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Xu H, Wei Z, Chen B, Wang J, Weng H, Li J, Yang X, Zhao S. Granzyme B PET imaging inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:991-1001. [PMID: 37991527 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate whether granzyme B (GzmB)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent (68 Ga-grazytracer) can characterize cardiac inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Rats with MI were subjected to GzmB-targeted PET/CT on post-operative days 1, 3, 6, 14, and 28. Autoradiography, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were performed to verify the inflammatory response and remodeling after MI in vitro. Rats were treated with GzmB inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK to improve cardiac remodeling. Cardiac function tests were performed by echocardiography at 6 weeks after MI. RESULTS The highest uptake of 68 Ga-grazytracer was observed on day 3 after MI compared with the values obtained on the other days (0.294 ± 0.03% ID/g at 3 days vs. 0.122 ± 0.01% ID/g in the sham group, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed significantly high expression of GzmB and CD8, in line with the PET/CT imaging results. Autoradiography revealed 68 Ga-grazytracer accumulation in the infarcted myocardium. The 68 Ga-grazytracer uptake of treated rats was significantly reduced compared with that in the MI groups (0.184 ± 0.03%ID/g vs. 0.286 ± 0.03%ID/g; P < 0.001). Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the MI groups than in the ischemia reperfusion group. GzmB inhibitor treatment was shown to be effective in improving cardiac function without significantly shortening infarct size. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the potential of 68 Ga-grazytracer imaging to delineate adverse inflammatory responses and pathological cardiac remodeling, which can help predict heart function. PET/CT imaging-guided therapy may reduce myocardial injury and improve heart function in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchuang Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Rd 8, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhuxin Wei
- Department of MRI, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishi Rd 167, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Bixi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of MRI, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishi Rd 167, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Haoyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Rd 8, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Rd 8, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Rd 8, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Department of MRI, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishi Rd 167, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Dubchak E, Obasanmi G, Zeglinski MR, Granville DJ, Yeung SN, Matsubara JA. Potential role of extracellular granzyme B in wet age-related macular degeneration and fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980742. [PMID: 36204224 PMCID: PMC9531149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related ocular diseases are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries and constitute a sizable socioeconomic burden worldwide. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) are some of the most common age-related diseases of the retina and cornea, respectively. AMD is characterized by a breakdown of the retinal pigment epithelial monolayer, which maintains retinal homeostasis, leading to retinal degeneration, while FECD is characterized by degeneration of the corneal endothelial monolayer, which maintains corneal hydration status, leading to corneal edema. Both AMD and FECD pathogenesis are characterized by disorganized local extracellular matrix (ECM) and toxic protein deposits, with both processes linked to aberrant protease activity. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease traditionally known for immune-mediated initiation of apoptosis; however, it is now recognized that GrB is expressed by a variety of immune and non-immune cells and aberrant extracellular localization of GrB substantially contributes to various age-related pathologies through dysregulated cleavage of ECM, tight junction, and adherens junction proteins. Despite growing recognition of GrB involvement in multiple age-related pathologies, its role in AMD and FECD remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of, and similarities between AMD and FECD, outlines the current knowledge of the role of GrB in AMD and FECD, as well as hypothesizes putative contributions of GrB to AMD and FECD pathogenesis and highlights the therapeutic potential of pharmacologically inhibiting GrB as an adjunctive treatment for AMD and FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Dubchak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gideon Obasanmi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Zeglinski
- ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sonia N. Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A. Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joanne A. Matsubara,
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4
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Urocortins as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1-14. [PMID: 34939089 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The urocortins (Ucns) belong to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and have multiple effects within the central nervous and the cardiovascular systems. With growing evidence indicating significant cardioprotective properties and cardiovascular actions of these peptides, the question arises as to whether the plasma profiles of the Ucns are altered in pathologic settings. While reports have shown conflicting results and findings have not been corroborated in multiple independent cohorts, it seems likely that plasma Ucn concentrations are elevated in multiple cardiovascular conditions. The degree of increase and accurate determination of circulating values of the Ucns requires further validation.
