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Jitpratoom P, Boonyasiri A. Determinants of urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients with acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:251. [PMID: 37391711 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common post-acute ischemic stroke (AIS) complication. We assessed the incidence, determinant factors, infection characteristics, post-stroke complications, and outcomes of hospitalized AIS patients with UTI. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included AIS patients admitted within 7 days of stroke onset. The patients were divided into the UTI group and the non-UTI (control) group. Clinical data were collected and compared between the groups. RESULTS There were 342 AIS patients (31 with UTIs and 311 controls). The multivariate analysis showed that an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of ≥ 15 (odds ratio [OR] 5.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-18.72) and Foley catheter retention (OR 14.10, 95% CI 3.25-61.28) were risk factors for UTI, whereas smoking (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.50), an initial systolic blood pressure (SBP) of > 120 mmHg (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.31), and statin use (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.0006-0.42) were protective factors. Twenty cases (64.5%) were community-acquired and 11 cases (35.3%) were hospital-acquired. Ten patients (32.3%) had catheter-associated UTIs. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (13 patients, 41.9%). Post-stroke complications were significantly more common in the UTI group, including pneumonia, respiratory failure, sepsis, brain edema, seizure, symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, acute kidney injury, and hyponatremia. The median length of stay (LOS) in the UTI group was 12 days versus 3 days in the control group (p < 0.001). The median 3-month modified Rankin Scale score was higher (5 in UTI and 2 in control; p < 0.001) and the median 3-month Barthel Index was lower (0 in UTI and 100 in control; p < 0.001) in the UTI group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The risk factors for post-AIS UTI included severe stroke (NIHSS score ≥ 15) and urethral catheter indwelling. An initial SBP of > 120 mmHg and statin use were protective factors. The UTI group had significantly worse post-stroke complications, a longer LOS, and worse 3-month outcomes. Smoking was protective, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adhiratha Boonyasiri
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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2
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Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 attenuates myocardial abnormalities in tail-suspended mice. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:805-815. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Dutta S, Rahman S, Ahmad R, Kumar T, Dutta G, Banerjee S, Abubakar AR, Rowaiye AB, Dhingra S, Ravichandiran V, Kumar S, Sharma P, Haque M, Charan J. An evidence-based review of neuronal cholesterol role in dementia and statins as a pharmacotherapy in reducing risk of dementia. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1455-1472. [PMID: 34756134 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.2003705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing memory and cognition. Alzheimer's Disease, followed by vascular dementia - the most typical form. Risk factors for vascular dementia include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia. Lipids' levels are significantly associated with vascular changes in the brain. AREAS COVERED The present article reviews the cholesterol metabolism in the brain, which includes: the synthesis, transport, storage, and elimination process. Additionally, it reviews the role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of dementia and statin as a therapeutic intervention in dementia. In addition to the above, it further reviews evidence in support of as well as against statin therapy in dementia, recent updates of statin pharmacology, and demerits of use of statin pharmacotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Amyloid-β peptides and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles are markers of Alzheimer's disease. Evidence shows cholesterol modulates the functioning of enzymes associated with Amyloid-β peptide processing and synthesis. Lowering cholesterol using statin may help prevent or delay the progression of dementia. This paper reviews the role of statin in dementia and recommends extensive future studies, including genetic research, to obtain a precise medication approach for patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujrat, India
| | - Sayeeda Rahman
- School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gitashree Dutta
- Department of Community Medicine, Neigrihms, Shillong, India
| | | | - Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle Babajide Rowaiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Kolkata, Kolkata, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Paras Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujrat, India
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4
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Lee CF, Carley RE, Butler CA, Morrison AR. Rac GTPase Signaling in Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:2808. [PMID: 34831028 PMCID: PMC8616135 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Data from preclinical and clinical studies support the belief that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune signaling mechanisms. This review sought to highlight the role of Rac-mediated inflammatory signaling in the mechanisms driving atherosclerotic calcification. In addition, current clinical treatment strategies that are related to targeting hypercholesterolemia as a critical risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease are addressed in relation to the effects on Rac immune signaling and the implications for the future of targeting immune responses in the treatment of calcific atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadence F. Lee
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel E. Carley
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Celia A. Butler
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alan R. Morrison
- Ocean State Research Institute, Inc., Providence VA Medical Center, Research (151), 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; (C.F.L.); (R.E.C.); (C.A.B.)
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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5
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Key Enzymes for the Mevalonate Pathway in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:142-152. [PMID: 33538531 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Isoprenylation is an important post-transcriptional modification of small GTPases required for their activation and function. Isoprenoids, including farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are indispensable for isoprenylation by serving as donors of a prenyl moiety to small G proteins. In the human body, isoprenoids are mainly generated by the mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol-synthesis pathway). The hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps of the mevalonate pathway, and its inhibitor (statins) are widely used as lipid-lowering agents. In addition, the FPP synthase is also of critical importance for the regulation of the isoprenoids production, for which the inhibitor is mainly used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Synthetic FPP can be further used to generate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and cholesterol. Recent studies suggest a role for isoprenoids in the genesis and development of cardiovascular disorders, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrotic responses of smooth-muscle cells. Furthermore, statins and FPP synthase inhibitors have also been applied for the management of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases rather than their clinical use for hyperlipidemia or bone diseases. In this review, we focus on the function of several critical enzymes, including hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, FPP synthase, farnesyltransferase, and geranylgeranyltransferase in the mevalonate pathway which are involved in regulating the generation of isoprenoids and isoprenylation of small GTPases, and their pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, we summarize recent research into applications of statins and the FPP synthase inhibitors to treat cardiovascular diseases, rather than for their traditional indications respectively.
