic basal displacement into the outer plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer. Synapse formation is also compromised in these displaced cells. We propose that repeated, apically directed nuclear translocation events are necessary to ensure retention of post-mitotic photoreceptors within the emerging outer nuclear layer during retinogenesis, which is critical for correct neuronal lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozie D Aghaizu
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | | | - Martha R Robinson
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Paul V Waldron
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ryea N Maswood
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alexander J Smith
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Centre for Cell and Gene Therapy, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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6
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Guo R, Li F, Lu M, Ge K, Gan L, Sheng D. LIM Homeobox 9 knockdown by morpholino does not affect zebrafish retinal development. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.056382. [PMID: 33579692 PMCID: PMC7969587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM homeobox 9 (Lhx9) is a member of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor family, which expresses and functions in various vertebrate tissues, such as the gonads and pineal gland. Previous studies on lhx9 in zebrafish have mainly focused on the brain. However, little is known about the expression pattern of lhx9 during embryogenesis. Here, we detected lhx9 expression in zebrafish embryos using whole-mount in situ hybridization and found lhx9 expressed in heart, pectoral fin, and retina during their development in zebrafish. We then detailed the expression of lhx9 in retinal development. To further investigate the function of Lhx9 in retinogenesis, we performed morpholino (MO) knockdown experiments and found that upon lhx9 knockdown by MO, larvae presented normal eye development, retinal neural development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and responses to light stimulus. We not only elaborated the expression pattern of lhx9 in zebrafish embryogenesis, but we also demonstrated that lhx9 knockdown by morpholino does not affect the zebrafish retinal development, and our study provides data for further understanding of the role of Lhx9 in zebrafish retinal development. Summary:lhx9 is expressed in the development of the zebrafish heart, pectoral fin, and retina, but lhx9 knockdown by morpholino does not affect zebrafish retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100 Zhejiang, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013 Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100 Zhejiang, China
| | - Minxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100 Zhejiang, China
| | - Kangkang Ge
- Hangzhou jingbai biotechnology Co, LTD., Hangzhou 310004 Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100 Zhejiang, China .,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013 Zhejiang, China
| | - Donglai Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100 Zhejiang, China
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7
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Sitko AA, Goodrich LV. Making sense of neural development by comparing wiring strategies for seeing and hearing. Science 2021; 371:eaaz6317. [PMID: 33414193 PMCID: PMC8034811 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perceive and interact with the world depends on a diverse array of neural circuits specialized for carrying out specific computations. Each circuit is assembled using a relatively limited number of molecules and common developmental steps, from cell fate specification to activity-dependent synaptic refinement. Given this shared toolkit, how do individual circuits acquire their characteristic properties? We explore this question by comparing development of the circuitry for seeing and hearing, highlighting a few examples where differences in each system's sensory demands necessitate different developmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sitko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Postmitotic Cone Migration Mechanisms in the Mammalian Retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31884659 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
High visual acuity and the ability to identify colours is solely dependent upon healthy cone photoreceptors in the retina. Little is known about cone migration mechanisms during postmitotic retinal maturation which, if it occurs erroneously, can result in non-functional cells and altered vision. This review provides an overview of neuronal and cone somal migration mechanisms and the potential molecular partners and nuclear structures driving this process. Furthermore, it will also review foveal formation and how that differs from peripheral cone migration in the human retina.