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Corker A, Neff LS, Broughton P, Bradshaw AD, DeLeon-Pennell KY. Organized Chaos: Deciphering Immune Cell Heterogeneity's Role in Inflammation in the Heart. Biomolecules 2021; 12:11. [PMID: 35053159 PMCID: PMC8773626 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During homeostasis, immune cells perform daily housekeeping functions to maintain heart health by acting as sentinels for tissue damage and foreign particles. Resident immune cells compose 5% of the cellular population in healthy human ventricular tissue. In response to injury, there is an increase in inflammation within the heart due to the influx of immune cells. Some of the most common immune cells recruited to the heart are macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T-cells. In this review, we will discuss what is known about cardiac immune cell heterogeneity during homeostasis, how these cell populations change in response to a pathology such as myocardial infarction or pressure overload, and what stimuli are regulating these processes. In addition, we will summarize technologies used to evaluate cell heterogeneity in models of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Corker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.C.); (L.S.N.); (P.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Lily S. Neff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.C.); (L.S.N.); (P.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Philip Broughton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.C.); (L.S.N.); (P.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Amy D. Bradshaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.C.); (L.S.N.); (P.B.); (A.D.B.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Kristine Y. DeLeon-Pennell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (A.C.); (L.S.N.); (P.B.); (A.D.B.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Honrubia-Peris B, Garde-Noguera J, García-Sánchez J, Piera-Molons N, Llombart-Cussac A, Fernández-Murga ML. Soluble Biomarkers with Prognostic and Predictive Value in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174280. [PMID: 34503087 PMCID: PMC8428366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy, most notably immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although some patients respond well to ICIs, many patients do not benefit from ICIs, leading to disease progression and/or immune-related adverse events. Biological markers can help to improve patient selection. However, currently available markers such as PD-1 and its ligand (PD-L1) have important limitations. For this reason, new biomarkers obtained by non-invasive methods are urgently needed. In the present review, we describe recent advances in the development of novel soluble biological markers (e.g., circulating immune cells, TMB, circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, soluble factor PD-L1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.) for patients with NSCLC treated with immunotherapy. Abstract Numerous targeted therapies have been evaluated for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To date, however, only a few agents have shown promising results. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, most notably immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have transformed the treatment scenario for these patients. Although some patients respond well to ICIs, many patients do not benefit from ICIs, leading to disease progression and/or immune-related adverse events. New biomarkers capable of reliably predicting response to ICIs are urgently needed to improve patient selection. Currently available biomarkers—including programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), and tumor mutational burden (TMB)—have major limitations. At present, no well-validated, reliable biomarkers are available. Ideally, these biomarkers would be obtained through less invasive methods such as plasma determination or liquid biopsy. In the present review, we describe recent advances in the development of novel soluble biomarkers (e.g., circulating immune cells, TMB, circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, soluble factor PD-L1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.) for patients with NSCLC treated with ICIs. We also describe the potential use of these biomarkers as prognostic indicators of treatment response and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
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8
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Screening of small molecule libraries using combined text mining, ligand- and target-driven based approaches for identification of novel granzyme H inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 105:107876. [PMID: 33744783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases synthesized by CTL and NK cells. Five granzyme genes (GzmA, -B, -H, -K, -M) are present in humans, which are located at three different chromosomal loci. Being serine proteases, the binding pocket constitutes a catalytic triad (i.e., His59, Asp103 and Ser197). Granzymes are released into target (cancerous and virally infected) cells by a specialized process known as granule exocytosis pathway. After internalization, these proteases initiate apoptosis. Granzymes are also involved in other non-apoptotic immune associated roles like ECM remodeling, cytokine modulation, killing of pathogens through generation of phagosomes. Their intracellular activity is regulated by specialized inhibitors knows as SERPINs. However, if these proteases are secreted in excess into the extracellular environment, their regulation becomes important as otherwise they start self-damage to the tissues thereby worsening the disease conditions. Efforts are being made to identify potential inhibitors for regulation of these proteases in an extracellular environment. Physiological and synthetic inhibitors have been reported against some members however there is no known inhibitor against extracellular human GzmH. Thus, in the current study, we investigated small molecule databases for the identification of potential molecules having the ability to inhibit GzmH by combined molecular simulations, which can ultimately be used as a potential therapeutic agent.
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9
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Velotti F, Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Granzyme B in Inflammatory Diseases: Apoptosis, Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587581. [PMID: 33262766 PMCID: PMC7686573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is strictly interconnected to anti-inflammatory mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis. The disruption of immune homeostasis can lead to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, as cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic diseases and cancer. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of these pathological conditions is important to find effective therapies. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by a variety of immune, non-immune and tumor cells. Apoptotic intracellular and multiple extracellular functions of GrB have been recently identified. Its capability of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cytokines, cell receptors and clotting proteins, revealed GrB as a potential multifunctional pro-inflammatory molecule with the capability of contributing to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory conditions, including inflammaging, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here we give an overview of recent data concerning GrB activity on multiple targets, potentially allowing this enzyme to regulate a wide range of crucial biological processes that play a role in the development, progression and/or severity of inflammatory diseases. We focus our attention on the promotion by GrB of perforin-dependent and perforin-independent (anoikis) apoptosis, inflammation derived by the activation of some cytokines belonging to the IL-1 cytokine family, ECM remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. A greater comprehension of the pathophysiological consequences of GrB-mediated multiple activities may favor the design of new therapies aim to inhibit different inflammatory pathological conditions such as inflammaging and age-related diseases, EMT and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Granzymes in cardiovascular injury and disease. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109804. [PMID: 33035645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the aberrant secretion of proteases plays a critical role in pathological tissue remodeling in chronic inflammatory conditions. Human Granzymes (Granule secreted enzymes - Gzms) comprise a family of five (GzmA, B, H, K, M) cell-secreted serine proteases. Although each unique in function and substrate specificities, Gzms were originally thought to share redundant, intracellular roles in cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced cell death. However, an abundance of evidence has challenged this dogma. It is now recognized, that individual Gzms exhibit unique substrate repertoires and functions both intracellularly and extracellularly. In the extracellular milieu, Gzms contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction and permeability, reduced cell adhesion, release of matrix-sequestered growth factors, receptor activation, and extracellular matrix cleavage. Despite these recent findings, the non-cytotoxic functions of Gzms in the context of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Minimally detected in tissues and bodily fluids of normal individuals, GzmB is elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Pre-clinical animal models have exemplified the importance of GzmB in atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and cardiac fibrosis as animals deficient in GzmB exhibit reduced tissue remodeling, improved disease phenotypes and increased survival. Although a role for GzmB in cardiovascular disease is described, further work to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the remaining human Gzms activity in cardiovascular disease is necessary. The present review provides a summary of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence, as well as emerging areas of research pertaining to Gzms in tissue remodeling and cardiovascular disease.
