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Tamaoki N, Siebert S, Maeda T, Ha NH, Good ML, Huang Y, Vodnala SK, Haro-Mora JJ, Uchida N, Tisdale JF, Sweeney CL, Choi U, Brault J, Koontz S, Malech HL, Yamazaki Y, Isonaka R, Goldstein DS, Kimura M, Takebe T, Zou J, Stroncek DF, Robey PG, Kruhlak MJ, Restifo NP, Vizcardo R. Self-organized yolk sac-like organoids allow for scalable generation of multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100460. [PMID: 37159663 PMCID: PMC10163025 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into various types of blood cells has been well established, approaches for clinical-scale production of multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) remain challenging. We found that hiPSCs cocultured with stromal cells as spheroids (hematopoietic spheroids [Hp-spheroids]) can grow in a stirred bioreactor and develop into yolk sac-like organoids without the addition of exogenous factors. Hp-spheroid-induced organoids recapitulated a yolk sac-characteristic cellular complement and structures as well as the functional ability to generate HPCs with lympho-myeloid potential. Moreover, sequential hemato-vascular ontogenesis could also be observed during organoid formation. We demonstrated that organoid-induced HPCs can be differentiated into erythroid cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes with current maturation protocols. Notably, the Hp-spheroid system can be performed in an autologous and xeno-free manner, thereby improving the feasibility of bulk production of hiPSC-derived HPCs in clinical, therapeutic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naritaka Tamaoki
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ngoc-Han Ha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meghan L. Good
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suman K. Vodnala
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan J. Haro-Mora
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin L. Sweeney
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie Brault
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherry Koontz
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Risa Isonaka
- Autonomic Medicine Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David S. Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), and Division of Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David F. Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J. Kruhlak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raul Vizcardo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center of Cell-based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Yu Y, Li X, Li Y, Wei R, Li H, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Derivation and Characterization of Endothelial Cells from Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137029. [PMID: 35806048 PMCID: PMC9266935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the study on the regulatory mechanism of endothelial differentiation from the perspective of development provides references for endothelial cell (EC) derivation from pluripotent stem cells, incomplete reprogramming and donor-specific epigenetic memory are still thought to be the obstacles of iPSCs for clinical application. Thus, it is necessary to establish a stable iPSC-EC induction system and investigate the regulatory mechanism of endothelial differentiation. Based on a single-layer culture system, we successfully obtained ECs from porcine iPSCs (piPSCs). In vitro, the derived piPSC-ECs formed microvessel-like structures along 3D gelatin scaffolds. Under pathological conditions, the piPSC-ECs functioned on hindlimb ischemia repair by promoting blood vessel formation. To elucidate the molecular events essential for endothelial differentiation in our model, genome-wide transcriptional profile analysis was conducted, and we found that during piPSC-EC derivation, the synthesis and secretion level of TGF-β as well as the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 changed dynamically. TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling activation promoted mesoderm formation and prevented endothelial differentiation. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of iPSC-EC derivation not only paves the way for further optimization, but also provides reference for establishing a cardiovascular drug screening platform and revealing the molecular mechanism of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Xuechun Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Yimei Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Hai Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
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3
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Wang X, Wang R, Jiang L, Xu Q, Guo X. Endothelial repair by stem and progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:133-146. [PMID: 34743936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial barrier is required to maintain vascular homeostasis and fluid balance between the circulatory system and surrounding tissues and to prevent the development of vascular disease. However, the origin of the newly developed endothelial cells is still controversial. Stem and progenitor cells have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cell lines and stimulate vascular regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. The one source of new endothelial cells was believed to come from the bone marrow, which was challenged by the recent findings. By administration of new techniques, including genetic cell lineage tracing and single cell RNA sequencing, more solid data were obtained that support the concept of stem/progenitor cells for regenerating damaged endothelium. Specifically, it was found that tissue resident endothelial progenitors located in the vessel wall were crucial for endothelial repair. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in stem and progenitor cell research in endothelial regeneration through findings from animal models and discussed clinical data to indicate the future direction of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Role of TGFβ1 and WNT6 in FGF2 and BMP4-driven endothelial differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Angiogenesis 2021; 25:113-128. [PMID: 34478025 PMCID: PMC8813801 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES) are a valuable source of endothelial cells. By co-culturing ES cells with the stromal PA6 cells, the endothelial commitment can be achieved by adding exogenous FGF2 or BMP4. In this work, the molecular pathways that direct the differentiation of ES cells toward endothelium in response to FGF2 are evaluated and compared to those activated by BMP4. To this purpose the genes expression profiles of both ES/PA6 co-cultures and of pure cultures of PA6 cells were obtained by microarray technique at different time points. The bioinformatics processing of the data indicated TGFβ1 as the most represented upstream regulator in FGF2-induced endothelial commitment while WNT pathway as the most represented in BMP4-activated endothelial differentiation. Loss of function experiments were performed to validate the importance of TGFβ1 and WNT6 respectively in FGF2 and BMP4-induced endothelial differentiation. The loss of TGFβ1 expression significantly impaired the accomplishment of the endothelial commitment unless exogenous recombinant TGFβ1 was added to the culture medium. Similarly, silencing WNT6 expression partially affected the endothelial differentiation of the ES cells upon BMP4 stimulation. Such dysfunction was recovered by the addition of recombinant WNT6 to the culture medium. The ES/PA6 co-culture system recreates an in vitro complete microenvironment in which endothelial commitment is accomplished in response to alternative signals through different mechanisms. Given the importance of WNT and TGFβ1 in mediating the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells this work adds new insights in the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis and of its possible inhibition.
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5
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Richter A, Alexdottir MS, Magnus SH, Richter TR, Morikawa M, Zwijsen A, Valdimarsdottir G. EGFL7 Mediates BMP9-Induced Sprouting Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1250-1259. [PMID: 31155507 PMCID: PMC6565989 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are instrumental in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of human vascular development and disease. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a pivotal role in cardiovascular development in mice, but their importance for vascular cells derived from hESCs has not yet been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that BMP9 promotes, via its receptor ALK1 and SMAD1/5 activation, sprouting angiogenesis of hESC-derived endothelial cells. We show that the secreted angiogenic factor epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) is a downstream target of BMP9-SMAD1/5-mediated signaling, and that EGFL7 promotes expansion of endothelium via interference with NOTCH signaling, activation of ERK, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of EGFL7 highlights the critical role of EGFL7 in BMP9-induced endothelial sprouting and the promotion of angiogenesis. Our study illustrates the complex role of the BMP family in orchestrating hESC vascular development and endothelial sprouting. BMP9/ALK1 signaling induces sprouting of hESC-derived endothelial cells EGFL7 mediates BMP9-induced sprouting angiogenesis of hESC-derived endothelial cells EGFL7 inhibits the NOTCH pathway and activates the ERK pathway in HUVECs EGFL7 affects the extracellular matrix in HUVECs
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Marta S Alexdottir
- Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Svala H Magnus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tobias R Richter
- Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Masato Morikawa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, ON4 Herestraat 49, Box 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, ON4 Herestraat 49, Box 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Valdimarsdottir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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6
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Wang Y, Qian DEJ, Zhong WY, Lu JH, Guo XK, Cao YL, Liu J. TGF-β1 induces the formation of vascular-like structures in embryoid bodies derived from human embryonic stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:52-58. [PMID: 24944596 PMCID: PMC4061233 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into endothelial cells in response to stimuli from extracellular cytokines. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling is involved in stem cell renewal and vascular development. Previously, human ESCs were isolated from inner cell mass and a stable ESC line was developed. In the present study, the effects of extracellular TGF-β1 were investigated on human ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EB) in suspension. The structures of the EBs were analyzed with light and electron microscopy, while the cellular composition of the EBs was examined via the expression levels of specific markers. Vascular-like tubular structures and cardiomyocyte-like beating cells were observed in the EBs at day 3 and 8, respectively. The frequencies of vascular-like structures and beating cells in the TGF-β1 treated group were significantly higher compared with the control group (84.31 vs. 12.77%; P<0.001; 37.25 vs. 8.51%; P<0.001, respectively). Electron microscopy revealed the presence of lumens and gap junctions in the sections of the tubular structures. Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed elevated expression levels of CD31 and fetal liver kinase-1 in EBs cultured with TGF-β1. In addition, extensive staining of von Willebrand factor was observed in the vascular-like structures of TGF-β1-treated EBs. Therefore, the results of the present study may aid the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of human ESC differentiation and improve the methods of propagating specific cell types for the clinical therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - DE-Jian Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hong Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Kai Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China ; Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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7
