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Zimmer AM. Ammonia excretion by the fish gill: discoveries and ideas that shaped our current understanding. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5. [PMID: 38849577 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The fish gill serves many physiological functions, among which is the excretion of ammonia, the primary nitrogenous waste in most fishes. Although it is the end-product of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia serves many physiological functions including acting as an acid equivalent and as a counter-ion in mechanisms of ion regulation. Our current understanding of the mechanisms of ammonia excretion have been influenced by classic experimental work, clever mechanistic approaches, and modern molecular and genetic techniques. In this review, I will overview the history of the study of ammonia excretion by the gills of fishes, highlighting the important advancements that have shaped this field with a nearly 100-year history. The developmental and evolutionary implications of an ammonia and gill-dominated nitrogen regulation strategy in most fishes will also be discussed. Throughout the review, I point to areas in which more work is needed to push forward this field of research that continues to produce novel insights and discoveries that will undoubtedly shape our overall understanding of fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada.
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2
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Pan YK. Structure and function of the larval teleost fish gill. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01550-8. [PMID: 38584182 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The fish gill is a multifunctional organ that is important in multiple physiological processes such as gas transfer, ionoregulation, and chemoreception. This characteristic organ of fishes has received much attention, yet an often-overlooked point is that larval fishes in most cases do not have a fully developed gill, and thus larval gills do not function identically as adult gills. In addition, large changes associated with gas exchange and ionoregulation happen in gills during the larval phase, leading to the oxygen and ionoregulatory hypotheses examining the environmental constraint that resulted in the evolution of gills. This review thus focuses exclusively on the larval fish gill of teleosts, summarizing the development of teleost larval fish gills and its function in gas transfer, ionoregulation, and chemoreception, and comparing and contrasting it to adult gills where applicable, while providing some insight into the oxygen vs ionoregulatory hypotheses debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Kevin Pan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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3
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Trampert DC, Kersten R, Tolenaars D, Jongejan A, van de Graaf SF, Beuers U. Laminin 511-E8, an autoantigen in IgG4-related cholangitis, contributes to cholangiocyte protection. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101015. [PMID: 38524667 PMCID: PMC10959701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) is the hepatobiliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease. Anti-laminin 511-E8 autoantibodies have been identified in its pancreatic manifestation. Laminin 511-E8 promotes endothelial barrier function, lymphocyte recruitment, and cholangiocyte differentiation. Here, we investigate anti-laminin 511-E8 autoantibody presence in IRC, and mechanisms via which laminin 511 may contribute to cholangiocyte protection. Methods Anti-laminin 511-E8 serum autoantibody positivity was assessed by ELISA. RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR were performed on human H69 cholangiocytes treated with recombinant laminin 511-E8. H69 cholangiocytes were subjected to shRNA knockdown targeting genes encoding laminin 511 (LAMA5, LAMB1, LAMC1) or treated with recombinant laminin 511-E8. Cholangiocellular bile acid influx was quantified radiochemically using 22,23-3H-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC). GCDC-induced apoptosis was determined by Caspase-3/7 assays. Cholangiocellular barrier function was assessed by FITC-Dextran permeability assays. Immunofluorescent staining of laminin 511 and claudin 1 was performed on extrahepatic bile duct tissue of control and anti-laminin 511-E8 positive individuals with IRC. Results Seven out of 52 individuals with IRC had autoantibodies against laminin 511-E8. Recombinant laminin 511-E8 led to differential expression of genes involved in secretion, barrier function, and inflammation. Knockdown of laminin 511 constituents increased toxic bile acid permeation and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Laminin 511-E8 treatment decreased toxic bile acid permeation and dose-dependently alleviated GCDC-induced apoptosis. LAMA5 and LAMC1 knockdown increased transepithelial permeability. Laminin 511-E8 treatment reduced transepithelial permeability and prevented T lymphocyte-induced barrier dysfunction. Laminin 511 and claudin 1 staining patterns appeared altered in anti-laminin 511-E8 positive individuals with IRC. Conclusions Laminin 511-E8 is an autoantigen in subsets of individuals with IRC. Laminin 511 enhances cholangiocellular barrier function and protects cholangiocytes against T lymphocyte-induced barrier dysfunction, toxic bile acid permeation and bile acid-induced apoptosis. Impact and implications A subset of patients with IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) has autoantibodies against laminin 511-E8. In human cholangiocytes, laminin 511 protects against (T lymphocyte-induced) epithelial barrier dysfunction and hydrophobic bile acids. Laminin 511 and claudin 1 staining may be altered in extrahepatic bile ducts of patients with IRC who are anti-laminin 511-E8 positive. This makes it tempting to speculate that a decreased epithelial barrier function with attraction of immune cells and impaired bicarbonate secretion as a result of dysfunction of laminin 511 by autoantibody binding could potentially be a common systemic pathogenic mechanism in a subset of patients with IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Trampert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Kersten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Tolenaars
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Alhazmi N, Alamoud KA, Albalawi F, Alalola B, Farook FF. The application of zebrafish model in the study of cleft lip and palate development: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28322. [PMID: 38533046 PMCID: PMC10963633 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Craniofacial growth and development are more than a scientific curiosity; it is of tremendous interest to clinicians. Insights into the genetic etiology of cleft lip and palate development are essential for improving diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this systematic review was to utilize a zebrafish model to highlight the role of the IRF6 gene in cleft lip and palate development in humans. Data This review adhered to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. Nine studies were included in the analysis. Sources This study used major scientific databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Zebrafish Information Network and yielded 1275 articles. Two reviewers performed the screening using COVIDENCE™ independently, and a third reviewer resolved any conflicts. Study selection After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and screening, nine studies were included in the analysis. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's (SYRCLE's) risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results The main outcome supports the role of the IRF6 gene in zebrafish periderm development and embryogenesis, and IRF6 variations result in cleft lip and palate development. The overall SYRCLE risk of bias was low-medium. Conclusion In conclusion, this review indicated the critical role of the IRF6 gene and its downstream genes (GRHL3, KLF17, and ESRP1/2) in the development of cleft lip and palate in zebrafish models. Genetic mutation zebrafish models provide a high level of insights into zebrafish craniofacial development. Clinical relevance this review provides a productive avenue for understanding the powerful and conserved zebrafish model for investigating the pathogenesis of human cleft lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alhazmi
