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Messer CL, Fox DT. Broken chromosomes heading into mitosis: More than one way to patch a flat tire. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401085. [PMID: 38477879 PMCID: PMC10937182 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A cell dealing with a broken chromosome in mitosis is like a driver dealing with a flat tire on the highway: damage repair must occur under non-ideal circumstances. Mitotic chromosome breaks encounter problems related to structures called micronuclei. These aberrant nuclei are linked to cell death, mutagenesis, and cancer. In the last few years, a flurry of studies illuminated two mechanisms that prevent mitotic problems related to micronuclei. One mechanism prevents micronuclei from forming during mitosis and involves DNA Polymerase Theta, a DNA repair regulator that patches up broken mitotic chromosomes. A second mechanism is activated after micronuclei form and then rupture, and involves CIP2A and TOPBP1 proteins, which patch micronuclear fragments to promote their subsequent mitotic segregation. Here, we review recent progress in this field of mitotic DNA damage and discuss why multiple mechanisms exist. Future studies in this exciting area will reveal new DNA break responses and inform therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Luke Messer
- Department of Biology, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Montembault E, Deduyer I, Claverie MC, Bouit L, Tourasse NJ, Dupuy D, McCusker D, Royou A. Two RhoGEF isoforms with distinct localisation control furrow position during asymmetric cell division. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3209. [PMID: 37268622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions cellular content between daughter cells. It relies on the formation of an acto-myosin contractile ring, whose constriction induces the ingression of the cleavage furrow between the segregated chromatids. Rho1 GTPase and its RhoGEF (Pbl) are essential for this process. However, how Rho1 is regulated to sustain furrow ingression while maintaining correct furrow position remains poorly defined. Here, we show that during asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts, Rho1 is controlled by two Pbl isoforms with distinct localisation. Spindle midzone- and furrow-enriched Pbl-A focuses Rho1 at the furrow to sustain efficient ingression, while Pbl-B pan-plasma membrane localization promotes the broadening of Rho1 activity and the subsequent enrichment of myosin on the entire cortex. This enlarged zone of Rho1 activity is critical to adjust furrow position, thereby preserving correct daughter cell size asymmetry. Our work highlights how the use of isoforms with distinct localisation makes an essential process more robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Montembault
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Irène Deduyer
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Claverie
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lou Bouit
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5297, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas J Tourasse
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Denis Dupuy
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Derek McCusker
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Royou
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France.
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France.
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Chen J, Du X, Xu X, Zhang S, Yao L, He X, Wang Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Provides New Insights into the Molecular Basis of Thermal-Induced Parthenogenesis in Silkworm ( Bombyx mori). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020134. [PMID: 36835703 PMCID: PMC9962255 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artificial parthenogenetic induction via thermal stimuli in silkworm is an important technique that has been used in sericultural production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying it remains largely unknown. We have created a fully parthenogenetic line (PL) with more than 85% occurrence and 80% hatching rate via hot water treatment and genetic selection, while the parent amphigenetic line (AL) has less than 30% pigmentation rate and less than 1% hatching rate when undergoing the same treatment. Here, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based analysis were used to investigate the key proteins and pathways associated with silkworm parthenogenesis. We uncovered the unique proteomic features of unfertilized eggs in PL. In total, 274 increased abundance proteins and 211 decreased abundance proteins were identified relative to AL before thermal induction. Function analysis displayed an increased level of translation and metabolism in PL. After thermal induction, 97 increased abundance proteins and 187 decreased abundance proteins were identified. An increase in stress response-related proteins and decrease in energy metabolism suggested that PL has a more effective response to buffer the thermal stress than AL. Cell cycle-related proteins, including histones, and spindle-related proteins were decreased in PL, indicating an important role of this decrease in the process of ameiotic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xin Du
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lusong Yao
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiuling He
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Warecki B, Bast I, Tajima M, Sullivan W. Connections between sister and non-sister telomeres of segregating chromatids maintain euploidy. Curr Biol 2023; 33:58-74.e5. [PMID: 36525974 PMCID: PMC9839490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The complete separation of sister chromatids during anaphase is a fundamental requirement for successful mitosis. Therefore, divisions with either persistent DNA-based connections or lagging chromosome fragments threaten aneuploidy if unresolved. Here, we demonstrate the existence of an anaphase mechanism in normally dividing cells in which pervasive connections between telomeres of segregating chromosomes aid in rescuing lagging chromosome fragments. We observe that in a large proportion of Drosophila melanogaster neuronal stem cell divisions, early anaphase sister and non-sister chromatids remain connected by thin telomeric DNA threads. Normally, these threads are resolved in mid-to-late anaphase via a spatial mechanism. However, we find that the presence of a nearby unrepaired DNA break recruits histones, BubR1 kinase, Polo kinase, Aurora B kinase, and BAF to the telomeric thread of the broken chromosome, stabilizing it. Stabilized connections then aid lagging chromosome rescue. These results suggest a model in which pervasive anaphase telomere-telomere connections that are normally resolved quickly can instead be stabilized to retain wayward chromosome fragments. Thus, the liability of persistent anaphase inter-chromosomal connections in normal divisions may be offset by their ability to maintain euploidy in the face of chromosome damage and genome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Ian Bast
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Matthew Tajima