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11
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Bradshaw AD, DeLeon-Pennell KY. T-cell regulation of fibroblasts and cardiac fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:167-175. [PMID: 32438054 PMCID: PMC7434661 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to the development of heart failure (HF) through multiple mechanisms including regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and deposition. Interactions between cells in the myocardium orchestrates the magnitude and duration of inflammatory cell recruitment and ECM remodeling events associated with HF. More recently, studies have shown T-cells have signficant roles in post-MI wound healing. T-cell biology in HF illustrates the complexity of cross-talk between inflammatory cell types and resident fibroblasts. This review will focus on T-cell recruitment to the myocardium and T-cell specific factors that might influence cardiac wound healing and fibrosis in the heart with consideration of age and sex as important factors in T-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Bradshaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee Street Charleston, SC 29401, United States
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee Street Charleston, SC 29401, United States.
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Yang L, Qiu Y, Liu J, Lin R, Yu P, Fu X, Hao B, Lei B. Retinal Transcriptome Analysis in the Treatment of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis with Tetramethylpyrazine Eye Drops. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:235-244. [PMID: 30994400 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate retinal gene expression of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) eye drop-treated endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in mice and to explore the mechanisms. Methods: The inflammatory signs of the anterior segment were evaluated, and clinical scores were graded. The retinal transcriptome from the TMP eye drop-treated and the untreated mice was identified by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) strategy. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated by real-time PCR. The protein-protein interaction was analyzed using the STRING software. Results: Compared with the TMP-treated group, the inflammatory responses of the untreated control group were much severe and clinical score was remarkably higher (P < 0.001) at 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. RNA-seq assay identified 407 DEGs, among which 356 were upregulated and 51 were downregulated. There were 12 upregulated gene ontology terms enriched and 27 upregulated pathways. Seven DEGs, including inflammation-related, complement system-related, and interferon-related genes, were validated using quantitative PCR. Conclusions: TMP exerted anti-inflammatory effect in EIU. Local application of TMP inhibited retinal inflammatory response by regulating the inflammation-related genes, suggesting that TMP may be a potential novel therapeutic drug for ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiguo Qiu
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- 2 People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ru Lin
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Yu
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingtao Hao
- 3 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Lei
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.,2 People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Wang SR, Chen X, Ling S, Ni RZ, Guo H, Xu JW. MicroRNA expression, targeting, release dynamics and early-warning biomarkers in acute cardiotoxicity induced by triptolide in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1467-1477. [PMID: 30841462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis in China. However, its main active substance, triptolide, has toxic effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys, which limit its clinical application. Therefore, determining the mechanism of cardiotoxicity in triptolide and identifying effective early-warning biomarkers is beneficial for preventing irreversible myocardial injury. We observed changes in microRNAs and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as potential biomarkers in triptolide-induced acute cardiotoxicity by using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The results revealed that triptolide increased the heart/body ratio and caused myocardial fiber breakage, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased cell gaps, and nuclear dissolution in treated male rats. Real-time PCR array detection revealed a more than 2-fold increase in the expression of 108 microRNA genes in the hearts of the male rats; this not only regulated the signaling pathways of ErbB, FOXO, AMPK, Hippo, HIF-1α, mTOR, and PI3K-Akt but also participated in biological processes such as cell adhesion, cell cycling, action potential, locomotory behavior, apoptosis, and DNA binding. Moreover, triptolide reduced the circulatory and cardiac levels of AhR protein as a target of these microRNAs and the messenger RNA expression of its downstream gene CYP1 A1. However, decreases in myocardial lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase MB, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity and an increase in circulating cardiac troponin I were observed only in male rats. Moreover, plasma microRNAs exhibited dynamic change. These results revealed that circulating microRNAs and AhR protein are potentially early-warning biomarkers for triptolide-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rong Wang
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomiao Chen
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuang Ling
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Ni
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huining Guo
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin-Wen Xu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Santos-Zas I, Lemarié J, Tedgui A, Ait-Oufella H. Adaptive Immune Responses Contribute to Post-ischemic Cardiac Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 5:198. [PMID: 30687720 PMCID: PMC6335242 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common condition responsible for mortality and morbidity related to ischemic heart failure. Accumulating experimental and translational evidence support a crucial role for innate immunity in heart failure and adverse heart remodeling following MI. More recently, the role of adaptive immunity in myocardial ischemia has been identified, mainly in rodents models of both transient and permanent heart ischemia. The present review summarizes the experimental evidence regarding the role of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in myocardial remodeling following coronary artery occlusion. Th1 and potentially Th17 CD4+ T cell responses promote adverse heart remodeling, whereas regulatory T cells appear to be protective, modulating macrophage activity, cardiomyocyte survival, and fibroblast phenotype. The role of CD8+ T cells in this setting remains unknown. B cells contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling through the modulation of monocyte trafficking, and potentially the production of tissue-specific antibodies. Yet, further substantial efforts are still required to confirm experimental data in human MI before developing new therapeutic strategies targeting the adaptive immune system in ischemic cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icia Santos-Zas
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Lemarié
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1116, Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy - Réanimation Médicale - Hôpital Central, Nancy, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- INSERM UMR-S 970, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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15