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alamoud
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farraj Albalawi
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Alalola
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathima F. Farook
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
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Gilmour KM, Daley MA, Egginton S, Kelber A, McHenry MJ, Patek SN, Sane SP, Schulte PM, Terblanche JS, Wright PA, Franklin CE. Through the looking glass: attempting to predict future opportunities and challenges in experimental biology. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246921. [PMID: 38059428 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
To celebrate its centenary year, Journal of Experimental Biology (JEB) commissioned a collection of articles examining the past, present and future of experimental biology. This Commentary closes the collection by considering the important research opportunities and challenges that await us in the future. We expect that researchers will harness the power of technological advances, such as '-omics' and gene editing, to probe resistance and resilience to environmental change as well as other organismal responses. The capacity to handle large data sets will allow high-resolution data to be collected for individual animals and to understand population, species and community responses. The availability of large data sets will also place greater emphasis on approaches such as modeling and simulations. Finally, the increasing sophistication of biologgers will allow more comprehensive data to be collected for individual animals in the wild. Collectively, these approaches will provide an unprecedented understanding of 'how animals work' as well as keys to safeguarding animals at a time when anthropogenic activities are degrading the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica A Daley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Almut Kelber
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthew J McHenry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sheila N Patek
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sanjay P Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John S Terblanche
- Center for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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6
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Sahu BS, Razzoli M, McGonigle S, Pallais JP, Nguyen ME, Sadahiro M, Jiang C, Lin WJ, Kelley KA, Rodriguez P, Mansk R, Cero C, Caviola G, Palanza P, Rao L, Beetch M, Alejandro E, Sham YY, Frontini A, Salton SR, Bartolomucci A. Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101781. [PMID: 37482186 PMCID: PMC10400922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. METHODS We developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide (ΔTLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R21→A). RESULTS We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. ΔTLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by an environmental temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS The ΔTLQP-21 mouse line can be a valuable resource to conduct mechanistic studies on the necessary role of TLQP-21 in physiology and disease, while also serving as a platform to test the specificity of novel antibodies or immunoassays directed at TLQP-21. Our approach also has far-reaching implications by informing the development of knowledge-based genetic engineering approaches to generate selective loss of function of other peptides encoded by pro-hormones genes, leaving all other peptides within the pro-protein precursor intact and unmodified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Seth McGonigle
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Pallais
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Megin E Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kevin A Kelley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Rachel Mansk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Giada Caviola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43120, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43120, Parma, Italy
| | - Loredana Rao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Megan Beetch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emilyn Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Sadri A. Is Target-Based Drug Discovery Efficient? Discovery and "Off-Target" Mechanisms of All Drugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12651-12677. [PMID: 37672650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Target-based drug discovery is the dominant paradigm of drug discovery; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its real-world efficiency is lacking. Here, a manual systematic review of about 32000 articles and patents dating back to 150 years ago demonstrates its apparent inefficiency. Analyzing the origins of all approved drugs reveals that, despite several decades of dominance, only 9.4% of small-molecule drugs have been discovered through "target-based" assays. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of even this minimal share cannot be solely attributed and reduced to their purported targets, as they depend on numerous off-target mechanisms unconsciously incorporated by phenotypic observations. The data suggest that reductionist target-based drug discovery may be a cause of the productivity crisis in drug discovery. An evidence-based approach to enhance efficiency seems to be prioritizing, in selecting and optimizing molecules, higher-level phenotypic observations that are closer to the sought-after therapeutic effects using tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sadri
- Lyceum Scientific Charity, Tehran, Iran, 1415893697
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417755331
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417614411
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8
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Farrell AP. Getting to the heart of anatomical diversity and phenotypic plasticity: fish hearts are an optimal organ model in need of greater mechanistic study. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245582. [PMID: 37578108 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection has produced many vertebrate 'solutions' for the cardiac life-support system, especially among the approximately 30,000 species of fishes. For example, across species, fish have the greatest range for central arterial blood pressure and relative ventricular mass of any vertebrate group. This enormous cardiac diversity is excellent ground material for mechanistic explorations. Added to this species diversity is the emerging field of population-specific diversity, which is revealing that cardiac design and function can be tailored to a fish population's local environmental conditions. Such information is important to conservation biologists and ecologists, as well as physiologists. Furthermore, the cardiac structure and function of an individual adult fish are extremely pliable (through phenotypic plasticity), which is typically beneficial to the heart's function when environmental conditions are variable. Consequently, exploring factors that trigger cardiac remodelling with acclimation to new environments represents a marvellous opportunity for performing mechanistic studies that minimize the genetic differences that accompany cross-species comparisons. What makes the heart an especially good system for the investigation of phenotypic plasticity and species diversity is that its function can be readily evaluated at the organ level using established methodologies, unlike most other organ systems. Although the fish heart has many merits as an organ-level model to provide a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity and species diversity, bringing this potential to fruition will require productive research collaborations among physiologists, geneticists, developmental biologists and ecologists.
