1
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Yasodha K, Lizha Mary L, Surajit P, Satish R. Exosomes from metastatic colon cancer cells drive the proliferation and migration of primary colon cancer through increased expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133 and DCLK1. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102163. [PMID: 37487255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of biological material between the neighbouring cells is essential for homeostasis. In pathological conditions, such as cancer, the major challenge in cancer treatment is the abnormal expression of crucial proteins and miRNA exchanged between the cancer cells through extracellular vesicles called exosomes. Clinically, it has been noticed that the primary tumour and the distal metastases are interconnected and co-dependent. The exosomes are key factors responsible for preparing the pre-metastatic niche and communicating between the tumour and the distal metastatic site. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with self-renewal characteristics and are shown to be responsible for metastasis. This study aims to understand the effect of metastatic cell line-derived exosomes and their regulation of CSC marker expressions on primary colon cancer cell lines. We have identified that treatment of primary colon cancer cell lines with metastatic colon cancer cell-derived exosomes has significantly increased the proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and invasion. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number and size of spheroids following the exosomes treatment. We found that this metastatic phenotype is due to the increased expression of CD133 and DCLK1 in primary colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yasodha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - L Lizha Mary
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Pathak Surajit
- Department of Allied Health Sciences. Chettinad Academy of Science and Technology, Kelambakkam, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - R Satish
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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2
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-receptor interactions and microvesicle exchange as mechanisms modulating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109509. [PMID: 36935005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that astrocytes play a significant metabolic role in the nervous tissue, maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular space and of the blood-brain barrier, and providing trophic support to neurons. In addition, however, evidence exists indicating astrocytes as important elements for brain activity through signaling exchange with neurons. Astrocytes, indeed, can sense synaptic activity and their molecular machinery responds to neurotransmitters released by neurons with cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations that, in turn, stimulate the release of neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters) influencing nearby neurons. In both cell types the recognition and transduction of this complex pattern of signals is mediated by specific receptors that are also involved in mechanisms tuning the intercellular cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons. Two of these mechanisms are the focus of the present discussion. The first concerns direct receptor-receptor interactions leading to the formation at the cell membrane of multimeric receptor complexes. The cooperativity that emerges in the actions of orthosteric and allosteric ligands of the monomers forming the assembly provides the cell decoding apparatus with sophisticated and flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction pathways. A further mechanism of plasticity involving receptors is based on the transfer of elements of the cellular signaling apparatus via extracellular microvesicles acting as protective containers, which can lead to transient changes in the transmitting/decoding capabilities of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
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3
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Hallal S, Tűzesi Á, Grau GE, Buckland ME, Alexander KL. Understanding the extracellular vesicle surface for clinical molecular biology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12260. [PMID: 36239734 PMCID: PMC9563386 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-membrane enclosed nanoparticles that play significant roles in health and disease. EVs are abundant in body fluids and carry an array of molecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and glycans) that reflect the identity and activity of their cell-of-origin. While the advent of high throughput omics technologies has allowed in-depth characterisation of EV compositions, how these molecular species are spatially distributed within EV structures is not well appreciated. This is particularly true of the EV surface where a plethora of molecules are reported to be both integral and peripherally associated to the EV membrane. This coronal layer or 'atmosphere' that surrounds the EV membrane contributes to a large, highly interactive and dynamic surface area that is responsible for facilitating EV interactions with the extracellular environment. The EV coronal layer harbours surface molecules that reflect the identity of parent cells, which is likely a highly valuable property in the context of diagnostic liquid biopsies. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the mechanical, electrostatic and molecular properties of the EV surface that offer significant biomarker potential and contribute to a highly dynamic interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hallal
- Neurosurgery DepartmentChris O'Brien LifehouseCamperdownNSWAustralia,Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Ágota Tűzesi
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Michael E. Buckland
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | - Kimberley L. Alexander
- Neurosurgery DepartmentChris O'Brien LifehouseCamperdownNSWAustralia,Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind CentreThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia,Neuropathology DepartmentRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia,School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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4
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Intercellular Communication in the Central Nervous System as Deduced by Chemical Neuroanatomy and Quantitative Analysis of Images: Impact on Neuropharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105805. [PMID: 35628615 PMCID: PMC9145073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, new evidence on brain structure and function has been acquired by morphological investigations based on synergic interactions between biochemical anatomy approaches, new techniques in microscopy and brain imaging, and quantitative analysis of the obtained images. This effort produced an expanded view on brain architecture, illustrating the central nervous system as a huge network of cells and regions in which intercellular communication processes, involving not only neurons but also other cell populations, virtually determine all aspects of the integrative function performed by the system. The main features of these processes are described. They include the two basic modes of intercellular communication identified (i.e., wiring and volume transmission) and mechanisms modulating the intercellular signaling, such as cotransmission and allosteric receptor–receptor interactions. These features may also open new possibilities for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to address central nervous system diseases. This aspect, with a potential major impact on molecular medicine, will be also briefly discussed.
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5
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Fisher AL, Babitt JL. Coordination of iron homeostasis by bone morphogenetic proteins: Current understanding and unanswered questions. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:26-46. [PMID: 33993583 PMCID: PMC8594283 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance the iron requirement for erythropoiesis and other vital cellular functions, while preventing cellular injury from iron excess. The liver hormone hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron balance by controlling the degradation and function of the sole known mammalian iron exporter ferroportin. Liver hepcidin expression is coordinately regulated by several signals that indicate the need for more or less iron, including plasma and tissue iron levels, inflammation, and erythropoietic drive. Most of these signals regulate hepcidin expression by modulating the activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD pathway, which controls hepcidin transcription. Genetic disorders of iron overload and iron deficiency have identified several hepatocyte membrane proteins that play a critical role in mediating the BMP-SMAD and hepcidin regulatory response to iron. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which serum and tissue iron levels are sensed to regulate BMP ligand production and promote the physical and/or functional interaction of these proteins to modulate SMAD signaling and hepcidin expression remain uncertain. This critical commentary will focus on the current understanding and key unanswered questions regarding how the liver senses iron levels to regulate BMP-SMAD signaling and thereby hepcidin expression to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Corresponding author: Jodie L Babitt, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Mailing address: 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8208, Boston, MA 02114. Telephone: +1 (617) 643-3181.