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Costantini A, Julie C, Dumenil C, Hélias-Rodzewicz Z, Tisserand J, Dumoulin J, Giraud V, Labrune S, Chinet T, Emile JF, Giroux Leprieur E. Predictive role of plasmatic biomarkers in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated by nivolumab. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1452581. [PMID: 30221046 PMCID: PMC6136870 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1452581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, as nivolumab, are used in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, no associated biomarker is validated in clinical practice with this drug. We investigated herein immune-related blood markers in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with nivolumab. Plasma of 43 consecutive patients were prospectively collected at time of the diagnosis of cancer, at the initiation of nivolumab and at the first tumour evaluation (2 months). Concentrations of PD-L1 (sPD-L1), soluble PD-L2 (sPD-L2), Interleukine-2 (sIl-2), Interferon-gamma (sIFN-γ), and Granzyme B (sGranB) were quantified by ELISA. Cell free RNA was quantified by Reverse Transcriptase -PCR), and plasmatic microRNAs (miRNAs) were evaluated by targeted sequencing. Expression of PD-L1 on tumour biopsies was performed by immunohistochemistry using E13LN. High sPD-L1 at 2 months and increase of sPD-L1 concentrations were associated with poor response and absence of clinical benefit (nivolumab treatment less than 6 months). The variation of sPD-L1 concentrations were confirmed by RNA quantification. sPD-L1 concentrations were not correlated with PD-L1 expression on corresponding tumour samples. Low sGranB at nivolumab initiation was also associated with poor response. High sPD-L1 and low sGranB were associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Low sPD-L2, low sIl-2 and high sIFN-γ were associated with grade 3-4 toxicities. Finally, miRNA screening showed that patients with clinical benefit (n = 9) had down-expression of miRNA-320b and -375 compared to patients with early progression at 2 months (n = 9). In conclusion, our results highlight the interest of circulating biomarkers in patients treated with nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Costantini
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Catherine Julie
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Coraline Dumenil
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Zofia Hélias-Rodzewicz
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Julie Tisserand
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jennifer Dumoulin
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Violaine Giraud
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sylvie Labrune
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Thierry Chinet
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Etienne Giroux Leprieur
- EA4340, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP – Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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16
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Granzyme B deficiency promotes osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:221. [PMID: 29445095 PMCID: PMC5833422 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcification is a major risk factor for vascular integrity. This pathological symptom and the underlying mechanisms in hypoxic pulmonary artery hypertension remain elusive. Here we report that pulmonary vascular medial calcification is elevated in pulmonary artery hypertension models as a result of an osteoblastic phenotype change of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells induced by hypoxia. Notably, inhibiting store-operated calcium channels significantly decreased osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells under hypoxia. We identified granzyme B, a major constituent of cytotoxic T lymphocytes/natural killer cell granules involved in apoptosis, as the main regulator of pulmonary arterial calcification. Overexpression of granzyme B blocked the mineralization through its effect on store-operated calcium channels in cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells under hypoxic conditions. Mice with overexpression of granzyme B exposed to hypoxia for 3 weeks showed attenuated vascular calcification and pathological progression of hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Our findings emphasize the central function of granzyme B in coordinating vascular calcification in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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17
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Sanad EF, Hamdy NM, El-Etriby AK, Sebak SA, El-Mesallamy HO. Peripheral leucocytes and tissue gene expression of granzyme B/perforin system and serpinB9: Impact on inflammation and insulin resistance in coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:132-141. [PMID: 28743062 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The imbalance between proapoptotic granzyme B (GZB)/perforin (PRF) system and proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9; serpinB9); the only known inhibitor of human GZB, has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis. However, their role in atherosclerosis with the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as their contribution to hallmarks of atherosclerosis is not clear. SUBJECTS AND METHODS ELISA for serum insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and GZB levels in atherosclerotic coronary artery diseases (CAD) patients were estimated in comparison to apparently healthy controls, while GZB, PRF and PI-9 mRNA expression levels were quantified by Taqman RT-PCR in both peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic tissues. RESULTS Atherosclerotic patients showed significantly higher insulin, hsCRP and GZB levels than controls. There was a significant increase in GZB mRNA expression and significant reduction in PI-9 mRNA in both patient peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic lesions, while PRF mRNA increased significantly only in atherosclerotic tissues. PI-9 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than patients without diabetes. In contrast to positive modulating effect of GZB, regression analysis revealed negative modulating effect of PI-9 on inflammation and insulin resistance. Circulating PI-9 mRNA was inversely contributed to CAD severity. CONCLUSIONS GZB and PI-9 could be effective modulators for inflammation and insulin resistance in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Sanad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel K El-Etriby
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samer A Sebak
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Kobry El-Kobba Military Hospital, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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18
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Yan Y, Song X, Li Z, Zhang J, Ren J, Wu J, Li Y, Guan Y, Wang J. Elevated levels of granzyme B correlated with miR-874-3p downregulation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2017; 11:761-767. [PMID: 28699362 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Granzyme B could induce apoptosis of target cell in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and was identified as the target of miR-874-3p by searching the miRNA database. We aim to determine the levels of granzyme B and miR-874-3p as well as assay their correlations or predict powers in AMI. PATIENTS & METHODS We measured levels of plasma granzyme B and miR-874-3p in 80 AMI patients or 40 healthy controls and assayed their correlations or predicted powers for AMI. RESULTS Elevated levels of granzyme B (16.71 ± 7.23 ng/l vs 9.27 ± 3.90 ng/l) correlated with miR-874-3p downregulation (0.20- ± 0.17-fold vs 1.00- ± 0.79-fold) in AMI patients. CONCLUSION Plasma miR-874-3p might target granzyme B and it might be an additional biomarker for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xinjing Song
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jinpu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiajun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yinuo Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
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19