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Landi E, Karabatas L, Rodríguez Gomez T, Salatino L, Scaglia P, Ramírez L, Keselman A, Braslavsky D, Sanguineti N, Pennisi P, Rey RA, Bergadá I, Jasper HG, Domené HM, Plazas PV, Domené S. An in vivo functional assay to characterize human STAT5B genetic variants during zebrafish development. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2473-2484. [PMID: 37162340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binding to GH receptor activates janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) pathway, which stimulates transcription of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGFALS). Although STAT5B deficiency was established as an autosomal recessive disorder, heterozygous dominant-negative STAT5B variants have been reported in patients with less severe growth deficit and milder immune dysfunction. We developed an in vivo functional assay in zebrafish to characterize the pathogenicity of three human STAT5B variants (p.Ala630Pro, p.Gln474Arg and p.Lys632Asn). Overexpression of human wild-type (WT) STAT5B mRNA and its variants led to a significant reduction of body length together with developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos. Overexpression of p.Ala630Pro, p.Gln474Arg or p.Lys632Asn led to an increased number of embryos with pericardial edema, cyclopia and bent spine compared with WT STAT5B. Although co-injection of WT and p.Gln474Arg and WT and p.Lys632Asn STAT5B mRNA in zebrafish embryos partially or fully rescues the length and the developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos, co-injection of WT and p.Ala630Pro STAT5B mRNA leads to a greater number of embryos with developmental malformations and a reduction in body length of these embryos. These results suggest that these variants could interfere with endogenous stat5.1 signaling through different mechanisms. In situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos overexpressing p.Gln474Arg and p.Lys632Asn STAT5B mRNA shows a reduction in igf1 expression. In conclusion, our study reveals the pathogenicity of the STAT5B variants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Landi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Liliana Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Tomás Rodríguez Gomez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Lucía Salatino
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Débora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Nora Sanguineti
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Patricia Pennisi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Paola V Plazas
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
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Wolf S, Abhyankar V, Melo D, Ayroles JF, Pallares LF. From GWAS to signal validation: An approach for estimating genetic effects while preserving genomic context. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531909. [PMID: 36945453 PMCID: PMC10028994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Validating associations between genotypic and phenotypic variation remains a challenge, despite advancements in association studies. Common approaches for signal validation rely on gene-level perturbations, such as loss-of-function mutations or RNAi, which test the effect of genetic modifications usually not observed in nature. CRISPR-based methods can validate associations at the SNP level, but have significant drawbacks, including resulting off-target effects and being both time-consuming and expensive. Both approaches usually modify the genome of a single genetic background, limiting the generalizability of experiments. To address these challenges, we present a simple, low-cost experimental scheme for validating genetic associations at the SNP level in outbred populations. The approach involves genotyping live outbred individuals at a focal SNP, crossing homozygous individuals with the same genotype at that locus, and contrasting phenotypes across resulting synthetic outbred populations. We tested this method in Drosophila melanogaster, measuring the longevity effects of a polymorphism at a naturally-segregating cis-eQTL for the midway gene. Our results demonstrate the utility of this method in SNP-level validation of naturally occurring genetic variation regulating complex traits. This method provides a bridge between the statistical discovery of genotype-phenotype associations and their validation in the natural context of heterogeneous genomic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Wolf
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Varada Abhyankar
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Diogo Melo
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Julien F. Ayroles
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Luisa F. Pallares
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Current address: Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Li XM, Wen JH, Feng ZS, Wu YS, Li DY, Liang S, Wu D, Wu HL, Li SM, Ye ZN, Yang C, Sun L, Tang JX, Liu HF. Effect of Lacking ZKSCAN3 on Autophagy, Lysosomal Biogenesis and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097786. [PMID: 37175493 PMCID: PMC10178544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors can affect autophagy activity by promoting or inhibiting the expression of autophagic and lysosomal genes. As a member of the zinc finger family DNA-binding proteins, ZKSCAN3 has been reported to function as a transcriptional repressor of autophagy, silencing of which can induce autophagy and promote lysosomal biogenesis in cancer cells. However, studies in Zkscan3 knockout mice showed that the deficiency of ZKSCAN3 did not induce autophagy or increase lysosomal biogenesis. In order to further explore the role of ZKSCAN3 in the transcriptional regulation of autophagic genes in human cancer and non-cancer cells, we generated ZKSCAN3 knockout HK-2 (non-cancer) and Hela (cancer) cells via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and analyzed the differences in gene expression between ZKSCAN3 deleted cells and non-deleted cells through fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot and transcriptome sequencing, with special attention to the differences in expression of autophagic and lysosomal genes. We found that ZKSCAN3 may be a cancer-related gene involved in cancer progression, but not an essential transcriptional repressor of autophagic or lysosomal genes, as the lacking of ZKSCAN3 cannot significantly promote the expression of autophagic and lysosomal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Jun-Hao Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Ze-Sen Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yun-Shan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Dong-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Hong-Luan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Shang-Mei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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12
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Sahu BS, Razzoli M, McGonigle S, Pallais JP, Nguyen ME, Sadahiro M, Jiang C, Lin WJ, Kelley KA, Rodriguez P, Mansk R, Cero C, Caviola G, Palanza P, Rao L, Beetch M, Alejandro E, Sham YY, Frontini A, Salton SR, Bartolomucci A. Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.532619. [PMID: 36993202 PMCID: PMC10055429 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.532619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. Here, we developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide (ΔTLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R 21 →A). We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. ΔTLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by a temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue.
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13
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Perry SF, Pan YK, Gilmour KM. Insights into the control and consequences of breathing adjustments in fishes-from larvae to adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1065573. [PMID: 36793421 PMCID: PMC9923008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to defend homeostasis during environmental fluctuations in O2 and/or CO2 levels. In this focused review, we discuss the control and consequences of ventilatory adjustments in fish, briefly summarizing ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia before describing the current state of knowledge of the chemoreceptor cells and molecular mechanisms involved in sensing O2 and CO2. We emphasize, where possible, insights gained from studies on early developmental stages. In particular, zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have emerged as an important model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of O2 and CO2 chemosensing as well as the central integration of chemosensory information. Their value stems, in part, from their amenability to genetic manipulation, which enables the creation of loss-of-function mutants, optogenetic manipulation, and the production of transgenic fish with specific genes linked to fluorescent reporters or biosensors.
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14
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Hanot M, Raby L, Völkel P, Le Bourhis X, Angrand PO. The Contribution of the Zebrafish Model to the Understanding of Polycomb Repression in Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032322. [PMID: 36768643 PMCID: PMC9916924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are highly conserved proteins assembled into two major types of complexes, PRC1 and PRC2, involved in the epigenetic silencing of a wide range of gene expression programs regulating cell fate and tissue development. The crucial role of PRC1 and PRC2 in the fundamental cellular processes and their involvement in human pathologies such as cancer attracted intense attention over the last few decades. Here, we review recent advancements regarding PRC1 and PRC2 function using the zebrafish model. We point out that the unique characteristics of the zebrafish model provide an exceptional opportunity to increase our knowledge of the role of the PRC1 and PRC2 complexes in tissue development, in the maintenance of organ integrity and in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Hanot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludivine Raby