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6
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Ngo ATP, Parra-Izquierdo I, Aslan JE, McCarty OJT. Rho GTPase regulation of reactive oxygen species generation and signalling in platelet function and disease. Small GTPases 2021; 12:440-457. [PMID: 33459160 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1878001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are master regulators and effectors of haemostasis with increasingly recognized functions as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. The Rho family of GTPase members Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA are known to be major components of the intracellular signalling network critical to platelet shape change and morphological dynamics, thus playing a major role in platelet spreading, secretion and thrombus formation. Initially linked to the regulation of actomyosin contraction and lamellipodia formation, recent reports have uncovered non-canonical functions of platelet RhoGTPases in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), where intrinsically generated ROS modulate platelet function and contribute to thrombus formation. Platelet RhoGTPases orchestrate oxidative processes and cytoskeletal rearrangement in an interconnected manner to regulate intracellular signalling networks underlying platelet activity and thrombus formation. Herein we review our current knowledge of the regulation of platelet ROS generation by RhoGTPases and their relationship with platelet cytoskeletal reorganization, activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T P Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ivan Parra-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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7
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Jahn A, Scherer B, Fritz G, Honnen S. Statins Induce a DAF-16/Foxo-dependent Longevity Phenotype via JNK-1 through Mevalonate Depletion in C. elegans. Aging Dis 2020; 11:60-72. [PMID: 32010481 PMCID: PMC6961767 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins belong to the most pre-scribed cholesterol lowering drugs in western countries. Their competitive inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase causes a reduction in the mevalonate pool, resulting in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis, impaired protein prenylation and glycosylation. Recently, a cohort study showed a decreased mortality rate in humans between age 78-90 going along with statin therapy, which is independent of blood cholesterol levels. As C. elegans harbors the mevalonate pathway, but is cholesterol-auxotroph, it is particularly suitable to study cholesterol-independent effects of statins on aging-associated phenotypes. Here, we show that low doses of lovastatin or a mild HMG-CoA reductase knockdown via hmgr-1(RNAi) in C. elegans substantially attenuate aging pigment accumulation, which is a well-established surrogate marker for biological age. Consistently, for two statins we found dosages, which prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Together with an observed reduced fertility, slower developmental timing and thermal stress resistance this complex of outcomes point to the involvement of DAF-16/hFOXO3a, the master regulator of stress resistance and longevity. Accordingly, prolonged low-dose statin exposure leads to an increased expression of jnk-1, a known activator of DAF-16. Moreover, the beneficial effects of statins on aging pigments and lifespan depend on DAF-16 and JNK-1, as shown in epistasis analyses. These effects can be reverted by mevalonate supplementation. In conclusion, we describe a lifespan extension in C. elegans, which is conferred via two well-conserved stress-related factors (JNK-1, DAF-16) and results from mevalonate depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jahn
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Bo Scherer
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Honnen
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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8
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Healy A, Berus JM, Christensen JL, Lee C, Mantsounga C, Dong W, Watts JP, Assali M, Ceneri N, Nilson R, Neverson J, Wu WC, Choudhary G, Morrison AR. Statins Disrupt Macrophage Rac1 Regulation Leading to Increased Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:714-732. [PMID: 31996022 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcification of atherosclerotic plaque is traditionally associated with increased cardiovascular event risk; however, recent studies have found increased calcium density to be associated with more stable disease. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzymeA reductase inhibitors or statins reduce cardiovascular events. Invasive clinical studies have found that statins alter both the lipid and calcium composition of plaque but the molecular mechanisms of statin-mediated effects on plaque calcium composition remain unclear. We recently defined a macrophage Rac (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate)-IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta) signaling axis to be a key mechanism in promoting atherosclerotic calcification and sought to define the impact of statin therapy on this pathway. Approach and Results: Here, we demonstrate that statin therapy is independently associated with elevated coronary calcification in a high-risk patient population and that statins disrupt the complex between Rac1 and its inhibitor RhoGDI (Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor), leading to increased active (GTP bound) Rac1 in primary monocytes/macrophages. Rac1 activation is prevented by rescue with the isoprenyl precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Statin-treated macrophages exhibit increased activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), increased IL-1β mRNA, and increased Rac1-dependent IL-1β protein secretion in response to inflammasome stimulation. Using an animal model of calcific atherosclerosis, inclusion of statin in the atherogenic diet led to a myeloid Rac1-dependent increase in atherosclerotic calcification, which was associated with increased serum IL-1β expression, increased plaque Rac1 activation, and increased plaque expression of the osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase and RUNX2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2). CONCLUSIONS Statins are capable of increasing atherosclerotic calcification through disinhibition of a macrophage Rac1-IL-1β signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Healy
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Joshua M Berus
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jared L Christensen
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Cadence Lee
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Chris Mantsounga
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Willie Dong
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jerome P Watts
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Maen Assali
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nicolle Ceneri
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Rachael Nilson
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jade Neverson
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alan R Morrison
- From the Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine) and Research Services, Providence VA Medical Center, RI; and Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Medicine), Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
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9
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Nogi M, Satoh K, Sunamura S, Kikuchi N, Satoh T, Kurosawa R, Omura J, Elias-Al-Mamun M, Abdul Hai Siddique M, Numano K, Kudo S, Miyata S, Akiyama M, Kumagai K, Kawamoto S, Saiki Y, Shimokawa H. Small GTP-Binding Protein GDP Dissociation Stimulator Prevents Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Formation and Rupture by Phenotypic Preservation of Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Circulation 2019; 138:2413-2433. [PMID: 29921611 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and dissection are fatal diseases that cause aortic rupture and sudden death. The small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator (SmgGDS) is a crucial mediator of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Previous studies revealed that reduced force generation in aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) causes TAA and thoracic aortic dissection. METHODS To examine the role of SmgGDS in TAA formation, we used an angiotensin II (1000 ng·min-1·kg-1, 4 weeks)-induced TAA model. RESULTS We found that 33% of Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- mice died suddenly as a result of TAA rupture, whereas there was no TAA rupture in Apoe-/- control mice. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the ratio of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture between the 2 genotypes. We performed ultrasound imaging every week to follow up the serial changes in aortic diameters. The diameter of the ascending aorta progressively increased in Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- mice compared with Apoe-/- mice, whereas that of the abdominal aorta remained comparable between the 2 genotypes. Histological analysis of Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- mice showed dissections of major thoracic aorta in the early phase of angiotensin II infusion (day 3 to 5) and more severe elastin degradation compared with Apoe-/- mice. Mechanistically, Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- mice showed significantly higher levels of oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases, and inflammatory cell migration in the ascending aorta compared with Apoe-/- mice. For mechanistic analyses, we primary cultured AoSMCs from the 2 genotypes. After angiotensin II (100 nmol/L) treatment for 24 hours, Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- AoSMCs showed significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase activity and oxidative stress levels compared with Apoe-/- AoSMCs. In addition, SmgGDS deficiency increased cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in AoSMCs. Moreover, expressions of fibrillin-1 ( FBN1), α-smooth muscle actin ( ACTA2), myosin-11 ( MYH11), MYLLK, and PRKG1, which are force generation genes, were significantly reduced in Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- AoSMCs compared with Apoe-/- AoSMCs. A similar tendency was noted in AoSMCs from patients with TAA compared with those from control subjects. Finally, local delivery of the SmgGDS gene construct reversed the dilation of the ascending aorta in Apoe-/- SmgGDS+/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SmgGDS is a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nogi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taijyu Satoh
