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Wang W, Wang L, Wang L, Li Y, Lan T, Wang C, Chen X, Chen S, Yu S. Ginsenoside-Rg1 synergized with voluntary running exercise protects against glial activation and dysregulation of neuronal plasticity in depression. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37464840 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychological disease accompanied by mental disorders and somatic symptoms. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the pathogenesis of depression are still not clear. Neuronal damage resulting from inflammation is considered to be one of the important risk factors for depression. Ginsenoside-Rg1, a sterol extract extracted from ginseng herbs, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, running exercise, a simple behavioral therapy, has been recently shown to have antidepressant effects. However, whether these two synergized strategies are more efficient in depression treatment, especially the neural mechanisms underlying this practical and interesting treatment is unknown. In this study, we have shown that ginsenoside-Rg1 synergized with voluntary running exercise exerts more efficiency on suppressing neuroinflammation, up-regulating expression of neurotrophic factors, and synaptic-related proteins, ameliorating neuronal structural damages than that of ginsenoside-Rg1 or voluntary exercise alone, suggesting its better neuroprotective effects. More importantly, the antidepressant-like effect of this synergistic treatment was also significantly better than either of these two treatments. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rg1, synergized with voluntary running, may have higher efficacy in the treatment of depression through anti-inflammation and the improvement of neuroplasticity. These findings may provide a new perspective for the development of a therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological experimental center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Changmin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Shihong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuyan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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2
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Illesca-Matus R, Ardiles NM, Munoz F, Moya PR. Implications of Physical Exercise on Episodic Memory and Anxiety: The Role of the Serotonergic System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11372. [PMID: 37511128 PMCID: PMC10379296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in investigating the effects of physical exercise on cognitive performance, particularly episodic memory. Similarly, an increasing number of studies in recent decades have studied the effects of physical activity on mood and anxiety disorders. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of regular physical activity for both mental and physical health. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the serotonergic system may play a key role in mediating the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety. In this review, we discuss the impact of physical exercise on both episodic memory and anxiety in human and animal models. In addition, we explore the accumulating evidence that supports a role for the serotonergic system in the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Illesca-Matus
- Laboratorio de Neurodinámica Básica y Aplicada, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Educación (CIAE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Nicolás M Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Felipe Munoz
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería para la Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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Liang X, Tang J, Qi YQ, Luo YM, Yang CM, Dou XY, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Zhang L, Chao FL, Zhou CN, Tang Y. Exercise more efficiently regulates the maturation of newborn neurons and synaptic plasticity than fluoxetine in a CUS-induced depression mouse model. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114103. [PMID: 35525307 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression, a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is commonly treated with antidepressants, electric shock and psychotherapy. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that exercise can effectively alleviate depression. To determine the difference in efficacy between exercise and the classic antidepressant fluoxetine in treating depression, we established four groups: the Control, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS/STD), running (CUS/RUN) and fluoxetine (CUS/FLX) groups. The sucrose preference test (SPT), the forced swimming test (FST), the tail suspension test (TST), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and stereological analyses were used to clarify the difference in therapeutic efficacy and mechanism between exercise and fluoxetine in the treatment of depression. In the seventh week, the sucrose preference of the CUS/RUN group was significantly higher than that of the CUS/STD group, while the sucrose preference of the CUS/FLX group did not differ from that of the CUS/STD group until the eighth week. Exercise reduced the immobility time in the FST and TST, while fluoxetine only reduced immobility time in the TST. Hippocampal structure analysis showed that the CUS/STD group exhibited an increase in immature neurons and a decrease in mature neurons. Exercise reduced the number of immature neurons and increased the number of mature neurons, but no increase in the number of mature neurons was observed after fluoxetine treatment. In addition, both running and fluoxetine reversed the decrease in the number of MAP2+ dendrites in depressed mice. Exercise increased the number of spinophilin-positive (Sp+) dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions, whereas fluoxetine only increased the number of SP+ spines in the DG. In summary, exercise promoted newborn neuron maturation in the DG and regulated neuronal plasticity in three hippocampal subregions, which might explain why running exerts earlier and more comprehensive antidepressant effects than fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ying-Qiang Qi
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yan-Min Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Mao Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yun Dou
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Radioactive Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Ni Zhou