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pamela Völkel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Angrand
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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Kevin Pan Y, Julian T, Garvey K, Perry SF. Catecholamines modulate the hypoxic ventilatory response of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286267. [PMID: 36484145 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in fish is an important reflex that aids O2 uptake when low environmental O2 levels constrain diffusion. In developing zebrafish (Danio rerio), the acute HVR is multiphasic, consisting of a rapid increase in ventilation frequency (fV) during hypoxia onset, followed by a decline to a stable plateau phase above fV under normoxic conditions. In this study, we examined the potential role of catecholamines in contributing to each of these phases of the dynamic HVR in zebrafish larvae. We showed that adrenaline elicits a dose-dependent β-adrenoreceptor (AR)-mediated increase in fV that does not require expression of β1-ARs, as the hyperventilatory response to β-AR stimulation was unaltered in adrb1-/- mutants, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. In response to hypoxia and propranolol co-treatment, the magnitude of the rapidly occurring peak increase in fV during hypoxia onset was attenuated (112±14 breaths min-1 without propranolol to 68±17 breaths min-1 with propranolol), whereas the increased fV during the stable phase of the HVR was prevented in both wild type and adrb1-/- mutants. Thus, β1-AR is not required for the HVR and other β-ARs, although not required for initiation of the HVR, are involved in setting the maximal increase in fV and in maintaining hyperventilation during continued hypoxia. This adrenergic modulation of the HVR may arise from centrally released catecholamines because adrenaline exposure failed to activate (based on intracellular Ca2+ levels) cranial nerves IX and X, which transmit O2 signals from the pharyngeal arch to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Kevin Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 9A7
| | - Tess Julian
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 9A7
| | - Kayla Garvey
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 9A7
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 9A7
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16
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Chia K, Klingseisen A, Sieger D, Priller J. Zebrafish as a model organism for neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:940484. [PMID: 36311026 PMCID: PMC9606821 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.940484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is increasingly recognized as a model organism for translational research into human neuropathology. The zebrafish brain exhibits fundamental resemblance with human neuroanatomical and neurochemical pathways, and hallmarks of human brain pathology such as protein aggregation, neuronal degeneration and activation of glial cells, for example, can be modeled and recapitulated in the fish central nervous system. Genetic manipulation, imaging, and drug screening are areas where zebrafish excel with the ease of introducing mutations and transgenes, the expression of fluorescent markers that can be detected in vivo in the transparent larval stages overtime, and simple treatment of large numbers of fish larvae at once followed by automated screening and imaging. In this review, we summarize how zebrafish have successfully been employed to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of choosing zebrafish as a model for these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelda Chia
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Dirk Sieger,
| | - Josef Priller
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DZNE, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Josef Priller,
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17
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Joyce W, Pan YK, Garvey K, Saxena V, Perry S. Regulation of heart rate following genetic deletion of the ß1 adrenergic receptor in larval zebrafish. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13849. [PMID: 35665450 PMCID: PMC9539580 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim Although zebrafish are gaining popularity as biomedical models of cardiovascular disease, our understanding of their cardiac control mechanisms is fragmentary. Our goal was to clarify the controversial role of the ß1‐adrenergic receptor (AR) in the regulation of heart rate in zebrafish. Methods CRISPR‐Cas9 was used to delete the adrb1 gene in zebrafish allowing us to generate a stable adrb1−/− line. Larval heart rates were measured during pharmacological protocols and with exposure to hypercapnia. Expression of the five zebrafish adrb genes were measured in larval zebrafish hearts using qPCR. Results Compared with genetically matched wild‐types (adrb1+/+), adrb1−/− larvae exhibited ~20 beats min−1 lower heart rate, measured from 2 to 21 days post‐fertilization (dpf). Nevertheless, adrb1−/− larvae exhibited preserved positive chronotropic responses to pharmacological treatment with AR agonists (adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol), which were blocked by propranolol (general ß‐AR antagonist). Regardless of genotype, larvae exhibited similar increases in heart rate in response to hypercapnia (1% CO2) at 5 dpf, but tachycardia was blunted in adrb1−/− larvae at 6 dpf. adrb1 gene expression was abolished in the hearts of adrb1−/− larvae, confirming successful knockout. While gene expression of adrb2a and adrb3a was unchanged, adrb2b and adrb3b mRNA levels increased in adrb1−/− larval hearts. Conclusion Despite adrb1 contributing to the setting of resting heart rate in larvae, it is not strictly essential for zebrafish, as we generated a viable and breeding adrb1−/− line. The chronotropic effects of adrenergic stimulation persist in adrb1−/− zebrafish, likely due to the upregulation of other ß‐AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology – Zoophysiology Aarhus Universitet Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yihang K. Pan
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kayla Garvey
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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18
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Ranjbar M, Amiri F, Nourigorji M, Torabizadeh F, Dara M, Dianatpour M. B2M gene knockout in HEK293T cells by non-viral delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for the generation of universal cells. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Allogeneic stem cells are the most potent sources for replacing cell, tissue, and organ malfunctions. The clinical use of these stem cells has been limited due to the risk of immune system rejection due to the incompatibility of human leukocyte (HLA) antigens between donors and recipients. To overcome this limitation, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to eliminate the β2 microglobulin (B2M) gene, which plays a vital role in the expression of HLA class I.
Results
Non-viral transfer of two gRNAs targeting the first exon and intron in the B2M gene results in large deletions in the target region. In addition, the results of this study showed that 11.11% and 22.22% of cells received genomic changes as homozygous and heterozygous, respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have shown that the dual guide RNA strategy is a simple and efficient method for modifying genes. As a result, these cells can be proposed as universal cells that are not detectable in the cell therapy system and transplantation by the receptor immune system.
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19
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Chandrapalan T, Kwong RWM. Functional significance and physiological regulation of essential trace metals in fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273675. [PMID: 34882772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese play essential roles in various biological processes in fish, including development, energy metabolism and immune response. At embryonic stages, fish obtain essential metals primarily from the yolk, whereas in later life stages (i.e. juvenile and adult), the gastrointestine and the gill are the major sites for the acquisition of trace metals. On a molecular level, the absorption of metals is thought to occur at least in part via specific metal ion transporters, including the divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), copper transporter-1 (CTR1), and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP). A variety of other proteins are also involved in maintaining cellular and systemic metal homeostasis. Interestingly, the expression and function of these metal transport- and metabolism-related proteins can be influenced by a range of trace metals and major ions. Increasing evidence also demonstrates an interplay between the gastrointestine and the gill for the regulation of trace metal absorption. Therefore, there is a complex network of regulatory and compensatory mechanisms involved in maintaining trace metal balance. Yet, an array of factors is known to influence metal metabolism in fish, such as hormonal status and environmental changes. In this Review, we summarize the physiological significance of iron, copper, zinc and manganese, and discuss the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying transepithelial metal ion transport, metal-metal interactions, and cellular and systemic handling of these metals in fish. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in the regulation of metal homeostasis and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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20