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junichi Omura
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Md Elias-Al-Mamun
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hai Siddique
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Numano
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Kudo
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Akiyama
- Cardiovascular Surgery (M.A., K.K., S. Kawamoto, Y.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Kumagai
- Cardiovascular Surgery (M.A., K.K., S. Kawamoto, Y.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawamoto
- Cardiovascular Surgery (M.A., K.K., S. Kawamoto, Y.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Cardiovascular Surgery (M.A., K.K., S. Kawamoto, Y.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.N., K.S., S.S., N.K., T.S., R.K., J.O., M.E.-A.-M., M.A.H.S., K.N., S. Kudo, S.M., H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Pertzov B, Eliakim-Raz N, Atamna H, Trestioreanu AZ, Yahav D, Leibovici L. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for the treatment of sepsis in adults - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:280-289. [PMID: 30472427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pleiotropic effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) might have a beneficial effect in sepsis through several mechanisms. The aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of statins, compared with placebo, for the treatment of sepsis in adults. METHODS We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, 2017, Issue 12), OVID MEDLINE (from 1966 to January 2018), Embase (Ovid SP, from 1974 to January 2018), and LILACS (from 1986 to January 2018). We also searched the trial registries ISRCTN and ClinicalTrials.gov to January 2018. The eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials comparing the treatment of statins versus placebo in adult patients who were hospitalized due to sepsis. Participants were adults (16 years and older) hospitalized because of sepsis or who developed sepsis during admission. Interventions were treatment with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) versus no treatment or placebo. We performed a systematic review of all randomized controlled trials published until January 2018, assessing the efficacy and safety of statins in sepsis treatment. Two primary outcomes were assessed: 30-day overall mortality and deterioration to severe sepsis during management. Secondary outcomes were hospital mortality, need for mechanical ventilation and drug related adverse events. RESULTS Fourteen trials evaluating 2628 patients were included. Statins did not reduce 30-day all-cause mortality neither in all patients (risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-1.10), nor in a subgroup of patients with severe sepsis (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84-1.12). The certainty of evidence for both outcomes was high. There was no change in the rate of adverse events between study arms (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.63). The certainty of evidence for this outcome was high. CONCLUSIONS The use of statin therapy in adults for the indication of sepsis is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pertzov
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Centre, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - N Eliakim-Raz
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Centre, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - H Atamna
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Centre, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A Z Trestioreanu
- Department of Family Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Centre, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - D Yahav
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Centre, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - L Leibovici
- Department of Medicine E, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Centre, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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12
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Forouzanfar F, Butler AE, Banach M, Barreto GE, Sahbekar A. Modulation of heat shock proteins by statins. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Rho inhibition by lovastatin affects apoptosis and DSB repair of primary human lung cells in vitro and lung tissue in vivo following fractionated irradiation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2978. [PMID: 28796249 PMCID: PMC5596560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic radiotherapy causes damage of normal lung tissue, which limits the cumulative radiation dose and, hence, confines the anticancer efficacy of radiotherapy and impacts the quality of life of tumor patients. Ras-homologous (Rho) small GTPases regulate multiple stress responses and cell death. Therefore, we investigated whether pharmacological targeting of Rho signaling by the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor lovastatin influences ionizing radiation (IR)-induced toxicity in primary human lung fibroblasts, lung epithelial and lung microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and subchronic mouse lung tissue damage following hypo-fractionated irradiation (4x4 Gy). The statin improved the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in all cell types and, moreover, protected lung endothelial cells from IR-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, likely involving p53-regulated mechanisms. Under the in vivo situation, treatment with lovastatin or the Rac1-specific small molecule inhibitor EHT1864 attenuated the IR-induced increase in breathing frequency and reduced the percentage of γH2AX and 53BP1-positive cells. This indicates that inhibition of Rac1 signaling lowers IR-induced residual DNA damage by promoting DNA repair. Moreover, lovastatin and EHT1864 protected lung tissue from IR-triggered apoptosis and mitigated the IR-stimulated increase in regenerative proliferation. Our data document beneficial anti-apoptotic and genoprotective effects of pharmacological targeting of Rho signaling following hypo-fractionated irradiation of lung cells in vitro and in vivo. Rac1-targeting drugs might be particular useful for supportive care in radiation oncology and, moreover, applicable to improve the anticancer efficacy of radiotherapy by widening the therapeutic window of thoracic radiation exposure.
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Statins in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: Rac and Rho, and the heartbreakers. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2564. [PMID: 28102848 PMCID: PMC5386353 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy are at risk to develop life-threatening chronic cardiotoxicity with the pathophysiological mechanism of action not fully understood. Besides the most common hypothesis that anthracycline-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) is mainly caused by generation of reactive oxygen species, recent data point to a critical role of topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B), which is a primary target of anthracycline poisoning, in the pathophysiology of CHF. As the use of the only clinically approved cardioprotectant dexrazoxane has been limited by the FDA in 2011, there is an urgent need for alternative cardioprotective measures. Statins are anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drugs that are clinically well established for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. They exhibit pleiotropic beneficial properties beyond cholesterol-lowering effects that most likely rest on the indirect inhibition of small Ras homologous (Rho) GTPases. The Rho GTPase Rac1 has been shown to be a major factor in the regulation of the pro-oxidative NADPH oxidase as well as in the regulation of type II topoisomerase. Both are discussed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of anthracycline-induced CHF. Therefore, off-label use of statins or novel Rac1 inhibitors might represent a promising pharmacological approach to gain control over chronic cardiotoxicity by interfering with key mechanisms of anthracycline-induced cardiomyocyte cell death.
