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Chiu J, Krupa JM, Seah C, Pasternak SH. Small GTPases control macropinocytosis of amyloid precursor protein and cleavage to amyloid-β. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31077. [PMID: 38799759 PMCID: PMC11126852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of the toxic peptide amyloid-beta (Aβ) generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is proposed to be a critical event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Evidence suggests that the cleavage of APP occurs after its internalization from the cell surface. Previously, we identified a novel pathway for APP internalization, which trafficks cell surface APP directly to lysosomes by macropinocytosis, leading to its processing into Aβ. We also demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is required for the macropinocytosis of APP. Here, we characterized the roles of Arf6's downstream effectors Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA. Both pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of these proteins reduced the amount of APP colocalized with LAMP1-labeled lysosomes without affecting APP transport to early endosomes. Decreases in the production of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 were also observed by ELISA in response to inhibitor treatment. These findings together demonstrate that Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA are components of the mechanism regulating the macropinocytosis of APP and targeting these components can reduce the production of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan M. Krupa
- Neuroscience Program, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Seah
- Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Pasternak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Putar D, Čizmar A, Chao X, Šimić M, Šoštar M, Ćutić T, Mijanović L, Smolko A, Tu H, Cosson P, Weber I, Cai H, Filić V. IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG. Open Biol 2024; 14:230372. [PMID: 38263885 PMCID: PMC10806400 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RasG is a major regulator of macropinocytosis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Its activity is under the control of an IQGAP-related protein, IqgC, which acts as a RasG-specific GAP (GTPase activating protein). IqgC colocalizes with the active Ras at the macropinosome membrane during its formation and for some time after the cup closure. However, the loss of IqgC induces only a minor enhancement of fluid uptake in axenic cells that already lack another RasGAP, NF1. Here, we show that IqgC plays an important role in the regulation of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 by restricting the size of macropinosomes. We further provide evidence that interaction with RasG is indispensable for the recruitment of IqgC to forming macropinocytic cups. We also demonstrate that IqgC interacts with another small GTPase from the Ras superfamily, Rab5A, but is not a GAP for Rab5A. Since mammalian Rab5 plays a key role in early endosome maturation, we hypothesized that IqgC could be involved in macropinosome maturation via its interaction with Rab5A. Although an excessive amount of Rab5A reduces the RasGAP activity of IqgC in vitro and correlates with IqgC dissociation from endosomes in vivo, the physiological significance of the Rab5A-IqgC interaction remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Putar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Čizmar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Marija Šimić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Šoštar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Ćutić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Mijanović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Smolko
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hui Tu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Qin Q, Wang S. Rab32, a novel Rab small GTPase from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides involved in SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109229. [PMID: 37972745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Rab32 is a member of the Rab GTPase family that is involved in membrane trafficking and immune response, which are crucial for controlling pathogen infection. However, the role of Rab32 in virus infection is not well understood. In this study, we focused on the regulation of Rab32 on virus infection and the host immunity in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. EcRab32 encoded a 213-amino acid polypeptide, which shared a high sequence identity with other Rab32 proteins from fishes to mammals. In healthy orange-spotted grouper, the mRNA of EcRab32 was expressed in all the detected tissues, with the more expression levels in the head kidney, liver and gill. Upon SGIV infection, the expression of EcRab32 was significantly up-regulated in vitro, indicating its potential role in viral infection. EcRab32 was observed to be distributed in the cytoplasm as punctate and vesicle-like structures. EcRab32 overexpression was found to notably inhibit SGIV infection, while the interruption of EcRab32 significantly promoted SGIV infection. In addition, using single particle imaging analysis, we found that EcRab32 overexpression prominently reduced the attachment and internalization of SGIV particles. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that EcRab32 played a positive role in regulating the interferon immune and inflammatory responses. Taken together, these findings indicated that EcRab32 influenced SGIV infection by regulating the host immune response, providing an overall understanding of the interplay between the Rab32 and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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4
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Cheng JC, Miller AL, Webb SE. Actin-mediated endocytosis in the E-YSL helps drive epiboly in zebrafish. ZYGOTE 2023; 31:517-526. [PMID: 37533161 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In zebrafish, a punctate band of F-actin is reported to develop in the external yolk syncytial layer (E-YSL) during the latter part of epiboly in zebrafish embryos. Here, electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence confocal microscopy were conducted to investigate dynamic changes in the E-YSL membrane during epiboly. Using scanning EM, we report that the surface of the E-YSL is highly convoluted, consisting of a complex interwoven network of branching membrane surface microvilli-like protrusions. The region of membrane surface protrusions was relatively wide at 30% epiboly but narrowed as epiboly progressed. This narrowing was coincident with the formation of the punctate actin band. We also demonstrated using immunogold transmission EM that actin clusters were localized at the membrane surface mainly within the protrusions as well as in deeper locations of the E-YSL. Furthermore, during the latter part of epiboly, the punctate actin band was coincident with a region of highly dynamic endocytosis. Treatment with cytochalasin B led to the disruption of the punctate actin band and the membrane surface protrusions, as well as the attenuation of endocytosis. Together, our data suggest that, in the E-YSL, the region encompassing the membrane surface protrusions and its associated punctate actin band are likely to be an integral part of the localized endocytosis, which is important for the progression of epiboly in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie C Cheng