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Hendel A, Hsu I, Granville DJ. Granzyme B releases vascular endothelial growth factor from extracellular matrix and induces vascular permeability. J Transl Med 2014; 94:716-25. [PMID: 24791744 PMCID: PMC4074428 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of unstable, leaky neovessels underlies the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Granzyme B (GZMB) is an immune-derived serine protease that accumulates in the extracellular matrix (ECM) during chronic inflammation and is capable of cleaving fibronectin (FN). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent vascular permeabilizing agent that is sequestered in the ECM through its interaction with FN. As GZMB levels are elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases that are associated with increased vascular permeability, the role of GZMB in the regulation of VEGF bioavailability and vascular permeability were assessed. GZMB was added to either VEGF bound to FN or VEGF bound to endothelial cell (EC)-derived ECM. Supernatants containing released VEGF were assessed to determine VEGF activity by treating EC and evaluating VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation. GZMB released VEGF from both FN and from EC-derived matrix, whereas GZMB inhibition prevented FN cleavage and VEGF release. GZMB-mediated VEGF release resulted in significant phosphorylation of VEGFR2. The role of GZMB-mediated VEGF release in altering vascular permeability was also assessed in vivo using Miles/Evans blue permeability assay. GZMB induced a significant VEGF-dependent increase in vascular permeability in vivo that was reduced in the presence of an anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody. Inflammatory-mediated vascular leakage was also assessed in GZMB-KO mice using a delayed-type hypersensitivity model. GZMB-KO mice exhibited reduced microvascular leakage compared with C57\B6 controls. GZMB increases vascular permeability in part through the proteolytic release of ECM-sequestered VEGF, leading to VEGFR2 activation and increased vascular permeability in vivo. These findings present a novel role for GZMB as a modulator of vascular response during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Hendel
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivy Hsu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding author: David J. Granville, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia. Rm 166, Burrard Building, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC. V6Z 1Y6, Canada. Phone: (604) 806-9267, Fax: (604) 806-9274,
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20
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Plasma granzyme B in ST elevation myocardial infarction versus non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: comparisons with IL-18 and fractalkine. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:343268. [PMID: 24307760 PMCID: PMC3836447 DOI: 10.1155/2013/343268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proapoptotic protein, granzyme B (GZB), was identified as a contributor to the atherosclerotic plaque instability and recently as inflammatory activator. We studied the release kinetics of GZB and other markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and fractalkine (FKN) in the early phase after acute cardiac events in different ACS subgroups. METHODS Thirty-six nondiabetic patients with ACS were compared to 12 control subjects. According to ACS diagnosis, the patients were classified into 22 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 14 patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina (NSTEMI/UA). Blood samples were taken on day 1 (day of onset) and day 3 to measure hsCRP, IL-18, FKN, and GZB by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with ACS showed significantly higher GZB, IL-18, and FKN levels than the controls. STEMI group showed significantly higher GZB levels than NSTEMI/UA group. On day 3, FKN levels displayed a significant decrease, while GZB levels were significantly increased. IL-18 levels were more or less constant. GZB levels were positively correlated with IL-18 (r = 0.416, P < 0.01) and FKN (r = 0.58, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Unlike IL-18 and FKN, plasma GZB may be a marker of ACS disease severity.
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21
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El Mesallamy HO, Hamdy NM, Mostafa DM, Amin AI. The serine protease granzyme B as an inflammatory marker, in relation to the insulin receptor cleavage in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:179-86. [PMID: 24195710 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance form hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An increased circulating level of the serine protease granzyme B (GzmB) is observed during prolonged inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, insulin receptor cleavage by unknown proteases, yielding elevated levels of insulin receptor α-subunit (IRα), was observed in T2DM and was proposed as a new mechanism of insulin resistance. Therefore, a possible association between GzmB and IRα is suggested. Accordingly, this study was set to explore whether GzmB and IRα levels are altered in T2DM patients with the impact of obesity. Furthermore, we aimed to identify if GzmB contributes towards inflammation and insulin resistance through its suggested extracellular activities. All subjects were assessed for anthropometric and metabolic parameters related to obesity and T2DM. In addition, fasting plasma insulin, GzmB, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IRα levels were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of GzmB and IRα were found to be significantly elevated in T2DM patients compared to nondiabetic subjects. In addition, GzmB levels were positively correlated with measures of obesity and insulin resistance, IL-1β, IRα, and other metabolic parameters. While multiple linear regression analysis revealed that both T2DM and central obesity were predicting factors for GzmB, our findings reveal a possible role of GzmB in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala O El Mesallamy
- 1 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Hiebert PR, Boivin WA, Zhao H, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Perforin and granzyme B have separate and distinct roles during atherosclerotic plaque development in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78939. [PMID: 24205352 PMCID: PMC3811993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The granzyme B/perforincytotoxic pathway is a well established mechanism of initiating target cell apoptosis. Previous studies have suggested a role for the granzyme B/perforin cytotoxic pathway in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the present study, granzyme B deficiency resulted in reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in the descending aortas of apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high fat diet for 30 weeks while perforindeficiency resulted in greater reduction in plaque development with significantly less plaque area than granzyme Bdeficient mice. In contrast to the descending aorta, no significant change in plaque size was observed in aortic roots from either granzyme Bdeficient or perforindeficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice. However, atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic roots did exhibit significantly more collagen in granzyme B, but not perforin deficient mice. Together these results suggest significant, yet separate roles for granzyme B and perforin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis that go beyond the traditional apoptotic pathway with additional implications in plaque development, stability and remodelling of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Hiebert
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy A. Boivin