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6
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Kurz K, Weiss G. Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis-Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:3732. [PMID: 34835988 PMCID: PMC8619077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. What we know on the potential use of exosomes for nanodelivery. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:13-25. [PMID: 34517111 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor therapy is taking into consideration the possibility to use natural nanovesicles, called exosomes, as an ideal delivery for both old and new anti-cancer molecules. This with the attempt to improve the efficacy, at the same time reducing the systemic toxicity of physical, chemical, and biological molecules. Exosomes may in fact increase the level of biomimetism, through simulating what really occurs in nature. Although extracellularly released vesicles include both microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, only exosomes have the size that may be considered suitable for potential use to this purpose, also by analogy with the diffusely used artificial nanoparticles, such as lyposomes. In fact, recent reports have shown that exosomes are able to interact with target cells within an organ or at a distance using different mechanisms. Much is yet to be understood about exosomes, and currently, we are looking at the visible top of an iceberg, with most of what we have to understand on these nanovesicles still under the sea. In fact, we know that exosomes released by normal cells always trigger positive effects, while those released by cells in pathological condition, such as tumors may induce undesired, dangerous, and mostly unknown effects. To date we have many pre-clinical data available and possibly useful to think about a strategic use of exosomes as a delivery nanodevice in cancer treatment. However, this review wants to critically emphasize two important points actually hampering further discussion in the field : (i) the clinical data are virtually absent at the moment ; (ii) the best cellular source of exosomes to be used to deliver drugs is really far to be defined. Facing off these two points may well facilitate the attempt to figure out this very important issue for improving at the best future anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Berezovsky B, Báječný M, Frýdlová J, Gurieva I, Rogalsky DW, Přikryl P, Pospíšil V, Nečas E, Vokurka M, Krijt J. Effect of Erythropoietin on the Expression of Murine Transferrin Receptor 2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158209. [PMID: 34360974 PMCID: PMC8348427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) downregulates hepcidin expression to increase the availability of iron; the downregulation of hepcidin is mediated by erythroferrone (ERFE) secreted by erythroblasts. Erythroblasts also express transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2); however, the possible role of TFR2 in hepcidin downregulation is unclear. The purpose of the study was to correlate liver expression of hepcidin with the expression of ERFE and TFR2 in murine bone marrow and spleen at 4, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following administration of a single dose of EPO. Splenic Fam132b expression increased 4 h after EPO injection; liver hepcidin mRNA was decreased at 16 h. In the spleen, expression of TFR2 and transferrin receptor (TFR1) proteins increased by an order of magnitude at 48 and 72 h after EPO treatment. The EPO-induced increase in splenic TFR2 and TFR1 was associated with an increase in the number of Tfr2- and Tfr1-expressing erythroblasts. Plasma exosomes prepared from EPO-treated mice displayed increased amount of TFR1 protein; however, no exosomal TFR2 was detected. Overall, the results confirm the importance of ERFE in stress erythropoiesis, support the role of TFR2 in erythroid cell development, and highlight possible differences in the removal of TFR2 and TFR1 from erythroid cell membranes.
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9
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Busso-Lopes AF, Carnielli CM, Winck FV, Patroni FMDS, Oliveira AK, Granato DC, E Costa RAP, Domingues RR, Pauletti BA, Riaño-Pachón DM, Aricetti J, Caldana C, Graner E, Coletta RD, Dryden K, Fox JW, Paes Leme AF. A Reductionist Approach Using Primary and Metastatic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Hub Proteins Associated with Oral Cancer Prognosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100118. [PMID: 34186243 PMCID: PMC8350068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has high mortality rates that are largely associated with lymph node metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive OSCC metastasis are unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles that play a role in intercellular communication and impact cancer development and progression. Thus, profiling EVs would be of great significance to decipher their role in OSCC metastasis. For that purpose, we used a reductionist approach to map the proteomic, miRNA, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles of EVs derived from human primary tumor (SCC-9) cells and matched lymph node metastatic (LN1) cells. Distinct omics profiles were associated with the metastatic phenotype, including 670 proteins, 217 miRNAs, 26 metabolites, and 63 lipids differentially abundant between LN1 cell– and SCC-9 cell–derived EVs. A multi-omics integration identified 11 ‘hub proteins’ significantly decreased at the metastatic site compared with primary tumor–derived EVs. We confirmed the validity of these findings with analysis of data from multiple public databases and found that low abundance of seven ‘hub proteins’ in EVs from metastatic lymph nodes (ALDH7A1, CAD, CANT1, GOT1, MTHFD1, PYGB, and SARS) is correlated with reduced survival and tumor aggressiveness in patients with cancer. In summary, this multi-omics approach identified proteins transported by EVs that are associated with metastasis and which may potentially serve as prognostic markers in OSCC. Proteomic, miRNA, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles were mapped in oral cancer EVs. The molecular profile of EVs was associated with the lymph node metastatic phenotype. A multi-omics integrative analysis revealed 11 highly connected ‘hub proteins.’ ‘Hub proteins’ from EVs are candidates as prognostic markers in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Fidelis Busso-Lopes
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Moretto Carnielli
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Vischi Winck
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas Regulatórios, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Malta de Sá Patroni
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rute Alves Pereira E Costa
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Romênia Ramos Domingues
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas Regulatórios, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aricetti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorrenováveis - LNBR, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Edgard Graner
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Della Coletta
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Dryden
- Molecular Electron Microscopy Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay William Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências - LNBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Colucci S, Marques O, Altamura S. 20 years of Hepcidin: How far we have come. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:132-144. [PMID: 34389105 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago the discovery of hepcidin deeply changed our understanding of the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. It is now clear that hepcidin orchestrates systemic iron levels by controlling the amount of iron exported into the bloodstream through ferroportin. Hepcidin expression is increased in situations where systemic iron levels should be reduced, such as in iron overload and infection. Conversely, hepcidin is repressed during iron deficiency, hypoxia or expanded erythropoiesis, to increase systemic iron availability and sustain erythropoiesis. In this review, we will focus on molecular mechanisms of hepcidin regulation and on the pathological consequences of their disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany..