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miR-142-3p Controls the Specification of Definitive Hemangioblasts during Ontogeny. Dev Cell 2013; 26:237-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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8
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Zhu Z, Huangfu D. Human pluripotent stem cells: an emerging model in developmental biology. Development 2013; 140:705-17. [PMID: 23362344 DOI: 10.1242/dev.086165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental biology has long benefited from studies of classic model organisms. Recently, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, have emerged as a new model system that offers unique advantages for developmental studies. Here, we discuss how studies of hPSCs can complement classic approaches using model organisms, and how hPSCs can be used to recapitulate aspects of human embryonic development 'in a dish'. We also summarize some of the recently developed genetic tools that greatly facilitate the interrogation of gene function during hPSC differentiation. With the development of high-throughput screening technologies, hPSCs have the potential to revolutionize gene discovery in mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Zhu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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9
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Wara AK, Foo S, Croce K, Sun X, Icli B, Tesmenitsky Y, Esen F, Lee JS, Subramaniam M, Spelsberg TC, Lev EI, Leshem-Lev D, Pande RL, Creager MA, Rosenzweig A, Feinberg MW. TGF-β1 signaling and Krüppel-like factor 10 regulate bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cell differentiation, function, and neovascularization. Blood 2011; 118:6450-60. [PMID: 21828131 PMCID: PMC3236126 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-363713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that proangiogenic cells (PACs) originate from the BM and are capable of being recruited to sites of ischemic injury where they contribute to neovascularization. We previously determined that among hematopoietic progenitor stem cells, common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GMPs) differentiate into PACs and possess robust angiogenic activity under ischemic conditions. Herein, we report that a TGF-β1-responsive Krüppel- like factor, KLF10, is strongly expressed in PACs derived from CMPs and GMPs, ∼ 60-fold higher than in progenitors lacking PAC markers. KLF10(-/-) mice present with marked defects in PAC differentiation, function, TGF-β responsiveness, and impaired blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia, an effect rescued by wild-type PACs, but not KLF10(-/-) PACs. Overexpression studies revealed that KLF10 could rescue PAC formation from TGF-β1(+/-) CMPs and GMPs. Mechanistically, KLF10 targets the VEGFR2 promoter in PACs which may underlie the observed effects. These findings may be clinically relevant because KLF10 expression was also found to be significantly reduced in PACs from patients with peripheral artery disease. Collectively, these observations identify TGF-β1 signaling and KLF10 as key regulators of functional PACs derived from CMPs and GMPs and may provide a therapeutic target during cardiovascular ischemic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akm Khyrul Wara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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On-target inhibition of tumor fermentative glycolysis as visualized by hyperpolarized pyruvate. Neoplasia 2011; 13:60-71. [PMID: 21245941 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells display the Warburg effect, that is, enhanced glycolysis followed by fermentation (conversion of pyruvate to lactate). Recently, the molecular basis for these effects has started to be elucidated, and the up-regulation of the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) isoform of lactate dehydrogenase is felt to be a major molecular mediator of this phenomenon. Moreover, LDH-A expression in tumor tissue and LDH-A levels in blood portend a bad prognosis, and LDH-A blockade can lead to tumor growth inhibition in tumor transplant models. We have extended existing data (some of which were published during the time when we were carrying out our studies) in two important ways: 1) inhibition of LDH-A in a glycolytic lung cancer cell line results in reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis and increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel and 2) inhibition of fermentative glycolysis can also be accomplished by activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by the drug dichloroacetate, now undergoing clinical trials, and that this phenomenon can be monitored in vivo in a noninvasive real-time manner through magnetic resonance spectroscopy using hyperpolarized pyruvate. Collectively, these data suggest that in vivo effects of drugs that redirect the fate of pyruvate, and hence are aimed at reversing the Warburg effect, could be monitored through the use of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a method that is scalable to human use.
