1
|
Siqueira PB, de Sousa Rodrigues MM, de Amorim ÍSS, da Silva TG, da Silva Oliveira M, Rodrigues JA, de Souza da Fonseca A, Mencalha AL. The APE1/REF-1 and the hallmarks of cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:47. [PMID: 38165468 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
APE1/REF-1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 / redox factor-1) is a protein with two domains, with endonuclease function and redox activity. Its main activity described is acting in DNA repair by base excision repair (BER) pathway, which restores DNA damage caused by oxidation, alkylation, and single-strand breaks. In contrast, the APE1 redox domain is responsible for regulating transcription factors, such as AP-1 (activating protein-1), NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa B), HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha), and STAT3 (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3). These factors are involved in physiological cellular processes, such as cell growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as in cancer. In human malignant tumors, APE1 overexpression is associated with lung, colon, ovaries, prostate, and breast cancer progression, more aggressive tumor phenotypes, and worse prognosis. In this review, we explore APE1 and its domain's role in cancer development processes, highlighting the role of APE1 in the hallmarks of cancer. We reviewed original articles and reviews from Pubmed related to APE1 and cancer and found that both domains of APE1/REF-1, but mainly its redox activity, are essential to cancer cells. This protein is often overexpressed in cancer, and its expression and activity are correlated to processes such as proliferation, invasion, inflammation, angiogenesis, and resistance to cell death. Therefore, APE1 participates in essential processes of cancer development. Then, the activity of APE1/REF-1 in these hallmarks suggests that targeting this protein could be a good therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Mariana Moreno de Sousa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Ísis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thayssa Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Matheus da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Juliana Alves Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malfatti MC, Bellina A, Antoniali G, Tell G. Revisiting Two Decades of Research Focused on Targeting APE1 for Cancer Therapy: The Pros and Cons. Cells 2023; 12:1895. [PMID: 37508559 PMCID: PMC10378182 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is an essential endodeoxyribonuclease of the base excision repair pathway that maintains genome stability. It was identified as a pivotal factor favoring tumor progression and chemoresistance through the control of gene expression by a redox-based mechanism. APE1 is overexpressed and serum-secreted in different cancers, representing a prognostic and predictive factor and a promising non-invasive biomarker. Strategies directly targeting APE1 functions led to the identification of inhibitors showing potential therapeutic value, some of which are currently in clinical trials. Interestingly, evidence indicates novel roles of APE1 in RNA metabolism that are still not fully understood, including its activity in processing damaged RNA in chemoresistant phenotypes, regulating onco-miRNA maturation, and oxidized RNA decay. Recent data point out a control role for APE1 in the expression and sorting of onco-miRNAs within secreted extracellular vesicles. This review is focused on giving a portrait of the pros and cons of the last two decades of research aiming at the identification of inhibitors of the redox or DNA-repair functions of APE1 for the definition of novel targeted therapies for cancer. We will discuss the new perspectives in cancer therapy emerging from the unexpected finding of the APE1 role in miRNA processing for personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Clarissa Malfatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessia Bellina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng L, Liu Y, Chen J, Cheng M, Wu Y, Chen M, Zhong Y, Shen D, Chen L, Ye X. APEX1 regulates alternative splicing of key tumorigenesis genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:147. [PMID: 35780128 PMCID: PMC9250739 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) contributes to tumor progression. Previous studies have shown that apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APEX1) is involved in tumor progression. It is unknown whether APEX1 functions in tumor progression by regulation of AS. It is also unknown whether APEX1 can regulate non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proliferation and apoptosis. We analyzed APEX1 expression levels in 517 lung NSCLC samples from the TCGA (Cancer Genome Atlas) database. The impact of APEX1 over expression on A549 cell proliferation and apoptosis was detected by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and by flow cytometry. The transcriptome of A549 cells with and without APEX1 over expression was determined by Illumina sequencing, followed by analysis of AS. RT-qPCR validated expression of APEX1-related genes in A549 cells. We have successfully applied RNA-seq technology to demonstrate APEX1 regulation of AS. RESULTS APEX1 expression was shown to be upregulated in NSCLC samples and to reduce cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of A549 cells. In addition, APEX1 regulated AS of key tumorigenesis genes involved in cancer proliferation and apoptosis within MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways. Each of these pathways are involved in lung cancer progression. Furthermore, validated AS events regulated by APEX1 were in key tumorigenesis genes; AXIN1 (axis inhibition protein 1), GCNT2 (N-acetyl glucosaminyl transferase 2), and SMAD3 (SMAD Family Member 3). These genes encode signaling pathway transcription regulatory factors. CONCLUSIONS We found that increased expression of APEX1 was an independent prognostic factor related to NSCLC