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11
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Álvarez D, Rúa C, Cadavid J ÁP. Microparticles: An Alternative Explanation to the Behavior of Vascular Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:787-799. [PMID: 33930895 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, along with occurrence of vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. The variety of antiphospholipid antibodies and their related mechanisms, as well as the behavior of disease in wide groups of patients, have led some authors to propose a differentiation of this syndrome into two independent entities: vascular and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Thus, previous studies have discussed whether specific autoantibodies may be responsible for this differentiation or, in contrast, how the same antibodies are able to generate two different clinical presentations. This discussion is yet to be settled. The capability of serum IgG from patients with vascular thrombosis to trigger the biogenesis of endothelial cell-derived microparticles in vitro is one of the previously discussed differences between the clinical entities of antiphospholipid syndrome. These vesicles constitute a prothrombotic mechanism as they can directly lead to clot activation in murine models and recalcified human plasma. Nevertheless, other indirect mechanisms by which microparticles can spread a procoagulant phenotype could be critical to understanding their role in antiphospholipid syndrome. For this reason, questions regarding the cargo of microparticles, and the signaling pathways involved in their biogenesis, are of interest in attempting to explain the behavior of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez
- Grupo Reproducción, Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Rúa
- Grupo de Investigación en Trombosis, Departamento Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ángela P Cadavid J
- Grupo Reproducción, Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Trombosis, Departamento Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Mei H, Wu N, Huang X, Cui Z, Xu J, Yang X, Zeng F, Wang K. Possible mechanisms by which silkworm faeces extract ameliorates adenine-induced renal anaemia in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113448. [PMID: 33022342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Silkworm faeces are the dry faeces of the insect Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) and have historically been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat blood deficiency and rheumatic pain. Silkworm faeces extract (SFE) is derived from silkworm faeces. AIM OF THE STUDY Clinical observations of patients in the Department of Nephrology have shown that SFE effectively improves renal anaemia. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This article mainly explores the regulatory effects of SFE on erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin to identify the molecular mechanism of SFE. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of renal anaemia was established by feeding rats food containing 0.75% adenine. SFE was orally administered to the rats, while recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was used as a positive control drug. Haematological parameters and inflammation levels were compared between rats from each group, and pathological kidney sections from each rat were observed. The serum EPO and hepcidin levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, while Western blot analyses were performed to detect the levels of proteins involved in the EPO-related hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α)/prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) signalling pathway and hepcidin-related BMP6/SMAD4 and interleukin-6 (IL-6)/STAT3 signalling pathways. RESULTS SFE significantly ameliorated haematological parameters, renal function, and inflammation levels in the rats. A mechanistic study showed that SFE promoted EPO expression by upregulating HIF-2α expression and inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and GATA2 both in vivo and in vitro. In particular, SFE inhibited PHD2 expression, resulting in a decrease in the enzymatic reaction of HIF-2α to increase EPO expression. Furthermore, SFE inhibited hepcidin expression by blocking the BMP6/SMAD4 and IL-6/STAT3 pathways. CONCLUSIONS SFE regulated iron metabolism by inhibiting hepcidin and simultaneously promoted EPO synthesis to improve renal anaemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Niuniu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiawen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Tutanov OS, Proskura KV, Grigor’eva AE, Tsentalovich YP, Tamkovich SN. Identification of Tumor Dissemination Facilitating Proteins in Exosomes Associated with Blood Cells of Breast Cancer Patients. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Richard C, Verdier F. Transferrin Receptors in Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249713. [PMID: 33352721 PMCID: PMC7766611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a highly dynamic process giving rise to red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. Red blood cells transport oxygen to tissues thanks to the hemoglobin comprised of α- and β-globin chains and of iron-containing hemes. Erythropoiesis is the most iron-consuming process to support hemoglobin production. Iron delivery is mediated via transferrin internalization by the endocytosis of transferrin receptor type 1 (TFR1), one of the most abundant membrane proteins of erythroblasts. A second transferrin receptor—TFR2—associates with the erythropoietin receptor and has been implicated in the regulation of erythropoiesis. In erythroblasts, both transferrin receptors adopt peculiarities such as an erythroid-specific regulation of TFR1 and a trafficking pathway reliant on TFR2 for iron. This review reports both trafficking and signaling functions of these receptors and reassesses the debated role of TFR2 in erythropoiesis in the light of recent findings. Potential therapeutic uses targeting the transferrin-TFR1 axis or TFR2 in hematological disorders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Richard
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
- Laboratoire d’excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
- Laboratoire d’excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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16
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Mohieldin AM, Pala R, Sherpa RT, Alanazi M, Alanazi A, Shamloo K, Ahsan A, AbouAlaiwi WA, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Nauli SM. Proteomic Identification Reveals the Role of Ciliary Extracellular-Like Vesicle in Cardiovascular Function. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903140. [PMID: 32832346 PMCID: PMC7435257 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are shown to have membrane swelling, also known as ciliary bulbs. However, the role of these structures and their physiological relevance remains unknown. Here, it is reported that a ciliary bulb has extracellular vesicle (EV)-like characteristics. The ciliary extracellular-like vesicle (cELV) has a unique dynamic movement and can be released by mechanical fluid force. To better identify the cELV, differential multidimensional proteomic analyses are performed on the cELV. A database of 172 cELV proteins is generated, and all that examined are confirmed to be in the cELV. Repressing the expression of these proteins in vitro and in vivo inhibits cELV formation. In addition to the randomized heart looping, hydrocephalus, and cystic kidney in fish, compensated heart contractility is observed in both fish and mouse models. Specifically, low circulation of cELV results in hypotension with compensated heart function, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and arrhythmogenic characteristics, which result in a high mortality rate in mice. Furthermore, the overall ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output are significantly decreased in mice lacking cELV. It is thus proposed that the cELV as a nanocompartment within a primary cilium plays an important role in cardiovascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Rajasekharreddy Pala
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Rinzhin T. Sherpa
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Madhawi Alanazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Ashwaq Alanazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Kiumars Shamloo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
| | - Amir Ahsan
- Department of Physics, Computer Science and EngineeringChapman UniversityOrangeCA92866USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOH43614USA
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesChapman UniversityIrvineCA92618USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92868USA
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17
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Tamkovich S, Tutanov O, Efimenko A, Grigor'eva A, Ryabchikova E, Kirushina N, Vlassov V, Tkachuk V, Laktionov P. Blood Circulating Exosomes Contain Distinguishable Fractions of Free and Cell-Surface-Associated Vesicles. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:273-285. [PMID: 30868953 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190314120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering exosomes as intercellular transporters, inevitably interacting with the plasma membrane and the large available surface of blood cells, we wonder if a fraction of circulating exosomes is associated with the surface of blood cells. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop an efficient protocol for isolating exosomes associated with the surface of blood cells and to further investigate the characteristics of this fraction in a healthy state and during the development of breast cancer, as well as its possible implication for use in diagnostic applications. METHODS Blood samples were collected from Healthy Females (HFs) and breast cancer patients (BCPs). Exosomes extracted from blood plasma and eluted from the surface of blood cells were isolated by ultrafiltration with subsequent ultracentrifugation. RESULTS Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), along with immunogold labeling, demonstrated the presence of exosomes among membrane-wrapped extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from both plasma and blood cell eluates. TEM, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and NanoOrange protein quantitation data showed that cell-associated exosomes constituted no less than 2/3 of total blood exosome number. Exosomes, ranging from 50-70 nm in size, prevailed in the blood of breast cancer patients, whereas smaller exosomes (30-50 nm) were mostly observed in the blood of healthy women. Analysis of specific proteins and RNAs in exosomes circulating in blood demonstrated the significant differences in the packing density of the polymers in exosomes of HFs and BCPs. Preliminary data indicated that detection of cancer-specific miRNA (miR-103, miR-191, miR-195) in exosomes associated with the fraction of red blood cells allowed to discriminate HFs and BCPs more precisely compared to cell-free exosomes circulating in plasma. CONCLUSION Our data provide the basis for using blood cell-associated exosomes for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tamkovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Tutanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Efimenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Grigor'eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Kirushina