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew L Miller
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Lobos Patorniti N, Zulkefli KL, McAdam ME, Vargas P, Bakke O, Progida C. Rai14 is a novel interactor of Invariant chain that regulates macropinocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182180. [PMID: 37545539 PMCID: PMC10401043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii, CD74) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a chaperone and facilitates the folding and transport of MHC II chains. By assisting the assembly and subcellular targeting of MHC II complexes, Ii has a wide impact on the functions of antigen-presenting cells such as antigen processing, endocytic maturation, signal transduction, cell migration, and macropinocytosis. Ii is a multifunctional molecule that can alter endocytic traffic and has several interacting molecules. To understand more about Ii's function and to identify further Ii interactors, a yeast two-hybrid screening was performed. Retinoic Acid-Induced 14 (Rai14) was detected as a putative interaction partner, and the interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Rai14 is a poorly characterized protein, which is believed to have a role in actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling. In line with this, we found that Rai14 localizes to membrane ruffles, where it forms macropinosomes. Depletion of Rai14 in antigen-presenting cells delays MHC II internalization, affecting macropinocytic activity. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that, similar to Ii, Rai14 is a positive regulator of macropinocytosis and a negative regulator of cell migration, two antagonistic processes in antigen-presenting cells. This antagonism is known to depend on the interaction between myosin II and Ii. Here, we show that Rai14 also binds to myosin II, suggesting that Ii, myosin II, and Rai14 work together to coordinate macropinocytosis and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Salloum G, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. Macropinocytosis: mechanisms and regulation. Biochem J 2023; 480:335-362. [PMID: 36920093 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is defined as an actin-dependent but coat- and dynamin-independent endocytic uptake process, which generates large intracellular vesicles (macropinosomes) containing a non-selective sampling of extracellular fluid. Macropinocytosis provides an important mechanism of immune surveillance by dendritic cells and macrophages, but also serves as an essential nutrient uptake pathway for unicellular organisms and tumor cells. This review examines the cell biological mechanisms that drive macropinocytosis, as well as the complex signaling pathways - GTPases, lipid and protein kinases and phosphatases, and actin regulatory proteins - that regulate macropinosome formation, internalization, and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Salloum
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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7
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Itagaki M, Nasu Y, Sugiyama C, Nakase I, Kamei N. A universal method to analyze cellular internalization mechanisms via endocytosis without non-specific cross-effects. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22764. [PMID: 36624697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201780r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is an essential biological process for nutrient absorption and intercellular communication; it can also be used to accelerate the cellular internalization of drug delivery carriers. Clarifying the cellular uptake mechanisms of unidentified endogenous and exogenous molecules and designing new effective drug delivery systems require an accurate, specific endocytosis analysis methodology. Therefore, we developed a method to specifically evaluate cellular internalization via three main endocytic pathways: clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis. We first revealed that most known endocytosis inhibitors had no specific inhibitory effect or were cytotoxic. Second, we successfully established an alternative method using small interfering RNA to knock down dynamin-2 and caveolin-1, which are necessary for clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, in HeLa cells. Third, we established another method to specifically analyze macropinocytosis using rottlerin on A431 cells. Finally, we validated the proposed methods by testing the cellular internalization of a biological molecule (insulin) and carriers (nanoparticles and cell-penetrating peptides). Through this study, we established versatile methods to precisely and specifically evaluate endocytosis of newly developed biopharmaceuticals or drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Itagaki
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nasu
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kamei
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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8
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Khalili D, Kunc M, Herbrich S, Müller AM, Theopold U. Chitinase-like proteins promoting tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged endosomal vesicles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170122. [PMID: 37188187 PMCID: PMC10175591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with tissue-remodeling and inflammation but also with several disorders, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, allergies, and cancer. However, CLP's role in tumors is far from clear. Methods Here, we utilize Drosophila melanogaster and molecular genetics to investigate the function of CLPs (imaginal disc growth factors; Idgf's) in RasV12 dysplastic salivary glands. Results and discussion We find one of the Idgf's members, Idgf3, is transcriptionally induced in a JNK-dependent manner via a positive feedback loop mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Idgf3 accumulates in enlarged endosomal vesicles (EnVs) that promote tumor progression by disrupting cytoskeletal organization. The process is mediated via the downstream component, aSpectrin, which localizes to the EnVs. Our data provide new insight into CLP function in tumors and identifies specific targets for tumor control.
