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Ranjan A, Sinha R, Lal SK, Bishi SK, Singh AK. Phytohormone signalling and cross-talk to alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1331-1343. [PMID: 34086069 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in earth crust, which becomes toxic to the plants growing in acidic soil. Phytohormones like ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and gibberellic acid are known to play important role in regulating Al toxicity tolerance in plants. Exogenous applications of auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid have shown significant effect on Al-induced root growth inhibition. Moreover, ethylene and cytokinin act synergistically with auxin in responding against Al toxicity. A number of studies showed that phytohormones play vital roles in controlling root responses to Al toxicity by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, cell wall modifications, organic acid exudation from roots and expression of Al responsive genes and transcription factors. This review provides a summary of recent studies related to involvement of phytohormone signalling and cross-talk with other pathways in regulating response against Al toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
| | - Ragini Sinha
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Shambhu Krishan Lal
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bishi
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
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Neuroprotective role of hyperforin on aluminum maltolate-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 299:15-26. [PMID: 30481499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many reports demonstrated that aluminum maltolate (Almal) has potential toxicity to human and animal. Our study has demonstrated that Almal can induce oxidative damage and apoptosis in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y Cells, two in vitro models of neuronal cells. Hyperforin (HF) is a well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloid and anti-depressant compound extracted from Hypericum perforatum extract. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of HF against Almal-induced neurotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells, mainly caused by oxidative stress. In the present study, HF significantly inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased the level of lipid peroxide and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) compared with Almal group in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, HF suppressed the reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytochrome c (Cyt-c) release, activation of caspase-3, and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of Bax expression induced by Almal in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells. In summary, HF protects PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells from damage induced by Almal through reducing oxidative stress and preventing of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.
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Dhivya Bharathi M, Justin-Thenmozhi A, Manivasagam T, Ahmad Rather M, Saravana Babu C, Mohamed Essa M, Guillemin GJ. Amelioration of Aluminum Maltolate-Induced Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Neuronal Cellular Model. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:318-330. [PMID: 30242626 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective role of tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis (EoT), an Indian and Chinese traditional medicinal plant against memory loss in aluminum chloride-induced in vivo model of Alzheimer's disease through attenuating AChE activity, oxidative stress, amyloid and tau toxicity, and apoptosis, was recently reported in our lab. However, to further elucidate the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of EoT, the current study was designed to evaluate endoplasmic reticulum stress-suppressing and anti-inflammatory role of EoT in PC 12 and SH-SY 5Y cells. These cells were divided into four groups: control (aluminum maltolate (Al(mal)3), EoT + Al(mal)3, and EoT alone based on 3-(4, 5-dimethyl 2-yl)-2, and 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. EoT significantly reduced Al(mal)3-induced cell death and attenuated ROS, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and apoptosis (protein expressions of Bax; Bcl-2; cleaved caspases 3, 6, 9, 12; and cytochrome c) by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress (PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2-α), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)). Moreover, inflammatory response (NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and Aβ toxicity (Aβ1-42) triggered by Al(mal)3 was significantly normalized by EoT. Our results suggested that EoT could be a possible/promising and novel therapeutic lead against Al-induced neurotoxicity. However, further extensive research is needed to prove its efficacy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazahan Dhivya Bharathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Arokiasamy Justin-Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India.