- Department of Mammology, National Novosibirsk Regional Oncologic Dispensary, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Laktionov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulation Pathology of Academician E.N. Meshalkin, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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18
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Barnes BJ, Somerville CC. Modulating Cytokine Production via Select Packaging and Secretion From Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1040. [PMID: 32547552 PMCID: PMC7272603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors that play vital roles in systemic function due to their ability to initiate and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Another important mechanism of intercellular communication that has gained significant attention in the past 10 years is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by all cells during normal physiology, in states of resting and activation, as well as during disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that cytokines may be packaged into EVs, and the packaging of cytokines into EVs, along with their ultimate secretion, may also be regulated by cytokines. Importantly, the repertoire of biomolecules packaged into EVs is shaped by the biological state of the cell (resting vs. activated and healthy vs. disease) and the EV biogenesis pathway involved, thus providing mechanisms by which EV packaging and secretion may be modulated. Given the critical role of cytokines in driving acute and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as their role in establishing the tumor immune microenvironment, in this review, we will focus on these disease settings and summarize recent progress and mechanisms by which cytokines may be packaged within and modulated by EVs, as a therapeutic option for regulating innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Carter C Somerville
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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19
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Low iron promotes megakaryocytic commitment of megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors in humans and mice. Blood 2020; 134:1547-1557. [PMID: 31439541 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying thrombocytosis in patients with iron deficiency anemia remain unknown. Here, we present findings that support the hypothesis that low iron biases the commitment of megakaryocytic (Mk)-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) toward the Mk lineage in both human and mouse. In MEPs of transmembrane serine protease 6 knockout (Tmprss6-/-) mice, which exhibit iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis, we observed a Mk bias, decreased labile iron, and decreased proliferation relative to wild-type (WT) MEPs. Bone marrow transplantation assays suggest that systemic iron deficiency, rather than a local role for Tmprss6-/- in hematopoietic cells, contributes to the MEP lineage commitment bias observed in Tmprss6-/- mice. Nontransgenic mice with acquired iron deficiency anemia also show thrombocytosis and Mk-biased MEPs. Gene expression analysis reveals that messenger RNAs encoding genes involved in metabolic, vascular endothelial growth factor, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways are enriched in Tmprss6-/- vs WT MEPs. Corroborating our findings from the murine models of iron deficiency anemia, primary human MEPs exhibit decreased proliferation and Mk-biased commitment after knockdown of transferrin receptor 2, a putative iron sensor. Signal transduction analyses reveal that both human and murine MEP have lower levels of phospho-ERK1/2 in iron-deficient conditions compared with controls. These data are consistent with a model in which low iron in the marrow environment affects MEP metabolism, attenuates ERK signaling, slows proliferation, and biases MEPs toward Mk lineage commitment.
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20
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Baassiri A, Nassar F, Mukherji D, Shamseddine A, Nasr R, Temraz S. Exosomal Non Coding RNA in LIQUID Biopsies as a Promising Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041398. [PMID: 32092975 PMCID: PMC7073025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high mortality rate, especially in those that are diagnosed in late stages of the disease. The current screening blood-based markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), have low sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, other modalities are either expensive or invasive. Therefore, recent research has shifted towards a minimally invasive test, namely, liquid biopsy. Exosomes are favorable molecules sought in blood samples, since they are abundant, stable in circulation, and harbor genetic information and other biomolecules that could serve as biomarkers or even therapeutic targets. Furthermore, exosomal noncoding RNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have demonstrated the diagnostic potential to detect CRC at an early stage with a higher sensitivity and specificity than CEA and CA19-9 alone. Moreover, they have prognostic potential that is TNM stage specific and could serve as predictive biomarkers for the most common chemotherapeutic drug and combination regimen in CRC, which are 5-FU and FOLFOX, respectively. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of these exosomal noncoding RNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the advantages and challenges of exosomes as a liquid biopsy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Baassiri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Farah Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (S.T.); Tel.: +96-1135-000 (ext. 4812) (R.N.); +96-1137-4374 (S.T.)
| | - Sally Temraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (S.T.); Tel.: +96-1135-000 (ext. 4812) (R.N.); +96-1137-4374 (S.T.)
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21
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Uyama M. Control of Lipid Self-Assembled Structures & Assessment of Lipid Membrane Fluidity by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:83-91. [PMID: 31941866 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that lipids form various kinds of self-assembled structures. First, lipid nanoparticles dispersed with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were introduced. The influence of polymers on the lipid self-assembled structures was evaluated by small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS). Self-assembled structures containing higher alcohols have attracted much attention in the cosmetic industry. The α-form hydrated crystalline phase (often called α-gel) is one of the hydrated crystalline phases which can be exhibited by surfactants and higher alcohols. As surfactants in this study, an ionic complex or a silicone type were used. This review also reports the lipid membrane fluidity by using fluorescence spectroscopy.
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22
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 31815633 PMCID: PMC6902437 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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23
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [DOI: doi10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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24
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Tangudu NK, Buth N, Strnad P, Cirstea IC, Spasić MV. Deregulation of Hepatic Mek1/2⁻Erk1/2 Signaling Module in Iron Overload Conditions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020070. [PMID: 31067696 PMCID: PMC6631327 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, through the production of iron hormone hepcidin, controls body iron levels. High liver iron levels and deregulated hepcidin expression are commonly observed in many liver diseases including highly prevalent genetic iron overload disorders. In spite of a number of breakthrough investigations into the signals that control hepcidin expression, little progress has been made towards investigations into intracellular signaling in the liver under excess of iron. This study examined hepatic signaling pathways underlying acquired and genetic iron overload conditions. Our data demonstrate that hepatic iron overload associates with a decline in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) kinase (Mek1/2) pathway by selectively affecting the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. We propose that Mek1/2-Erk1/2 signaling is uncoupled from iron-Bmp-Smad-mediated hepcidin induction and that it may contribute to a number of liver pathologies in addition to toxic effects of iron. We believe that our findings will advance the understanding of cellular signaling events in the liver during iron overload of different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Tangudu
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Nils Buth
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany;
| | - Ion C. Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany; (N.K.T.); (N.B.); (I.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-50-32635
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Kawabata H. Transferrin and transferrin receptors update. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:46-54. [PMID: 29969719 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, transferrin (Tf) safely delivers iron through circulation to cells. Tf-bound iron is incorporated through Tf receptor (TfR) 1-mediated endocytosis. TfR1 can mediate cellular uptake of both Tf and H-ferritin, an iron storage protein. New World arenaviruses, which cause hemorrhagic fever, and Plasmodium vivax use TfR1 for entry into host cells. Human TfR2, another receptor for Tf, is predominantly expressed in hepatocytes and erythroid precursors, and holo-Tf dramatically upregulates its expression. TfR2 forms a complex with hemochromatosis protein, HFE, and serves as a component of the iron sensing machinery in hepatocytes. Defects in TfR2 cause systemic iron overload, hemochromatosis, through down-regulation of hepcidin. In erythroid cells, TfR2 forms a complex with the erythropoietin receptor and regulates erythropoiesis. TfR2 facilitates iron transport from lysosomes to mitochondria in erythroblasts and dopaminergic neurons. Administration of apo-Tf, which scavenges free iron, has been explored for various clinical conditions including atransferrinemia, iron overload, and tissue ischemia. Apo-Tf has also been shown to ameliorate anemia in animal models of β-thalassemia. In this review, I provide an update and summary on our knowledge of mammalian Tf and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawabata
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa-ken 920-0293, Japan.