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Lopes PKF, Engel DF, Bertolini NO, de Azevedo Martins MS, Pereira CA, Velloso LA, Thomasi SS, de Moura RF. Behavioral, neuroplasticity and metabolic effects of 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin associated with physical activity in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2425-2436. [PMID: 34599738 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The search for strategies to develop resilience against metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders has motivated the clinical and experimental assessment of early life interventions such as lifestyle-based and use of unconventional pharmacological compounds. In this study, we assessed the effects of voluntary physical activity and 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (DHMC), independently or in combination, over mice physiological and behavioral parameters, adult hippocampal and hypothalamic neurogenesis, and neurotrophic factors expression in the hypothalamus. C57Bl/6J mice were submitted to a 29-day treatment with DHMC and allowed free access to a running wheel. We found that DHMC treatment alone reduced fasting blood glucose levels. Moreover, physical activity showed an anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus maze task and DHMC produced additional anxiolytic behavior, evidenced by reduced activity during the light cycle in the physical activity group. Although we did not find any differences in hypothalamic or hippocampal adult neurogenesis, DHMC increased gene expression levels of VEGF, which was correlated to the reduced fasting glucose levels. In conclusion, our data emphasize the potential of physical activity in reducing development of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, and highlights DHMC as an attractive compound to be investigated in future studies addressing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiane Fátima Engel
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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Contó MB, Dos Santos NB, Munhoz CD, Marcourakis T, D'Almeida V, Camarini R. Exposure to Running Wheels Prevents Ethanol Rewarding Effects: The Role of CREB and Deacetylases SIRT-1 and SIRT-2 in the Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 469:125-137. [PMID: 34175423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is one of the most prevalent addictions, strongly influenced by environmental factors. Voluntary physical activity (VPA) has proven to be intrinsically reinforcing and we hypothesized that, as a non-drug reinforcer, VPA could mitigate ethanol-induced rewarding effects. The transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and deacetylases isozymes sirtuins 1 and 2 (SIRT-1 and SIRT-2) have a complex interplay and both play a role in the rewarding effects of ethanol. To test whether the exposure of mice to running wheels inhibits the development of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), mice were assigned into four groups: housed in home cages with locked ("Sedentary") or unlocked running wheels (VPA), and treated with saline or 1.8 g/kg ethanol during the conditioning phase. The groups were referred as Saline-Sedentary, Saline-VPA, Ethanol-Sedentary and Ethanol-VPA. The expression of CREB, SIRT-1 and SIRT-2 were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). VPA prevented the development of ethanol-induced CPP. VPA, ethanol and the combination of both inhibited pCREB and pCREB/CREB ratio in the NAc, suggesting that both reward stimuli can share similar patterns of CREB activation. However, we have found that ethanol-induced increased CREB levels were prevented by VPA. Both VPA groups presented lower SIRT-1 levels in the NAc compared to the Sedentary groups. Thus, exposure to running wheels prevented ethanol-rewarding effects and ethanol-induced increases in CREB in the NAc. The molecular alterations underlying CPP prevention may be related to a lower expression of CREB in the NAc of Ethanol-VPA compared to the respective Sedentary group, given the positive correlation between CPP and CREB levels in the Ethanol-Sedentary group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Brandão Contó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nilton Barreto Dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Meade GM, Charron LS, Kilburn LW, Pei Z, Wang HY, Robinson S. A model of negative emotional contagion between male-female rat dyads: Effects of voluntary exercise on stress-induced behavior and BDNF-TrkB signaling. Physiol Behav 2021; 234:113286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Singhal G, Jawahar MC, Morgan J, Corrigan F, Jaehne EJ, Toben C, Hannan AJ, Leemaqz SYL, Baune BT. TNF signaling via TNF receptors does not mediate the effects of short-term exercise on cognition, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in middle-aged mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113269. [PMID: 33811950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling via the TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors mediates the effects of long-term exercise on locomotion, cognition and anxiety, but not depressive-like behavior. We now investigated whether the TNF signaling via its receptors also mediates the effects of short-term exercise on cognition, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. METHODS Thirteen-month-old C57BL/6 (WT), TNF-/-, TNFR1-/-, and TNFR2-/- mice were provided with 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running followed by behavioral testing using an established behavioral battery. Each genotype had a respective non-exercise control. RESULTS There was no interaction between genotype and exercise in any of the tests but the main effect of genotype, and not exercise, were found to be significant in the open field (OF), forced-swim test (FST) and Barnes maze (BM). In the OF, the control and exercise TNFR2-/- mice spent significantly less time in the inner zone than mice in the control and exercise WT and TNF-/- cohorts. In the FST, control and exercise WT mice showed significantly higher immobility time than their control and exercise TNF-/-, TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- cohorts. In the BM, the latency to escape over 4 days of training was significantly higher in all KO groups compared to WT, irrespective of exercise. Also, the latency to escape to the original location during the probe trial was higher for control and exercise WT compared to corresponding TNFR1-/- mice. In contrast, the latency to escape to the new location was lower for control and exercise WT compared to control and exercise TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- mice. The latency to escape to the new location in exercise groups was longer compared to control within all genotypes. CONCLUSION While TNF signaling via the TNF receptors mediates cognition, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors independently, it does not mediate the effects of short-term exercise on these behaviors in middle-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Magdalene C Jawahar
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Julie Morgan
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Catherine Toben
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Shalem Yiner-Lee Leemaqz
