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Jones Lipinski RA, Stancill JS, Nuñez R, Wynia-Smith SL, Sprague DJ, Nord JA, Bird A, Corbett JA, Smith BC. Zinc-chelating BET bromodomain inhibitors equally target islet endocrine cell types. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R515-R527. [PMID: 38618911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein family is a potential strategy to prevent and treat diabetes; however, the clinical use of BET bromodomain inhibitors (BETis) is associated with adverse effects. Here, we explore a strategy for targeting BETis to β cells by exploiting the high-zinc (Zn2+) concentration in β cells relative to other cell types. We report the synthesis of a novel, Zn2+-chelating derivative of the pan-BETi (+)-JQ1, (+)-JQ1-DPA, in which (+)-JQ1 was conjugated to dipicolyl amine (DPA). As controls, we synthesized (+)-JQ1-DBA, a non-Zn2+-chelating derivative, and (-)-JQ1-DPA, an inactive enantiomer that chelates Zn2+. Molecular modeling and biophysical assays showed that (+)-JQ1-DPA and (+)-JQ1-DBA retain potent binding to BET bromodomains in vitro. Cellular assays demonstrated (+)-JQ1-DPA attenuated NF-ĸB target gene expression in β cells stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. To assess β-cell selectivity, we isolated islets from a mouse model that expresses green fluorescent protein in insulin-positive β cells and mTomato in insulin-negative cells (non-β cells). Surprisingly, Zn2+ chelation did not confer β-cell selectivity as (+)-JQ1-DPA was equally effective in both β and α cells; however, (+)-JQ1-DPA was less effective in macrophages, a nonendocrine islet cell type. Intriguingly, the non-Zn2+-chelating derivative (+)-JQ1-DBA displayed the opposite selectivity, with greater effect in macrophages compared with (+)-JQ1-DPA, suggesting potential as a macrophage-targeting molecule. These findings suggest that Zn2+-chelating small molecules confer endocrine cell selectivity rather than β-cell selectivity in pancreatic islets and provide valuable insights and techniques to assess Zn2+ chelation as an approach to selectively target small molecules to pancreatic β cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhibition of BET bromodomains is a novel potential strategy to prevent and treat diabetes mellitus. However, BET inhibitors have negative side effects. We synthesized a BET inhibitor expected to exploit the high zinc concentration in β cells to accumulate in β cells. We show our inhibitor targeted pancreatic endocrine cells; however, it was less effective in immune cells. A control inhibitor showed the opposite effect. These findings help us understand how to target specific cells in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Jones Lipinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jennifer S Stancill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Raymundo Nuñez
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah L Wynia-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Daniel J Sprague
- Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joshua A Nord
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amir Bird
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brian C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Pergu R, Shoba VM, Chaudhary SK, Munkanatta Godage DNP, Deb A, Singha S, Dhawa U, Singh P, Anokhina V, Singh S, Siriwardena SU, Choudhary A. Development and Applications of Chimera Platforms for Tyrosine Phosphorylation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1558-1566. [PMID: 37637727 PMCID: PMC10450875 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric small molecules that induce post-translational modification (PTM) on a target protein by bringing it into proximity to a PTM-inducing enzyme are furnishing novel modalities to perturb protein function. Despite recent advances, such molecules are unavailable for a critical PTM, tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, the contemporary design paradigm of chimeric molecules, formed by joining a noninhibitory binder of the PTM-inducing enzyme with the binder of the target protein, prohibits the recruitment of most PTM-inducing enzymes as their noninhibitory binders are unavailable. Here, we report two platforms to generate phosphorylation-inducing chimeric small molecules (PHICS) for tyrosine phosphorylation. We generate PHICS from both noninhibitory binders (scantily available, platform 1) and kinase inhibitors (abundantly available, platform 2) using cysteine-based group transfer chemistry. PHICS triggered phosphorylation on tyrosine residues in diverse sequence contexts and target proteins (e.g., membrane-associated, cytosolic) and displayed multiple bioactivities, including the initiation of a growth receptor signaling cascade and the death of drug-resistant cancer cells. These studies provide an approach to induce biologically relevant PTM and lay the foundation for pharmacologic PTM editing (i.e., induction or removal) of target proteins using abundantly available inhibitors of PTM-inducing or -erasing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaiah Pergu
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Veronika M. Shoba
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Santosh K. Chaudhary
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Santanu Singha
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Prashant Singh
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Viktoriya Anokhina
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sameek Singh
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sachini U. Siriwardena
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Divisions
of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Jiang J, Zhao PL, Sigua LH, Chan A, Schönbrunn E, Qi J, Georg GI. 1,4-Dihydropyridinebutyrolactone-derived ring-opened ester and amide analogs targeting BET bromodomains. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200288. [PMID: 35941525 PMCID: PMC9633406 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on a previously reported 1,4-dihydropyridinebutyrolactone virtual screening hit, nine lactone ring-opened ester and seven amide analogs were prepared. The analogs were designed to provide interactions with residues at the entrance of the ZA loop of the testis-specific bromodomain (ZA) channel to enhance the affinity and selectivity for the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) subfamily of bromodomains. Compound testing by AlphaScreen showed that neither the affinity nor the selectivity of the ester and lactam analogs was improved for BRD4-1 and the first bromodomain of the testis-specific bromodomain (BRDT-1). The esters retained affinity comparable to the parent compound, whereas the affinity for the amide analogs was reduced 10-fold. A representative benzyl ester analog was found to retain high selectivity for BET bromodomains as shown by a BROMOscan. X-ray analysis of the allyl ester analog in complex with BRD4-1 and BRDT-1 revealed that the ester side chain is located next to the ZA loop and solvent exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pei-Liang Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Logan H. Sigua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice Chan