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Hung Y, Wang YL, Lin YZ, Chiang SF, Wu WR, Wang SC. The exosomal compartment protects epidermal growth factor receptor from small molecule inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:42-47. [PMID: 30683316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a significant role in promoting breast cancer progression. However, targeting EGFR as a single treatment only resulted in moderate efficacy to the disease. The underlying mechanism of low responsiveness to EGFR inhibition remains largely unclear. Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication between tumor and stromal cells in local microenvironment and distant metastatic niche. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell transfer of lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Although numerous recent studies have demonstrated exchanges of extracellular vesicles between cancer cells and the recipient cells contribute to tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, yet little is known how the exosomal compartment responds to targeted therapies and their role in promoting drug resistance. In the current study we used a triple-negative breast cancer model to show that EV-encapsulated EGFR is protected from targeted inhibitors of EGFR and can trigger signaling pathway in recipient cancer cells, promoting proliferation and migration ability in vitro. Taken together, our study suggested a novel mechanism of drug resistance entailing the EV compartment, such as exosomes, as a target shelter which when released can signal for tumor promotion in the recipient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - You-Zhe Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Rong Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
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Secretome profiling of heterotypic spheroids suggests a role of fibroblasts in HIF-1 pathway modulation and colorectal cancer photodynamic resistance. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:173-196. [PMID: 30756254 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous analyses of the tumor microenvironment (TME) have resulted in a concept that tumor progression may depend on interactions between cancer cells and its surrounding stroma. An important aspect of these interactions is the ability of cancer cells to modulate stroma behavior, and vice versa, through the action of a variety of soluble mediators. Here, we aimed to identify soluble factors present in the TME of colorectal cancer cells that may affect relevant pathways through secretome profiling. METHODS To partially recapitulate the TME and its architecture, we co-cultured colorectal cancer cells (SW480, TC) with stromal fibroblasts (MRC-5, F) as 3D-spheroids. Subsequent characterization of both homotypic (TC) and heterotypic (TC + F) spheroid secretomes was performed using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS Through bioinformatic analysis using the NCI-Pathway Interaction Database (NCI-PID) we found that the HIF-1 signaling pathway was most highly enriched among the proteins whose secretion was enhanced in the heterotypic spheroids. Previously, we found that HIF-1 may be associated with resistance of colorectal cancer cells to photodynamic therapy (PDT), an antitumor therapy that combines photosensitizing agents, O2 and light to create a harmful photochemical reaction. Here, we found that the presence of fibroblasts considerably diminished the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to photodynamic activity. Although the biological significance of the HIF-1 pathway of secretomes was decreased after photosensitization, this decrease was partially reversed in heterotypic 3D-spheroids. HIF-1 pathway modulation by both PDT and stromal fibroblasts was confirmed through expression assessment of the HIF-target VEGF, as well as through HIF transcriptional activity assessment. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results delineate a potential mechanism by which stromal fibroblasts may enhance colorectal cancer cell survival and photodynamic treatment resistance via HIF-1 pathway modulation.
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Rauner M, Baschant U, Roetto A, Pellegrino RM, Rother S, Salbach-Hirsch J, Weidner H, Hintze V, Campbell G, Petzold A, Lemaitre R, Henry I, Bellido T, Theurl I, Altamura S, Colucci S, Muckenthaler MU, Schett G, Komla Ebri D, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Platzbecker U, Hofbauer LC. Transferrin receptor 2 controls bone mass and pathological bone formation via BMP and Wnt signaling. Nat Metab 2019; 1:111-124. [PMID: 30886999 PMCID: PMC6420074 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) is mainly expressed in the liver and controls iron homeostasis. Here, we identify Tfr2 as a regulator of bone homeostasis that inhibits bone formation. Mice lacking Tfr2 display increased bone mass and mineralization independent of iron homeostasis and hepatic Tfr2. Bone marrow transplantation experiments and studies of cell-specific Tfr2 knockout mice demonstrate that Tfr2 impairs BMP-p38MAPK signaling and decreases expression of the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin specifically in osteoblasts. Reactivation of MAPK or overexpression of sclerostin rescues skeletal abnormalities in Tfr2 knockout mice. We further show that the extracellular domain of Tfr2 binds BMPs and inhibits BMP-2-induced heterotopic ossification by acting as a decoy receptor. These data indicate that Tfr2 limits bone formation by modulating BMP signaling, possibly through direct interaction with BMP either as a receptor or as a co-receptor in a complex with other BMP receptors. Finally, the Tfr2 extracellular domain may be effective in the treatment of conditions associated with pathological bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Rother
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Salbach-Hirsch
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Weidner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Campbell
- Institute of Biomechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Deep Sequencing, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Regis Lemaitre
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Protein Unit, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ian Henry
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Scientific Computing Facility, Dresden, Germany
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Davide Komla Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Senthil GN, Wall NR. Internalization of Exosomes through Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:337-347. [PMID: 30487244 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is replete with factors secreted and internalized by surrounding cells. Exosomes are nano-sized, protein-embedded, membrane-bound vesicles that are released in greater quantities from cancer than normal cells and taken up by a variety of cell types. These vesicles contain proteins and genetic material from the cell of origin and in the case of tumor-derived exosomes, oncoproteins and oncogenes. With increasing understanding of the role exosomes play in basic biology, a more clear view of the potential exosomes are seen to have in cancer therapeutics emerges. However, certain essential aspects of exosome function, such as the uptake mechanisms, are still unknown. Various methods of cell-exosome interaction have been proposed, but this review focuses on the protein-protein interactions that facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis, a broadly used mechanism by a variety of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gonda
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Girish N Senthil
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California. .,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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The Functional Versatility of Transferrin Receptor 2 and Its Therapeutic Value. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040115. [PMID: 30360575 PMCID: PMC6316356 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is a tightly regulated process in all living organisms because this metal is essential for cellular metabolism, but could be extremely toxic when present in excess. In mammals, there is a complex pathway devoted to iron regulation, whose key protein is hepcidin (Hepc), which is a powerful iron absorption inhibitor mainly produced by the liver. Transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) is one of the hepcidin regulators, and mutations in TFR2 gene are responsible for type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE3), a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by systemic iron overload. It has been recently pointed out that Hepc production and iron regulation could be exerted also in tissues other than liver, and that Tfr2 has an extrahepatic role in iron metabolism as well. This review summarizes all the most recent data on Tfr2 extrahepatic role, taking into account the putative distinct roles of the two main Tfr2 isoforms, Tfr2α and Tfr2β. Representing Hepc modulation an effective approach to correct iron balance impairment in common human diseases, and with Tfr2 being one of its regulators, it would be worthwhile to envisage Tfr2 as a therapeutic target.