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Gruhn K, Siteneski A, Camargo A, Freitas AE, Olescowicz G, Brocardo PS, Rodrigues ALS. Physical exercise stimulates hippocampal mTORC1 and FNDC5/irisin signaling pathway in mice: Possible implication for its antidepressant effect. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113040. [PMID: 33279634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have consistently indicated that physical exercise has antidepressant effects by improving hippocampal function, although the signaling pathways underpinning these responses are not well established. Therefore, this study investigated the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin signaling in the antidepressant-like effect of physical exercise. We showed that physical exercise (treadmill running - 45 min/day/5 days/week for 4 weeks) produced an antidepressant-like effect as indicated by a reduction on the immobility time in mice subjected to the forced swimming test (FST) without altering locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT). Rapamycin (a selective mTORC1 inhibitor, 0.2 nmol/site, i.c.v.) administration completely abolished the antidepressant-like effect of physical exercise in the FST, suggesting that mTORC1 activation plays a role for its behavioral effect. Accordingly, physical exercise increased the number of phosphorylated mTORC1 (Ser2448)-positive cells in the entire and ventral subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Physical exercise was also effective in augmenting the hippocampal FNDC5/irisin immunocontent, but rapamycin administration did not alter this effect. Our results reinforce the notion that physical exercise exerts an antidepressant-like effect and identifies the mTORC1-mediated signaling pathway as a target for its behavioral effects. This study provides additional evidence that physical exercise increases hippocampal FNDC5/irisin immunocontent, but this effect seems to be independent on hippocampal mTORC1 activation. Altogether the results contribute to elucidate possible molecular targets implicated in the antidepressant effects of physical exercise and highlight the role of mTORC1 signaling for its behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gruhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Siteneski
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Institute of Investigation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Manabí, 130103, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Olescowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Safari MA, Koushkie Jahromi M, Rezaei R, Aligholi H, Brand S. The Effect of Swimming on Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Corticosterone in Stressed and Unstressed Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186675. [PMID: 32937768 PMCID: PMC7558513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of swimming training on anxiety-like behaviors and corticosterone. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five study conditions: swimming training (ST); exposure to chronic mild stress (CS); exposure to chronic mild stress followed by swimming training (CS + ST); exposure to chronic mild stress followed by a recovery period (CS + recovery); control. The exercise training consisted of 60 min of swimming exercise per day, for five days a week, and four consecutive weeks. A chronic mild stress program (CMS) was applied for a period of four weeks. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by open field test (OFT). The number of excrements and blood corticosterone were used as physiological parameters of anxiety. To assess corticosterone, blood samples were taken 48 h after the last session of experiments. Compared to other study conditions, the lowest anxiety-like behaviors and corticosterone concentrations were observed in the ST condition in unstressed rats. In stressed rats, as in the ST + CS group, swimming training probably reduced some anxiety behaviors, but the results showed increased corticosterone compared to control and CS + Recovery. Anxiety parameters and corticosterone concentrations were greatest in the CS condition. In the ST group, anxiety parameters were less than for the ST + CS group. In the CS + Recovery group, anxiety parameters were less than for the CS group. In summary, self-paced swimming training could attenuate some anxiety parameters in both stressed and non-stressed rats. The effect of swimming training in unstressed rats was more prominent than in stressed rats. In stressed rats, a period of recovery was more effective than swimming training in reducing corticosterone. Mechanisms of anxiety reduction other than cortisol should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Safari
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84334, Iran; (M.A.S.); (M.K.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Maryam Koushkie Jahromi
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84334, Iran; (M.A.S.); (M.K.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Rasoul Rezaei
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84334, Iran; (M.A.S.); (M.K.J.); (R.R.)
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Serge Brand
- Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran
- Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1416753955, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-4161-32-55-097
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10
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The effect of voluntary wheel running on the antioxidant status is dependent on sociability conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173018. [PMID: 32827504 PMCID: PMC7438373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary wheel running is widely used as a physical activity (PA) model in rodents, but most studies investigate the beneficial effects of this intervention in socially isolated mice. Social isolation stress (SIS) is associated with vulnerability to oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of free access to a running wheel for 21 days on the various markers of the cellular redox/antioxidant status as well as mitochondrial function of mice subjected to SIS or maintained in groups of 3 in the homecage. SIS increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the cerebral cortex, and PA intervention was not able to reverse such alteration. PA reduced TBARS levels in the liver of grouped mice and gastrocnemius of socially isolated mice. PA increased nonprotein thiol (NPSH) levels in the cerebral cortex of grouped mice. Furthermore, socially isolated mice presented lower glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the cerebellum and gastrocnemius, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the cerebral cortex and liver. By contrast, SIS induced higher GPx activity in the cerebral cortex and heart. PA reduced GPx (cerebral cortex) and GR (cerebral cortex and liver) activities of socially isolated mice. SIS caused higher activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II in the cerebral cortex, and the PA paradigm was not able to alter this effect. Interestingly, the PA produced antidepressant-like effect at both SIS and control groups. In conclusion, the results showed the influence of SIS for the effects of PA on the antioxidant status, but not on the mitochondrial function and emotionality. PA intervention produces antioxidant responses dependent on sociability conditions. SIS induces mitochondria function and antioxidant defense abnormalities. Running produces antidepressant-like behavior and does not change the ambulation. The distance travelled on the running wheel is correlated with immobility time in the TST. The lipoperoxidation index is negatively correlated with time spent on the running wheel.