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Tu H, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Miao X, Li D, Guo H, Yang Y, Cai H. The PripA-TbcrA complex-centered Rab GAP cascade facilitates macropinosome maturation in Dictyostelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1787. [PMID: 35379834 PMCID: PMC8980073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMacropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating nonspecific bulk uptake of extracellular fluid, has been ascribed diverse functions. How nascent macropinosomes mature after internalization remains largely unknown. By searching for proteins that localize on macropinosomes during the Rab5-to-Rab7 transition stage in Dictyostelium, we uncover a complex composed of two proteins, which we name PripA and TbcrA. We show that the Rab5-to-Rab7 conversion involves fusion of Rab5-marked early macropinosomes with Rab7-marked late macropinosomes. PripA links the two membrane compartments by interacting with PI(3,4)P2 and Rab7. In addition, PripA recruits TbcrA, which acts as a GAP, to turn off Rab5. Thus, the conversion to Rab7 is linked to inactivation of the upstream Rab5. Consistently, disruption of either pripA or tbcrA impairs Rab5 inactivation and macropinocytic cargo processing. Therefore, the PripA-TbcrA complex is the central component of a Rab GAP cascade that facilitates programmed Rab switch and efficient cargo trafficking during macropinosome maturation.
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Mendel ZI, Reynolds MB, Abuaita BH, O'Riordan MX, Swanson JA. Amino acids suppress macropinocytosis and promote release of CSF1 receptor in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259284. [PMID: 35107133 PMCID: PMC8919328 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The internalization of solutes by macropinocytosis provides an essential route for nutrient uptake in many cells. Macrophages increase macropinocytosis in response to growth factors and other stimuli. To test the hypothesis that nutrient environments modulate solute uptake by macropinocytosis, this study analyzed the effects of extracellular amino acids on the accumulation of fluorescent fluid-phase probes in murine macrophages. Nine amino acids, added individually or together, were capable of suppressing macropinocytosis in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with the growth factors colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) or interleukin 34, both ligands of the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). The suppressive amino acids did not inhibit macropinocytosis in response to lipopolysaccharide, the chemokine CXCL12, or the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate. Suppressive amino acids promoted release of CSF1R from cells and resulted in the formation of smaller macropinosomes in response to CSF1. This suppression of growth factor-stimulated macropinocytosis indicates that different nutrient environments modulate CSF1R levels and bulk ingestion by macropinocytosis, with likely consequences for macrophage growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I. Mendel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Mack B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Mary X. O'Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - Joel A. Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
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Activation of Non-Canonical Autophagic Pathway through Inhibition of Non-Integrin Laminin Receptor in Neuronal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030466. [PMID: 35159276 PMCID: PMC8833926 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight neurodegenerative diseases, several therapeutic strategies have been proposed that, to date, are either ineffective or at the early preclinical stages. Intracellular protein aggregates represent the cause of about 70% of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, autophagy, i.e., lysosomal degradation of macromolecules, could be employed in this context as a therapeutic strategy. Searching for a compound that stimulates this process led us to the identification of a 37/67kDa laminin receptor inhibitor, NSC48478. We have analysed the effects of this small molecule on the autophagic process in mouse neuronal cells and found that NSC48478 induces the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-I) into the LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II). Interestingly, upon NSC48478 treatment, the contribution of membranes to the autophagic process derived mainly from the non-canonical m-TOR-independent endocytic pathway, involving the Rab proteins that control endocytosis and vesicle recycling. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis suggests that, while the expression of key genes linked to canonical autophagy was unchanged, the main genes related to the positive regulation of endocytosis (pinocytosis and receptor mediated), along with genes regulating vesicle fusion and autolysosomal maturation, were upregulated under NSC48478 conditions. These results strongly suggest that 37/67 kDa inhibitor could be a useful tool for future studies in pathological conditions.