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31
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Toh WS, Zhang B, Lai RC, Lim SK. Immune regulatory targets of mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes/small extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1419-1426. [PMID: 30352735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a wide-ranging array of tissue injury and disease indications. An important aspect of MSC-mediated therapeutic activities is immune modulation. Consistent with the concentration of MSC therapeutic potency in its secretion, a significant proportion of MSC immune potency resides in the small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by MSCs. These sEVs, which also include exosomes, carry a large cargo enriched in proteins with potent immunomodulatory activities. They have been reported to exert potent effects on humoral and cellular components of the immune system in vitro and in vivo, and may have the potential to support the diametrically opposite pro- and anti-inflammatory functions necessary for tissue repair and regeneration following injury. Following injury, pro-inflammatory activities are necessary to neutralize injury and remove dead or injured tissue, while anti-inflammatory activities to facilitate migration and proliferation of reparative cell types and to increase vascularization and nutrient supply are necessary to repair and regenerate new tissue. Therefore, a critical immunomodulatory requisite of MSC sEVs in tissue regeneration is the capacity to support the appropriate immune activities at the appropriate time. Here, we review how some of the immune regulatory targets of MSC sEVs could support the dynamic immunomodulatory activities during tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Senthil GN, Ferguson Bennit HR, Neidigh JW, Khan S, Wall NR. Exosomal survivin facilitates vesicle internalization. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34919-34934. [PMID: 30405884 PMCID: PMC6201849 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family plays a significant role in cell fate and function. It is significantly overexpressed in tumor cells and has been identified in most cancer cell types. A novel extracellular population has recently been identified and its function is still unknown. Emerging evidence continues to shed light on the important role the tumor microenvironment (TME) has on tumor survival and progression. This new population of survivin has been seen to enhance the tumor phenotype when internalized by recipient cells. In this paper, we sought to better understand the mechanism by which survivin is taken up by cancer cells and the possible role it plays in this phenomenon. We isolated the exosomal carriers of extracellular survivin and using a lipophilic stain, PKH67, we tracked their uptake with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We found that by blocking exosomal survivin, exosome internalization is reduced, signifying a novel function for this protein. We also discovered that the common membrane receptors, transferrin receptor, endothelin B receptor, insulin receptor alpha, and membrane glucocorticoid receptor all facilitate exosomal internalization. This understanding further clarifies the protein-protein interactions in the TME that may influence tumor progression and identifies additional potential chemotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gonda
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Girish N. Senthil
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Heather R. Ferguson Bennit
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Neidigh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Salma Khan
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R. Wall
- Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
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Lai RC, Lim SK. Membrane lipids define small extracellular vesicle subtypes secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:318-322. [PMID: 30154233 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r087411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), multipotent progenitor cells, is attributed to small (50-200 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs). The presence of a lipid membrane differentiates exosomes and EVs from other macromolecules. Analysis of this lipid membrane revealed three distinct small MSC EV subtypes, each with a differential affinity for cholera toxin B chain (CTB), annexin V (AV), and Shiga toxin B chain (ST) that bind GM1 ganglioside, phosphatidylserine, and globotriaosylceramide, respectively. Similar EV subtypes are also found in biologic fluids and are independent sources of disease biomarkers. Here, we compare and contrast these three EV subtypes. All subtypes carry β-actin, but only CTB-binding EVs (CTB-EVs) are true exosomes, enriched with exosome proteins and derived from endosomes. No unique protein has been identified yet in AV-binding EVs (AV-EVs); ST-binding EVs (ST-EVs) carry RNA and a high level of extra domain A-containing fibronectin. Based on the CTB, AV, and ST subcellular binding sites, the origins of CTB-, AV-, and ST-EV biogenesis are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, respectively. The differentiation of EV subtypes through membrane lipids underlies the importance of membrane lipids in defining EVs and implies an influence on EV biology and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, S138648 Singapore .,Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, S119074 Singapore
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Hafiane A, Daskalopoulou SS. Extracellular vesicles characteristics and emerging roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2018; 85:213-222. [PMID: 29727628 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The term extracellular vesicles (EVs) describes membrane vesicles released into the extracellular space by most cell types. EVs have been recognized to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They are known to contain various bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Although the nomenclature of EVs is not entirely standardized, they are considered to include exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. EVs are believed to play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. Although the pathogenic roles of EVs are largely documented, their protective roles are not as well established. Cardiovascular disease represents one of the most relevant and rapidly growing areas of the EV research. Circulating EVs released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells may contain potentially valuable biological information for biomarker development in cardiovascular disease and could serve as a vehicle for therapeutic use. Herein, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in EV in cardiovascular disease, including a discussion on challenges in EV research, EV properties in various cell types, and their importance in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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35
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Sasso L, Purdie L, Grabowska A, Jones AT, Alexander C. Time and cell-dependent effects of endocytosis inhibitors on the internalization of biomolecule markers and nanomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Sasso
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Laura Purdie
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Arwyn Tomos Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science; Cardiff University; Cardiff Wales CF10 3NB UK
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Fitzgerald W, Freeman ML, Lederman MM, Vasilieva E, Romero R, Margolis L. A System of Cytokines Encapsulated in ExtraCellular Vesicles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8973. [PMID: 29895824 PMCID: PMC5997670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors that mediate cell-cell communications in multicellular organisms. Recently, another system of cell-cell communication was discovered, which is mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we demonstrate that these two systems are not strictly separated, as many cytokines in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo are released in EV-encapsulated forms and are capable of eliciting biological effects upon contact with sensitive cells. Association with EVs is not necessarily a property of a particular cytokine but rather of a biological system and can be changed upon system activation. EV-encapsulated cytokines were not detected by standard cytokine assays. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of EV-encapsulation will lead to a better understanding of cell-cell communications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | - Elena Vasilieva
- Evdokimov Moscow University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Romero
- Neonatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, USA.