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15
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Jasińska-Stroschein M, Owczarek J, Sołtysiak U, Orszulak-Michalak D. Rosuvastatin intensifies the beneficial effects of rho-kinase inhibitor in reversal of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:898-905. [PMID: 27478473 PMCID: PMC4947607 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.49740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It remains controversial whether statins have a beneficial effect on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study is intended to evaluate whether statin, co-administered with Rho-kinase inhibitor, could enhance its efficacy. Although Rho-kinase inhibitors, including fasudil, have been reported to improve pulmonary hypertension in experimental and clinical studies, the combination of these agents has not been tested in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). MATERIAL AND METHODS The effects of such a regimen on hemodynamics, right ventricle hypertrophy, and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activity in experimental monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension were examined. Fourteen days after monocrotaline injection (60 mg/kg), male rats were treated orally for another 14 days with fasudil (15 mg/kg per day), or with a combination of fasudil + rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg per day). RESULTS The drug combination reversed the MCT-induced increase in right ventricle pressure (RVP) and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy (RV/LV + S ratio) more than Rho kinase inhibitor alone. The simultaneous administration of fasudil and rosuvastatin caused a further decrease of RhoA kinase activity in isolated lung tissues as compared to fasudil alone. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that rosuvastatin intensifies the beneficial effects of Rho-kinase inhibitor on the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and such a combination may represent an option for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Owczarek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Pouwels KB, Widyakusuma NN, Bos JHJ, Hak E. Association between statins and infections among patients with diabetes: a cohort and prescription sequence symmetry analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:1124-1130. [PMID: 27365184 PMCID: PMC5129506 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A previous meta‐analysis of randomized trials did not confirm findings from observational studies that suggested that statins reduce the risk of infection. However, animal experiments indicate that statins may be more effective in reducing the risk and/or the severity of infection among patients with diabetes. Hence, we evaluated the effect of statins on antibiotic prescriptions (a proxy for infections) among patients with drug‐treated type 2 diabetes using two confounding‐reducing observational designs. Methods We conducted a prescription sequence symmetry analysis and a cohort study using the IADB.nl pharmacy prescription database. For the prescription sequence symmetry analysis, a sequence ratio was calculated. The matched cohort study, comparing the time to first antibiotic prescription between periods that statins are initiated and non‐use periods, was analyzed using stratified Cox regression. Results Prescription sequence symmetry analysis of 4684 patients with drug‐treated type 2 diabetes resulted in an adjusted sequence ratio of 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81 to 0.91). Corresponding figures for the cohort analysis comparing 9852 statin‐initiation with 4928 non‐use periods showed similar results (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.83 to 0.95). Conclusions These findings suggest that statins are associated with a reduced risk of infections among patients with drug‐treated type 2 diabetes. © 2016 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen B Pouwels
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Niken N Widyakusuma
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jens H J Bos
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eelko Hak
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ostrowski SM, Johnson K, Siefert M, Shank S, Sironi L, Wolozin B, Landreth GE, Ziady AG. Simvastatin inhibits protein isoprenylation in the brain. Neuroscience 2016; 329:264-74. [PMID: 27180285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Statin action in patients with AD, as in those with heart disease, is likely to be at least partly independent of the effects of statins on cholesterol. Statins can alter cellular signaling and protein trafficking through inhibition of isoprenylation of Rho, Cdc42, and Rab family GTPases. The effects of statins on protein isoprenylation in vivo, particularly in the central nervous system, are poorly studied. We utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches to directly monitor the levels of isoprenylated and non-isoprenylated forms of Rho and Rab family GTPases. We report that simvastatin significantly inhibits RhoA and Rab4, and Rab6 isoprenylation at doses as low as 50nM in vitro. We also provide the first in vivo evidence that statins inhibit the isoprenylation of RhoA in the brains of rats and RhoA, Cdc42, and H-Ras in the brains of mice treated with clinically relevant doses of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ostrowski
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kachael Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Siefert
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sam Shank
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Assem G Ziady
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Liu X, Zou C, Yu C, Xie R, Sui M, Mu S, Li L, Zhao S. Original Research: Atorvastatin prevents rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by parathyroid hormone 1-34 associated with the Ras-ERK signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1745-50. [PMID: 27190264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CMH) induced by rat parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) and Ras-extracellular signal regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: normal controls (NC), PTH1-34 (10(-7) mol/L), Ator (10(-5) mol/L), farnesyl transferase inhibitors-276 (FTI-276, 4 × 10(-5) mol/L), PTH1-34 + Ator, PTH1-34 + FTI-276 and PTH1-34 + Ator + mevalonic acid (MVA, 10(-4) mol/L). After treatment, the hypertrophic responses of cardiomyocytes were assessed by measuring cell diameter, detecting protein synthesis, and single-cell protein content. The concentrations of hypertrophic markers such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by ELISA. Protein expressions of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and Ras were detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the PTH1-34 group, cellular diameter, 3H-leucine incorporation, single-cell protein content, ANP and BNP concentration decreased by 12.07 µm, 1622 cpm/well, 84.34 pg, 7.13 ng/L and 20.04 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in PTH1-34 + Ator group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PTH1-34 + Ator group, the corresponding hypertrophic responses and hypertrophic markers increased by 4.95 µm, 750 cpm/well, 49.08 pg, 3.12 ng/L and 9.35 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated in the PTH1-34 + Ator + MVA group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Ator prevents neonatal rat CMH induced by PTH1-34 and Ras-ERK signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Suhong Mu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Kudo S, Satoh K, Nogi M, Suzuki K, Sunamura S, Omura J, Kikuchi N, Kurosawa R, Satoh T, Minami T, Ikeda S, Miyata S, Shimokawa H. SmgGDS as a Crucial Mediator of the Inhibitory Effects of Statins on Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis: Novel Mechanism of the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Hypertension 2016; 67:878-89. [PMID: 26975711 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.07089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The detailed molecular mechanisms of the pleiotropic effects of statins remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that cardioprotective effects of statins are mediated by small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator (SmgGDS). SmgGDS(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with continuous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 2 weeks with and without oral treatment with atorvastatin or pravastatin. At 2 weeks, the extents of Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were comparable between the 2 genotypes. However, statins significantly attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis in WT mice, but not in SmgGDS(+/-) mice. In SmgGDS(+/-) cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), Rac1 expression, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 activity, Rho-kinase activity, and inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to Ang II were significantly increased when compared with WT CFs. Atorvastatin significantly reduced Rac1 expression and oxidative stress in WT CFs, but not in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs. Furthermore, Bio-plex analysis revealed significant upregulations of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs when compared with WT CFs. Importantly, conditioned medium from SmgGDS(+/-) CFs increased B-type natriuretic peptide expression in rat cardiomyocytes to a greater extent than that from WT CFs. Furthermore, atorvastatin significantly increased SmgGDS secretion from mouse CFs. Finally, treatment with recombinant SmgGDS significantly reduced Rac1 expression in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs. These results indicate that both intracellular and extracellular SmgGDS play crucial roles in the inhibitory effects of statins on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, partly through inhibition of Rac1, Rho kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways, demonstrating the novel mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kudo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kota Suzuki
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Minami
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shohei Ikeda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Ziegler V, Albers A, Fritz G. Lovastatin protects keratinocytes from DNA damage-related pro-apoptotic stress responses stimulated by anticancer therapeutics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1082-92. [PMID: 26876155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral mucositis (OM) is a relevant adverse effect of anticancer therapy involving ionizing radiation (IR) and doxorubicin (Doxo). Because DNA damage of keratinocytes is causative for the pathogenesis of OM, we aim to identify pharmacological measures for geno- and cytoprotection of keratinocytes. METHODS We investigated the influence of the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin on cell death, proliferation and DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms of human keratinocytes following treatment with IR and Doxo. RESULTS Lovastatin protected keratinocytes from the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of IR and Doxo as shown by a diminished induction of apoptosis as well as a reduced formation and slightly improved repair of DNA damage following Doxo and IR treatment, respectively. Lovastatin selectively blocked the activation of Chk1 and ATR kinases following treatment with IR, Doxo and the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea, indicating that the statin antagonizes ATR/Chk1-regulated replicative stress responses. Part of the cytoprotective activity of lovastatin seems to rest on a delayed entry of lovastatin treated cells into S-phase. Yet, because the statin also protected non-proliferating keratinocytes from IR- and Doxo-induced cytotoxicity, cell cycle independent protective mechanisms are involved, too. CONCLUSIONS Lovastatin attenuates pro-toxic DNA damage-related responses of keratinocytes stimulated by OM-inducing anticancer therapeutics. The data encourage forthcoming in vivo and clinical studies addressing the usefulness of statins in the prevention of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Ziegler
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Albers
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Light and Dark of Reactive Oxygen Species for Vascular Function: 2014 ASVB (Asian Society of Vascular Biology). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:412-8. [PMID: 25162437 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) serves as an important signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system and contributes to vascular homeostasis. H2O2 is a second messenger, transducing the oxidative signal into biological responses through posttranslational protein modification. The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems regulates intracellular redox status, and their imbalance causes oxidative or reductive stress, leading to cellular damage in cardiovascular systems. Excessive H2O2 deteriorates vascular functions and promotes vascular disease through multiple pathways. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays an important role in various fundamental cellular functions, including production of excessive reactive oxygen species, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Rho-kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) belongs to the family of serine/threonine kinases and is an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. Rho-kinase plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Thus, Rho-kinase inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in humans. In this review, we will briefly discuss the roles of vascular-derived H2O2 and review the recent progress in the translational research on the therapeutic importance of the Rho-kinase pathway in cardiovascular medicine.