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Caffeine Consumption plus Physical Exercise Improves Behavioral Impairments and Stimulates Neuroplasticity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR): an Animal Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3902-3919. [PMID: 32621279 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder, mainly characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, but also by olfactory and memory impairments that frequently persist throughout lifetime. The pathophysiology of ADHD is complex, involving several brain regions and neural pathways including alterations in adenosine neuromodulation. The administration of caffeine (a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist) and physical exercise have been independently pointed as effective approaches for the management of ADHD symptoms. Here, we evaluated the effects of caffeine consumption (0.3 mg/mL in drinking water) plus physical exercise in running wheels during 6 weeks-starting during either adolescence (30 days old) or adulthood (4-5 months old)-on behavioral performance (including olfactory discrimination, open field, object recognition, and water maze tests) on the brain levels of monoamines (by high-performance liquid chromatography), on proteins related to synaptic plasticity and on brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling (by Western blot analysis) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a validated animal model of ADHD. SHRs displayed persistent impairments of olfactory and short-term recognition memory from adolescence to adulthood, which were accompanied by lower levels of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The association of caffeine plus physical exercise during adolescence or adulthood restored the olfactory discrimination ability and, in an independent manner, improved short-term recognition memory of SHRs. These benefits were not associated to alterations in locomotor activity or in the hypertensive phenotype. The association of caffeine consumption plus physical exercise during adolescence increased the levels of SNAP-25, syntaxin, and serotonin in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and striatal dopamine levels in SHRs. These results provide new evidence of the potential of caffeine and physical exercise, starting at adolescence or adult life, to improve behavioral impairments and stimulate neuroplasticity in ADHD.
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Brenes JC, Fornaguera J, Sequeira-Cordero A. Environmental Enrichment and Physical Exercise Attenuate the Depressive-Like Effects Induced by Social Isolation Stress in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:804. [PMID: 32547399 PMCID: PMC7272682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the antidepressant-like effects of environmental enrichment (EE) and physical exercise (PE) compared with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine against the depression-related neurobehavioral alterations induced by postweaning social isolation (SI) in rats. After 1 month of SI, rats were submitted to PE (treadmill), EE, or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), which were compared with naïve SI and group-housed rats. After 1 month, behavior was analyzed in the open field (OFT), the sucrose preference (SPT), and the forced swimming (FST) tests. Afterward, the hippocampal serotonin contents, its metabolite, and turnover were measured. SI induced a depression-related phenotype characterized by a marginal bodyweight gain, anxiety, anhedonia, behavioral despair, and alterations of serotonin metabolism. EE produced the widest and largest antidepressive-like effect, followed by PE and fluoxetine, which were almost equivalent. The treatments, however, affected differentially the neurobehavioral domains investigated. EE exerted its largest effect on anhedonia and was the only treatment inducing anxiolytic-like effects. Fluoxetine, in contrast, produced its largest effect on serotonin metabolism, followed by its anti-behavioral despair action. PE was a middle-ground treatment with broader behavioral outcomes than fluoxetine, but ineffective to reverse the serotonergic alterations induced by SI. The most responsive test to the treatments was the FST, followed closely by the SPT. Although OFT locomotion and body weight varied considerably between groups, they were barely responsive to PE and fluoxetine. From a translational standpoint, our data suggest that exercise and recreational activities may have broader health benefits than antidepressants to overcome confinement and the consequences of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Brenes
- Institute for Psychological Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Neuroscience Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jaime Fornaguera
- Neuroscience Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrey Sequeira-Cordero
- Neuroscience Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Institute of Health Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Antidepressant-like and pro-neurogenic effects of physical exercise: the putative role of FNDC5/irisin pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:355-370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Effects of a 6-Week Faroese Chain Dance Programme on Postural Balance, Physical Function, and Health Profile in Elderly Subjects: A Pilot Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5392970. [PMID: 31392213 PMCID: PMC6662506 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5392970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present pilot study investigates the impact of a Faroese chain dance intervention on health profile, mobility, and postural balance in elderly subjects. Healthy elderly subjects (n=27; age 75 ± 5 yrs) were randomised into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). IG performed twice-weekly sessions of Faroese chain dance over 6 weeks. Dancing sessions lasted 30 min in the initial 3 weeks and 45 min in the final 3 weeks. Health profile was determined before and after intervention by measuring blood pressure, resting heart rate, muscle mass, and body fat content. Postural balance was evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (FAB) tests, while mobility was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test, the 6-min walk test, and the 30-s sit-to-stand test. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lowered (9 ± 6 and 6 ± 3 mmHg, respectively) in IG, with a tendency (P=0.07) for a greater change score than in CG. Mean arterial pressure declined (P<0.05) by 7 ± 3 mmHg in IG, which tended (P=0.09) to be greater than in CG. IG improved (P<0.05) on BBS and FAB scores by 3.6 ± 2.1% and 15.8 ± 8.3%, with the change score for FAB being greater (P<0.05) than in CG (0.3 ± 1.6). Moreover, the postintervention SPPB score was improved (P<0.05) more in IG (13.9 ± 7.4%) compared to CG, while performance in the 30-s sit-to-stand, 6-min walk, and TUG tests improved (4–15%; P<0.05) in IG only. Body fat content was reduced (P<0.05) from 36.3 ± 2.8% to 34.8 ± 2.8% in IG, with no between-group differences and no change in CG (34.1 ± 2.8% to 33.7 ± 3.1%). In conclusion, a 6-week Faroese chain dance programme lowers blood pressure and improves postural balance and physical function in elderly.