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre at the Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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Joehanes R, Ying S, Huan T, Johnson AD, Raghavachari N, Wang R, Liu P, Woodhouse KA, Sen SK, Tanriverdi K, Courchesne P, Freedman JE, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D, Munson PJ. Gene expression signatures of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1418-26. [PMID: 23539218 PMCID: PMC3684247 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify transcriptomic biomarkers of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 188 cases with CHD and 188 age- and sex-matched controls who were participants in the Framingham Heart Study. APPROACH AND RESULTS A total of 35 genes were differentially expressed in cases with CHD versus controls at false discovery rate<0.5, including GZMB, TMEM56, and GUK1. Cluster analysis revealed 3 gene clusters associated with CHD, 2 linked to increased erythrocyte production and a third to reduced natural killer and T cell activity in cases with CHD. Exon-level results corroborated and extended the gene-level results. Alternative splicing analysis suggested that GUK1 and 38 other genes were differentially spliced in cases with CHD versus controls. Gene Ontology analysis linked ubiquitination and T-cell-related pathways with CHD. CONCLUSIONS Two bioinformatically defined groups of genes show consistent associations with CHD. Our findings are consistent with the hypotheses that hematopoesis is upregulated in CHD, possibly reflecting a compensatory mechanism, and that innate immune activity is disrupted in CHD or altered by its treatment. Transcriptomic signatures may be useful in identifying pathways associated with CHD and point toward novel therapeutic targets for its treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Joehanes
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Saixia Ying
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Wang
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Poching Liu
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kimberly A. Woodhouse
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shurjo K. Sen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kahraman Tanriverdi
- High Throughput Gene Expression Biomarker Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA
| | - Paul Courchesne
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane E. Freedman
- High Throughput Gene Expression Biomarker Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, and the Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J. Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Role of apoptosis in left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiol 2012; 60:91-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Fertin M, Dubois E, Belliard A, Amouyel P, Pinet F, Bauters C. Usefulness of circulating biomarkers for the prediction of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:277-83. [PMID: 22482862 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) indicates a high risk of heart failure and death, but LV remodeling remains difficult to predict. Biomarkers may help to refine risk stratification for a more personalized medical approach. They may also shed light on the pathophysiologic processes involved. We performed a systematic review of the published evidence about the association of circulating biomarkers with LV remodeling after MI. We selected 59 publications. Overall, these studies examined 112 relations between 52 different biomarkers and LV remodeling. The biomarkers most consistently associated with LV remodeling were involved in extracellular matrix turnover or neurohormonal activation: matrix metalloproteinase-9, collagen peptides, and B-type natriuretic peptide. This review underscores the vitality of the research on LV remodeling but concludes that the ideal biomarker has not yet been identified. To reach this goal, future studies will have to be larger, have standardized imaging end points, and include replication populations to define optimal cutoffs for LV remodeling prediction. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance appears to be the best technique for LV remodeling assessment but its current availability may be a concern for recruitment for multicenter studies. Recent technologic advances will probably yield new candidate biomarkers of LV remodeling. Tests are necessary to determine whether a multimarker approach would significantly improve risk prediction.
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Fertin M, Bauters A, Pinet F, Bauters C. Circulating levels of soluble Fas ligand and left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (from the REVE-2 study). J Cardiol 2012; 60:93-7. [PMID: 22521430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis-related molecules may contribute to left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). To validate this hypothesis, we evaluated the relation between circulating plasma levels of soluble Fas ligand (sFas-L) and LV remodeling in patients post-MI. METHODS AND RESULTS This prospective multicenter study included 246 patients with a first anterior Q-wave MI. Serial echocardiographic studies were performed at hospital discharge and 3 and 12 months after MI; quantitative analysis was performed at a core echocardiography laboratory. Clinical follow-up was performed at 3 years post-MI. Blood samples to measure sFas-L were obtained at 1 month after MI. Median sFas-L level was 50.2 pg/mL. During the 1 year follow-up, LV remodeling was documented by a significant increase in LV volumes. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months after MI did not differ according to sFas-L levels; changes in LV volumes were not associated with sFas-L levels. By multivariate analysis, 2 variables were independently associated with LV remodeling: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (p=0.008) and baseline ejection fraction (p=0.02). sFas-L levels were not associated with cardiovascular death or rehospitalization for heart failure at 3 years; conversely, high levels of BNP were associated with worse clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Soluble Fas-L levels are not associated with LV remodeling after MI. Further research is needed to identify apoptotic markers that may be associated with outcome post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fertin
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, France
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Boivin WA, Shackleford M, Vanden Hoek A, Zhao H, Hackett TL, Knight DA, Granville DJ. Granzyme B cleaves decorin, biglycan and soluble betaglycan, releasing active transforming growth factor-β1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33163. [PMID: 22479366 PMCID: PMC3316562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Granzyme B (GrB) is a pro-apoptotic serine protease that contributes to immune-mediated target cell apoptosis. However, during inflammation, GrB accumulates in the extracellular space, retains its activity, and is capable of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Recent studies have implicated a pathogenic extracellular role for GrB in cardiovascular disease, yet the pathophysiological consequences of extracellular GrB activity remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to identify proteoglycan (PG) substrates of GrB and examine the ability of GrB to release PG-sequestered TGF-β1 into the extracellular milieu. Methods/Results Three extracellular GrB PG substrates were identified; decorin, biglycan and betaglycan. As all of these PGs sequester active TGF-β1, cytokine release assays were conducted to establish if GrB-mediated PG cleavage induced TGF-β1 release. Our data confirmed that GrB liberated TGF-β1 from all three substrates as well as from endogenous ECM and this process was inhibited by the GrB inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. The released TGF-β1 retained its activity as indicated by the induction of SMAD-3 phosphorylation in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Conclusion In addition to contributing to ECM degradation and the loss of tissue structural integrity in vivo, increased extracellular GrB activity is also capable of inducing the release of active TGF-β1 from PGs.