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Krüger K, Ziegler V, Hartmann C, Henninger C, Thomale J, Schupp N, Fritz G. Lovastatin prevents cisplatin-induced activation of pro-apoptotic DNA damage response (DDR) of renal tubular epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 292:103-14. [PMID: 26739623 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The platinating agent cisplatin (CisPt) is commonly used in the therapy of various types of solid tumors. The anticancer efficacy of CisPt largely depends on the formation of bivalent DNA intrastrand crosslinks, which stimulate mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR), thereby triggering checkpoint activation, gene expression and cell death. The clinically most relevant adverse effect associated with CisPt treatment is nephrotoxicity that results from damage to renal tubular epithelial cells. Here, we addressed the question whether the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor lovastatin affects the DDR of renal cells by employing rat renal proximal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cells as in vitro model. The data show that lovastatin has extensive inhibitory effects on CisPt-stimulated DDR of NRK-52E cells as reflected on the levels of phosphorylated ATM, Chk1, Chk2, p53 and Kap1. Mitigation of CisPt-induced DDR by lovastatin was independent of the formation of DNA damage as demonstrated by (i) the analysis of Pt-(GpG) intrastrand crosslink formation by Southwestern blot analyses and (ii) the generation of DNA strand breaks as analyzed on the level of nuclear γH2AX foci and employing the alkaline comet assay. Lovastatin protected NRK-52E cells from the cytotoxicity of high CisPt doses as shown by measuring cell viability, cellular impedance and flow cytometry-based analyses of cell death. Importantly, the statin also reduced the level of kidney DNA damage and apoptosis triggered by CisPt treatment of mice. The data show that the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin extensively counteracts pro-apoptotic signal mechanisms of the DDR of tubular epithelial cells following CisPt injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krüger
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Ziegler
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Hartmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Henninger
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Minami T, Satoh K, Nogi M, Kudo S, Miyata S, Tanaka SI, Shimokawa H. Statins up-regulate SmgGDS through β1-integrin/Akt1 pathway in endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 109:151-61. [PMID: 26598509 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) independent of cholesterol-lowering effects have attracted much attention. We have recently demonstrated that the pleiotropic effects of statins are partly mediated through up-regulation of small GTP-binding protein dissociation stimulator (SmgGDS) with a resultant Rac1 degradation and reduced oxidative stress. However, it remains to be elucidated what molecular mechanisms are involved. METHODS AND RESULTS To first determine in what tissue statins up-regulate SmgGDS expression, we examined the effects of two statins (atorvastatin 10 mg/kg per day and pravastatin 50 mg/kg per day for 1 week) on SmgGDS expression in mice in vivo. The two statins increased SmgGDS expression especially in the aorta. Atorvastatin also increased SmgGDS expression in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human aortic endothelial cells, but not in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, Akt phosphorylation was transiently enhanced only in HUVEC in response to atorvastatin. Then, to examine whether Akt is involved for up-regulation of SmgGDS by statins, we knocked out Akt1 by its siRNA in HUVEC, which abolished the effects by atorvastatin to up-regulate SmgGDS. Furthermore, when we knocked down β1-integrin to elucidate the upstream molecule of Akt1, the effect of atorvastatin to up-regulate SmgGDS was abolished. Finally, we confirmed that Akt activator, SC79, significantly up-regulate SmgGDS in HUVEC. CONCLUSION These results indicate that statins selectively up-regulate SmgGDS in endothelial cells, for which the β1-integrin/Akt1 pathway may be involved, demonstrating the novel aspects of the pleiotropic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Minami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Kudo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Rho GTPases: Novel Players in the Regulation of the DNA Damage Response? Biomolecules 2015; 5:2417-34. [PMID: 26437439 PMCID: PMC4693241 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) belongs to the family of Ras-homologous small GTPases. It is well characterized as a membrane-bound signal transducing molecule that is involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion as well as cell cycle progression, mitosis, cell death and gene expression. Rac1 also adjusts cellular responses to genotoxic stress by regulating the activity of stress kinases, including c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 kinases as well as related transcription factors. Apart from being found on the inner side of the outer cell membrane and in the cytosol, Rac1 has also been detected inside the nucleus. Different lines of evidence indicate that genotoxin-induced DNA damage is able to activate nuclear Rac1. The exact mechanisms involved and the biological consequences, however, are unclear. The data available so far indicate that Rac1 might integrate DNA damage independent and DNA damage dependent cellular stress responses following genotoxin treatment, thereby coordinating mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR) that are related to DNA repair, survival and cell death.