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12
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Schink KO, Tan KW, Spangenberg H, Martorana D, Sneeggen M, Stévenin V, Enninga J, Campsteijn C, Raiborg C, Stenmark H. The phosphoinositide coincidence detector Phafin2 promotes macropinocytosis by coordinating actin organisation at forming macropinosomes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6577. [PMID: 34772942 PMCID: PMC8590015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake of large volumes of extracellular fluid by actin-dependent macropinocytosis has an important role in infection, immunity and cancer development. A key question is how actin assembly and disassembly are coordinated around macropinosomes to allow them to form and subsequently pass through the dense actin network underlying the plasma membrane to move towards the cell center for maturation. Here we show that the PH and FYVE domain protein Phafin2 is recruited transiently to newly-formed macropinosomes by a mechanism that involves coincidence detection of PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P. Phafin2 also interacts with actin via its PH domain, and recruitment of Phafin2 coincides with actin reorganization around nascent macropinosomes. Moreover, forced relocalization of Phafin2 to the plasma membrane causes rearrangement of the subcortical actin cytoskeleton. Depletion of Phafin2 inhibits macropinosome internalization and maturation and prevents KRAS-transformed cancer cells from utilizing extracellular protein as an amino acid source. We conclude that Phafin2 promotes macropinocytosis by controlling timely delamination of actin from nascent macropinosomes for their navigation through the dense subcortical actin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Oliver Schink
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kia Wee Tan
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hélène Spangenberg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Domenica Martorana
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte Sneeggen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Virginie Stévenin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Coen Campsteijn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
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Sun Z, Huang J, Su L, Li J, Qi F, Su H, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhang S. Arf6-mediated macropinocytosis-enhanced suicide gene therapy of C16TAB-condensed Tat/pDNA nanoparticles in ovarian cancer. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14538-14551. [PMID: 34473182 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), typically HIV-Tat, to deliver therapeutic genes for cancer treatment is hampered by the inefficient delivery and complicated uptake route of plasmid DNA (pDNA). On the one hand, surface charges, particle size and shape essentially contribute to the endocytosis pathway of Tat/pDNA nanocomplexes, and on the other hand, endogenous cellular factors dominantly determine their intracellular trafficking fate and biological outcome. Recent advances in surfactant-modified nanomaterial and dual molecular imaging technology have offered new opportunities for suicide gene therapy. In this study, we employed the cationic surfactant C16TAB to further condense Tat/pDNA nanocomplexes for improving their delivery efficiency and tested the therapeutic effect of Tat/pDNA/C16TAB (T-P-C) nanoparticles carrying the GCV-converted HSV-ttk suicide gene for ovarian cancer. The cellular endocytosis pathway and underlying signal mechanism of T-P-C nanoparticles were further determined. The obtained T-P-C nanoparticles exhibited a small size, positive surface charge, irregular granular shape and high pDNA encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro experiments showed that T-P-C nanoparticles mainly used the macropinocytosis pathway for uptake in ovarian cancer cells. Their internalization and payload gene expression were controlled by the Arf6 GTPase-dependent, Rab GTPase-activated signal axis. Further in vivo molecular imaging based on DF (Fluc-eGFP)-TF (RFP-Rluc-HSV-ttk) system showed that T-P-C nanoparticles significantly increased the targeted delivery and suicide gene therapy in a mouse model xenografted with human ovarian cancer. More importantly, Arf6-mediated macropinocytosis remarkably enhanced the delivery efficiency and suicide gene therapy effect of T-P-C nanoparticles. Therefore, these C16TAB-condensed Tat/pDNA nanoparticles combined with the dual molecular imaging strategy provides a novel intracellular delivery platform for high-efficient, precise suicide gene therapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Linjia Su
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Fangzheng Qi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Huishan Su
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Sihe Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
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14
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Kostopoulou N, Bellou S, Bagli E, Markou M, Kostaras E, Hyvönen M, Kalaidzidis Y, Papadopoulos A, Chalmantzi V, Kyrkou A, Panopoulou E, Fotsis T, Murphy C. Embryonic stem cells are devoid of macropinocytosis, a trafficking pathway for activin A in differentiated cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs246892. [PMID: 34313314 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-receptor complexes formed at the plasma membrane are internalised via various endocytic pathways that influence the ultimate signalling output by regulating the selection of interaction partners by the complex along the trafficking route. We report that, in differentiated cells, activin A-receptor complexes are internalised via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and macropinocytosis (MP), whereas in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) internalisation occurs via CME. We further show that hESCs are devoid of MP, which becomes functional upon differentiation towards endothelial cells through mesoderm mediators. Our results reveal, for the first time, that MP is an internalisation route for activin A in differentiated cells, and that MP is not active in hESCs and is induced as cells differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kostopoulou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Sofia Bellou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Unit, Network of Research Supporting Laboratories, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Eleni Bagli
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Maria Markou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kostaras
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Yiannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Angelos Papadopoulos
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Varvara Chalmantzi
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Athena Kyrkou
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Panopoulou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Theodore Fotsis
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Department of Biomedical Research, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, A118 Aston Webb, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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