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9
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Amini R, Labudina AA, Norden C. Stochastic single cell migration leads to robust horizontal cell layer formation in the vertebrate retina. Development 2019; 146:146/12/dev173450. [PMID: 31126979 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programs that arrange cells and tissues into patterned organs are remarkably robust. In the developing vertebrate retina, for example, neurons reproducibly assemble into distinct layers giving the mature organ its overall structured appearance. This stereotypic neuronal arrangement, termed lamination, is important for efficient neuronal connectivity. Although retinal lamination is conserved in many vertebrates, including humans, how it emerges from single cell behaviour is not fully understood. To shed light on this issue, we here investigated the formation of the retinal horizontal cell layer. Using in vivo light sheet imaging of the developing zebrafish retina, we generated a comprehensive quantitative analysis of horizontal single cell behaviour from birth to final positioning. Interestingly, we find that all parameters analysed, including cell cycle dynamics, migration paths and kinetics, as well as sister cell dispersal, are very heterogeneous. Thus, horizontal cells show individual non-stereotypic behaviour before final positioning. Yet these initially variable cell dynamics always generate the correct laminar pattern. Consequently, our data show that the extent of single cell stochasticity in the lamination of the vertebrate retina is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anastasia A Labudina
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Eldred MK, Muresan L, Harris WA. Disaggregation and Reaggregation of Zebrafish Retinal Cells for the Analysis of Neuronal Layering. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:255-271. [PMID: 28710687 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaggregation of dissociated cells to form organotypic structures provides an in vitro system for the analysis of the cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of tissue architecture. The retina, an outgrowth of the forebrain, is a precisely layered neural tissue, yet the mechanisms underlying layer formation are largely unexplored. Here we describe the protocol to dissociate, re-aggregate, and culture zebrafish retinal cells from a transgenic, Spectrum of Fates, line where all main cell types are labelled with a combination of fluorescent proteins driven by fate-specific promoters. These cells re-aggregate and self-organize in just 48 h in minimal culture conditions. We also describe how the patterning in these aggregates can be analyzed using isocontour profiling to compare whether different conditions affect their self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Eldred
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Leila Muresan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Prigge CL, Kay JN. Dendrite morphogenesis from birth to adulthood. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:139-145. [PMID: 30092409 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are the conduits for receiving (and in some cases transmitting) neural signals; their ability to do these jobs is a direct result of their morphology. Developmental patterning mechanisms are critical to ensuring concordance between dendritic form and function. This article reviews recent studies in vertebrate retina and brain that elucidate key strategies for dendrite functional maturation. Specific cellular and molecular signals control the initiation and elaboration of dendritic arbors, and facilitate integration of young neurons into particular circuits. In some cells, dendrite growth and remodeling continues into adulthood. Once formed, dendrites subdivide into compartments with distinct physiological properties that enable dendritic computations. Understanding these key stages of dendrite patterning will help reveal how circuit functional properties arise during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Prigge
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Ray TA, Roy S, Kozlowski C, Wang J, Cafaro J, Hulbert SW, Wright CV, Field GD, Kay JN. Formation of retinal direction-selective circuitry initiated by starburst amacrine cell homotypic contact. eLife 2018; 7:e34241. [PMID: 29611808 PMCID: PMC5931800 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A common strategy by which developing neurons locate their synaptic partners is through projections to circuit-specific neuropil sublayers. Once established, sublayers serve as a substrate for selective synapse formation, but how sublayers arise during neurodevelopment remains unknown. Here, we identify the earliest events that initiate formation of the direction-selective circuit in the inner plexiform layer of mouse retina. We demonstrate that radially migrating newborn starburst amacrine cells establish homotypic contacts on arrival at the inner retina. These contacts, mediated by the cell-surface protein MEGF10, trigger neuropil innervation resulting in generation of two sublayers comprising starburst-cell dendrites. This dendritic scaffold then recruits projections from circuit partners. Abolishing MEGF10-mediated contacts profoundly delays and ultimately disrupts sublayer formation, leading to broader direction tuning and weaker direction-selectivity in retinal ganglion cells. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which differentiating neurons transition from migratory to mature morphology, and highlight this mechanism's importance in forming circuit-specific sublayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ray
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Suva Roy
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Christopher Kozlowski
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Jon Cafaro
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Samuel W Hulbert