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Abstract
Statins or 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors not only prevents the synthesis of cholesterol biosynthesis but also inhibits the synthesis of essential isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, isopentanyl adenosine, dolichols and polyisoprenoid side chains of ubiquinone, heme A, and nuclear lamins. These isoprenoid intermediates are required for activation of various intracellular/signaling proteins- small guanosine triphosphate bound protein Ras and Ras-like proteins like Rho, Rab, Rac, Ral, or Rap which plays an indispensible role in multiple cellular processes. Reduction of circulating isoprenoids intermediates as a result of HMG CoA reductase inhibition by statins prevents activation of these signalling proteins. Hence, the multiple effects of statins such as antiinflammatory effects, antioxidant effects, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects, plaque stability, normalization of sympathetic outflow, and prevention of platelet aggregation are due to reduction of circulating isoprenoids and hence inactivation of signalling proteins. These multiple lipid-independent effects of statins termed as statin pleiotropy would potentially open floodgates for research in multiple treatment domains catching attentions of researchers and clinician across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Life Care Institute, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Hardik Vasnawala
- Cardiovascular Division, Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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26
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Yoshimura K, Nagasawa A, Kudo J, Onoda M, Morikage N, Furutani A, Aoki H, Hamano K. Inhibitory effect of statins on inflammation-related pathways in human abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11213-28. [PMID: 25993292 PMCID: PMC4463697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been suggested to attenuate abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth. However, the effects of statins in human AAA tissues are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effects of statins on proinflammatory molecules in human AAA walls in ex vivo culture. Simvastatin strongly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human AAA walls, but showed little effect on c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Simvastatin, as well as pitavastatin significantly reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-2 and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (CXCL5) under both basal and TNF-α-stimulated conditions. Similar to statins, the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB, accompanied by a decreased secretion of MMP-9, MCP-2 and CXCL5. Moreover, the effect of simvastatin and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was additive in inhibiting the secretion of MMP-9, MCP-2 and CXCL5. These findings indicate that statins preferentially inhibit the Rac1/NF-κB pathway to suppress MMP-9 and chemokine secretion in human AAA, suggesting a mechanism for the potential effect of statins in attenuating AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nagasawa
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Junichi Kudo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Onoda
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Akira Furutani
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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27
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Millar PJ. Uncovering the mechanisms for statin-mediated dysglycaemia: role of Rac1? J Physiol 2015; 593:2237-8. [DOI: 10.1113/jp270260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Millar
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
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28
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Escudero P, Martinez de Marañón A, Collado A, Gonzalez-Navarro H, Hermenegildo C, Peiró C, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Combined sub-optimal doses of rosuvastatin and bexarotene impair angiotensin II-induced arterial mononuclear cell adhesion through inhibition of Nox5 signaling pathways and increased RXR/PPARα and RXR/PPARγ interactions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:901-20. [PMID: 25602514 PMCID: PMC4376291 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mononuclear cell (MC) infiltration into the arterial subendothelium is a key event in atherogenesis. Rosuvastatin (Rosu) and bexarotene (Bex) exert anti-inflammatory activity, but serious dose-related adverse effects have emerged. The need for safer and effective strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis led us to test the effect of combined use of both drugs on angiotensin II (Ang-II)-induced arterial MC recruitment. RESULTS Vehicle, Rosu (10-30 nM), Bex (0.3-1 μM), or a combination of both were administered to human umbilical arterial endothelial cells (HUAECs) 20 h before stimulation with 1 μM Ang-II (4 h). Surprisingly, a combination of Rosu (10 nM)+Bex (0.3 μM), which did not influence Ang-II-induced MC recruitment when either stimulus was studied alone, significantly reduced this response. This effect was accompanied by diminished Ang-II-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CX3CL1 endothelial expression and CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL2, and CCL5 production. Preincubation of HUAECs with Rosu+Bex inhibited Nox5 expression and Nox5-induced RhoA activation stimulated by Ang-II through increased RXRα, PPARα, and PPARγ expression in addition to RXRα/PPARα and RXRα/PPARγ interactions. In vivo, combined but not single administration of Rosu (1.25 mg/kg/day) and Bex (10 mg/kg/day) significantly diminished Ang-II-induced arteriolar leukocyte adhesion in the cremasteric microcirculation of C57BL/6 mice and atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE(-/-) mice subjected to an atherogenic diet. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Combined administration of Bex+Rosu at suboptimal doses may constitute a new alternative and effective therapy in the control of the vascular inflammation associated to cardiometabolic disorders, since they synergize in their anti-inflammatory actions and may counteract their associated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Escudero
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia , Valencia, Spain
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29
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Bruder-Nascimento T, Callera GE, Montezano AC, He Y, Antunes TT, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Tostes RC, Touyz RM. Vascular injury in diabetic db/db mice is ameliorated by atorvastatin: role of Rac1/2-sensitive Nox-dependent pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:411-23. [PMID: 25358739 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress [increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS)] plays a role in the endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, which underlie vascular damage in diabetes. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are vasoprotective in diabetes through unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that atorvastatin decreases NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived ROS generation and associated vascular injury in diabetes. Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) (db/db) mice, a model of Type 2 diabetes and control Lepr(db)/Lepr(+) (db/+) mice were administered atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day, 2 weeks). Atorvastatin improved glucose tolerance in db/db mice. Systemic and vascular oxidative stress in db/db mice, characterized by increased plasma TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels and exaggerated vascular Nox-derived ROS generation respectively, were inhibited by atorvastatin. Cytosol-to-membrane translocation of the Nox regulatory subunit p47(phox) and the small GTPase Rac1/2 was increased in vessels from db/db mice compared with db/+ mice, an effect blunted by atorvastatin. The increase in vascular Nox1/2/4 expression and increased phosphorylation of redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was abrogated by atorvastatin in db/db mice. Pro-inflammatory signalling (decreased IκB-α and increased NF-κB p50 expression, increased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation) and associated vascular inflammation [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and vascular monocyte adhesion], which were increased in aortas of db/db mice, were blunted by atorvastatin. Impaired acetylcholine (Ach)- and insulin (INS)-induced vasorelaxation in db/db mice was normalized by atorvastatin. Our results demonstrate that, in diabetic mice, atorvastatin decreases vascular oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorates vascular injury through processes involving decreased activation of Rac1/2 and Nox. These findings elucidate redox-sensitive and Rac1/2-dependent mechanisms whereby statins protect against vascular injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- *Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia E Callera
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- ‡Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ying He
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tayze T Antunes
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- *Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Chronic heart damage following doxorubicin treatment is alleviated by lovastatin. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:47-56. [PMID: 25462173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of anthracyclines is limited by cumulative dose-dependent early and delayed cardiotoxicity resulting in congestive heart failure. Mechanisms responsible for anthracycline-induced heart damage are controversially discussed and effective preventive measures are preferable. Here, we analyzed the influence of the lipid lowering drug lovastatin on anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity three month after treatment of C57BL/6 mice with five low doses of doxorubicin (5×3mg/kg BW; i.p.). Doxorubicin increased the cardiac mRNA levels of BNP, IL-6 and CTGF, while the expression of ANP remained unchanged. Lovastatin counteracted these persisting cardiac stress responses evoked by the anthracycline. Doxorubicin-induced fibrotic alterations were neither detected by histochemical collagen staining of heart sections nor by analysis of the mRNA expression of collagens. Extensive qRT-PCR-array based analyses revealed a large increase in the mRNA level of heat shock protein Hspa1b in doxorubicin-treated mice, which was mitigated by lovastatin co-treatment. Electron microscopy together with qPCR-based analysis of mitochondrial DNA content indicate that lovastatin attenuates doxorubicin-stimulated hyperproliferation of mitochondria. This was not paralleled by increased expression of oxidative stress responsive genes or senescence-associated proteins. Echocardiographic analyses disclosed that lovastatin protects from the doxorubicin-induced decrease in the left ventricular posterior wall diameter (LVPWD), while constrictions in fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) evoked by doxorubicin were not amended by the statin. Taken together, the data suggest beneficial effects of lovastatin against doxorubicin-induced delayed cardiotoxicity. Clinical studies are preferable to scrutinize the usefulness of statins for the prevention of anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity.