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Chidambaram Saravana Babu
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600094, India
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Arabsolghar R, Saberzadeh J, Khodaei F, Borojeni RA, Khorsand M, Rashedinia M. The protective effect of sodium benzoate on aluminum toxicity in PC12 cell line. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:391-400. [PMID: 28974977 PMCID: PMC5615869 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.213984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB) is one of the food additives and preservatives that prevent the growth of fungi and bacteria. SB has been shown to improve the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SB on the cell survival and cellular antioxidant indices after exposure to aluminum maltolate (Almal) in PC12 cell line as a model of neurotoxicity. The cells exposed to different concentrations of SB (0.125 to 3 mg/mL) in the presence of Almal (500 µM) and cell viability, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione content and catalase activity were measured. The results showed that low concentrations of SB caused an increase in the cell survival, but cell viability was reduced in high concentrations. SB could neither prevent the level of ROS production nor change glutathione content. SB (0.5 mg/mL) significantly increased the catalase enzyme activity as compared to the Almal. This study suggested that SB did not completely protect the cell to aluminum-induced free radicals toxicity. Possibly SB improves the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Arabsolghar
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, Paramedical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Jamileh Saberzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Rozhin Abbasi Borojeni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Marjan Khorsand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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Alpha synuclein protein is involved in Aluminum-induced cell death and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Brain Res 2016; 1635:153-60. [PMID: 26826584 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) protein plays a critical role in mediating the toxic effects of a number of neurodegenerative substances including metals. Thus, knockdown expression of α-syn is proposed as a possible modality for treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxic metal that contributes to pathogenesis of PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of α-syn protein in mediating Al-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Specific α-syn small interference RNA (siRNA) was applied to knockdown the expression of α-syn protein in PC12 cells. The effects of different concentrations of Al-maltolate (Almal) were then evaluated on cell viability and oxidative stress in the α-syn downregulated cells. The results showed that Almal dose dependently induced apoptosis and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity in PC12 cells. Downregulation of α-syn protein significantly increased cell viability and decreased oxidative markers in Almal-treated cells. These findings suggest that α-syn protein may mediate Al-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in PC12 cells.
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Majumdar AS, Nirwane A, Kamble R. Coenzyme q10 abrogated the 28 days aluminium chloride induced oxidative changes in rat cerebral cortex. Toxicol Int 2014; 21:214-21. [PMID: 25253934 PMCID: PMC4170566 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.139814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study was designed to elucidate the impact of oral administration of aluminium chloride for 28 days with respect to oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex of female rats. Further, to investigate the potentials of Coenzyme (Co) Q10 (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg, i.p.) in mitigating the detrimental changes. Materials and Methods: Biochemical estimations of cerebral lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were carried out after 28 days of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and Co Q10 exposures along with histopathological examination of cerebral cortex of the rats. Results: Subacute exposure to AlCl3(5 mg/kg) led to significant decrease in levels of GSH, vitamin E and activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and an increase in LPO of cerebral cortex. These aberrations were restored by Co Q10 (12 mg/kg, i.p.). This protection offered was comparable to that of L-deprenyl (1 mg/kg, i.p.) which served as a reference standard. Histopathological evaluations confirmed that the normal cerebral morphology was maintained by Co Q10. Conclusion: Thus, AlCl3 exposure hampers the activities of various antioxidant enzymes and induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of female Wistar rats. Supplementation with intraperitoneal Co Q10 abrogated these deleterious effects of AlCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha S Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mustafa Rizvi SH, Parveen A, Verma AK, Ahmad I, Arshad M, Mahdi AA. Aluminium induced endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line is independent of p53. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98409. [PMID: 24878590 PMCID: PMC4039480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust and its compounds are used in the form of house hold utensils, medicines and in antiperspirant etc. Increasing number of evidences suggest the involvement of Al+3 ions in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we have attempted to investigate the role of Al in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the regulation of p53 during neuronal apoptosis using neuroblastoma cell line. We observed that Al caused oxidative stress by increasing ROS production and intracellular calcium levels together with depletion of intracellular GSH levels. We also studied modulation of key pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and found significant alterations in the levels of Nrf2, NQO1, pAKT, p21, Bax, Bcl2, Aβ1-40 and Cyt c together with increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related proteins like CHOP and caspase 12. However, with respect to the role of p53, we observed downregulation of its transcript as well as protein levels while analysis of its ubiquitination status revealed no significant changes. Not only did Al increase the activities of caspase 9, caspase 12 and caspase 3, but, by the use of peptide inhibitors of specific and pan-caspases, we observed significant protection against neuronal cell death upon inhibition of caspase 12, demonstrating the prominent role of endoplasmic reticulum stress generated responses in Al toxicity. Overall our findings suggest that Al induces ER stress and ROS generation which compromises the antioxidant defenses of neuronal cells thereby promoting neuronal apoptosis in p53 independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arshiya Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop K Verma
- Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Fibre Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Arshad
- Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Liang RF, Li WQ, Wang XH, Zhang HF, Wang H, Wang JX, Zhang Y, Wan MT, Pan BL, Niu Q. Aluminium-maltolate-induced impairment of learning, memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2012; 50:428-436. [PMID: 22878356 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, aluminium (Al) has been proposed to be one of the environmental factors responsible for cause Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the relationship between Al and AD is controversial. To investigate the effects of subchronic Aluminium-maltolate (Al (mal)(3)) exposure on the behavioral, electrophysiological functions. Forty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly distributed into five groups. Over two months, rats in the saline group received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections 0.9% saline, rats in the maltolate group received 7.56 mg/kg maltolate, and rats in the 0.27, 0.54, 1.08 mg/kg Al (mal)(3) groups received i.p. administrations of these three doses, respectively. Neural behavior was assessed in Morris water maze. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus was recorded. Al content in the neocortex was determined using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Our studies indicate that subchronic Al (mal)(3) exposure significantly impaired spatial learning and memory abilities, suppressed the LTP in the CA1 hippocampal area, and elevated Al levels in cerebral cortex in a dose-dependent fashion. In conclusion, low doses of Al (mal)(3) can still lead to dramatic Al accumulation in the brain, severely impair learning and memory capacities, and hippocampal LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Liang
- Department of Occupational Health, Shanxi Medical University, P.R. China
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Nayak P, Sharma SB, Chowdary NVS. Pro-oxidant status based alterations in cerebellar antioxidant response to aluminum insult. NEUROCHEM J+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712412010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Li M, Zhang L, Cai RL, Gao Y, Qi Y. Lipid-soluble Extracts from Salvia miltiorrhiza Inhibit Production of LPS-induced Inflammatory Mediators via NF-κB Modulation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Perform Antiinflammatory Effects In Vivo. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1195-204. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Drug Evaluation of State Food and Drug Administration; Beijing; 100038; PR China
| | - Run-Lan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; 100193; PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; 100193; PR China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; 100193; PR China
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Augmentation of Aluminum-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebrum by Presence of Pro-oxidant (Graded Doses of Ethanol) Exposure. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1681-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yamada T, Egashira N, Imuta M, Yano T, Yamauchi Y, Watanabe H, Oishi R. Role of oxidative stress in vinorelbine-induced vascular endothelial cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:120-7. [PMID: 19837156 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vinorelbine (VNR), a vinca alkaloid anticancer drug, often causes vascular injury such as venous irritation, vascular pain, phlebitis, and necrotizing vasculitis. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms that mediate the cell injury induced by VNR in porcine aorta endothelial cells (PAECs). PAECs were exposed to VNR for 10 min followed by further incubation in serum-free medium without VNR. The exposure to VNR (0.3-30 microM) decreased the cell viability concentration and time dependently. The incidence of apoptotic cells significantly increased at 12 h after transient exposure to VNR. At the same time, VNR increased the activity of caspases. Interestingly, VNR rapidly depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH) and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, VNR depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased cellular ATP levels. These VNR-induced cell abnormalities were almost completely inhibited by GSH and N-acetylcysteine. On the other hand, L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis, aggravated the VNR-induced loss of cell viability. These results clearly demonstrate that VNR induces oxidative stress by depleting intracellular GSH and increasing ROS production in PAECs, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the VNR-induced cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Yamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Ye X, Li W, Yan Y, Mao C, Cai R, Xu H, Yang X. Effects of cytochrome P4503A inducer dexamethasone on the metabolism and toxicity of triptolide in rat. Toxicol Lett 2009; 192:212-20. [PMID: 19879934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a major active and toxic component of Tripterygium wilfordii, is reported to be converted into four mono-hydroxylated metabolites (m/z 375) by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in vitro, and CYP3A4 was the primary isoform responsible for its hydroxylation. Dexamethasone (DXM), a CYP3A inducer, is frequently combined with TP in clinical therapy. However, the effects of DXM on the metabolism and toxicity of TP are unknown. In this study, the metabolism of TP was investigated in rat liver microsomes pretreated with DXM. The metabolic profile of TP was significantly altered. The V(max) was about 9.58-fold higher than that of vehicle group and the K(m) was about 3.57-fold higher. With DXM, the amount of metabolite M3 was significantly higher than that with no DXM while M1 and M2 were not found, and a new metabolite (m/z 391) was observed. The liver and the kidney toxicity of TP on rat pretreated with DXM were evaluated. We observed that pretreatment with DXM protected against TP hepatotoxicity. No obvious nephrotoxicity was detected on rats treated with TP, whereas the kidney damage was observed in DXM group and the level of toxicity was much reduced with DXM-TP group. This suggested that TP might decrease nephrotoxicity induced by DXM. These studies indicated that DXM had significant impact on the metabolism and the toxicity of TP as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ye
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang YM, Wang HJ, Peng SQ. In ovo exposure of a Fusarium mycotoxin butenolide induces hepatic and renal oxidative damage in chick embryos, and antioxidants provide protections. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1354-9. [PMID: 19573587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Butenolide is a mycotoxin produced by several toxigenic Fusarium species. It frequently invades many important grains, and evokes a broad spectrum of toxic effects. For these reasons, butenolide poses a health risk to both humans and animals. However, many toxicology issues of butenolide including targets and mechanisms of toxicity remain to be elucidated so far. The present study therefore attempts to reveal the toxic profile of butenolide from a viewpoint of oxidative damage, using chick embryos as an in vitro model. A single in ovo injection of butenolide resulted in significant oxidative injuries in embryonic livers and kidneys, as manifested by a dose-dependent depletion of sulfhydryl groups, reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity, and increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. In contrast, co-injections of butenolide with antioxidants sodium selenite, vitamin C and a representative antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase markedly abated these oxidative toxicities. In conclusion, the present study suggests that oxidative damage may serve as a mediator in the toxicity of butenolide, and amelioration of antioxidant defense capacity by exogenous supplementation may play a role in the prevention and treatment of butenolide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense impairment in the hearts of chick embryos induced by in ovo exposure to Fusarium mycotoxin butenolide. Toxicon 2008; 52:781-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Park SH, Jang JH, Li MH, Na HK, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 induction confers adaptive survival response to tetrahydropapaveroline-induced oxidative PC12 cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:2075-86. [PMID: 17919066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopaminergic isoquinoline neurotoxin, has been reported to contribute to neurodegeneration in parkinsonism. As THP bears two catechol moieties, it undergoes autooxidation or enzymatic oxidation to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may contribute to the THP-induced cell death. Although ROS are cytotoxic, the initial accumulation of ROS may provoke a survival response. In this study, treatment of PC12 cells with THP increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as an adaptive survival response. Furthermore, THP-induced cytotoxicity was attenuated by the HO-1 inducer (SnCl2) and exacerbated by the HO-1 inhibitor (ZnPP). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying THP-mediated HO-1 expression, we examined the possible involvement of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of detoxifying/antioxidant genes. THP treatment elevated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and subsequent binding to antioxidant response element (ARE). PC12 cells transfected with dominant-negative Nrf2 exhibited increased cytotoxicity and decreased HO-1 expression after THP treatment. Moreover, U0126 and LY294002, which are pharmacologic inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, respectively, attenuated HO-1 expression as well as Nrf2-ARE binding activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that HO-1 induction via Nrf2 activation may confer a cellular adaptive response against THP-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Park
