1
|
Jayathirtha M, Neagu AN, Whitham D, Alwine S, Darie CC. Investigation of the effects of overexpression of jumping translocation breakpoint (JTB) protein in MCF7 cells for potential use as a biomarker in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1784-1823. [PMID: 35530281 PMCID: PMC9077082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Jumping translocation breakpoint (JTB) gene acts as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in different malignancies, including breast cancer (BC), where it was reported as overexpressed. However, the molecular functions, biological processes and underlying mechanisms through which JTB protein causes increased cell growth, proliferation and invasion is still not fully deciphered. Our goal is to identify the functions of JTB protein by cellular proteomics approaches. MCF7 breast cancer cells were transfected with sense orientation of hJTB cDNA in HA, His and FLAG tagged CMV expression vector to overexpress hJTB and the expression levels were confirmed by Western blotting (WB). Proteins extracted from transfected cells were separated by SDS-PAGE and the in-gel digested peptides were analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). By comparing the proteome of cells with upregulated conditions of JTB vs control and identifying the protein dysregulation patterns, we aim to understand the function of this protein and its contribution to tumorigenesis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) algorithm was performed to investigate the biological processes and pathways that are associated with the JTB protein upregulation. The results demonstrated four significantly enriched gene sets from the following significantly upregulated pathways: mitotic spindle assembly, estrogen response late, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and estrogen response early. JTB protein itself is involved in mitotic spindle pathway by its role in cell division/cytokinesis, and within estrogen response early and late pathways, contributing to discrimination between luminal and mesenchymal breast cancer. Thus, the overexpressed JTB condition was significantly associated with an increased expression of ACTNs, FLNA, FLNB, EZR, MYOF, COL3A1, COL11A1, HSPA1A, HSP90A, WDR, EPPK1, FASN and FOXA1 proteins related to deregulation of cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis, mitotic spindle organization, ECM remodeling, cellular response to estrogen, proliferation, migration, metastasis, increased lipid biogenesis, endocrine therapy resistance, antiapoptosis and discrimination between different breast cancer subtypes. Other upregulated proteins for overexpressed JTB condition are involved in multiple cellular functions and pathways that become dysregulated, such as tumor microenvironment (TME) acidification, the transmembrane transport pathways, glycolytic flux, iron metabolism and oxidative stress, metabolic reprogramming, nucleocytosolic mRNA transport, transcriptional activation, chromatin remodeling, modulation of cell death pathways, stress responsive pathways, and cancer drug resistance. The downregulated proteins for overexpressed JTB condition are involved in adaptive communication between external and internal environment of cells and maintenance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, vesicle trafficking and secretion, DNA lesions repair and suppression of genes involved in tumor progression, proteostasis, redox state regulation, biosynthesis of macromolecules, lipolytic pathway, carbohydrate metabolism, dysregulation of ubiquitin-mediated degradation system, cancer cell immune escape, cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions, and cytoskeletal behaviour. There were no significantly enriched downregulated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jayathirtha
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of IasiCarol I Bvd. No. 22, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Danielle Whitham
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Shelby Alwine
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barrera-Velázquez M, Ríos-Barrera LD. Crosstalk between basal extracellular matrix adhesion and building of apical architecture during morphogenesis. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058760. [PMID: 34842274 PMCID: PMC8649640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues build complex structures like lumens and microvilli to carry out their functions. Most of the mechanisms used to build these structures rely on cells remodelling their apical plasma membranes, which ultimately constitute the specialised compartments. In addition to apical remodelling, these shape changes also depend on the proper attachment of the basal plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides cues to establish apicobasal polarity, and it also transduces forces that allow apical remodelling. However, physical crosstalk mechanisms between basal ECM attachment and the apical plasma membrane remain understudied, and the ones described so far are very diverse, which highlights the importance of identifying the general principles. Here, we review apicobasal crosstalk of two well-established models of membrane remodelling taking place during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis: amnioserosa cell shape oscillations during dorsal closure and subcellular tube formation in tracheal cells. We discuss how anchoring to the basal ECM affects apical architecture and the mechanisms that mediate these interactions. We analyse this knowledge under the scope of other morphogenetic processes and discuss what aspects of apicobasal crosstalk may represent widespread phenomena and which ones are used to build subsets of specialised compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barrera-Velázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Undergraduate Program on Genomic Sciences, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Ríos-Barrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang YC, Chen KH, Chen YY, Tsao LH, Yeh TH, Chen YC, Wu PY, Wang TW, Yu JY. βPS-Integrin acts downstream of Innexin 2 in modulating stretched cell morphogenesis in the Drosophila ovary. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6310741. [PMID: 34544125 PMCID: PMC8496311 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During oogenesis, a group of specialized follicle cells, known as stretched cells (StCs), flatten drastically from cuboidal to squamous shape. While morphogenesis of epithelia is critical for organogenesis, genes and signaling pathways involved in this process remain to be revealed. In addition to formation of gap junctions for intercellular exchange of small molecules, gap junction proteins form channels or act as adaptor proteins to regulate various cellular behaviors. In invertebrates, gap junction proteins are Innexins. Knockdown of Innexin 2 but not other Innexins expressed in follicle cells attenuates StC morphogenesis. Interestingly, blocking of gap junctions with an inhibitor carbenoxolone does not affect StC morphogenesis, suggesting that Innexin 2 might control StCs flattening in a gap-junction-independent manner. An excessive level of βPS-Integrin encoded by myospheroid is detected in Innexin 2 mutant cells specifically during StC morphogenesis. Simultaneous knockdown of Innexin 2 and myospheroid partially rescues the morphogenetic defect resulted from Innexin 2 knockdown. Furthermore, reduction of βPS-Integrin is sufficient to induce early StCs flattening. Taken together, our data suggest that βPS-Integrin acts downstream of Innexin 2 in modulating StCs morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Hsuan Tsao
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Wu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Yah Yu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cammarota C, Finegan TM, Wilson TJ, Yang S, Bergstralh DT. An Axon-Pathfinding Mechanism Preserves Epithelial Tissue Integrity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:5049-5057.e3. [PMID: 33065006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form the boundaries of organs, where they perform a range of functions, including secretion, absorption, and protection. These tissues are commonly composed of discrete cell layers-sheets of cells that are one-cell thick. In multiple systems examined, epithelial cells round up and move in the apical direction before dividing, likely in response to neighbor-cell crowding [1-6]. Because of this movement, daughter cells may be born displaced from the tissue layer. Reintegration of these displaced cells supports tissue growth and maintains tissue architecture [4]. Two conserved IgCAMs (immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules), neuroglian (Nrg) and fasciclin 2 (Fas2), participate in cell reintegration in the Drosophila follicular epithelium [4]. Like their vertebrate orthologs L1CAM and NCAM1/2, respectively, Nrg and Fas2 are cell adhesion molecules primarily studied in the context of nervous system development [7-10]. Consistent with this, we identify another neural IgCAM, Fasciclin 3 (Fas3), as a reintegration factor. Nrg, Fas2, and Fas3 are components of the insect septate junction, the functional equivalent of the vertebrate tight junction, but proliferating follicle cells do not have mature septate junctions, and we find that the septate junction protein neurexin IV does not participate in reintegration [11, 12]. Here, we show that epithelial reintegration works in the same way as IgCAM-mediated axon growth and pathfinding; it relies not only on extracellular adhesion but also mechanical coupling between IgCAMs and the lateral spectrin-based membrane skeleton. Our work indicates that reintegration is mediated by a distinct epithelial adhesion assembly that is compositionally and functionally equivalent to junctions made between axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cammarota
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Tara M Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Tyler J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Sifan Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dan T Bergstralh
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lovegrove HE, Bergstralh DT, St Johnston D. The role of integrins in Drosophila egg chamber morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev.182774. [PMID: 31784458 PMCID: PMC6918751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila egg chamber comprises a germline cyst surrounded by a tightly organised epithelial monolayer, the follicular epithelium (FE). Loss of integrin function from the FE disrupts epithelial organisation at egg chamber termini, but the cause of this phenotype remains unclear. Here, we show that the β-integrin Myospheroid (Mys) is only required during early oogenesis when the pre-follicle cells form the FE. Mutation of mys disrupts both the formation of a monolayered epithelium at egg chamber termini and the morphogenesis of the stalk between adjacent egg chambers, which develops through the intercalation of two rows of cells into a single-cell-wide stalk. Secondary epithelia, like the FE, have been proposed to require adhesion to the basement membrane to polarise. However, Mys is not required for pre-follicle cell polarisation, as both follicle and stalk cells localise polarity factors correctly, despite being mispositioned. Instead, loss of integrins causes pre-follicle cells to constrict basally, detach from the basement membrane and become internalised. Thus, integrin function is dispensable for pre-follicle cell polarity but is required to maintain cellular organisation and cell shape during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dent LG, Manning SA, Kroeger B, Williams AM, Saiful Hilmi AJ, Crea L, Kondo S, Horne-Badovinac S, Harvey KF. The dPix-Git complex is essential to coordinate epithelial morphogenesis and regulate myosin during Drosophila egg chamber development. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008083. [PMID: 31116733 PMCID: PMC6555532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How biochemical and mechanical information are integrated during tissue development is a central question in morphogenesis. In many biological systems, the PIX-GIT complex localises to focal adhesions and integrates both physical and chemical information. We used Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber formation to study the function of PIX and GIT orthologues (dPix and Git, respectively), and discovered a central role for this complex in controlling myosin activity and epithelial monolayering. We found that Git's focal adhesion targeting domain mediates basal localisation of this complex to filament structures and the leading edge of migrating cells. In the absence of dpix and git, tissue disruption is driven by contractile forces, as reduction of myosin activators restores egg production and morphology. Further, dpix and git mutant eggs closely phenocopy defects previously reported in pak mutant epithelia. Together, these results indicate that the dPix-Git complex controls egg chamber morphogenesis by controlling myosin contractility and Pak kinase downstream of focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G. Dent
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LGD); (KFH)
| | - Samuel A. Manning
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Audrey M. Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Luke Crea
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Kondo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kieran F. Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- * E-mail: (LGD); (KFH)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Finegan TM, Na D, Cammarota C, Skeeters AV, Nádasi TJ, Dawney NS, Fletcher AG, Oakes PW, Bergstralh DT. Tissue tension and not interphase cell shape determines cell division orientation in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100072. [PMID: 30478193 PMCID: PMC6356066 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the cell behaviors that drive morphogenesis of the Drosophila follicular epithelium during expansion and elongation of early-stage egg chambers. We found that cell division is not required for elongation of the early follicular epithelium, but drives the tissue toward optimal geometric packing. We examined the orientation of cell divisions with respect to the planar tissue axis and found a bias toward the primary direction of tissue expansion. However, interphase cell shapes demonstrate the opposite bias. Hertwig's rule, which holds that cell elongation determines division orientation, is therefore broken in this tissue. This observation cannot be explained by the anisotropic activity of the conserved Pins/Mud spindle-orienting machinery, which controls division orientation in the apical-basal axis and planar division orientation in other epithelial tissues. Rather, cortical tension at the apical surface translates into planar division orientation in a manner dependent on Canoe/Afadin, which links actomyosin to adherens junctions. These findings demonstrate that division orientation in different axes-apical-basal and planar-is controlled by distinct, independent mechanisms in a proliferating epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daxiang Na
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christian Cammarota
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Austin V Skeeters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tamás J Nádasi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicole S Dawney
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dan T Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Balaji R, Weichselberger V, Classen AK. Response of epithelial cell and tissue shape to external forces in vivo. Development 2019; 146:dev.171256. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
How actomyosin generates forces at epithelial adherens junctions has been extensively studied. However, less is known about how a balance between internal and external forces establishes epithelial cell, tissue and organ shape. We use the Drosophila egg chamber to investigate how contractility at adherens junction in the follicle epithelium is modulated to accommodate and resist forces arising from the growing germline. We find that between stages 6 and 9 adherens junction tension in the post-mitotic epithelium decreases, suggesting that the junctional network relaxes to accommodate germline growth. At that time, a prominent medial Myosin II network coupled to corrugating adherens junctions develops. Local enrichment of medial Myosin II in main body follicle cells resists germline-derived forces, thus constraining apical areas and consequently cuboidal cell shapes at stage 9. At the tissue and organ level, local reinforcement of medial-junctional architecture ensures the timely contact of main body cells with the expanding oocyte and imposes circumferential constraints on the germline guiding egg elongation. Our study provides insight into how adherens junction tension promotes cell and tissue shape transitions while integrating growth and shape of an internally enclosed structure in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Balaji
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vanessa Weichselberger