progression. Therefore, APEX1 regulation of AS may serve as a molecular marker or therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hosipital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Mengxin Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ya Zhong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Xujun Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu Y, Li L, Li G, Zhou X, Deng T, Liang M, Nie G. Intracellular enzyme-powered DNA circuit with a tunable amplifier for miRNA imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3753-3756. [PMID: 33876121 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe an intracellular enzyme-powered DNA circuit probe with a tunable amplifier for sensitive and selective detection of miRNA. This approach has been successfully applied for in situ miRNA-21 fluorescence imaging in live cells. Also, we used chemicals to elevate the APE1 expression level rendering a tunable amplification strength for more flexible imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Zhao X, Xiao H, Yang B, Liu J, Rao W, Dai X, Li M, Dai N, Yang Y, Wang D. APE1 may influence CD4+ naïve T cells on recurrence free survival in early stage NSCLC. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:233. [PMID: 33676448 PMCID: PMC7937314 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was demonstrated that multifunctional protein APE1 (Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1) is closely related to tumor immune microenvironment in a number of investigations, Meanwhile, the abundance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been shown as a prognosis indicator in some researches. However, it remains unclear whether APE1 is involved in the process of TILs affecting the prognosis of patients. To this end, we investigated the associations between APE1 and TILs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and explored whether APE1 would influence the associations of CD4+ T cells infiltration with the prognosis of patients. Methods Genome-wide expression datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public database under accession number GSE68465, GSE30219, GSE31210 and GSE50081. MCPcounter and CIBERSORT analysis was conducted to evaluate the abundance of TILs in 1006 NSCLC patients of GEO database. Spearman correlation tests were used to evaluate correlations between abundance of various TILs and APE1 expression. RFS (recurrence free survival) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional-hazards model. The expression level of APE1 and tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The results showed that the abundance of CD4+ naïve T cells was negatively associated with the APE1 expression. CD4+ naïve T cells infiltration was a favorable prognostic factor for RFS, however, there was no effect of CD4+ T cells infiltration on RFS in patients with high APE1 expression. Subsequently, it was further confirmed that CD4+ T cells infiltration was negatively associated with the APE1 expression level in 108 NSCLC tissue samples; high CD4+ T cells infiltration was associated with longer RFS in low APE1 expression group but not in APE1 high expression group. Conclusion These results suggested that APE1 may affect the relationship between CD4+ T cells infiltration and prognosis in NSCLC. This study provides new insights into predictors of outcome in patients with NSCLC, and suggests that combining immunotherapy and APE1-targeted therapy may be a promising treatment for NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07950-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, No. 82, Daxuecheng Rd, Shapingba Dist, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - He Xiao
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wen Rao
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 10 Changjiang Zhi Rd., Yuzhong Dist, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wicker CA, Takiar V, Suganya R, Arnold SM, Brill YM, Chen L, Horbinski CM, Napier D, Valentino J, Kudrimoti MR, Yu G, Izumi T. Evaluation of antioxidant network proteins as novel prognostic biomarkers for head and neck cancer patients. Oral Oncol 2020; 111:104949. [PMID: 32801084 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrence rates for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) approach 50% at 5 years. Current staging fails to identify patients with a worse prognosis who might benefit from intensified treatment, which warrants improved prognostic biomarkers. The purpose of this retrospective case study is to identify potential prognostic biomarkers in patients with HNSCC including APE1 (DNA repair/redox gene regulator), NRF2 and PPARGC1A (redox gene regulators), SOD3 and DCN (antioxidant proteins). MATERIALS AND METHODS Differential protein expression between benign, carcinoma in situ (CIS), and invasive HNSCC tissue specimens from 77 patients was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Protein expression was analyzed with multivariate, pair-wise, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses to identify potential prognostic biomarkers. Utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas's transcriptome database, pair-wise and survival analysis was performed to identify potential prognostic biomarkers. RESULTS APE1, NRF2, PPARGC1A, SOD3, and DCN expression in HNSCC in relation to, lymph node invasion, and patient survival were examined. Elevated APE1 protein expression in CIS corresponded with reduced survival (p = 0.0243). Increased APE1 gene expression in stage T4a HNSCC was associated with reduced patient survival (p < 0.015). Increased PPARGC1A in invasive tumor correlated with reduced survival (p = 0.0281). Patients with lymph node invasion at diagnosis had significantly increased APE1 protein in the primary sites (p < 0.05). Patients with poorly differentiated invasive tumors had reduced PPARGC1A in CIS proximal to the invasive tumor and had elevated DCN and SOD3 in proximal benign tissue (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expression of APE1, DCN, and SOD3 is a potential prognostic signature that identifies patients with worsened survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Wicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vinita Takiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rangaswamy Suganya