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Drug Discovery Department, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Drug Discovery Department, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Shoba VM, Munkanatta Godage DNP, Chaudhary SK, Deb A, Siriwardena SU, Choudhary A. Synthetic Reprogramming of Kinases Expands Cellular Activities of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202770. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M. Shoba
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Dhanushka N. P. Munkanatta Godage
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Santosh K. Chaudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sachini U. Siriwardena
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
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5
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Shoba VM, Munkanatta Godage DNP, Chaudhary SK, Deb A, Siriwardena SU, Choudhary A. Synthetic Reprogramming of Kinases Expands Cellular Activities of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M. Shoba
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Dhanushka N. P. Munkanatta Godage
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Santosh K. Chaudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sachini U. Siriwardena
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
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6
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Dutzmann J, Haertlé M, Daniel JM, Kloss F, Musmann RJ, Kalies K, Knöpp K, Pilowski C, Sirisko M, Sieweke JT, Bauersachs J, Sedding DG, Gegel S. BET bromodomain-containing epigenetic reader proteins regulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:850-862. [PMID: 32353113 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies revealed that the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) epigenetic reader proteins resemble key regulators in the underlying pathophysiology of cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. However, whether they also regulate vascular remodelling processes by direct effects on vascular cells is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of the BET proteins on human smooth muscle cell (SMC) function in vitro and neointima formation in response to vascular injury in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Selective inhibition of BETs by the small molecule (+)-JQ1 dose-dependently reduced proliferation and migration of SMCs without apoptotic or toxic effects. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in the presence of (+)-JQ1. Microarray- and pathway analyses revealed a substantial transcriptional regulation of gene sets controlled by the Forkhead box O (FOXO1)1-transcription factor. Silencing of the most significantly regulated FOXO1-dependent gene, CDKN1A, abolished the antiproliferative effects. Immunohistochemical colocalization, co-immunoprecipitation, and promoter-binding ELISA assay data confirmed that the BET protein BRD4 directly binds to FOXO1 and regulates FOXO1 transactivational capacity. In vivo, local application of (+)-JQ1 significantly attenuated SMC proliferation and neointimal lesion formation following wire-induced injury of the femoral artery in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSION Inhibition of the BET-containing protein BRD4 after vascular injury by (+)-JQ1 restores FOXO1 transactivational activity, subsequent CDKN1A expression, cell cycle arrest and thus prevents SMC proliferation in vitro and neointima formation in vivo. Inhibition of BET epigenetic reader proteins might thus represent a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent adverse vascular remodelling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/metabolism
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Dutzmann
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Haertlé
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Marcus Daniel
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frederik Kloss
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert-Jonathan Musmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Kalies
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kai Knöpp
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Pilowski
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mirja Sirisko
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Thorben Sieweke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Mid-Germany Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Simona Gegel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-2-one derivatives as potent BRD4 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112780. [PMID: 32883643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4) plays a crucial role in transcriptional regulation and is considered to be a viable drug target for cancer treatment. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of indole-2-one derivatives through scaffold hopping drug design. Most of the compounds showed potent BRD4 inhibitory activities and anti-proliferation activities in cancer cell lines. Especially, compound 12j exhibited excellent BRD4 inhibitory activities (BD1 IC50 = 19 nM, BD2 IC50 = 28 nM) and anti-proliferation potency with IC50 values of 4.75 μM and 1.35 μM in HT-29 and HL-60 cells, respectively. Additionally, docking studies showed that the hydrophobic pocket next to KAc region and WPF shelf were critical to the activity of the compound. Compound 12j could arrest the cell-cycle progression of HT-29 cells into the G1 phase and reduce the expression of c-Myc. Moreover, compound 12j exhibited favorable oral pharmacokinetic properties. All the results demonstrated that compound 12j was a potent BRD4 inhibitor and had merely potential for colon cancer treatment.