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Constantin D, Dubuis G, Conde-Rubio MDC, Widmann C. APOBEC3C, a nucleolar protein induced by genotoxins, is excluded from DNA damage sites. FEBS J 2021; 289:808-831. [PMID: 34528388 PMCID: PMC9292673 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human genome contains 11 APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide‐like) cytidine deaminases classified into four families. These proteins function mainly in innate antiviral immunity and can also restrict endogenous retrotransposable element multiplication. The present study focuses on APOBEC3C (A3C), a member of the APOBEC3 subfamily. Some APOBEC3 proteins use their enzymatic activity on genomic DNA, inducing mutations and DNA damage, while other members facilitate DNA repair. Our results show that A3C is highly expressed in cells treated with DNA‐damaging agents. Its expression is regulated by p53. Depletion of A3C slightly decreases proliferation and does not affect DNA repair via homologous recombination or nonhomologous end joining. The A3C interactomes obtained from control cells and cells exposed to the genotoxin etoposide indicated that A3C is a nucleolar protein. This was confirmed by the detection of either endogenous or ectopic A3C in nucleoli. Interestingly, we show that A3C is excluded from areas of DNA breaks in live cells. Our data also indicate that the C‐terminal part of A3C is responsible for its nucleolar localization and exclusion from DNA damage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Constantin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Dubuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Mandic M, Joyce W, Perry SF. The evolutionary and physiological significance of the Hif pathway in teleost fishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272213. [PMID: 34533194 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway is a key regulator of cellular O2 homeostasis and an important orchestrator of the physiological responses to hypoxia (low O2) in vertebrates. Fish can be exposed to significant and frequent changes in environmental O2, and increases in Hif-α (the hypoxia-sensitive subunit of the transcription factor Hif) have been documented in a number of species as a result of a decrease in O2. Here, we discuss the impact of the Hif pathway on the hypoxic response and the contribution to hypoxia tolerance, particularly in fishes of the cyprinid lineage, which includes the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The cyprinids are of specific interest because, unlike in most other fishes, duplicated paralogs of the Hif-α isoforms arising from a teleost-specific genome duplication event have been retained. Positive selection has acted on the duplicated paralogs of the Hif-α isoforms in some cyprinid sub-families, pointing to adaptive evolutionary change in the paralogs. Thus, cyprinids are valuable models for exploring the evolutionary significance and physiological impact of the Hif pathway on the hypoxic response. Knockout in zebrafish of either paralog of Hif-1α greatly reduces hypoxia tolerance, indicating the importance of both paralogs to the hypoxic response. Here, with an emphasis on the cardiorespiratory system, we focus on the role of Hif-1α in the hypoxic ventilatory response and the regulation of cardiac function. We explore the effects of the duration of the hypoxic exposure (acute, sustained or intermittent) on the impact of Hif-1α on cardiorespiratory function and compare relevant data with those from mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Mandic
- Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William Joyce
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5.,Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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22
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Kim B, Piao R, Lee G, Koh E, Lee Y, Woo S, Jiang W, Septiningsih EM, Thomson MJ, Koh HJ. OsCOP1 regulates embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2587-2601. [PMID: 33950284 PMCID: PMC8277627 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel mutations of OsCOP1 were identified to be responsible for yellowish pericarp and embryo lethal phenotype, which revealed that OsCOP1 plays a crucial role in flavonoid biosynthesis and embryogenesis in rice seed. Successful production of viable seeds is a major component of plant life cycles, and seed development is a complex, highly regulated process that affects characteristics such as seed viability and color. In this study, three yellowish-pericarp embryo lethal (yel) mutants, yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc, were produced from three different japonica cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L). Mutant seeds had yellowish pericarps and exhibited embryonic lethality, with significantly reduced grain size and weight. Morphological aberrations were apparent by 5 days after pollination, with abnormal embryo development and increased flavonoid accumulation observed in the yel mutants. Genetic analysis and mapping revealed that the phenotype of the three yel mutants was controlled by a single recessive gene, LOC_Os02g53140, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1). The yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc mutants carried mutations in the RING finger, coiled-coil, and WD40 repeat domains, respectively, of OsCOP1. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis was used to knock out OsCOP1 by targeting its functional domains, and transgenic seed displayed the yel mutant phenotype. Overexpression of OsCOP1 in a homozygous yel-hc mutant background restored pericarp color, and the aberrant flavonoid accumulation observed in yel-hc mutant was significantly reduced in the embryo and endosperm. These results demonstrate that OsCOP1 is associated with embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice grains. This study will facilitate a better understanding of the functional roles of OsCOP1 involved in early embryogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Backki Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483 USA
| | - Rihua Piao
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Rice Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, 136100 China
| | - Gileung Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyeol Koh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjoo Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhu Jiang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Endang M. Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483 USA
| | - Michael J. Thomson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483 USA
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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23
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Jakutis G, Stainier DYR. Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in the Context of Transcriptional Adaptation and Genetic Robustness. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:71-91. [PMID: 34314597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulations with a robust and predictable outcome are critical to investigate gene function, as well as for therapeutic genome engineering. For many years, knockdown approaches and reagents including RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides dominated functional studies; however, with the advent of precise genome editing technologies, CRISPR-based knockout systems have become the state-of-the-art tools for such studies. These technologies have helped decipher the role of thousands of genes in development and disease. Their use has also revealed how limited our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships is. The recent discovery that certain mutations can trigger the transcriptional modulation of other genes, a phenomenon called transcriptional adaptation, has provided an additional explanation for the contradicting phenotypes observed in knockdown versus knockout models and increased awareness about the use of each of these approaches. In this review, we first cover the strengths and limitations of different gene perturbation strategies. Then we highlight the diverse ways in which the genotype-phenotype relationship can be discordant between these different strategies. Finally, we review the genetic robustness mechanisms that can lead to such discrepancies, paying special attention to the recently discovered phenomenon of transcriptional adaptation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielius Jakutis
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
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24
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Daňhelovská T, Zdražilová L, Štufková H, Vanišová M, Volfová N, Křížová J, Kuda O, Sládková J, Tesařová M. Knock-Out of ACBD3 Leads to Dispersed Golgi Structure, but Unaffected Mitochondrial Functions in HEK293 and HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147270. [PMID: 34298889 PMCID: PMC8303370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein (ACBD3) plays multiple roles across the cell. Although generally associated with the Golgi apparatus, it operates also in mitochondria. In steroidogenic cells, ACBD3 is an important part of a multiprotein complex transporting cholesterol into mitochondria. Balance in mitochondrial cholesterol is essential for proper mitochondrial protein biosynthesis, among others. We generated ACBD3 knock-out (ACBD3-KO) HEK293 and HeLa cells and characterized the impact of protein absence on mitochondria, Golgi, and lipid profile. In ACBD3-KO cells, cholesterol level and mitochondrial structure and functions are not altered, demonstrating that an alternative pathway of cholesterol transport into mitochondria exists. However, ACBD3-KO cells exhibit enlarged Golgi area with absence of stacks and ribbon-like formation, confirming the importance of ACBD3 in Golgi stacking. The glycosylation of the LAMP2 glycoprotein was not affected by the altered Golgi structure. Moreover, decreased sphingomyelins together with normal ceramides and sphingomyelin synthase activity reveal the importance of ACBD3 in ceramide transport from ER to Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Daňhelovská