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15
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Physical Exercise and Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8323-8335. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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de Oliveira Bristot VJ, de Bem Alves AC, Cardoso LR, da Luz Scheffer D, Aguiar AS. The Role of PGC-1α/UCP2 Signaling in the Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise on the Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:292. [PMID: 30983964 PMCID: PMC6449457 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In understanding the pathology of neurological diseases, the role played by brain energy metabolism is gaining prominence. Animal models have demonstrated that regular physical exercise improves brain energy metabolism while also providing antidepressant, anxiolytic, antioxidant and neuroprotective functions. This review summarizes the latest evidence on the roles played by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) in this scenario. The beneficial effects of exercise seem to depend on crosstalk between muscles and nervous tissue through the increased release of muscle irisin during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane José de Oliveira Bristot
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Centro Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina de Bem Alves
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Centro Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Liziane Rosa Cardoso
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Centro Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Centro Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Centro Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Morgan JA, Singhal G, Corrigan F, Jaehne EJ, Jawahar MC, Baune BT. Exercise related anxiety-like behaviours are mediated by TNF receptor signaling, but not depression-like behaviours. Brain Res 2018; 1695:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Cunha MP, Pazini FL, Lieberknecht V, Rodrigues ALS. Subchronic administration of creatine produces antidepressant-like effect by modulating hippocampal signaling pathway mediated by FNDC5/BDNF/Akt in mice. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 104:78-87. [PMID: 30005372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Creatine has been shown to play a significant role in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in preclinical and clinical studies. However, the biological mechanisms underlying its antidepressant effect is still not fully elucidated. This study investigated the effect of creatine (p.o.) administered for 21 days in the behavior of mice submitted to tail suspension test (TST), a predictive test of antidepressant activity. Creatine reduced the immobility time in the TST (1-10 mg/kg), without affecting locomotor activity, a finding consistent with an antidepressant profile. Creatine administration increased the ubiquitous creatine kinase (uCK) and creatine kinase brain isoform (CK-B) mRNA in the hippocampus of mice. Taking into account that PGC-1α induces FNDC5/irisin expression mediating BDNF-dependent neuroplasticity, the effect of creatine administration (1 mg/kg, p. o.) on the hippocampal PGC-1α, FNDC5 and BDNF gene expression was investigated. Creatine treatment increased PGC-1α, FNDC5 and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus as well as BDNF immunocontent. The involvement of BDNF downstream intracellular signaling pathway mediated by Akt, proapoptotic proteins BAX and BAD and antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-xL was also investigated following creatine treatment. Creatine increased Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473), and Bcl2 mRNA and protein levels, and Bcl-xL mRNA, whereas BAD mRNA was decreased following creatine administration in the hippocampus. Altogether these results indicate that creatine antidepressant-like effect may be dependent on Akt activation and increased expression of the neuroprotective proteins in the hippocampus of mice. The obtained data reinforce the antidepressant property of creatine and highlight the role of these molecular targets in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Biochemistry, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Biochemistry, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vicente Lieberknecht
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Biochemistry, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Biochemistry, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Mul JD. Voluntary exercise and depression-like behavior in rodents: are we running in the right direction? J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R77-R95. [PMID: 29330149 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposure to stress can increase the risk to develop major depressive disorder, a severe, recurrent and common psychiatric condition. Depression places an enormous social and financial burden on modern society. Although many depressed patients are treated with antidepressants, their efficacy is only modest, underscoring the necessity to develop clinically effective pharmaceutical or behavioral treatments. Exercise training produces beneficial effects on stress-related mental disorders, indicative of clinical potential. The pro-resilient and antidepressant effects of exercise training have been documented for several decades. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the brain circuitries involved remain poorly understood. Preclinical investigations using voluntary wheel running, a frequently used rodent model that mimics aspects of human exercise training, have started to shed light on the molecular adaptations, signaling pathways and brain nuclei underlying the beneficial effects of exercise training on stress-related behavior. In this review, I highlight several neurotransmitter systems that are putative mediators of the beneficial effects of exercise training on mental health, and review recent rodent studies that utilized voluntary wheel running to promote our understanding of exercise training-induced central adaptations. Advancements in our mechanistic understanding of how exercise training induces beneficial neuronal adaptations will provide a framework for the development of new strategies to treat stress-associated mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Morgan JA, Singhal G, Corrigan F, Jaehne EJ, Jawahar MC, Baune BT. The effects of aerobic exercise on depression-like, anxiety-like, and cognition-like behaviours over the healthy adult lifespan of C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Phillips C. Physical Activity Modulates Common Neuroplasticity Substrates in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7014146. [PMID: 28529805 PMCID: PMC5424494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7014146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders (MDs) are chronic, recurrent mental diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although the biogenic amine model has provided some clinical utility, a need remains to better understand the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to neuroplasticity deficits in MDs and the means by which various therapeutics mitigate them. Of those therapeutics being investigated, physical activity (PA) has shown clear and consistent promise. Accordingly, the aims of this review are to (1) explicate key modulators, processes, and interactions that impinge upon multiple susceptibility points to effectuate neuroplasticity deficits in MDs; (2) explore the putative mechanisms by which PA mitigates these features; (3) review protocols used to induce the positive effects of PA in MDs; and (4) highlight implications for clinicians and researchers.