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8
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Liang D, Yu Y, Ma Z. Novel strategies targeting bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) for cancer drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Wisniewski A, Georg GI. BET proteins: Investigating BRDT as a potential target for male contraception. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126958. [PMID: 32019712 PMCID: PMC7023680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While many contraception options are available for women, birth control methods for men are limited to condoms and vasectomy. Past research into male contraceptives has focused on hormonal options but the associated side effects have thus far precluded this method from reaching the market. Non-hormonal male contraceptives and vas occlusion have also been explored, but to date no method has progressed past clinical testing. Recent interest in epigenetic research has unveiled a new potential non-hormonal male contraceptive target: the testis-specific bromodomain BRDT. Potent inhibitors for bromodomain-containing proteins are described in the literature, but a BRDT-specific compound has yet to be designed, prepared and tested. The high similarity between bromodomain proteins of the BET family makes development of selective and specific inhibitors both difficult and necessary. Selective inhibition of BRDT by a small molecule is an exciting new target in the search for a new non-hormonal male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wisniewski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
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10
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Werner MT, Wang H, Hamagami N, Hsu SC, Yano JA, Stonestrom AJ, Behera V, Zong Y, Mackay JP, Blobel GA. Comparative structure-function analysis of bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) proteins in a gene-complementation system. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1898-1914. [PMID: 31792058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) proteins bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2), BRD3, and BRD4 are multifunctional transcriptional regulators that bind acetylated chromatin via their conserved tandem bromodomains. Small molecules that target BET bromodomains are being tested for various diseases but typically do not discern between BET family members. Genomic distributions and protein partners of BET proteins have been described, but the basis for differences in BET protein function within a given lineage remains unclear. By establishing a gene knockout-rescue system in a Brd2-null erythroblast cell line, here we compared a series of mutant and chimeric BET proteins for their ability to modulate cell growth, differentiation, and gene expression. We found that the BET N-terminal halves bearing the bromodomains convey marked differences in protein stability but do not account for specificity in BET protein function. Instead, when BET proteins were expressed at comparable levels, their specificity was largely determined by the C-terminal half. Remarkably, a chimeric BET protein comprising the N-terminal half of the structurally similar short BRD4 isoform (BRD4S) and the C-terminal half of BRD2 functioned similarly to intact BRD2. We traced part of the BRD2-specific activity to a previously uncharacterized short segment predicted to harbor a coiled-coil (CC) domain. Deleting the CC segment impaired BRD2's ability to restore growth and differentiation, and the CC region functioned in conjunction with the adjacent ET domain to impart BRD2-like activity onto BRD4S. In summary, our results identify distinct BET protein domains that regulate protein turnover and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Werner
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nicole Hamagami
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sarah C Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jennifer A Yano
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aaron J Stonestrom
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Vivek Behera
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yichen Zong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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11
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Ma J, Chen H, Yang J, Yu Z, Huang P, Yang H, Zheng B, Liu R, Li Q, Hu G, Chen Z. Binding pocket-based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel selective BRD4-BD1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1871-1881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increasing evidence suggests that epigenome plays a central role in cancer development making it a promising target for anticancer treatments. Here, we review two new classes of epigenome-targeting agents: the bromodomain and extraterminal domain proteins (BET) inhibitors and the enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH2) inhibitors. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical research evaluating BET and EZH2 inhibitors is still at an early stage; however, both classes of drugs have demonstrated activity among different hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Several studies on BETi and EZH2i are ongoing to better define their potential role in cancer treatment, which patients are most likely to benefit and if the association with other drugs can improve their efficacy.