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Q, Han TH, Nguyen P, Jarnik M, Serpe M. Tenectin recruits integrin to stabilize bouton architecture and regulate vesicle release at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. eLife 2018; 7:35518. [PMID: 29901439 PMCID: PMC6040883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly, maintenance and function of synaptic junctions depend on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their receptors. Here we report that Tenectin (Tnc), a Mucin-type protein with RGD motifs, is an ECM component required for the structural and functional integrity of synaptic specializations at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Using genetics, biochemistry, electrophysiology, histology and electron microscopy, we show that Tnc is secreted from motor neurons and striated muscles and accumulates in the synaptic cleft. Tnc selectively recruits αPS2/βPS integrin at synaptic terminals, but only the cis Tnc/integrin complexes appear to be biologically active. These complexes have distinct pre- and postsynaptic functions, mediated at least in part through the local engagement of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton: the presynaptic complexes control neurotransmitter release, while postsynaptic complexes ensure the size and architectural integrity of synaptic boutons. Our study reveals an unprecedented role for integrin in the synaptic recruitment of spectrin-based membrane skeleton. Nerve cells or neurons can communicate with each other by releasing chemical messengers into the gap between them, the synapse. Both neurons and synapses are surrounded by a network of proteins called the extracellular matrix, which anchors, protects and supports the synapse. The matrix also helps to regulate the dynamic communication across the synapses and consequently neurons. Little is known about the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in particular about the ones involved in structural support. This is especially important for the so-called neuromuscular junctions, where neurons stimulate muscle contraction and trigger vigorous movement. Receptor proteins on cell surfaces, such as integrins, can bind to the extracellular matrix proteins to anchor the cells and are important for all cell junctions, including synaptic junctions. But because of their many essential roles during development, it was unclear how integrins modulate the activity of the synapse. To investigate this further, Wang et al. studied the neuromuscular junctions of fruit flies. The experiments revealed that both muscle and neurons secrete a large protein called Tenectin, which accumulates into the small space between the neuron and the muscle, the synaptic cleft. This protein can bind to integrin and is necessary to support the neuromuscular junction structurally and functionally. Wang et al. discovered that Tenectin works by gathering integrins on the surface of the neuron and the muscle. In the neuron, Tenectin forms complexes with integrin to regulate the release of neurotransmitters. In the muscle, the complexes provide support to the synaptic structures. However, when Tenectin was experimentally removed, it only disrupted the integrins at the neuromuscular junction, without affecting integrins in other regions of the cells, such as the site where the muscle uses integrins to attach to the tendon. Moreover, without Tenectin an important intracellular scaffolding meshwork that lines up and reinforces cell membranes was no longer organized properly at the synapse. A next step will be to identify the missing components between Tenectin/integrin complexes on the surface of neurons and the neurotransmitter release machinery inside the cells. The extracellular matrix and its receptors play fundamental roles in the development and function of the nervous system. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms will help us to better understand the complex interplay between the synapse and the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Peter Nguyen
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Forest E, Logeay R, Géminard C, Kantar D, Frayssinoux F, Heron-Milhavet L, Djiane A. The apical scaffold big bang binds to spectrins and regulates the growth of Drosophila melanogaster wing discs. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1047-1062. [PMID: 29326287 PMCID: PMC5839784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cell proliferation is regulated, ensuring that tissues reach their correct size and shape. Forest et al. show that the Drosophila melanogaster scaffold protein big bang (Bbg) controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. Bbg interacts with spectrins at the apical cortex and promotes Yki signaling and actomyosin contractility. During development, cell numbers are tightly regulated, ensuring that tissues and organs reach their correct size and shape. Recent evidence has highlighted the intricate connections between the cytoskeleton and the regulation of the key growth control Hippo pathway. Looking for apical scaffolds regulating tissue growth, we describe that Drosophila melanogaster big bang (Bbg), a poorly characterized multi-PDZ scaffold, controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. bbg-mutant tissues are smaller, with fewer cells that are less apically constricted than normal. We show that Bbg binds to and colocalizes tightly with the β-heavy–Spectrin/Kst subunit at the apical cortex and promotes Yki activity, F-actin enrichment, and the phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash. We propose a model in which the spectrin cytoskeleton recruits Bbg to the cortex, where Bbg promotes actomyosin contractility to regulate epithelial tissue growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Forest
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Logeay
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Géminard