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MESH Headings
- Biglycan/metabolism
- Biocatalysis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Coumarins/pharmacology
- Decorin/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- Granzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Humans
- Isocoumarins
- Kinetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proteoglycans/chemistry
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Solubility
- Substrate Specificity
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Boivin
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marlo Shackleford
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Vanden Hoek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart+Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Laskarin G, Persic V, Ruzic A, Miletic B, Rakic M, Samsa DT, Raljevic D, Pejcinovic VP, Miskulin R, Rukavina D. Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:195-204. [PMID: 21388427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine the role of perforin (P)-mediated cytotoxicity in the dynamics of tissue damage in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) treated with anti-ischaemic drugs. We enrolled 48 patients with NSTEMI in this study [age, 71.5 years; 61.5/76 (median, 25th/75th percentiles)]. The percentage of total peripheral blood P(+) lymphocytes was elevated owing to the increased frequency of P(+) cells within natural killer (NK) subsets, T and NKT cells in patients on day 1 after NSTEMI when compared with healthy controls. Positive correlations were found between cardiac troponin I plasma concentrations and the frequency of P(+) cells, P(+) T cells, P(+) NK cells and their CD56(+dim) and CD56(+bright) subsets during the first week after the NSTEMI. The expression of P in NK cells was accompanied by P-mediated cytotoxicity against K-562 targets at all days examined, except day 21, when an anti-perforin monoclonal antibody did not completely abolish the killing. The percentage of P(+) T cells, P(+) NKT cells and P(+) NK subsets was the highest on the day 1 after NSTEMI and decreased in the post-infarction period. CD56(+) lymphocytes were found in damaged myocardium, suggesting their tissue recruitment. In conclusion, patients with NSTEMI have a strong and prolonged P-mediated systemic inflammatory reaction, which may sustain autoaggressive reactions towards myocardial tissue during the development of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laskarin
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism Thalassotherapia-Opatija, Opatija, Croatia.
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Hendel A, Cooper D, Abraham T, Zhao H, Allard MF, Granville DJ. Proteinase inhibitor 9 is reduced in human atherosclerotic lesion development. Cardiovasc Pathol 2011; 21:28-38. [PMID: 21296596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granzyme B, a proapoptotic serine protease, is abundant in advanced, unstable atherosclerotic plaques, and it is suggested to contribute to plaque instability by inducing vascular smooth muscle cells apoptosis and by degrading plaque extracellular matrix. Proteinase inhibitor 9, the only known endogenous inhibitor of granzyme B in humans, confers protection against granzyme-B-induced apoptosis. However, the role of proteinase inhibitor 9 in atherosclerotic lesion development has yet to be determined. We hypothesized that atherosclerotic lesions have lower proteinase inhibitor 9 expression levels that will increase their susceptibility to granzyme-B-induced apoptosis. METHODS Serial sections of human coronary arteries exhibiting different stages of lesion development were assessed by immunohistochemistry for proteinase inhibitor 9, α-smooth muscle cells actin, granzyme B, CD8, and active caspase-3. Frozen samples were analyzed by Western blot to evaluate total proteinase inhibitor 9 levels. RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells express less proteinase inhibitor 9 as disease severity increases, and a significant difference in proteinase inhibitor 9 expression is observed between medial and intimal smooth muscle cells. High granzyme B levels colocalize with CD8+ cells and foam cells in the shoulder region and necrotic core area of advanced lesions. In advanced lesions, increased expression of activated caspase-3 in intimal SMC was associated with reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression in the presence of granzyme B. CONCLUSION Reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells is associated with atherosclerotic disease progression and is inversely related to the extent of apoptosis within the intima. Reduced proteinase inhibitor 9 expression may contribute to increased smooth muscle cell susceptibility to granzyme-B-induced apoptosis within the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Hendel
- Providence Heart+Lung Institute, The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Saito Y, Kondo H, Hojo Y. Granzyme B as a novel factor involved in cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiol 2010; 57:141-7. [PMID: 21168312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress, physiological stress, and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and Fas ligand are involved in apoptosis of cardiovascular system. We demonstrate that another apoptosis-related pathway, i.e. granzyme B/perforin system is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Expression of granzyme B, a member of serine protease family is increased in acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease with end-stage renal disease, and subacute stage of acute myocardial infarction. Although granzyme B is extensively researched in immunological disorders, the role of granzyme B/perforin system was not clear in the cardiovascular field. In addition, little is known regarding the inhibition of granzyme B system in the clinical situation. In this review we demonstrate recent findings of granzyme B in cardiovascular diseases and possible therapeutic applications of inhibiting the granzyme B/perforin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Catholic Health System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Phrommintikul A, Sivasinprasasn S, Lailerd N, Chattipakorn S, Kuanprasert S, Chattipakorn N. Plasma urocortin in acute myocardial infarction patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:874-82. [PMID: 20636379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its proposed cardioprotective effect, the role of plasma urocortin in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unknown. We investigated plasma profile of urocortin in AMI patients and evaluated its long-term prognostic performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-six AMI patients and 21 healthy subjects were included in this study. Blood samples for urocortin were collected on days 0 (onset), 1, 3 