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11
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Kane NM, Xiao Q, Baker AH, Luo Z, Xu Q, Emanueli C. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation into vascular cells: A novel technology with promises for vascular re(generation). Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129:29-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Iacobas I, Vats A, Hirschi KK. Vascular potential of human pluripotent stem cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1110-7. [PMID: 20453170 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death and disability in the US. Understanding the biological activity of stem and progenitor cells, and their ability to contribute to the repair, regeneration and remodeling of the heart and blood vessels affected by pathological processes is an essential part of the paradigm in enabling us to achieve a reduction in related deaths. Both human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are promising sources of cells for clinical cardiovascular therapies. Additional in vitro studies are needed, however, to understand their relative phenotypes and molecular regulation toward cardiovascular cell fates. Further studies in translational animal models are also needed to gain insights into the potential and function of both human ES- and iPS-derived cardiovascular cells, and enable translation from experimental and preclinical studies to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Iacobas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Vijayaragavan K, Szabo E, Bossé M, Ramos-Mejia V, Moon RT, Bhatia M. Noncanonical Wnt signaling orchestrates early developmental events toward hematopoietic cell fate from human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:248-62. [PMID: 19265664 PMCID: PMC2742366 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During human development, signals that govern lineage specification versus expansion of cells committed to a cell fate are poorly understood. We demonstrate that activation of canonical Wnt signaling by Wnt3a promotes proliferation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)--precursors already committed to the hematopoietic lineage. In contrast, noncanonical Wnt signals, activated by Wnt11, control exit from the pluripotent state and entry toward mesoderm specification. Unique to embryoid body (EB) formation of hESCs, Wnt11 induces development and arrangement of cells expressing Brachyury that coexpress E-cadherin and Frizzled-7 (Fzd7). Knockdown of Fzd7 expression blocks Wnt11-dependent specification. Our study reveals an unappreciated role for noncanonical Wnt signaling in hESC specification that involves development of unique mesoderm precursors via morphogenic organization within human EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausalia Vijayaragavan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Tan AR, Alexe G, Reiss M. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling: emerging stem cell target in metastatic breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:453-95. [PMID: 18841463 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In most human breast cancers, lowering of TGFbeta receptor- or Smad gene expression combined with increased levels of TGFbetas in the tumor microenvironment is sufficient to abrogate TGFbetas tumor suppressive effects and to induce a mesenchymal, motile and invasive phenotype. In genetic mouse models, TGFbeta signaling suppresses de novo mammary cancer formation but promotes metastasis of tumors that have broken through TGFbeta tumor suppression. In mouse models of "triple-negative" or basal-like breast cancer, treatment with TGFbeta neutralizing antibodies or receptor kinase inhibitors strongly inhibits development of lung- and bone metastases. These TGFbeta antagonists do not significantly affect tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis. Rather, they de-repress anti-tumor immunity, inhibit angiogenesis and reverse the mesenchymal, motile, invasive phenotype characteristic of basal-like and HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Patterns of TGFbeta target genes upregulation in human breast cancers suggest that TGFbeta may drive tumor progression in estrogen-independent cancer, while it mediates a suppressive host cell response in estrogen-dependent luminal cancers. In addition, TGFbeta appears to play a key role in maintaining the mammary epithelial (cancer) stem cell pool, in part by inducing a mesenchymal phenotype, while differentiated, estrogen receptor-positive, luminal cells are unresponsive to TGFbeta because the TGFBR2 receptor gene is transcriptionally silent. These same cells respond to estrogen by downregulating TGFbeta, while antiestrogens act by upregulating TGFbeta. This model predicts that inhibiting TGFbeta signaling should drive the differentiation of mammary stem cells into ductal cells. Consequently, TGFbeta antagonists may convert basal-like or HER2-positive cancers to a more epithelioid, non-proliferating (and, perhaps, non-metastatic) phenotype. Conversely, these agents might antagonize the therapeutic effects of anti-estrogens in estrogen-dependent luminal cancers. These predictions need to be addressed prospectively in clinical trials and should inform the selection of patient populations most likely to benefit from this novel anti-metastatic therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette R Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Peiffer I, Barbet R, Zhou YP, Li ML, Monier MN, Hatzfeld A, Hatzfeld JA. Use of Xenofree Matrices and Molecularly-Defined Media to Control Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency: Effect of Low Physiological TGF-βConcentrations. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:519-33. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Peiffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, CNRS, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Yi-Ping Zhou
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ma-Lin Li
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Marie-Noëlle Monier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoinette Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques A. Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
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Conley BJ, Ellis S, Gulluyan L, Mollard R. BMPs regulate differentiation of a putative visceral endoderm layer within human embryonic stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:121-32. [PMID: 17464352 DOI: 10.1139/o06-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs), pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of human blastocysts, represent a novel tool for the study of early human developmental events. When cultured in suspension with serum, HESCs form spherical structures resembling embryoid bodies (EBs). We show that differentiation of HESCs within EBs occurs radially, with central cells then undergoing apoptosis in association with EB cavitation. Cells within the outer layer of cavitating EBs display stage-specific immunoreactivity to pan-keratin, cytokeratin-8, GATA6, alpha-fetoprotein, and transthyretin specific antibodies, and hybridization to disabled-2, GATA4, and GATA6 specific riboprobes. Transmission electron microscopy of these cells reveals clathrin-coated micropinocytotic vesicles, microvilli, and many vacuoles, a phenotype consistent with mouse visceral endoderm (VE) rather than mouse definitive or parietal endoderm. When cultured in media supplemented with the BMP inhibitor noggin, or in the absence of serum, HESC derivatives do not develop the mouse VE-like phenotype. The addition of BMP-4 to noggin-treated HESCs cultured in serum or in serum-free conditions reconstituted development of the VE-like phenotype. These data demonstrate that human EBs undergo developmental events similar to those of mouse EBs and that in vitro BMP signalling induces derivatives of the human ICM to express a phenotype similar to mouse VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock J Conley
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausalia Vijayaragavan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Greber B, Lehrach H, Adjaye J. Fibroblast growth factor 2 modulates transforming growth factor beta signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human ESCs (hESCs) to support hESC self-renewal. Stem Cells 2006; 25:455-64. [PMID: 17038665 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is known to promote self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In addition, it has been shown that transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling is crucial in that the TGFbeta/Activin/Nodal branch of the pathway needs to be activated and the bone morphogenic protein (BMP)/GDF branch repressed to prevent differentiation. This holds particularly true for Serum Replacement-based medium containing BMP-like activity. We have reinvestigated a widely used protocol for conditioning hESC medium with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We show that FGF2 acts on MEFs to release supportive factors and reduce differentiation-inducing activity. FGF2 stimulation experiments with supportive and nonsupportive MEFs followed by genome-wide expression profiling revealed that FGF2 regulates the expression of key members of the TGFbeta pathway, with Inhba, Tgfb1, Grem1, and Bmp4 being the most likely candidates orchestrating the above activities. In addition, restimulation experiments in hESCs combined with global expression analysis revealed downstream targets of FGF2 signaling in these cells. Among these were the same factors previously identified in MEFs, thus suggesting that FGF2, at least in part, promotes self-renewal of hESCs by modulating the expression of TGFbeta ligands, which, in turn, act on hESCs in a concerted and autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Greber
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, Berlin D-14195, Germany
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