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duhart JC, Parsons TT, Raftery LA. The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure. Mech Dev 2017; 148:18-39. [PMID: 28433748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis. Major insights into collective cell migrations have come from analyses of morphogenetic movements within the adult follicular epithelium that cooperates with female germ cells to build a mature egg. Epithelial follicle cells progress through tightly choreographed phases of proliferation, patterning, reorganization and migrations, before they differentiate to form the elaborate structures of the eggshell. Distinct structural domains are organized by differential adhesion, within which lateral junctions are remodeled to further shape the organized epithelia. During collective cell migrations, adhesive interactions mediate supracellular organization of planar polarized macromolecules, and facilitate crawling over the basement membrane or traction against adjacent cell surfaces. Comparative studies with other insects are revealing the diversification of morphogenetic movements for elaboration of epithelial structures. This review surveys the repertoire of follicle cell morphogenesis, to highlight the coordination of epithelial plasticity with progressive differentiation of a secretory epithelium. Technological advances will keep this tissue at the leading edge for interrogating the precise spatiotemporal regulation of normal epithelial reorganization events, and provide a framework for understanding pathological tissue dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Travis T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The lateral membrane plays an important role in the mechanical stability of epithelial cell sheet in steady state. In addition, the lateral membrane is continuously remodeled during dynamic processes such as cell extrusion, cytokinesis, and intercellular cell movement. In wound healing, the lateral membrane must be built from flat and spread cells that had crawled into the area of the wound. Thus, forming the lateral membrane is a phenomenon that occurs not only in development but also during homeostatic maintenance and regeneration of differentiated epithelial tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grewal T, Hoque M, Conway JRW, Reverter M, Wahba M, Beevi SS, Timpson P, Enrich C, Rentero C. Annexin A6-A multifunctional scaffold in cell motility. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11:288-304. [PMID: 28060548 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1268318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to a highly conserved protein family characterized by their calcium (Ca2+)-dependent binding to phospholipids. Over the years, immunohistochemistry, subcellular fractionations, and live cell microscopy established that AnxA6 is predominantly found at the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. In these locations, AnxA6 acts as a multifunctional scaffold protein, recruiting signaling proteins, modulating cholesterol and membrane transport and influencing actin dynamics. These activities enable AnxA6 to contribute to the formation of multifactorial protein complexes and membrane domains relevant in signal transduction, cholesterol homeostasis and endo-/exocytic membrane transport. Hence, AnxA6 has been implicated in many biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, inflammation, but also membrane repair and viral infection. More recently, we and others identified roles for AnxA6 in cancer cell migration and invasion. This review will discuss how the multiple scaffold functions may enable AnxA6 to modulate migratory cell behavior in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Monira Hoque
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- b The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Meritxell Reverter
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Syed S Beevi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- b The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Carlos Enrich
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khanal I, Elbediwy A, Diaz de la Loza MDC, Fletcher GC, Thompson BJ. Shot and Patronin polarise microtubules to direct membrane traffic and biogenesis of microvilli in epithelia. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2651-9. [PMID: 27231092 PMCID: PMC4958304 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, polarisation of microtubules and actin microvilli occurs along the apical-basal axis of each cell, yet how these cytoskeletal polarisation events are coordinated remains unclear. Here, we examine the hierarchy of events during cytoskeletal polarisation in Drosophila melanogaster epithelia. Core apical-basal polarity determinants polarise the spectrin cytoskeleton to recruit the microtubule-binding proteins Patronin (CAMSAP1, CAMSAP2 and CAMSAP3 in humans) and Shortstop [Shot; MACF1 and BPAG1 (also known as DST) in humans] to the apical membrane domain. Patronin and Shot then act to polarise microtubules along the apical-basal axis to enable apical transport of Rab11 endosomes by the Nuf-Dynein microtubule motor complex. Finally, Rab11 endosomes are transferred to the MyoV (also known as Didum in Drosophila) actin motor to deliver the key microvillar determinant Cadherin 99C to the apical membrane to organise the biogenesis of actin microvilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichha Khanal
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ahmed Elbediwy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | | | - Barry J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ng BF, Selvaraj GK, Santa-Cruz Mateos C, Grosheva I, Alvarez-Garcia I, Martín-Bermudo MD, Palacios IM. α-Spectrin and integrins act together to regulate actomyosin and columnarization, and to maintain a monolayered follicular epithelium. J Cell Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|