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
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37
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Zanetti C, Gallina A, Fabbri A, Parisi S, Palermo A, Fecchi K, Boussadia Z, Carollo M, Falchi M, Pasquini L, Fiani ML, Sargiacomo M. Cell Propagation of Cholera Toxin CTA ADP-Ribosylating Factor by Exosome Mediated Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1521. [PMID: 29783743 PMCID: PMC5983816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report how the cholera toxin (CT) A subunit (CTA), the enzyme moiety responsible for signaling alteration in host cells, enters the exosomal pathway, secretes extracellularly, transmits itself to a cell population. The first evidence for long-term transmission of CT's toxic effect via extracellular vesicles was obtained in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To follow the CT intracellular route towards exosome secretion, we used a novel strategy for generating metabolically-labeled fluorescent exosomes that can be counted by flow cytometry assay (FACS) and characterized. Our results clearly show the association of CT with exosomes, together with the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) molecules, proteins required for translocation of CTA across the ER membrane into the cytoplasm. Confocal microscopy showed direct internalization of CT containing fluorescent exo into CHO cells coupled with morphological changes in the recipient cells that are characteristic of CT action. Moreover, Me665 cells treated with CT-containing exosomes showed an increase in Adenosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate (cAMP) level, reaching levels comparable to those seen in cells exposed directly to CT. Our results prompt the idea that CT can exploit an exosome-mediated cell communication pathway to extend its pathophysiological action beyond an initial host cell, into a multitude of cells. This finding could have implications for cholera disease pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Gallina
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sofia Parisi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Palermo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Katia Fecchi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Carollo
- Core Facilities⁻Cytometry Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Core Facilities⁻Cytometry Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Fiani
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sargiacomo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Jia Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, Jayasinghe U, Luo X, Wei Q, Wang J, Xiong H, Chen C, Xu B, Hu W, Wang L, Zhao W, Zhou J. Exosome: emerging biomarker in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41717-41733. [PMID: 28402944 PMCID: PMC5522217 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized membrane vesicles released by a variety of cell types, and are thought to play important roles in intercellular communications. In breast cancer, through horizontal transfer of various bioactive molecules, such as proteins and mRNAs, exosomes are emerging as local and systemic cell-to-cell mediators of oncogenic information and play an important role on cancer progression. This review outlines the current knowledge and concepts concerning the exosomes involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis (including tumor initiation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune system modulation and tumor microenvironment) and cancer therapy resistance. Moreover, the potential use of exosomes as promising diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in breast cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanchu Xiong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Uyama M, Inoue K, Kinoshita K, Miyahara R, Yokoyama H, Nakano M. Effect of Dialkyl Ammonium Cationic Surfactants on the Microfluidity of Membranes Containing Raft Domains. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:67-75. [PMID: 29311523 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that a lot of receptors localize in lipid raft domains and that the microfluidity of these domains regulates the activation of these receptors. In this study, we focused on the lipid raft and in order to evaluate the physicochemical effects of surfactants on microfluidity of lipid membranes, we used liposomes comprising of egg-yolk L-α-phosphatidylcholine, egg-yolk sphingomyelin, and cholesterol as a model of cell membranes containing raft domains. The microfluidity of the domains was characterized by fluorescence spectrometry using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 2-dimethylamino-6-lauroylnaphthalene. Among several surfactants, dialkylammonium-type cationic surfactants most efficiently increased the microfluidity. It is therefore concluded that (1) the electrostatic interaction between the cationic surfactant and eggPC/eggSM/cholesterol liposome could be important, (2) surfactants with alkyl chains more effectively inserted into membranes than those with acyl chains, and (3) cationic surfactants with lower Tm values have a greater ability to increase the fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hirokazu Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Minoru Nakano
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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40
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Maura G, Agnati LF. New dimensions of connectomics and network plasticity in the central nervous system. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:113-132. [PMID: 28030363 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular network architecture plays a crucial role as the structural substrate for the brain functions. Therefore, it represents the main rationale for the emerging field of connectomics, defined as the comprehensive study of all aspects of central nervous system connectivity. Accordingly, in the present paper the main emphasis will be on the communication processes in the brain, namely wiring transmission (WT), i.e. the mapping of the communication channels made by cell components such as axons and synapses, and volume transmission (VT), i.e. the chemical signal diffusion along the interstitial brain fluid pathways. Considering both processes can further expand the connectomics concept, since both WT-connectomics and VT-connectomics contribute to the structure of the brain connectome. A consensus exists that such a structure follows a hierarchical or nested architecture, and macro-, meso- and microscales have been defined. In this respect, however, several lines of evidence indicate that a nanoscale (nano-connectomics) should also be considered to capture direct protein-protein allosteric interactions such as those occurring, for example, in receptor-receptor interactions at the plasma membrane level. In addition, emerging evidence points to novel mechanisms likely playing a significant role in the modulation of intercellular connectivity, increasing the plasticity of the system and adding complexity to its structure. In particular, the roamer type of VT (i.e. the intercellular transfer of RNA, proteins and receptors by extracellular vesicles) will be discussed since it allowed us to introduce a new concept of 'transient changes of cell phenotype', that is the transient acquisition of new signal release capabilities and/or new recognition/decoding apparatuses.
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Guescini M, Maggio S, Ceccaroli P, Battistelli M, Annibalini G, Piccoli G, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Extracellular Vesicles Released by Oxidatively Injured or Intact C2C12 Myotubes Promote Distinct Responses Converging toward Myogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112488. [PMID: 29165341 PMCID: PMC5713454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic differentiation is triggered, among other situations, in response to muscle damage for regenerative purposes. It has been shown that during myogenic differentiation, myotubes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which participate in the signalling pattern of the microenvironment. Here we investigated whether EVs released by myotubes exposed or not to mild oxidative stress modulate the behaviour of targeted differentiating myoblasts and macrophages to promote myogenesis. We found that EVs released by oxidatively challenged myotubes (H2O2-EVs) are characterized by an increased loading of nucleic acids, mainly DNA. In addition, incubation of myoblasts with H2O2-EVs resulted in a significant decrease of myotube diameter, myogenin mRNA levels and myosin heavy chain expression along with an upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen: these effects collectively lead to an increase of recipient myoblast proliferation. Notably, the EVs from untreated myotubes induced an opposite trend in myoblasts, that is, a slight pro-differentiation effect. Finally, H2O2-EVs were capable of eliciting an increased interleukin 6 mRNA expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, this is the first demonstration that myotubes communicate with surrounding macrophages via EV release. Collectively, the data reported herein suggest that myotubes, depending on their conditions, release EVs carrying differential signals which could contribute to finely and coherently orchestrate the muscle regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Serena Maggio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Paola Ceccaroli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Michela Battistelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Giosuè Annibalini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Mani M, Lee UH, Yoon NA, Yoon EH, Lee BJ, Cho WJ, Park JW. Developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 2 is required for stabilization of Rac1-positive membrane tubules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:758-764. [PMID: 28865956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have reported that developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 2 (DRG2) localizes on Rab5 endosomes and plays an important role in transferrin (Tfn) recycling. We here identified DRG2 as a key regulator of membrane tubule stability. At 30 min after Tfn treatment, DRG2 localized to membrane tubules which were enriched with phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate [PI(4)P] and did not contain Rab5. DRG2 interacted with Rac1 more strongly with GTP-bound Rac1 and tubular localization of DRG2 depended on Rac1 activity. DRG2 depletion led to destabilization of membrane tubules, while ectopic expression of DRG2 rescued the stability of the membrane tubules in DRG2-depleted cells. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for regulation of membrane tubule stability mediated by DRG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Mani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Unn Hwa Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Nal Ae Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Wha Ja Cho
- Metainflammation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea.