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Lucie Zdražilová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Hana Štufková
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Marie Vanišová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Nikol Volfová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jana Křížová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Ondřej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Sládková
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Markéta Tesařová
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.D.); (L.Z.); (H.Š.); (M.V.); (N.V.); (J.K.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Zimmer AM, Goss GG, Glover CN. Reductionist approaches to the study of ionoregulation in fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110597. [PMID: 33781928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying ionoregulation in fishes have been studied for nearly a century, and reductionist methods have been applied at all levels of biological organization in this field of research. The complex nature of ionoregulatory systems in fishes makes them ideally suited to reductionist methods and our collective understanding has been dramatically shaped by their use. This review provides an overview of the broad suite of techniques used to elucidate ionoregulatory mechanisms in fishes, from the whole-animal level down to the gene, discussing some of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. We provide a roadmap for understanding and appreciating the work that has formed the current models of organismal, endocrine, cellular, molecular, and genetic regulation of ion balance in fishes and highlight the contribution that reductionist techniques have made to some of the fundamental leaps forward in the field throughout its history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada
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26
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El Shamy AA, Zakaria Z, Tolba MM, Salah Eldin N, Rabea AT, Tawfick MM, Nasser HA. AmpC β-Lactamase Variable Expression in Common Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Bacterial Pathogens from a Tertiary Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6633888. [PMID: 33854549 PMCID: PMC8021464 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases conferring resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins has become a major clinical concern worldwide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of AmpC β-lactamase encoding gene among the pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative resistant bacteria screened from clinical samples of Egyptian patients enrolled into El-Qasr El-Ainy Tertiary Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. A total of 153 bacterial isolates of the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium were isolated from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI), respiratory tract infection (RTI), and wound infections. The total number of E. faecium isolates was 53, comprising 29 urine isolates, 5 sputum isolates, and 19 wound swab isolates, whereas the total number of P. aeruginosa isolates was 49, comprising 27 urine isolates, 7 sputum isolates, and 15 wound swab isolates, and that of the K. pneumoniae isolates was 51, comprising 20 urine isolates, 25 sputum isolates, and 6 wound swab isolates. Our results indicated that there is no significant difference in the expression of AmpC β-lactamase gene among the tested bacterial species with respect to the type of infection and/or clinical specimen. However, the expression patterns of AmpC β-lactamase gene markedly differed according to the antibacterial resistance characteristics of the tested isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Ali El Shamy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zainab Zakaria
- Biomedical Research Lab, Research and Development Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Tolba
- Pharmaceutical Division, Ministry of Health and Population, Faiyum, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Salah Eldin
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Al-Taher Rabea
- Biomedical Research Lab, Research and Development Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Tawfick
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A. Nasser
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
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27
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Salanga CM, Salanga MC. Genotype to Phenotype: CRISPR Gene Editing Reveals Genetic Compensation as a Mechanism for Phenotypic Disjunction of Morphants and Mutants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073472. [PMID: 33801686 PMCID: PMC8036752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic screens have shown the consequences of deleterious mutations; however, they are best suited for model organisms with fast reproductive rates and large broods. Furthermore, investigators must faithfully identify changes in phenotype, even if subtle, to realize the full benefit of the screen. Reverse genetic approaches also probe genotype to phenotype relationships, except that the genetic targets are predefined. Until recently, reverse genetic approaches relied on non-genomic gene silencing or the relatively inefficient, homology-dependent gene targeting for loss-of-function generation. Fortunately, the flexibility and simplicity of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system has revolutionized reverse genetics, allowing for the precise mutagenesis of virtually any gene in any organism at will. The successful integration of insertions/deletions (INDELs) and nonsense mutations that would, at face value, produce the expected loss-of-function phenotype, have been shown to have little to no effect, even if other methods of gene silencing demonstrate robust loss-of-function consequences. The disjunction between outcomes has raised important questions about our understanding of genotype to phenotype and highlights the capacity for compensation in the central dogma. This review describes recent studies in which genomic compensation appears to be at play, discusses the possible compensation mechanisms, and considers elements important for robust gene loss-of-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy M. Salanga
- Office of the Vice President for Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Matthew C. Salanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Fan J, Papadopoulos V. Mitochondrial TSPO Deficiency Triggers Retrograde Signaling in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010252. [PMID: 33383772 PMCID: PMC7795497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to bind cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its availability for steroidogenesis. We recently reported that targeted Tspo gene deletion in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells resulted in reduced cAMP-stimulated steroid formation and significant reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) compared to control cells. We hypothesized that ΔΨm reduction in the absence of TSPO probably reflects the dysregulation and/or maintenance failure of some basic mitochondrial function(s). To explore the consequences of TSPO depletion via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion (indel) mutation in MA-10 cells, we assessed the transcriptome changes in TSPO-mutant versus wild-type (Wt) cells using RNA-seq. Gene expression profiles were validated using real-time PCR. We report herein that there are significant changes in nuclear gene expression in Tspo mutant versus Wt cells. The identified transcriptome changes were mapped to several signaling pathways including the regulation of membrane potential, calcium signaling, extracellular matrix, and phagocytosis. This is a retrograde signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus and is probably the result of changes in expression of several transcription factors, including key members of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, TSPO regulates nuclear gene expression through intracellular signaling. This is the first evidence of a compensatory response to the loss of TSPO with transcriptome changes at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-323-442-1681
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29
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Disruption of tph1 genes demonstrates the importance of serotonin in regulating ventilation in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 285:103594. [PMID: 33271304 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in larval zebrafish are believed to be O2 chemoreceptors. Serotonin (5-HT) within these NECs has been implicated as a neurotransmitter mediating the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). Here, we use knockout approaches to discern the role of 5-HT in regulating the HVR by targeting the rate limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph). Using transgenic lines, we determined that Tph1a is expressed in skin and pharyngeal arch NECs, as well as in pharyngeal arch Merkel-like cells (MLCs), whereas Tph1b is expressed predominately in MLCs. Knocking out the two tph1 paralogs resulted in similar changes in detectable serotonergic cell density between the two mutants, yet their responses to hypoxia (35 mmHg) were different. Larvae lacking Tph1a (tph1a-/- mutants) displayed a higher ventilation rate when exposed to hypoxia compared to wild-types, whereas tph1b-/- mutants exhibited a lower ventilation rate suggesting that 5-HT located in locations other than NECs, may play a dominant role in regulating the HVR.