- Houston Eye Associates, Clinical Research Department, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susanne M Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yolanda M Brill
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dana Napier
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Joseph Valentino
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mahesh R Kudrimoti
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- F. Joseph Halcomb III M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tadahide Izumi
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhong Z. Cytoplasmic APE1 promotes resistance response in osteosarcoma patients with cisplatin treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:195-203. [PMID: 31930546 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance has become a hold back and major clinical challenge in osteosarcoma cancer. The alteration and subcellular distribution of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been reported to be involved in chemotherapy resistance in many cancers. Here, we report that the cytoplasmic distribution of APE1 plays a key role in the sensitivity of combination platinum chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Interestingly, the prevalence of cisplatin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in low cytoplasmic APE1 osteosarcoma cell lines was higher than in high expression of cytoplasmic APE1 cell lines. Overexpression of cytoplasmic APE1 protected the osteosarcoma cells from CDDP-induced apoptosis. In addition, clinical data also show that the level of cytoplasmic APE1 was negatively associated with sensitivity to combination chemotherapy of cisplatin in osteosarcoma patients. Our findings suggest that cytoplasmic APE1 plays a significant role in chemotherapy resistance. This role is a supplement to the extranuclear function of APE1, and cytoplasmic APE1 expression level could be a promising predictor of platinum treatment prognosis for osteosarcoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
APEX1 Expression as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Hepatobiliary Carcinomas. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081151. [PMID: 31375000 PMCID: PMC6723795 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APEX1) has been known to play key roles in DNA repair, the regulation of diverse transcriptional activity, and cellular responses to redox activity. This study aimed to examine serum APEX1 (s-APEX1) expression as a possible screening biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and proximal and distal cholangiocarcinoma (CC). A total of 216 frozen serum samples were collected from 39 healthy control cases, 32 patients with ≥58 copies/mL of hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV DNA (+)), 40 ccRCC cases, 59 HCC cases, and 46 CC cases. The serum samples were examined for s-APEX1 concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association of APEX1 expression with clinicopathological characteristics was also studied by immunohistochemical staining in 106 ccRCC, 131 HCC, and 32 intrahepatic CC cases. The median s-APEX1 concentrations of the HCC, CC, ccRCC, healthy control, and HBV DNA (+) groups were 0.294, 0.710, 0.474, 0.038, and 2.384 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that increased cytoplasmic APEX1 expression led to a shorter disease-free survival period in HCC and CC cases. We suggest that the s-APEX1 level could be a potential diagnostic biomarker of ccRCC, HCC, and CC. Additionally, cytoplasmic APEX1 expression in cancer cells could be used to predict relapses in patients with HCC or CC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang JB, Huang X, Li FR. Impaired dendritic cell functions in lung cancer: a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:43. [PMID: 31307548 PMCID: PMC6631514 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key factors providing protective immunity against lung tumors and clinical trials have proven that DC function is reduced in lung cancer patients. It is evident that the immunoregulatory network may play a key role in the failure of the immune response to terminate tumors. Lung tumors likely employ numerous strategies to suppress DC-based anti-tumor immunity. Here, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding on lung tumor-induced immunosuppression in DCs, which affects the initiation and development of T-cell responses. We also describe which existing measures to restore DC function may be useful for clinical treatment of lung tumors. Furthering our knowledge of how lung cancer cells alter DC function to generate a tumor-supportive environment will be essential in order to guide the design of new immunotherapy strategies for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Wang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xue Huang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Wei X, Zhou ZW, Wang SN, Jin H, Chen KJ, Luo J, Westover KD, Wang JM, Wang D, Xu CX, Shan JL. GADD45α sensitizes cervical cancer cells to radiotherapy via increasing cytoplasmic APE1 level. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 29743554 PMCID: PMC5943293 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a major clinical challenge in cervical cancer therapy. However, the mechanism for the development of radioresistance in cervical cancer is unclear. Herein, we determined that growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45α (GADD45α) is decreased in radioresistant cervical cancer compared to radiosensitive cancer both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, silencing GADD45α prevents cervical cancer cells from undergoing radiation-induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. More importantly, our data show that the overexpression of GADD45α significantly enhances the radiosensitivity of radioresistant cervical cancer cells. These data show that GADD45α decreases the cytoplasmic distribution of APE1, thereby enhancing the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that GADD45α inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO), a nuclear APE1 export stimulator, by suppressing both endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that decreased GADD45α expression significantly contributes to the development of radioresistance and that ectopic expression of GADD45α sensitizes cervical cancer cells to radiotherapy. GADD45α inhibits the NO-regulated cytoplasmic localization of APE1 through inhibiting eNOS and iNOS, thereby enhancing the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Nan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Thoracic surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Kui-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Xu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jin-Lu Shan
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ref-1/APE1) is a critical node in tumor cells, both as a redox regulator of transcription factor activation and as part of the DNA damage response. As a redox signaling protein, Ref-1/APE1 enhances the transcriptional activity of STAT3, HIF-1α, nuclear factor kappa B, and other transcription factors to promote growth, migration, and survival in tumor cells as well as inflammation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Ref-1/APE1 is activated in a variety of cancers, including prostate, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, lung and leukemias, leading to increased aggressiveness. Transcription factors downstream of Ref-1/APE1 are key contributors to many cancers, and Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling inhibition slows growth and progression in a number of tumor types. Ref-1/APE1 inhibition is also highly effective when paired with other drugs, including standard-of-care therapies and therapies targeting pathways affected by Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling. Additionally, Ref-1/APE1 plays a role in a variety of other indications, such as retinopathy, inflammation, and neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the functional consequences of activation of the Ref-1/APE1 node in cancer and other diseases, as well as potential therapies targeting Ref-1/APE1 and related pathways in relevant diseases. APX3330, a novel oral anticancer agent and the first drug to target Ref-1/APE1 for cancer is entering clinical trials and will be explored in various cancers and other diseases bringing bench discoveries to the clinic.
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi S, Joo HK, Jeon BH. Dynamic Regulation of APE1/Ref-1 as a Therapeutic Target Protein. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:75-80. [PMID: 27231670 PMCID: PMC4880582 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA damage and redox regulation against oxidative stress. APE1/Ref-1 functions in the DNA base excision repair pathway, the redox regulation of several transcription factors, and the control of intracellular redox status through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. APE1/Ref-1 is predominantly localized in the nucleus; however, its subcellular localization is dynamically regulated and it may be found in the mitochondria or elsewhere in the cytoplasm. Studies have identified a nuclear localization signal and a mitochondrial target sequence in APE1/Ref-1, as well as the involvement of the nuclear export system, as determinants of APE1/Ref-1 subcellular distribution. Recently, it was shown that APE1/Ref-1 is secreted in response to hyperacetylation at specific lysine residues. Additionally, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, S-nitrosation, and ubiquitination appear to play a role in fine-tuning the activities and subcellular localization of APE1/Ref-1. In this review, we will introduce the multifunctional role of APE1/Ref-1 and its potential usefulness as a therapeutic target in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunga Choi
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poletto M, Legrand AJ, Fletcher SC, Dianov GL. p53 coordinates base excision repair to prevent genomic instability. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3165-75. [PMID: 26773055 PMCID: PMC4838360 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA constantly undergoes chemical modification due to endogenous and exogenous mutagens. The DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway is the frontline mechanism handling the majority of these lesions, and primarily involves a DNA incision and subsequent resealing step. It is imperative that these processes are extremely well-coordinated as unrepaired DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) can be converted to DNA double strand breaks during replication thus triggering genomic instability. However, the mechanism(s) governing the BER process are poorly understood. Here we show that accumulation of unrepaired SSBs triggers a p53/Sp1-dependent downregulation of APE1, the endonuclease responsible for the DNA incision during BER. Importantly, we demonstrate that impaired p53 function, a characteristic of many cancers, leads to a failure of the BER coordination mechanism, overexpression of APE1, accumulation of DNA strand breaks and results in genomic instability. Our data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized mechanism for coordination of BER by p53, and its dysfunction in p53-inactivated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Poletto
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX37DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Arnaud J Legrand
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX37DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Sally C Fletcher
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX37DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Grigory L Dianov