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43
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Fernandez-Trillo F, Grover LM, Stephenson-Brown A, Harrison P, Mendes PM. Vesicles in Nature and the Laboratory: Elucidation of Their Biological Properties and Synthesis of Increasingly Complex Synthetic Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3142-3160. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Alex Stephenson-Brown
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA); University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Paula M. Mendes
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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44
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Fernandez-Trillo F, Grover LM, Stephenson-Brown A, Harrison P, Mendes PM. Vesikel in der Natur und im Labor: die Aufklärung der biologischen Eigenschaften und die Synthese zunehmend komplexer synthetischer Vesikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
| | - Alex Stephenson-Brown
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA); University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
| | - Paula M. Mendes
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
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45
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Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-1 is a novel regulator of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β receptor I (TβRI) through exosomal secretion. Cell Signal 2017; 29:158-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Yuasa T, Amo-Shiinoki K, Ishikura S, Takahara M, Matsuoka T, Kaneto H, Kuroda A, Matsuhisa M, Hashida S. Sequential cleavage of insulin receptor by calpain 2 and γ-secretase impairs insulin signalling. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2711-2721. [PMID: 27695899 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Soluble insulin receptor (sIR), the ectodomain of the insulin receptor (IR), has been detected in human plasma and its concentration paralleled that of blood glucose. We have previously developed an in vitro model using HepG2 liver-derived cells, which mimics changes in sIR levels in plasma from diabetic patients and shows that calcium-dependent proteases cleave IR extracellularly (a process known as shedding). The present study aimed to reveal the mechanisms of IR cleavage. METHODS Using the in vitro model, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of IR cleavage, which is accelerated by high-glucose treatment. We also analysed the relationship between IR cleavage and cellular insulin resistance, and the correlation between plasma sIR levels and insulin sensitivity, which was assessed by the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. RESULTS Here, we determined that calpain 2, which is secreted into the extracellular space associated with exosomes, directly cleaved the ectodomain of the IRβ subunit (IRβ), which in turn promoted intramembrane cleavage of IRβ by γ-secretase. IR cleavage impaired insulin signalling and the inhibition of IR cleavage (by knockdown of calpain 2 and γ-secretase), restored IR substrate-1 and Akt, independent of IR. Furthermore, the glucose-lowering drug, metformin, prevented IR cleavage accompanied by inhibition of calpain 2 release in exosomes, and re-established insulin signalling. In patients with type 2 diabetes, plasma sIR levels inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Sequential cleavage of IR by calpain 2 and γ-secretase may contribute to insulin signalling in cells and its inhibition may be partly responsible for the glucose-lowering effects of metformin. Thus, IR cleavage may offer a new mechanism for the aetiology of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yuasa
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kikuko Amo-Shiinoki
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Diabetes Research, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishikura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Diabetes Clinical Research and Development Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Munehide Matsuhisa
- Diabetes Clinical Research and Development Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hashida
- Human Life Science, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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47
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Caveolin-1 Function in Liver Physiology and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:889-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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Sikorska K, Bernat A, Wroblewska A. Molecular pathogenesis and clinical consequences of iron overload in liver cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:461-479. [PMID: 27733315 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver, as the main iron storage compartment and the place of hepcidin synthesis, is the central organ involved in maintaining iron homeostasis in the body. Excessive accumulation of iron is an important risk factor in liver disease progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review the literature on the molecular pathogenesis of iron overload and its clinical consequences in chronic liver diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for English-language articles on molecular genesis of primary and secondary iron overload, as well as on their association with liver disease progression. We have also included literature on adjuvant therapeutic interventions aiming to alleviate detrimental effects of excessive body iron load in liver cirrhosis. RESULTS Excess of free, unbound iron induces oxidative stress, increases cell sensitivity to other detrimental factors, and can directly affect cellular signaling pathways, resulting in accelerated liver disease progression. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis is, in turn, often associated with the identification of a pathological accumulation of iron, even in the absence of genetic background of hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron depletion and adjuvant therapy with antioxidants are shown to cause significant improvement of liver functions in patients with iron overload. Phlebotomy can have beneficial effects on liver histology in patients with excessive iron accumulation combined with compensated liver cirrhosis of different etiology. CONCLUSION Excessive accumulation of body iron in liver cirrhosis is an important predictor of liver failure and available data suggest that it can be considered as target for adjuvant therapy in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland.
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49
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Chen L, Chen R, Velazquez VM, Brigstock DR. Fibrogenic Signaling Is Suppressed in Hepatic Stellate Cells through Targeting of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2) by Cellular or Exosomal MicroRNA-199a-5p. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2921-2933. [PMID: 27662798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathways of liver fibrosis are controlled by connective tissue growth factor (CCN2). In this study, CCN2 was identified as a target of miR-199a-5p, which was principally expressed in quiescent mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and directly suppressed production of CCN2. Up-regulated CCN2 expression in fibrotic mouse livers or in activated primary mouse HSCs was associated with miR-199a-5p down-regulation. MiR-199a-5p in quiescent mouse HSCs inhibited the activity of a wild-type CCN2 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) but not of a mutant CCN2 3'-UTR lacking the miR-199a-5p-binding site. In activated mouse HSCs, CCN2, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen 1(α1) were suppressed by a miR-199a-5p mimic, whereas in quiescent mouse HSCs, the inhibited CCN2 3'-UTR activity was blocked by a miR-199a-5p antagomir. CCN2 3'-UTR activity in human HSCs was reduced by a miR-199a-5p mimic. MiR-199a-5p was present at higher levels in exosomes from quiescent versus activated HSCs. MiR-199a-5p-containing exosomes were shuttled from quiescent mouse HSCs to activated mouse HSCs in which CCN2 3'-UTR activity was then suppressed. Exosomes from quiescent HSCs caused miR-199a-5p-dependent inhibition of CCN2, α-smooth muscle actin, or collagen 1(α1) in activated HSCs in vitro and bound to activated HSCs in vivo. Thus, CCN2 suppression by miR-199a-5p accounts, in part, for low-level fibrogenic gene expression in quiescent HSCs and causes dampened gene expression in activated HSCs after horizontal transfer of miR-199a-5p in exosomes from quiescent HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Victoria M Velazquez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David R Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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50
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Tovar-Camargo OA, Toden S, Goel A. Exosomal microRNA Biomarkers: Emerging Frontiers in Colorectal and Other Human Cancers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:553-67. [PMID: 26892862 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1156535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic strategies, particularly non-invasive blood-based screening approaches, are gaining increased attention for the early detection and attenuation of mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the majority of current screening approaches are inadequate at replacing the conventional CRC diagnostic procedures. Yet, due to technological advances and better understanding of molecular events underlying human cancer, a new category of biomarkers are on the horizon. Recent evidence indicates that cells release a distinct class of small vesicles called 'exosomes', which contain nucleic acids and proteins that reflect and typify host-cell molecular architecture. Intriguingly, exosomes released from cancer cells have a distinct genetic and epigenetic makeup, which allows them to undertake their tumorigenic function. From a clinical standpoint, these unique cancer-specific fingerprints present in exosomes appear to be detectable in a small amount of blood, making them very attractive substrates for developing cancer biomarkers, particularly noninvasive diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Tovar-Camargo
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Shusuke Toden
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- a Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics , Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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