and 5 and at 3 and 6 months. Primary endpoint was mortality within 1 year of follow-up. Secondary endpoint was combined death and nonfatal adverse cardiac events (i.e. myocardial reinfarction, urgent revascularization or hospitalization due to heart failure) within 1 year. RESULTS During follow-up at 1 year, 38 (57·6%) patients were alive without cardiac events, nine (13·6%) had nonfatal cardiac events and 17 (25·8%) died. Plasma urocortin in AMI patients were increased on days 0, 1, 3 and 5 (P<0·05 vs. control). The receiver-operating characteristic curve showed an area under curve (AUC) of day 0 urocortin to be 0·750 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0·619-0·881 (P=0·004), whereas AUC of NT-proBNP was 0·857 (95% CI, 0·722-0·992; P=0·003). Sensitivity values for predicting the mortality of urocortin NT-proBNP and a combined urocortin and NT-proBNP were 0·81 (95% CI, 0·54-0·95), 0·86 (95% CI, 0·42-0·99) and 1·0 (95% CI, 0·56-1·0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Plasma urocortin level is elevated in AMI patients for 5 days from onset. High plasma urocortin within 24 h after the onset is associated with increased mortality. Combined urocortin and NT-proBNP enhance prognostic performance in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arintaya Phrommintikul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Anthony DA, Andrews DM, Watt SV, Trapani JA, Smyth MJ. Functional dissection of the granzyme family: cell death and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:73-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hendel A, Hiebert PR, Boivin WA, Williams SJ, Granville DJ. Granzymes in age-related cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:596-606. [PMID: 20139894 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of age-related cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Granzymes are a family of serine proteases that have been traditionally viewed as initiators of immune-mediated cell death. However, recent findings suggest that the pathophysiological role of granzymes is complex. Emerging functions for granzymes in extracellular matrix degradation, autoimmunity, and inflammation suggests a multifactorial mechanism by which these enzymes are capable of mediating tissue damage. Recent discoveries showing that granzymes can be produced and secreted by nonimmune cells during disease provide an additional layer of intricacy. This review examines the emerging biochemical and clinical evidence pertaining to intracellular and/or extracellular granzymes in the pathogenesis of aging and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hendel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Heart+Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chaitanya GV, Schwaninger M, Alexander JS, Babu PP. Granzyme-b is involved in mediating post-ischemic neuronal death during focal cerebral ischemia in rat model. Neuroscience 2009; 165:1203-16. [PMID: 19895873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although peripheral immune cells infiltrate ischemic infarct tissue and elicit immune injury, the role of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) and the toxins they release in mediating neuronal death is not well understood. Granzyme-b (Gra-b), a serine protease found in the cytoplasmic granules of CTLs and natural killer cells, plays an important role in inducing target cell death by activating several caspases and by initiating caspase-independent pathways that contribute to target cell death. To determine if CTLs and Gra-b are involved in post-ischemic cerebral cell death; we investigated the role of CD8(+) CTLs and Gra-b in ischemic rat brain infarct after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in sham-operated animals. We observed that CTLs infiltrate the ischemic infarct within 1 h of reperfusion. There was a significant increase in Gra-b levels in the ischemic region starting from 1 h until 3 day which correlated with increased levels of chemokines (IP-10/CXCL10, IL-2) and TNF-alpha. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that Gra-b interacts with Bid, PARP, and caspase-3 in ischemic samples. Immunofluorescence analysis of Gra-b and TUNEL showed that Gra-b is present both in apoptotic and necrotic cells. Triple immunostaining further confirmed that the Gra-b positive degenerating cells were neurons. CTLs in close spatial proximity to degenerating neurons, increased levels of Gra-b, localization in neurons positive for TUNEL, and interaction with other pro-apoptotic proteins indicate that Gra-b and CTLs play a significant role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia in the rat brain after tMCAO. Based on the above findings we support our hypothesis that Gra-b secreted from activated CTLs might be involved in aggravating post-ischemic damage by mediating neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Chaitanya
- Departments of Biotechnology and Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
The cytotoxic granzyme B (GrB)/perforin pathway has been traditionally viewed as a primary mechanism that is used by cytotoxic lymphocytes to eliminate allogeneic, virally infected and/or transformed cells. Although originally proposed to have intracellular and extracellular functions, upon the discovery that perforin, in combination with GrB, could induce apoptosis, other potential functions for this protease were, for the most part, disregarded. As there are 5 granzymes in humans and 11 granzymes in mice, many studies used perforin knockout mice as an initial screen to evaluate the role of granzymes in disease. However, in recent years, emerging clinical and biochemical evidence has shown that the latter approach may have overlooked a critical perforin-independent, pathogenic role for these proteases in disease. This review focuses on GrB, the most characterized of the granzyme family, in disease. Long known to be a pro-apoptotic protease expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells, it is now accepted that GrB can be expressed in other cell types of immune and nonimmune origin. To the latter, an emerging immune-independent role for GrB has been forwarded due to recent discoveries that GrB may be expressed in nonimmune cells such as smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes, and chondrocytes in certain disease states. Given that GrB retains its activity in the blood, can cleave extracellular matrix, and its levels are often elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases, this protease may be an important contributor to certain pathologies. The implications of sustained elevations of intracellular and extracellular GrB in chronic vascular, dermatological, and neurological diseases, among others, are developing. This review examines, for the first time, the multiple roles of GrB in disease pathogenesis.
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