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31
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Loirand G, Pacaud P. Involvement of Rho GTPases and their regulators in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Small GTPases 2014; 5:1-10. [PMID: 25496262 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of arterial blood pressure is essential to allow permanent adjustment of nutrient and oxygen supply to organs and tissues according to their need. This is achieved through highly coordinated regulation processes controlling vascular resistance through modulation of arterial smooth muscle contraction, cardiac output, and kidney function. Members of the Rho family of small GTPases, in particular RhoA and Rac1, have been identified as key signaling molecules playing important roles in several different steps of these regulatory processes. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of Rho GTPase signaling in the control of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of hypertension. We describe how knockout models in mouse, genetic, and pharmacological studies in human have been useful to address this question.
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Key Words
- AT1 receptor, type 1 Ang II receptor
- Ang II, angiotensine II
- ENaCs, epithelial Na+ channels
- Et-1, endothelin-1
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, exchange factors
- GTPase activating proteins
- GTPases
- MLC, 20 kDa-myosin light chain
- MLCK, MLC kinase
- MLCP, MLC phosphatase
- NA, noradrenaline
- NHE3, sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3.
- NO, nitric oxide
- NTS, nucleus tractus solitaries
- PDE5, type 5 phosphodiesterase
- PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase
- Rock, Rho-kinase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats
- SHRSP, stroke-prone SHR
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- artery
- blood pressure
- cardiovascular
- eNOS, endothelial NO synthase
- exchange factors
- signal transduction
- small G proteins
- smooth muscle
- vasoconstriction
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Bhattacharya R, Ajmera M, Bhattacharjee S, Sambamoorthi U. Use of antidepressants and statins and short-term risk of new-onset diabetes among high risk adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:251-60. [PMID: 24954100 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the association of combined use of antidepressants and statins and the risk of new-onset diabetes among high-risk adults. METHODS We used a retrospective, observational, longitudinal design among adults (age ≥ 22 years) who were diabetes free at baseline and had reported hypertension or hyperlipidemia or heart disease. We used data were from 2004 to 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and identified from self-reported diabetes or insulin use. We categorized antidepressants and statins use into four groups: antidepressants only, statins only, combined use of antidepressants and statins (antidepressants-statins), and neither antidepressant nor statins. We conducted chi-square and multivariable logistic regressions to examine the association between use of antidepressants-statins and new-onset diabetes after controlling for demographic and economic characteristics, health-status, access to care, presence of depression, and lifestyle risk factors. RESULTS In our study sample, 9.3% used antidepressants only, 10.7% used statins only and 2.4% adults reported use of antidepressants-statins. Nearly 2% of the study sample reported new-onset diabetes. In unadjusted analyses, significantly higher proportion of adults using antidepressants-statins (3.2%) reported new-onset diabetes compared to those using neither antidepressants nor statins (1.1%). However, after controlling for all other variables in multivariable regression we did not observe a statistically significant association between use of antidepressants-statins and new-onset diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our study results do not suggest that use of antidepressants-statins may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes. Future research needs to examine this relationship with specific combinations of these drug classes and using longer follow up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Mayank Ajmera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sandipan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Usha Sambamoorthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Werner B, Dittmann S, Funke C, Überla K, Piper C, Niehaus K, Horstkotte D, Farr M. Effect of lovastatin on coxsackievirus B3 infection in human endothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Myocardial Rac1 exhibits partial involvement in thyroxin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and its inhibition is not sufficient to improve cardiac dysfunction or contractile abnormalities in mouse papillary muscles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:536-44. [PMID: 23429587 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828d4b9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: Development of cardiac hypertrophy after thyroxin (T4) treatment is well recognized. Recently, we observed that T4-induced cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased cardiac Rac1 expression and activity. Whether this Rac1 increase has a role in inducing this cardiac phenotype is, however, still unknown. Here, we showed that T4 treatment (500 µg/kg/d) for 2 weeks resulted in increased myocardial Rac1 activity with subsequent hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in vivo. Isolated right ventricular papillary muscles of T4-treated mice maintained their peak isometric active developed tension but exhibited significant decreases in their corresponding time to peak and in relaxation times. Positive inotropic responses to increasing pacing rate and β-adrenergic stimulation were also depressed in these muscles. Pravastatin (10 mg/kg/d), a Rac1 inhibitor, significantly decreased myocardial Rac1 activity, hypertension, and cardiomyocyte size in T4-treated mice but could not attenuate gross heart weight or functional cardiac changes in these mice. Our data showed that T4 could activate different signaling pathways with distinct cardiovascular outcomes. We also provide the first mechanistic evidence for the partial involvement of Rac1 activation in T4-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reveal a putative role for Rac1 in the development of T4-induced hypertension.
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35
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Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
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Combination therapy with atorvastatin and amlodipine suppresses angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72558. [PMID: 23967318 PMCID: PMC3742630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease. It is controversial whether statin and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) has an inhibitory effect on the expansion of AAA. Some studies reported that CCBs have an inhibitory effect on Rho-kinase activity. Rho-kinase plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. However, there is no study reporting of the association between Rho-kinase and human AAAs. Methods and Results Experimental AAA was induced in Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice infused with angiotensin II (AngII) for 28 days. They were randomly divided into the following 5 groups; saline infusion alone (sham), AngII infusion alone, AngII infusion plus atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day), AngII infusion plus amlodipine (1 mg/kg/day), and AngII infusion plus combination therapy with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) and amlodipine (1 mg/kg/day). The combination therapy significantly suppressed AngII-induced increase in maximal aortic diameter as compared with sham, whereas each monotherapy had no inhibitory effects. The combination therapy significantly reduced AngII-induced apoptosis and elastin degradation at the AAA lesion, whereas each monotherapy did not. Moreover, Rho-kinase activity, as evaluated by the extent of phosphorylation of myosin-binding subunit (a substrate of Rho-kinase) and matrix metalloproteinase activity were significantly increased in the AngII-induced AAA lesion as compared with sham, both of which were again significantly suppressed by the combination therapy. In human aortic samples, immunohistochemistory revealed that the activity and expression of Rho-kinase was up-regulated in AAA lesion as compared with abdominal aorta from control subjects. Conclusions Rho-kinase is up-regulated in the aortic wall of human AAA. The combination therapy with amlodipine and Atorvastatin, but not each monotherapy, suppresses AngII-induced AAA formation in mice in vivo, for which Rho-kinase inhibition may be involved.