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Satoh E, Yasuda I, Yamada T, Suzuki Y, Ohyashiki T. Involvement of NO generation in aluminum-induced cell death. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1390-4. [PMID: 17666791 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that the exposure of PC12 cells to the aluminum-maltolate complex (Al(maltol)(3)) results in decreased cell viability via the apoptotic cell death pathway. In this study, we have used several nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and the NO generator diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate) to examine whether or not intracellular nitric oxide (NO) generation is involved in the onset mechanism of Al(maltol)(3)-induced cell death. Cell viability was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and caspase-3 activity. Treatment of the cells with 150 microM Al(maltol)(3) for 48 h resulted in intracellular NO generation. Exposure of the cells to DETA NONOate also induced a marked decrease in cell viability. Pre-treatment of the cells with a general NOS inhibitor or with a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor effectively prevented Al(maltol)(3)-induced cell death. However, a neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor did not exhibit any protective effect against Al(maltol)(3)-induced cell death. In addition, ascorbic acid markedly inhibited Al(maltol)(3)- and DETA NONOate-induced cell death. Based on these results, we discussed the involvement of intracellular NO generation in the onset mechanisms of Al(maltol)(3)-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Satoh
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
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Kim YM, Lee JJ, Park SK, Lim SC, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Effects of tri butyl tin acetate on dopamine biosynthesis and l-dopa-lnduced cytotoxicity in pc12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:858-65. [PMID: 17703738 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tributyltin acetate (TBTA) on dopamine biosynthesis and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were examined. TBTA at concentrations of 0.1-0.2 microM inhibited dopamine biosynthesis by reducing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and TH gene expression in PC12 cells. TBTA at 0.1-0.4 microM also reduced L-DOPA (20-50 microM)-induced increases in dopamine content for 24 h in PC12 cells. TBTA at concentrations up to 0.3 microM did not affect cell viability. However, TBTA at concentrations higher than 0.4 microM caused apoptotic cytotoxicity. Exposure of PC12 cells to non-cytotoxic (0.1 and 0.2 microM) or cytotoxic (0.4 microM) concentrations of TBTA with L-DOPA (20, 50 and 100 microM) significantly increased the cell loss and the percentage of apoptotic cells after 24 or 48 h compared with TBTA or L-DOPA alone. These data suggest that TBTA inhibits dopamine biosynthesis and enhances L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 12, Gaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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19
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Li Z, Dong T, Pröschel C, Noble M. Chemically diverse toxicants converge on Fyn and c-Cbl to disrupt precursor cell function. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e35. [PMID: 17298174 PMCID: PMC1790953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of common mechanistic principles that shed light on the action of the many chemically diverse toxicants to which we are exposed is of central importance in understanding how toxicants disrupt normal cellular function and in developing more effective means of protecting against such effects. Of particular importance is identifying mechanisms operative at environmentally relevant toxicant exposure levels. Chemically diverse toxicants exhibit striking convergence, at environmentally relevant exposure levels, on pathway-specific disruption of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling required for cell division in central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Relatively small toxicant-induced increases in oxidative status are associated with Fyn kinase activation, leading to secondary activation of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase. Fyn/c-Cbl pathway activation by these pro-oxidative changes causes specific reductions, in vitro and in vivo, in levels of the c-Cbl target platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α and other c-Cbl targets, but not of the TrkC RTK (which is not a c-Cbl target). Sequential Fyn and c-Cbl activation, with consequent pathway-specific suppression of RTK signaling, is induced by levels of methylmercury and lead that affect large segments of the population, as well as by paraquat, an organic herbicide. Our results identify a novel regulatory pathway of oxidant-mediated Fyn/c-Cbl activation as a shared mechanism of action of chemically diverse toxicants at environmentally relevant levels, and as a means by which increased oxidative status may disrupt mitogenic signaling. These results provide one of a small number of general mechanistic principles in toxicology, and the only such principle integrating toxicology, precursor cell biology, redox biology, and signaling pathway analysis in a predictive framework of broad potential relevance to the understanding of pro-oxidant–mediated disruption of normal development. Chemically different toxins (lead, methylmercury, and paraquat) each cause the intracellular environment to become more oxidized, and thereby activate a common pathway that suppresses signaling from growth factor receptors that may be associated with developmental impairments. Discovering