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Clay DE, Jezuit EA, Montague RA, Fox DT. Conserved function of Drosophila Fancd2 monoubiquitination in response to double-strand DNA breaks. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6589893. [PMID: 35595243 PMCID: PMC9339327 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia genes play key roles in metazoan DNA damage responses, and human FA mutations cause numerous disease phenotypes. In human cells, activating monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anemia protein Fancd2 occurs following diverse DNA damage stimuli. Monoubiquitinated Fancd2 forms nuclear foci to recruit additional repair factors. Fancd2 animal models to date have focused on molecular nulls or whole gene knockdown, leaving the specific in vivo role of monoubiquitination unclear. Using a point mutant in a conserved residue, we recently linked Drosophila Fancd2 monoubiquitination to a mitosis-specific DNA double-strand break response. In this context, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate the first animal model of an endogenous mutation in the conserved monoubiquitination site (fancd2K595R). Here, we expand upon our characterization of fancd2K595R. We also introduce and characterize additional Drosophila tools to study fancd2, including new mutant alleles and GFP-tagged rescue transgenes. Using these new reagents, we show the impact of Drosophila Fancd2 on organismal and cell viability, as well as on repair protein localization, in the presence or absence of double-strand breaks. These findings expand our understanding of Fanconi anemia gene function in vivo and provide useful reagents for DNA repair research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa E Clay
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erin A Jezuit
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ruth A Montague
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, DUMC Box 3813, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Clay DE, Bretscher HS, Jezuit EA, Bush KB, Fox DT. Persistent DNA damage signaling and DNA polymerase theta promote broken chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202106116. [PMID: 34613334 PMCID: PMC8500225 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycling cells must respond to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to avoid genome instability. Missegregation of chromosomes with DSBs during mitosis results in micronuclei, aberrant structures linked to disease. How cells respond to DSBs during mitosis is incompletely understood. We previously showed that Drosophilamelanogaster papillar cells lack DSB checkpoints (as observed in many cancer cells). Here, we show that papillar cells still recruit early acting repair machinery (Mre11 and RPA3) and the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein Fancd2 to DSBs. These proteins persist as foci on DSBs as cells enter mitosis. Repair foci are resolved in a stepwise manner during mitosis. DSB repair kinetics depends on both monoubiquitination of Fancd2 and the alternative end-joining protein DNA polymerase θ. Disruption of either or both of these factors causes micronuclei after DNA damage, which disrupts intestinal organogenesis. This study reveals a mechanism for how cells with inactive DSB checkpoints can respond to DNA damage that persists into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa E. Clay
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Heidi S. Bretscher
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Erin A. Jezuit
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Korie B. Bush
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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DNA Damage Responses during the Cell Cycle: Insights from Model Organisms and Beyond. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121882. [PMID: 34946831 PMCID: PMC8701014 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome damage is a threat to all organisms. To respond to such damage, DNA damage responses (DDRs) lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and cell death. Many DDR components are highly conserved, whereas others have adapted to specific organismal needs. Immense progress in this field has been driven by model genetic organism research. This review has two main purposes. First, we provide a survey of model organism-based efforts to study DDRs. Second, we highlight how model organism study has contributed to understanding how specific DDRs are influenced by cell cycle stage. We also look forward, with a discussion of how future study can be expanded beyond typical model genetic organisms to further illuminate how the genome is protected.
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Siri SO, Martino J, Gottifredi V. Structural Chromosome Instability: Types, Origins, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3056. [PMID: 34205328 PMCID: PMC8234978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased rate of acquisition of numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and is considered an enabling characteristic of tumors. Given its role as a facilitator of genomic changes, CIN is increasingly being considered as a possible therapeutic target, raising the question of which variables may convert CIN into an ally instead of an enemy during cancer treatment. This review discusses the origins of structural chromosome abnormalities and the cellular mechanisms that prevent and resolve them, as well as how different CIN phenotypes relate to each other. We discuss the possible fates of cells containing structural CIN, focusing on how a few cell duplication cycles suffice to induce profound CIN-mediated genome alterations. Because such alterations can promote tumor adaptation to treatment, we discuss currently proposed strategies to either avoid CIN or enhance CIN to a level that is no longer compatible with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Omar Siri
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Martino
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Warecki B, Sullivan W. Mechanisms driving acentric chromosome transmission. Chromosome Res 2020; 28:229-246. [PMID: 32712740 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-020-09636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore-microtubule association is a core, conserved event that drives chromosome transmission during mitosis. Failure to establish this association on even a single chromosome results in aneuploidy leading to cell death or the development of cancer. However, although many chromosomes lacking centromeres, termed acentrics, fail to segregate, studies in a number of systems reveal robust alternative mechanisms that can drive segregation and successful poleward transport of acentrics. In contrast to the canonical mechanism that relies on end-on microtubule attachments to kinetochores, mechanisms of acentric transmission largely fall into three categories: direct attachments to other chromosomes, kinetochore-independent lateral attachments to microtubules, and long-range tether-based attachments. Here, we review these "non-canonical" methods of acentric chromosome transmission. Just as the discovery and exploration of cell cycle checkpoints provided insight into both the origins of cancer and new therapies, identifying mechanisms and structures specifically involved in acentric segregation may have a significant impact on basic and applied cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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