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13
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Li X, Zhang J, Zhao L, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhou J. Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Biological Evaluation of 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole Derivatives as BRD4 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1363-1368. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Center of Drug Discovery; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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14
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Sahni JM, Keri RA. Targeting bromodomain and extraterminal proteins in breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:156-176. [PMID: 29154989 PMCID: PMC5828951 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a collection of distinct tumor subtypes that are driven by unique gene expression profiles. These transcriptomes are controlled by various epigenetic marks that dictate which genes are expressed and suppressed. During carcinogenesis, extensive restructuring of the epigenome occurs, including aberrant acetylation, alteration of methylation patterns, and accumulation of epigenetic readers at oncogenes. As epigenetic alterations are reversible, epigenome-modulating drugs could provide a mechanism to silence numerous oncogenes simultaneously. Here, we review the impact of inhibitors of the Bromodomain and Extraterminal (BET) family of epigenetic readers in breast cancer. These agents, including the prototypical BET inhibitor JQ1, have been shown to suppress a variety of oncogenic pathways while inducing minimal, if any, toxicity in models of several subtypes of breast cancer. BET inhibitors also synergize with multiple approved anti-cancer drugs, providing a greater response in breast cancer cell lines and mouse models than either single agent. The combined findings of the studies discussed here provide an excellent rationale for the continued investigation of the utility of BET inhibitors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sahni
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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15
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Ali I, Conrad RJ, Verdin E, Ott M. Lysine Acetylation Goes Global: From Epigenetics to Metabolism and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1216-1252. [PMID: 29405707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational acetylation of lysine residues has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in all eukaryotic organisms. Originally discovered in 1963 as a unique modification of histones, acetylation marks are now found on thousands of nonhistone proteins located in virtually every cellular compartment. Here we summarize key findings in the field of protein acetylation over the past 20 years with a focus on recent discoveries in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial compartments. Collectively, these findings have elevated protein acetylation as a major post-translational modification, underscoring its physiological relevance in gene regulation, cell signaling, metabolism, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Ali
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,University of California, San Francisco , Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan J Conrad
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,University of California, San Francisco , Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging , Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,University of California, San Francisco , Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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16
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Liu Z, Wang P, Chen H, Wold EA, Tian B, Brasier AR, Zhou J. Drug Discovery Targeting Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4533-4558. [PMID: 28195723 PMCID: PMC5464988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
BRD4,
the most extensively studied member of the BET family, is
an epigenetic regulator that localizes to DNA via binding to acetylated
histones and controls the expression of therapeutically important
gene regulatory networks through the recruitment of transcription
factors to form mediator complexes, phosphorylating RNA polymerase
II, and by its intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. Disrupting
the protein–protein interactions between BRD4 and acetyl-lysine
has been shown to effectively block cell proliferation in cancer,
cytokine production in acute inflammation, and so forth. To date,
significant efforts have been devoted to the development of BRD4 inhibitors,
and consequently, a dozen have progressed to human clinical trials.
Herein, we summarize the advances in drug discovery and development
of BRD4 inhibitors by focusing on their chemotypes, in vitro and in
vivo activity, selectivity, relevant mechanisms of action, and therapeutic
potential. Opportunities and challenges to achieve selective and efficacious
BRD4 inhibitors as a viable therapeutic strategy for human diseases
are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bing Tian
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Internal Medicine, §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, ξInstitute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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17
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Noguchi-Yachide T. BET Bromodomain as a Target of Epigenetic Therapy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:540-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Wang CY, Filippakopoulos P. Beating the odds: BETs in disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:468-79. [PMID: 26145250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomains (BRDs) are evolutionarily conserved protein interaction modules that specifically recognise acetyl-lysine on histones and other proteins, facilitating roles in regulating gene transcription. BRD-containing proteins bound to chromatin loci such as enhancers are often deregulated in disease leading to aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines and growth-promoting genes. Recent developments targeting the bromo and extraterminal (BET) subset of BRD proteins demonstrated remarkable efficacy in murine models providing a compelling rationale for drug development and translation to the clinic. Here we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the roles of BETs in regulating gene transcription in normal and diseased tissue as well as the current status of their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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19
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Gallenkamp D, Gelato KA, Haendler B, Weinmann H. Bromodomains and their pharmacological inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:438-64. [PMID: 24497428 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 60 bromodomains belonging to proteins with very different functions have been identified in humans. Several of them interact with acetylated lysine residues, leading to the recruitment and stabilization of protein complexes. The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins contain tandem bromodomains which bind to acetylated histones and are thereby implicated in a number of DNA-centered processes, including the regulation of gene expression. The recent identification of inhibitors of BET and non-BET bromodomains is one of the few examples in which effective blockade of a protein-protein interaction can be achieved with a small molecule. This has led to major strides in the understanding of the function of bromodomain-containing proteins and their involvement in diseases such as cancer and inflammation. Indeed, BET bromodomain inhibitors are now being clinically evaluated for the treatment of hematological tumors and have also been tested in clinical trials for the relatively rare BRD-NUT midline carcinoma. This review gives an overview of the newest developments in the field, with a focus on the biology of selected bromodomain proteins on the one hand, and on reported pharmacological inhibitors on the other, including recent examples from the patent literature.
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