general principles underlying the effects of toxicant exposure on biological systems is one of the central challenges of toxicological research. We have discovered a previously unrecognized regulatory pathway on which chemically diverse toxicants converge, at environmentally relevant exposure levels, to disrupt the function of progenitor cells of the developing central nervous system. We found that the ability of low levels of methylmercury, lead, and paraquat to make progenitor cells more oxidized causes activation of an enzyme called Fyn kinase. Activated Fyn then activates another enzyme (c-Cbl) that modifies specific proteins—receptors that are required for cell division and survival—to initiate the proteins' degradation. By enhancing degradation of these receptors, their downstream signaling functions are repressed. Analysis of developmental exposure to methylmercury provided evidence that this same pathway is activated in vivo by environmentally relevant toxicant levels. The remarkable sensitivity of progenitor cells to low levels of toxicant exposure, and the discovery of the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway as a mechanism by which small increases in oxidative status can markedly alter cell function, provide a novel and specific means by which exposure to chemically diverse toxicants might perturb normal development. In addition, the principles revealed in our studies appear likely to have broad applicability in understanding the regulation of cell function by alterations in redox balance, regardless of how they might be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibo Li
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiefei Dong
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Chris Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Darwiche N, Abou-Lteif G, Bazarbachi A. Reactive oxygen species mediate N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced cell death in malignant T cells and are inhibited by the HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax. Leukemia 2006; 21:261-9. [PMID: 17122865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that inhibits growth of many human tumor cells, including those resistant to natural retinoids. HPR is an effective chemopreventive agent for prostate, cervix, breast, bladder, skin and lung cancers, and has shown promise for the treatment of neuroblastomas. We have previously shown that HPR inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells, whereas no effect is observed on normal lymphocytes. In this report, we identified HPR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as the key mediator of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant T cells. HPR treatment of HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells was associated with a rapid and progressive ROS accumulation. Pre-treatment with the antioxidants vitamin C and dithiothreitol inhibited ROS generation, prevented HPR-induced ceramide accumulation, cell cycle arrest, cytochrome c release, caspase-activation and apoptosis. Therefore, anti-oxidants protected malignant T cells from HPR-induced growth inhibition. The expression of the HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax abrogated HPR-induced ROS accumulation in HTLV-I-infected cells, which explains their lower sensitivity to HPR. Defining the mechanism of free radical induction by HPR may support a potential therapeutic role for this synthetic retinoid in ATL and HTLV-I-negative T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Darwiche
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Wang YM, Peng SQ, Zhou Q, Wang MW, Yan CH, Yang HY, Wang GQ. Depletion of intracellular glutathione mediates butenolide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2006; 164:231-8. [PMID: 16495022 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Butenolide, 4-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone is one of the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species which are often found on cereal grains and animal feeds throughout the world. It has been implicated as the etiology of some diseases both in animals and in humans. Though butenolide represents a potential threat to animal and human heath, there are few studies on its toxicity so far, especially on the toxic mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of butenolide on HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism from the viewpoint of oxidative stress. Butenolide reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A rapid depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) was observed after exposure cells to butenolide, concomitantly an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production prior to cell death, indicating that oxidative stress was involved in butenolide cytotoxicity. To elucidate the role of GSH in the cytotoxicity of butenolide, intracellular GSH content was modulated before exposure to butenolide. l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO), a well-known inhibitor of GSH synthesis, aggravated butenolide-induced GSH depletion, ROS production and the loss in cell viability; in contrast, GSH depletion and ROS production was strongly inhibited, and the loss in cell viability was completely abrogated by thiol-containing compounds GSH, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dithiothreitol (DTT). Furthermore, a ROS scavenger catalase obviously abated ROS production and cytotoxicity induced by butenolide. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that oxidative stress plays an important role in butenolide cytotoxicity, and intracellular GSH depletion may be an original trigger of the onset of butenolide cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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