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22
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Lloyd BA, Hake HS, Ishiwata T, Farmer CE, Loetz EC, Fleshner M, Bland ST, Greenwood BN. Exercise increases mTOR signaling in brain regions involved in cognition and emotional behavior. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:56-67. [PMID: 28130174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can enhance learning and memory and produce resistance against stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. In rats, these beneficial effects of exercise occur regardless of exercise controllability: both voluntary and forced wheel running produce stress-protective effects. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of exercise remain unknown. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a translation regulator important for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR has been implicated in enhancing learning and memory as well as antidepressant effects. Moreover, mTOR is sensitive to exercise signals such as metabolic factors. The effects of exercise on mTOR signaling, however, remain unknown. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exercise, regardless of controllability, increases levels of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in brain regions important for learning and emotional behavior. Rats were exposed to 6 weeks of either sedentary (locked wheel), voluntary, or forced wheel running conditions. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed during peak running and levels of p-mTOR were measured using immunohistochemistry. Overall, both voluntary and forced exercise increased p-mTOR-positive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala compared to locked wheel controls. Exercise, regardless of controllability, also increased numbers of p-mTOR-positive glia in the striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala. For both neurons and glia, the largest increase in p-mTOR positive cells was observed after voluntary running, with forced exercise causing a more modest increase. Interestingly, voluntary exercise preferentially increased p-mTOR in astrocytes (GFAP+), while forced running increased p-mTOR in microglia (CD11+) in the inferior dentate gyrus. Results suggest that mTOR signaling is sensitive to exercise, but subtle differences exist depending on exercise controllability. Increases in mTOR signaling could contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Holly S Hake
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | | | - Caroline E Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Esteban C Loetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Sondra T Bland
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, United States
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Validity Assessment of 5 Day Repeated Forced-Swim Stress to Model Human Depression in Young-Adult C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ Mice. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NRS-0201-16. [PMID: 28058270 PMCID: PMC5197406 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0201-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of animal models with construct, face, and predictive validity to accurately model human depression has been a major challenge. One proposed rodent model is the 5 d repeated forced swim stress (5d-RFSS) paradigm, which progressively increases floating during individual swim sessions. The onset and persistence of this floating behavior has been anthropomorphically characterized as a measure of depression. This interpretation has been under debate because a progressive increase in floating over time may reflect an adaptive learned behavioral response promoting survival, and not depression (Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015). To assess construct and face validity, we applied 5d-RFSS to C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, two mouse strains commonly used in neuropsychiatric research, and measured a combination of emotional, homeostatic, and psychomotor symptoms indicative of a depressive-like state. We also compared the efficacy of 5d-RFSS and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, to induce a depressive-like state in C57BL/6J mice. In both strains, 5d-RFSS progressively increased floating behavior that persisted for at least 4 weeks. 5d-RFSS did not alter sucrose preference, body weight, appetite, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, or immobility behavior during a tail-suspension test compared with nonstressed controls. In contrast, CSDS altered several of these parameters, suggesting a depressive-like state. Finally, predictive validity was assessed using voluntary wheel running (VWR), a known antidepressant intervention. Four weeks of VWR after 5d-RFSS normalized floating behavior toward nonstressed levels. These observations suggest that 5d-RFSS has no construct or face validity but might have predictive validity to model human depression.