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX37DQ Oxford, UK Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrenteva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsia KT, Liu CJ, Mar K, Lin LH, Lin CS, Cheng MF, Lee HS, Chiu SY. Impact of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 on treatment response and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 38:550-9. [PMID: 25482590 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in DNA repair and redox signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between APE1/Ref-1 expression and clinicopathological features, survival, and treatment response in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and cell lines. METHODS APE1/Ref-1 expression in OSCC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and its relationship to patient outcomes and treatment response was assessed statistically. The effects of stable short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated knockdown of APE1/Ref-1 on cell survival, migration, and chemoradiation sensitivity were determined in OSCC cell lines. RESULTS APE1/Ref-1 immunostaining was correlated with positive lymph node status, and higher APE1/Ref-1 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis and reduced treatment response. Consistent with the clinical studies, APE1/Ref-1 expression in OSCC cell lines was implicated in the regulation of migration and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Elevated APE1/Ref-1 expression may be used to predict poor survival and may confer chemoresistance in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan-Tai Hsia
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwei Mar
- Department of Dentistry, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Han Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Histological and Clinical Pathology, Hualien Armed Forced General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Chiu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qian C, Li M, Sui J, Ren T, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhou L, Cheng Y, Wang D. Identification of a novel potential antitumor activity of gossypol as an APE1/Ref-1 inhibitor. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:485-96. [PMID: 24872679 PMCID: PMC4026309 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s62963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox enhancing factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1), an essential multifunctional protein involved in the repair of oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and transcriptional regulation, is often overexpressed in tumor tissues and cancer cells. Moreover, APE1/Ref-1 (APE1) overexpression has been linked to chemoresistance in human tumors. Thus, inhibiting APE1 function in cancer cells is considered a promising strategy to overcome resistance to therapeutic agents. Gossypol is a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-mimetic agent and is able to bind to the BH3 domain of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members. Other studies demonstrated that Bcl-2 directly interacted with APE1 via its BH domains. Using apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease assays, we found that gossypol inhibits the repair activity of APE1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual luciferase assays showed that gossypol could also inhibit the redox function of APE1. Using dual polarization interferometry technology, we show that gossypol can directly interact with APE1. Furthermore, addition of gossypol, in conjunction with APE1 overexpression, leads to cancer cell death. The addition of gossypol also enhances the cell killing effect of the laboratory alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate and the clinical agent cisplatin (DDP). Administration of gossypol significantly inhibited the growth of xenografts. Furthermore, the combined treatment of gossypol and DDP resulted in a statistically higher antitumor activity compared with DDP alone in vivo. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that gossypol effectively inhibits the repair and redox activity of APE1 through a direct interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Qian
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangdong Sui
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ren
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhou
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
De Summa S, Pinto R, Pilato B, Sambiasi D, Porcelli L, Guida G, Mattioli E, Paradiso A, Merla G, Micale L, De Nittis P, Tommasi S. Expression of base excision repair key factors and miR17 in familial and sporadic breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1076. [PMID: 24556691 PMCID: PMC3944247 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of BRCA1/2 interaction with the base excision repair (BER) pathway could improve therapy based on ‘synthetic lethality', whose effectiveness is based on homologous recombination deficiency in cells lacking functional BRCA genes. However, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors failed in some patients and for this reason we explored BER key enzyme expression. In this study, the expression of BER enzymes (redox factor 1/apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (REF1/APEX1), NTH endonuclease III-like 1 (NTHL1), 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), PARP1) and of the scaffold protein XRCC1 (X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 1) were investigated in familial (BRCA-related and not) and sporadic breast cancer cases. Furthermore, miR17 expression was measured because of its role in the epigenetic regulation of BRCA1. Gene expression was evaluated in BRCA1-mutated cell lines, SUM149PT and SUM1315MO2, and in a BRCA1-proficient triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. A cohort of 27 familial and 16 sporadic breast cancer patients was then examined to confirm results obtained from the cell line model. APEX1/REF1 was found to be upregulated in familial BRCA-wild-type and sporadic cases, indicating this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, XRCC1 was overexpressed in BRCAX patients; consequently, we suggest to test the effectiveness of inhibitors targeting two different BER components in preclinical studies. XRCC1, which is also involved in the non-homologous end-joining pathway, was found to be downregulated in BRCA2-related patients concurrently with no change in PARP1 expression. Interestingly, no difference in PARP1 and miR17 expression was found in BRCA-related and sporadic breast cancer cases. PARP1 and miR17 could therefore be further investigated as molecular biomarkers of ‘BRCAness' phenotype, indicating patients which could really benefit from PARP inhibitor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S De Summa