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30
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Shir-Mohammadi K, Perry SF. Expression of ion transport genes in ionocytes isolated from larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) exposed to acidic or Na +-deficient water. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R412-R427. [PMID: 32755465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish (Danio rerio), a specific ionocyte subtype, the H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cell, is presumed to be a significant site of transepithelial Na+ uptake/acid secretion. During acclimation to environments differing in ionic composition or pH, ionic and acid-base regulations are achieved by adjustments to the activity level of HR cell ion transport proteins. In previous studies, the quantitative assessment of mRNA levels for genes involved in ionic and acid-base regulations relied on measurements using homogenates derived from the whole body (larvae) or the gill (adult). Such studies cannot distinguish whether any differences in gene expression arise from adjustments of ionocyte subtype numbers or transcriptional regulation specifically within individual ionocytes. The goal of the present study was to use fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate the HR cells from other cellular subpopulations to facilitate the measurement of gene expression of HR cell-specific transporters and enzymes from larvae exposed to low pH (pH 4.0) or low Na+ (5 μM) conditions. The data demonstrate that treatment of larvae with acidic water for 4 days postfertilization caused cell-specific increases in H+-ATPase (atp6v1aa), ca17a, ca15a, nhe3b, and rhcgb mRNA in addition to increases in mRNA linked to cell proliferation. In fish exposed to low Na+, expression of nhe3b and rhcgb was increased owing to HR cell-specific regulation and elevated numbers of HR cells. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that acclimation to low pH or low Na+ environmental conditions is facilitated by HR cell-specific transcriptional control and by HR cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Koudrina N, Perry SF, Gilmour KM. The role of TASK-2 channels in CO 2 sensing in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R329-R342. [PMID: 32697653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral chemosensitivity in fishes is thought to be mediated by serotonin-enriched neuroepithelial cells (NECs) that are localized to the gills of adults and the integument of larvae. In adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), branchial NECs are presumed to mediate the cardiorespiratory reflexes associated with hypoxia or hypercapnia, whereas in larvae, there is indirect evidence linking cutaneous NECs to hypoxic hyperventilation and hypercapnic tachycardia. No study yet has examined the ventilatory response of larval zebrafish to hypercapnia, and regardless of developmental stage, the signaling pathways involved in CO2 sensing remain unclear. In the mouse, a background potassium channel (TASK-2) contributes to the sensitivity of chemoreceptor cells to CO2. Zebrafish possess two TASK-2 channel paralogs, TASK-2 and TASK-2b, encoded by kcnk5a and kcnk5b, respectively. The present study aimed to determine whether TASK-2 channels are expressed in NECs of larval zebrafish and whether they are involved in CO2 sensing. Using immunohistochemical approaches, TASK-2 protein was observed on the surface of NECs in larvae. Exposure of larvae to hypercapnia caused cardiac and breathing frequencies to increase, and these responses were blunted in fish experiencing TASK-2 and/or TASK-2b knockdown. The results of these experiments suggest that TASK-2 channels are involved in CO2 sensing by NECs and contribute to the initiation of reflex cardiorespiratory responses during exposure of larvae to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koudrina
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Walls JF, Subleski JJ, Palmieri EM, Gonzalez-Cotto M, Gardiner CM, McVicar DW, Finlay DK. Metabolic but not transcriptional regulation by PKM2 is important for natural killer cell responses. eLife 2020; 9:59166. [PMID: 32812866 PMCID: PMC7467725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells have an important role in immune responses to viruses and tumours. Integrating changes in signal transduction pathways and cellular metabolism is essential for effective NK cells responses. The glycolytic enzyme Pyruvate Kinase Muscle 2 (PKM2) has described roles in regulating glycolytic flux and signal transduction, particularly gene transcription. While PKM2 expression is robustly induced in activated NK cells, mice lacking PKM2 in NK cells showed no defect in NK cell metabolism, transcription or antiviral responses to MCMV infection. NK cell metabolism was maintained due to compensatory PKM1 expression in PKM2-null NK cells. To further investigate the role of PKM2, we used TEPP-46, which increases PKM2 catalytic activity while inhibiting any PKM2 signalling functions. NK cells activated with TEPP-46 had reduced effector function due to TEPP-46-induced increases in oxidative stress. Overall, PKM2-regulated glycolytic metabolism and redox status, not transcriptional control, facilitate optimal NK cells responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Walls
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Jeff J Subleski
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Erika M Palmieri
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Marieli Gonzalez-Cotto
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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33
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Zimmer AM, Perry SF. The Rhesus glycoprotein Rhcgb is expendable for ammonia excretion and Na + uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 247:110722. [PMID: 32437959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish (Danio rerio), the ammonia-transporting Rhesus glycoprotein Rhcgb is implicated in mechanisms of ammonia excretion and Na+ uptake. In particular, Rhcgb is thought to play an important role in maintaining ammonia excretion in response to alkaline conditions and high external ammonia (HEA) exposure, in addition to facilitating Na+ uptake via a functional metabolon with the Na+/H+-exchanger Nhe3b, specifically under low Na+ conditions. In the present study, we hypothesized that CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of rhcgb would reduce ammonia excretion and Na+ uptake capacity, particularly under the conditions listed above that have elicited increases in Rhcgb-mediated ammonia excretion and/or Na+ uptake. Contrary to this hypothesis, however, larval and juvenile rhcgb knockout (KO) mutants showed no reductions in ammonia excretion or Na+ uptake under any of the conditions tested in our study. In fact, under control conditions, rhcgb KO mutants generally displayed an increase in ammonia excretion, potentially due to increased transcript abundance of another rh gene, rhbg. Under alkaline conditions, rhcgb KO mutants were also able to maintain ammonia excretion, similar to wild-type fish, and stimulation of ammonia excretion after HEA exposure also was not affected by rhcgb KO. Surprisingly, ammonia excretion and Na+ uptake were unaffected by rhcgb or nhe3b KO in juvenile zebrafish acclimated to normal (800 μmol/L) or low (10 μmol/L) Na+ conditions. These results demonstrate that Rhcgb is expendable for ammonia excretion and Na+ uptake in zebrafish, highlighting the plasticity and flexibility of these physiological systems in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Genetic compensation in a stable slc25a46 mutant zebrafish: A case for using F0 CRISPR mutagenesis to study phenotypes caused by inherited disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230566. [PMID: 32208444 PMCID: PMC7092968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenomenon of genetic compensation is commonly observed when an organism with a disease-bearing mutation shows incomplete penetrance of the disease phenotype. Such incomplete phenotypic penetrance, or genetic compensation, is more commonly found in stable knockout models, rather than transient knockdown models. As such, these incidents present a challenge for the disease modeling field, although a deeper understanding of genetic compensation may also hold the key for novel therapeutic interventions. In our study we created a knockout model of slc25a46 gene, which is a recently discovered important player in mitochondrial dynamics, and deleterious mutations in which are known to cause peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy and cerebellar ataxia. We report a case of genetic compensation in a stable slc25a46 homozygous zebrafish mutant (hereafter referred as “mutant”), in contrast to a penetrant disease phenotype in the first generation (F0) slc25a46 mosaic mutant (hereafter referred as “crispant”), generated with CRISPR/Cas-9 technology. We show that the crispant phenotype is specific and rescuable. By performing mRNA sequencing, we define significant changes in slc25a46 mutant’s gene expression profile, which are largely absent in crispants. We find that among the most significantly altered mRNAs, anxa6 gene stands out as a functionally relevant player in mitochondrial dynamics. We also find that our genetic compensation case does not arise from mechanisms driven by mutant mRNA decay. Our study contributes to the growing evidence of the genetic compensation phenomenon and presents novel insights about Slc25a46 function. Furthermore, our study provides the evidence for the efficiency of F0 CRISPR screens for disease candidate genes, which may be used to advance the field of functional genetics.