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Nicastro TM, Greenwood BN. Central monoaminergic systems are a site of convergence of signals conveying the experience of exercise to brain circuits involved in cognition and emotional behavior. Curr Zool 2016; 62:293-306. [PMID: 29491917 PMCID: PMC5804240 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can enhance cognitive function and increase resistance against deleterious effects of stress on mental health. Enhanced cognitive function and stress resistance produced by exercise are conserved among vertebrates, suggesting that ubiquitous mechanisms may underlie beneficial effects of exercise. In the current review, we summarize the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function and stress resistance and discuss central and peripheral signaling factors that may be critical for conferring the effects of physical activity to brain circuits involved in cognitive function and stress. Additionally, it is suggested that norepinephrine and serotonin, highly conserved monoamines that are sensitive to exercise and able to modulate behavior in multiple species, could represent a convergence between peripheral and central exercise signals that mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Finally, we offer the novel hypothesis that thermoregulation during exercise could contribute to the emotional effects of exercise by activating a subset of temperature-sensitive serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that convey anxiolytic and stress-protective signals to forebrain regions. Throughout the review, we discuss limitations to current approaches and offer strategies for future research in exercise neuroscience.
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Groves NJ, Bradford D, Sullivan RKP, Conn KA, Aljelaify RF, McGrath JJ, Burne THJ. Behavioural Effects of Adult Vitamin D Deficiency in BALB/c Mice Are not Associated with Proliferation or Survival of Neurons in the Adult Hippocampus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152328. [PMID: 27043014 PMCID: PMC4820224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that up to one third of adults have insufficient levels of vitamin D and there is an association between low vitamin D concentrations and adverse brain outcomes, such as depression. Vitamin D has been shown to be involved in processes associated with neurogenesis during development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that adult vitamin D (AVD) deficiency in BALB/c mice was associated with (a) adult hippocampal neurogenesis at baseline, b) following 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running and (c) a depressive-like phenotype on the forced swim test (FST), which may be linked to alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis. We assessed proliferation and survival of adult born hippocampal neurons by counting the number of cells positive for Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX), and incorporation of 5-Bromo-2’-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) within newly born mature neurons using immunohistochemistry. There were no significant effects of diet on number of Ki67+, DCX+ or BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus. All mice showed significantly increased number of Ki67+ cells and BrdU incorporation, and decreased immobility time in the FST, after voluntary wheel running. A significant correlation was found in control mice between immobility time in the FST and level of hippocampal neurogenesis, however, no such correlation was found for AVD-deficient mice. We conclude that AVD deficiency was not associated with impaired proliferation or survival of adult born neurons in BALB/c mice and that the impact on rodent behaviour may not be due to altered neurogenesis per se, but to altered function of new hippocampal neurons or processes independent of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Groves
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - DanaKai Bradford
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies, Pullenvale, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert K. P. Sullivan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyna-Anne Conn
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rasha Fahad Aljelaify
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John J. McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Queensland, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas H. J. Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Martins DF, Emer AA, Batisti AP, Donatello N, Carlesso MG, Mazzardo-Martins L, Venzke D, Micke GA, Pizzolatti MG, Piovezan AP, dos Santos ARS. Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:30-38. [PMID: 26344850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cedrus atlantica essential oil (CaEO) presents analgesic and anti-inflammatory sedative properties. However, it remains unknown whether CaEO alleviates acute postoperative pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we investigated the effect of CaEO on postoperative pain and its mechanisms related to the descending pain control in Swiss males mice induced by a plantar incision surgery (PIS) in the hindpaw. RESULTS Inhalation of CaEO (5', 30' or 60') markedly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity. This effect was prevented by pre-treatment with naloxone or p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA, 100mg/kg, i.p.)-induced depletion of serotonin. In addition, p-alpha-methyl-para-tyrosin (AMPT, 100mg/kg, i.p.)-induced depletion of norepinephrine, intraperitoneal injection of the α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (0.15 mg/kg, i.p.) or haloperidol (1mg/kg, i.p.) an antagonist of dopaminergic (D1 and D2) receptors prevented the effect of CaEO on hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CaEO alleviates postoperative pain by activating the descending pain modulation pathways on the opioidergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic (α2-adrenergic) and dopaminergic (dopamine D1 and D2 receptors) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Aline A Emer
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A P Batisti
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Donatello
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Carlesso
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Mazzardo-Martins
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Dalila Venzke
- Department of Chemistry, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Micke
- Department of Chemistry, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Moacir G Pizzolatti
- Department of Chemistry, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A P Piovezan
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A R S dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Voluntary exercise enhances activity rhythms and ameliorates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in the sand rat model of circadian rhythm-related mood changes. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wheel running reduces high-fat diet intake, preference and mu-opioid agonist stimulated intake. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:1-10. [PMID: 25668514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ranges of mechanisms by which exercise affects energy balance remain unclear. One potential mechanism may be that exercise reduces intake and preference for highly palatable, energy dense fatty foods. The current study used a rodent wheel running model to determine whether and how physical activity affects HF diet intake/preference and reward signaling. Experiment 1 examined whether wheel running affected the ability of intracerebroventricular (ICV) μ opioid receptor agonist D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) to increase HF diet intake. Experiment 2 examined the effects of wheel running on the intake of and preference for a previously preferred HF diet. We also assessed the effects of wheel running and diet choice on mesolimbic dopaminergic and opioidergic gene expression. Experiment 1 revealed that wheel running decreased the ability of ICV DAMGO administration to stimulate HF diet intake. Experiment 2 showed that wheel running suppressed weight gain and reduced intake and preference for a previously preferred HF diet. Furthermore, the mesolimbic gene expression profile of wheel running rats was different from that of their sedentary paired-fed controls but similar to that of sedentary rats with large HF diet consumption. These data suggest that alterations in preference for palatable, energy dense foods play a role in the effects of exercise on energy homeostasis. The gene expression results also suggest that the hedonic effects of exercise may substitute for food reward to limit food intake and suppress weight gain.