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Christopher V Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Department of NeurobiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
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13
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de Almeida-Pereira L, Repossi MG, Magalhães CF, Azevedo RDF, Corrêa-Velloso JDC, Ulrich H, Ventura ALM, Fragel-Madeira L. P2Y 12 but not P2Y 13 Purinergic Receptor Controls Postnatal Rat Retinogenesis In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8612-8624. [PMID: 29574630 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides through P2Y1 receptor stimulation are known to control retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation by modulating expression of the p57KIP2, a cell cycle regulator. However, the role of Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors also activated by adenine nucleotides in RPC proliferation is still unknown. Gene expression of the purinergic P2Y12 subtype was detected in rat retina during early postnatal days (P0 to P5), while expression levels of P2Y13 were low. Immunohistochemistry assays performed with rat retina on P3 revealed P2Y12 receptor expression in both Ki-67-positive cells in the neuroblastic layer and Ki-67-negative cells in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. Nonetheless, P2Y13 receptor expression could not be detected in any stratum of rat retina. Intravitreal injection of PSB 0739 or clopidogrel, both selective P2Y12 receptor antagonists, increased by 20 and 15%, respectively, the number of Ki-67-positive cells following 24 h of exposure. Moreover, the P2Y12 receptor inhibition increased cyclin D1 and decreased p57KIP2 expression. However, there were no changes in the S phase of the cell cycle (BrdU-positive cells) or in mitosis (phospho-histone-H3-positive cells). Interestingly, an increase in the number of cyclin D1/TUNEL-positive cells after treatment with PSB 0739 was observed. These data suggest that activation of P2Y12 receptors is required for the successful exit of RPCs from cell cycle in the postnatal rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana de Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marinna Garcia Repossi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Camila Feitosa Magalhães
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucianne Fragel-Madeira
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
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Fairchild CL, Hino K, Han JS, Miltner AM, Peinado Allina G, Brown CE, Burns ME, La Torre A, Simó S. RBX2 maintains final retinal cell position in a DAB1-dependent and -independent fashion. Development 2018; 145:dev.155283. [PMID: 29361558 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The laminated structure of the retina is fundamental for the organization of the synaptic circuitry that translates light input into patterns of action potentials. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration and layering of the retina are poorly understood. Here, we show that RBX2, a core component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL5, is essential for retinal layering and function. RBX2 regulates the final cell position of rod bipolar cells, cone photoreceptors and Muller glia. Our data indicate that sustained RELN/DAB1 signaling, triggered by depletion of RBX2 or SOCS7 - a CRL5 substrate adaptor known to recruit DAB1 - causes rod bipolar cell misposition. Moreover, whereas SOCS7 also controls Muller glia cell lamination, it is not responsible for cone photoreceptor positioning, suggesting that RBX2, most likely through CRL5 activity, controls other signaling pathways required for proper cone localization. Furthermore, RBX2 depletion reduces the number of ribbon synapses and disrupts cone photoreceptor function. Together, these results uncover RBX2 as a crucial molecular regulator of retina morphogenesis and cone photoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L Fairchild
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam M Miltner
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriel Peinado Allina
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Caileigh E Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marie E Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Amini R, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Neuronal Migration and Lamination in the Vertebrate Retina. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:742. [PMID: 29375289 PMCID: PMC5767219 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the retina, like in most other brain regions, developing neurons are arranged into distinct layers giving the mature tissue its stratified appearance. This process needs to be highly controlled and orchestrated, as neuronal layering defects lead to impaired retinal function. To achieve successful neuronal layering and lamination in the retina and beyond, three main developmental steps need to be executed: First, the correct type of neuron has to be generated at a precise developmental time. Second, as most retinal neurons are born away from the position at which they later function, newborn neurons have to move to their final layer within the developing tissue, a process also termed neuronal lamination. Third, these neurons need to connect to their correct synaptic partners. Here, we discuss neuronal migration and lamination in the vertebrate retina and summarize our knowledge on these aspects of retinal development. We give an overview of how lamination emerges and discuss the different modes of neuronal translocation that occur during retinogenesis and what we know about the cell biological machineries driving them. In addition, retinal mosaics and their importance for correct retinal function are examined. We close by stating the open questions and future directions in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Icha J, Kunath C, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C. Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:259-275. [PMID: 27810916 PMCID: PMC5084647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icha et al. show that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can move by two different modes across the embryonic zebrafish retina and that correct RGC translocation is crucial for neuronal lamination and retinal development. The arrangement of neurons into distinct layers is critical for neuronal connectivity and function. During development, most neurons move from their birthplace to the appropriate layer, where they polarize. However, kinetics and modes of many neuronal translocation events still await exploration. In this study, we investigate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) translocation across the embryonic zebrafish retina. After completing their translocation, RGCs establish the most basal retinal layer where they form the optic nerve. Using in toto light sheet microscopy, we show that somal translocation of RGCs is a fast and directed event. It depends on basal process attachment and stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, interference with somal translocation induces a switch to multipolar migration. This multipolar mode is less efficient but still leads to successful RGC layer formation. When both modes are inhibited though, RGCs fail to translocate and induce lamination defects. This indicates that correct RGC translocation is crucial for subsequent retinal lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Icha
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mauricio Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Eldred MK, Charlton-Perkins M, Muresan L, Harris WA. Self-organising aggregates of zebrafish retinal cells for investigating mechanisms of neural lamination. Development 2017; 144:1097-1106. [PMID: 28174240 PMCID: PMC5358108 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the cell-cell interactions necessary for the formation of retinal layers, we cultured dissociated zebrafish retinal progenitors in agarose microwells. Within these wells, the cells re-aggregated within hours, forming tight retinal organoids. Using a Spectrum of Fates zebrafish line, in which all different types of retinal neurons show distinct fluorescent spectra, we found that by 48 h in culture, the retinal organoids acquire a distinct spatial organisation, i.e. they became coarsely but clearly laminated. Retinal pigment epithelium cells were in the centre, photoreceptors and bipolar cells were next most central and amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells were on the outside. Image analysis allowed us to derive quantitative measures of lamination, which we then used to find that Müller glia, but not RPE cells, are essential for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Eldred
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Mark Charlton-Perkins
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Leila Muresan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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18
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Kay JN. Radial migration: Retinal neurons hold on for the ride. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:147-149. [PMID: 27810908 PMCID: PMC5082754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neuron radial migration is a key force shaping the nervous system. In this issue, Icha et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201604095) use zebrafish retinal ganglion cells as a model to investigate the cell biological basis of radial migration and the consequences for retinal histogenesis when migration is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 .,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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19
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Boije H, Shirazi Fard S, Edqvist PH, Hallböök F. Horizontal Cells, the Odd Ones Out in the Retina, Give Insights into Development and Disease. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:77. [PMID: 27486389 PMCID: PMC4949263 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough investigation of a neuronal population can help reveal key aspects regarding the nervous system and its development. The retinal horizontal cells have several extraordinary features making them particularly interesting for addressing questions regarding fate assignment and subtype specification. In this review we discuss and summarize data concerning the formation and diversity of horizontal cells, how morphology is correlated to molecular markers, and how fate assignment separates the horizontal lineage from the lineages of other retinal cell types. We discuss the novel and unique features of the final cell cycle of horizontal cell progenitors and how they may relate to retinoblastoma carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Boije
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Hassan BA, Hiesinger PR. Beyond Molecular Codes: Simple Rules to Wire Complex Brains. Cell 2016; 163:285-91. [PMID: 26451480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular codes, like postal zip codes, are generally considered a robust way to ensure the specificity of neuronal target selection. However, a code capable of unambiguously generating complex neural circuits is difficult to conceive. Here, we re-examine the notion of molecular codes in the light of developmental algorithms. We explore how molecules and mechanisms that have been considered part of a code may alternatively implement simple pattern formation rules sufficient to ensure wiring specificity in neural circuits. This analysis delineates a pattern-based framework for circuit construction that may contribute to our understanding of brain wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Hassan
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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