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Yew HM, Zimmer AM, Perry SF. Assessing intracellular pH regulation in H +-ATPase-rich ionocytes in zebrafish larvae using in vivo ratiometric imaging. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb212928. [PMID: 32029462 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells of zebrafish larvae are a sub-type of ion-transporting cell located on the yolk sac epithelium that are responsible for Na+ uptake and H+ extrusion. Current models of HR cell ion transport mechanisms in zebrafish larvae are well established, but little is known about the involvement of the various ion transport pathways in regulating intracellular acid-base status. Here, a ratiometric imaging technique was developed and validated to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) continuously in larval zebrafish HR cells in vivo Gene knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout approaches were used to evaluate the roles of the two principal apical membrane acid excretory pathways, the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3b; slc9a3.2) and the H+-ATPase (atpv1aa). Additionally, the role of HR cell cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CAc) was investigated because of its presumed role in providing H+ for Na+/H+ exchange and H+-ATPase. The temporal pattern and extent of intracellular acidification during exposure of fish to 1% CO2 and the extent of post-CO2 alkalisation were altered markedly in fish experiencing knockdown/knockout of CAc, NHE3b or H+-ATPase. Although there were slight differences among the three knockdown/knockout experiments, the typical response was a greater degree of intracellular acidification during CO2 exposure and a reduced capacity to restore pHi to baseline levels post-hypercapnia. The metabolic alkalosis and subsequent acidification associated with 20 mmol l-1 NH4Cl exposure and its washout were largely unaffected by gene knockdown. Overall, the results suggest markedly different mechanisms of intracellular acid-base regulation in zebrafish HR cells depending on the nature of the acid-base disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yew
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
| | - A M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
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Espino-Saldaña AE, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Pereida-Jaramillo E, Martínez-Torres A. Modeling Neuronal Diseases in Zebrafish in the Era of CRISPR. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:136-152. [PMID: 31573887 PMCID: PMC7324878 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Danio rerio is a powerful experimental model for studies in genetics and development. Recently, CRISPR technology has been applied in this species to mimic various human diseases, including those affecting the nervous system. Zebrafish offer multiple experimental advantages: external embryogenesis, rapid development, transparent embryos, short life cycle, and basic neurobiological processes shared with humans. This animal model, together with the CRISPR system, emerging imaging technologies, and novel behavioral approaches, lay the basis for a prominent future in neuropathology and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of brain function and its disorders. OBJECTIVE Gather relevant findings from studies that have used CRISPR technologies in zebrafish to explore basic neuronal function and model human diseases. METHODS We systematically reviewed the most recent literature about CRISPR technology applications for understanding brain function and neurological disorders in D. rerio. We highlighted the key role of CRISPR in driving forward our understanding of particular topics in neuroscience. RESULTS We show specific advances in neurobiology when the CRISPR system has been applied in zebrafish and describe how CRISPR is accelerating our understanding of brain organization. CONCLUSION Today, CRISPR is the preferred method to modify genomes of practically any living organism. Despite the rapid development of CRISPR technologies to generate disease models in zebrafish, more efforts are needed to efficiently combine different disciplines to find the etiology and treatments for many brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Edith Espino-Saldaña
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Ortiz
- CONACYT - Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Elizabeth Pereida-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
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Torres-Velarde J, Llera-Herrera R, Ibarra-Castro L, García-Gasca T, García-Gasca A. Post-transcriptional silencing of myostatin-1 in the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) promotes muscle hypertrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:443-450. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zimmer AM, Shir-Mohammadi K, Kwong RWM, Perry SF. Reassessing the contribution of the Na+/H+ exchanger Nhe3b to Na+ uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. J Exp Biol 2019; 223:jeb.215111. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.215111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater fishes absorb Na+ from their dilute environment using ion-transporting cells. In larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), Na+ uptake is coordinated by (1) Na+/H+-exchanger 3b (Nhe3b) and (2) H+-ATPase-powered electrogenic uptake in H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells and by (3) Na+-Cl−-cotransporter (Ncc) expressed in NCC cells. The present study aimed to better understand the roles of these 3 proteins in Na+ uptake by larval zebrafish under ‘normal’ (800 µmol/L) and ‘low’ (10 µmol/L) Na+ conditions. We hypothesized that Na+ uptake would be reduced by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) of slc9a3.2 (encoding Nhe3b), particularly in low Na+ where Nhe3b is believed to play a dominant role. Contrary to this hypothesis, Na+ uptake was sustained in nhe3b KO larvae under both Na+ conditions, which led to the exploration of whether compensatory regulation of H+-ATPase or Ncc was responsible for maintaining Na+ uptake in nhe3b KO larvae. mRNA expression of the genes encoding H+-ATPase and Ncc were not altered in nhe3b KO. Moreover, morpholino knockdown of H+-ATPase, which significantly reduced H+ flux by HR cells, did not reduce Na+ uptake in nhe3b KO larvae, nor did rearing larvae in chloride-free conditions, thereby eliminating any driving force for Na+-Cl−-cotransport via Ncc. Finally, simultaneously treating nhe3b KO larvae with H+-ATPase morpholino and chloride-free conditions did not reduce Na+ uptake under normal or low Na+. These findings highlight the flexibility of the Na+ uptake system and demonstrate that Nhe3b is expendable to Na+ uptake in zebrafish and that our understanding of Na+ uptake mechanisms in this species is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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