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Transcriptional evidence for the role of chronic venlafaxine treatment in neurotrophic signaling and neuroplasticity including also Glutamatergic [corrected] - and insulin-mediated neuronal processes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113662. [PMID: 25423262 PMCID: PMC4244101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Venlafaxine (VLX), a serotonine-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly used antidepressant drugs in clinical practice for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite being more potent than its predecessors, similarly to them, the therapeutical effect of VLX is visible only 3-4 weeks after the beginning of treatment. Furthermore, recent papers show that antidepressants, including also VLX, enhance the motor recovery after stroke even in non depressed persons. In the present, transcriptomic-based study we looked for changes in gene expressions after a long-term VLX administration. METHODS Osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously into Dark Agouti rats providing a continuous (40 mg/kg/day) VLX delivery for three weeks. Frontal regions of the cerebral cortex were isolated and analyzed using Illumina bead arrays to detect genes showing significant chances in expression. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to identify specific regulatory networks significantly affected by long term VLX treatment. RESULTS Chronic VLX administration may have an effect on neurotransmitter release via the regulation of genes involved in vesicular exocytosis and receptor endocytosis (such as Kif proteins, Myo5a, Sv2b, Syn2 or Synj2). Simultaneously, VLX activated the expression of genes involved in neurotrophic signaling (Ntrk2, Ntrk3), glutamatergic transmission (Gria3, Grin2b and Grin2a), neuroplasticity (Camk2g/b, Cd47), synaptogenesis (Epha5a, Gad2) and cognitive processes (Clstn2). Interestingly, VLX increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial antioxidant activity (Bcl2 and Prdx1). Additionally, VLX administration also modulated genes related to insulin signaling pathway (Negr1, Ppp3r1, Slc2a4 and Enpp1), a mechanism that has recently been linked to neuroprotection, learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that chronic VLX treatment improves functional reorganization and brain plasticity by influencing gene expression in regulatory networks of motor cortical areas. These results are consonant with the synaptic (network) hypothesis of depression and antidepressant-induced motor recovery after stroke.
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Rieger DK, Cunha RMS, Lopes MW, Costa AP, Budni J, Rodrigues ALS, Walz R, Teixeira EH, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. ConBr, a lectin fromCanavalia brasiliensisseeds, modulates signaling pathways and increases BDNF expression probably via a glycosylated target. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:746-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora K. Rieger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | | | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Josiani Budni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Edson H. Teixeira
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | | | - Benildo S. Cavada
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
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Aguiar A, Stragier E, da Luz Scheffer D, Remor A, Oliveira P, Prediger R, Latini A, Raisman-Vozari R, Mongeau R, Lanfumey L. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial function, neuroplasticity and anxio-depressive behavior of mice. Neuroscience 2014; 271:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
Exposure to an uncontrollable stressor elicits a constellation of physiological and behavioral sequel in laboratory rats that often reflect aspects of anxiety and other emotional disruptions. We review evidence suggesting that plasticity within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is critical to the expression of uncontrollable stressor-induced anxiety. Specifically, after uncontrollable stressor exposure subsequent anxiogenic stimuli evoke greater 5-HT release in DRN terminal regions including the amygdala and striatum; and pharmacological blockade of postsynaptic 5-HT(2C) receptors in these regions prevents expression of stressor-induced anxiety. Importantly, the controllability of stress, the presence of safety signals, and a history of exercise mitigate the expression of stressor-induced anxiety. These stress-protective factors appear to involve distinct neural substrates; with stressor controllability requiring the medial prefrontal cortex, safety signals the insular cortex and exercise affecting the 5-HT system directly. Knowledge of the distinct yet converging mechanisms underlying these stress-protective factors could provide insight into novel strategies for the treatment and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Aguiar A, Moreira E, Hoeller A, Oliveira P, Córdova F, Glaser V, Walz R, Cunha R, Leal R, Latini A, Prediger R. Exercise attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice. Neuroscience 2013; 243:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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