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - R Pinto
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - B Pilato
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - D Sambiasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - L Porcelli
- Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - G Guida
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Biology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - E Mattioli
- Anatomopathology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - A Paradiso
- Experimental Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - G Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo delle Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - L Micale
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo delle Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - P De Nittis
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo delle Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - S Tommasi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1, also known as REF-1) was isolated based on its ability to cleave at AP sites in DNA or activate the DNA binding activity of certain transcription factors. We review herein topics related to this multi-functional DNA repair and stress-response protein. RECENT ADVANCES APE1 displays homology to Escherichia coli exonuclease III and is a member of the divalent metal-dependent α/β fold-containing phosphoesterase superfamily of enzymes. APE1 has acquired distinct active site and loop elements that dictate substrate selectivity, and a unique N-terminus which at minimum imparts nuclear targeting and interaction specificity. Additional activities ascribed to APE1 include 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-repair diesterase, nucleotide incision repair, damaged or site-specific RNA cleavage, and multiple transcription regulatory roles. CRITICAL ISSUES APE1 is essential for mouse embryogenesis and contributes to cell viability in a genetic background-dependent manner. Haploinsufficient APE1(+/-) mice exhibit reduced survival, increased cancer formation, and cellular/tissue hyper-sensitivity to oxidative stress, supporting the notion that impaired APE1 function associates with disease susceptibility. Although abnormal APE1 expression/localization has been seen in cancer and neuropathologies, and impaired-function variants have been described, a causal link between an APE1 defect and human disease remains elusive. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing efforts aim at delineating the biological role(s) of the different APE1 activities, as well as the regulatory mechanisms for its intra-cellular distribution and participation in diverse molecular pathways. The determination of whether APE1 defects contribute to human disease, particularly pathologies that involve oxidative stress, and whether APE1 small-molecule regulators have clinical utility, is central to future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scott TL, Rangaswamy S, Wicker CA, Izumi T. Repair of oxidative DNA damage and cancer: recent progress in DNA base excision repair. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:708-26. [PMID: 23901781 PMCID: PMC3960848 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by exogenous and environmental genotoxins, but also arise from mitochondria as byproducts of respiration in the body. ROS generate DNA damage of which pathological consequence, including cancer is well established. Research efforts are intense to understand the mechanism of DNA base excision repair, the primary mechanism to protect cells from genotoxicity caused by ROS. RECENT ADVANCES In addition to the notion that oxidative DNA damage causes transformation of cells, recent studies have revealed how the mitochondrial deficiencies and ROS generation alter cell growth during the cancer transformation. CRITICAL ISSUES The emphasis of this review is to highlight the importance of the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage during carcinogenesis. Oxidative DNA damage, including 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, play an important role during the cellular transformation. It is also becoming apparent that the unusual activity and subcellular distribution of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, an essential DNA repair factor/redox sensor, affect cancer malignancy by increasing cellular resistance to oxidative stress and by positively influencing cell proliferation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Technological advancement in cancer cell biology and genetics has enabled us to monitor the detailed DNA repair activities in the microenvironment. Precise understanding of the intracellular activities of DNA repair proteins for oxidative DNA damage should provide help in understanding how mitochondria, ROS, DNA damage, and repair influence cancer transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Scott
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sudhakar J, Khetan V, Madhusudan S, Krishnakumar S. Dysregulation of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) expression in advanced retinoblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:402-7. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
20
|
Association of p53 Codon 72 Genotypes and Clinical Outcome in Human Papillomavirus-Infected Lung Cancer Patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:1196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|