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Egom EE, Rose RA, Neyses L, Soran H, Cleland JGF, Mamas MA. Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling as a potential underlying mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2013; 50:79-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.813013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tanaka SI, Fukumoto Y, Nochioka K, Minami T, Kudo S, Shiba N, Takai Y, Williams CL, Liao JK, Shimokawa H. Statins exert the pleiotropic effects through small GTP-binding protein dissociation stimulator upregulation with a resultant Rac1 degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1591-600. [PMID: 23640485 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) independent of cholesterol-lowering effects are thought to be mediated through inhibition of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway. However, we have previously demonstrated that the pleiotropic effects of regular-dose statins are mediated mainly through inhibition of the Rac1 signaling pathway rather than the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway, although the molecular mechanisms of the selective inhibition of the Rac1 signaling pathway by regular-dose statins remain to be elucidated. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator (SmgGDS) plays a crucial role in the molecular mechanisms of the Rac1 signaling pathway inhibition by statins in endothelial cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS In cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells, statins concentration-dependently increased SmgGDS expression and decreased nuclear Rac1. Statins also enhanced SmgGDS expression in mouse aorta. In control mice, the protective effects of statins against angiotensin II-induced medial thickening of coronary arteries and fibrosis were noted, whereas in SmgGDS-deficient mice, the protective effects of statins were absent. When SmgGDS was knocked down by its small interfering RNA in human umbilical venous endothelial cells, statins were no longer able to induce Rac1 degradation or inhibit angiotensin II-induced production of reactive oxygen species. Finally, in normal healthy volunteers, statins significantly increased SmgGDS expression with a significant negative correlation between SmgGDS expression and oxidative stress markers, whereas no correlation was noted with total or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that statins exert their pleiotropic effects through SmgGDS upregulation with a resultant Rac1 degradation and reduced oxidative stress in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Ni XQ, Zhu JH, Yao NH, Qian J, Yang XJ. Statins suppress glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by regulating RhoA and nuclear factor-κB activities in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:37-46. [PMID: 23479762 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible proinflammatory signaling pathways involved in statin inhibition of glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Primary rat CMECs were grown in the presence of 5.7 or 23 mmol/L glucose. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by realtime polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. A pull-down assay was performed to determine RhoA activity. IκBα protein expression was measured by Western blotting, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and its transcription activity was determined by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were both increased with high glucose concentrations, but they were significantly suppressed by simvastatin and atorvastatin treatment (P < 0.01) and the effects were reversed by mevalonate (100 μmol/L) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L) but not farnesyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L). Such effects were similar to those of a RhoA inhibitor, C3 exoenzyme (5 μg/mL), inhibitors of RhoA kinase (ROCK), Y-27632 (10 μmol/L) and hydroxyfasudil (10 μmol/L) and an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082 (5 μmol/L). High glucose-induced RhoA and NF-κB activations in CMECs were both significantly inhibited by statins (P < 0.01). Simvastatin and atorvastatin equally suppress high glucose-induced PAI-1 expression. These effects of statins may occur partly by regulating the RhoA/ROCK-NF-κB pathway. The multifunctional roles of statins may be particularly beneficial for patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ni
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi St 188, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
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Hinterleitner C, Huelsenbeck J, Henninger C, Wartlick F, Schorr A, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 signaling protects monocytic AML cells expressing the MLL-AF9 oncogene from caspase-mediated apoptotic death. Apoptosis 2013; 18:963-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Noda K, Hosoya M, Nakajima S, Ohashi J, Fukumoto Y, Shimokawa H. Anti-atherogenic effects of the combination therapy with olmesartan and azelnidipine in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2013; 228:305-15. [PMID: 23124103 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.228.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have aimed to identify anti-atherogenic agents in cardiovascular medicine. We have recently demonstrated that the combination therapy with olmesartan (OLM), an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and azelnidipine (AZL), a dihydroprydine calcium-channel blocker, improves endothelial function in diabetic Apolipoprotein-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. In the present study, we examined whether this combination therapy also inhibits atherosclerosis in mice. We used male control and streptozocin-induced diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice. Diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice were orally treated for 5 weeks with vehicle (Untreated), OLM (30 mg/kg/day), AZL (10 mg/kg/day), their combination (OLM+AZL), or hydralazine (HYD, 5 mg/kg/day) as an antihypertensive control. At 5 weeks, systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated in Untreated but was normalized in OLM+AZL and HYD. The atherosclerosis area in the thoracic aorta, perivascular fibrosis and medial thickness of the coronary arteries were increased in Untreated and were ameliorated in OLM+AZL but not in HYD. Staining with a fluorescent probe dihydroethidium showed that production of reactive oxygen species was increased in Untreated, and ameliorated in OLM+AZL. Consistent with these findings, macrophage infiltration in the kidney and the expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products in the heart, kidney and liver were increased in Untreated and were all ameliorated in OLM+AZL, associated with up-regulation of endothelial NO syntheses (eNOS). In conclusion, the combination therapy with OLM and AZL exerts anti-atherogenic effect in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice through suppression of oxidative stress and activation of eNOS, independent of its blood pressure-lowering effects. Clinically, this combination therapy may be useful for patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Noda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Hermida N, Markl A, Hamelet J, Van Assche T, Vanderper A, Herijgers P, van Bilsen M, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Noppe G, Beauloye C, Horman S, Balligand JL. HMGCoA reductase inhibition reverses myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction through AMP-activated protein kinase activation in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:44-54. [PMID: 23542580 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to myocardial fibrosis (MF) and diastolic dysfunction. Statins have proven beneficial effects in MS, but their impact on cardiac remodelling is uncertain. We examined the effects and mechanisms of chronic statin treatment on cardiac remodelling, e.g. fibrosis and diastolic properties. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a mouse model deficient in leptin and the LDL-receptor (DKO) that reproduces this MS phenotype. DKO mice (12 weeks) were treated with rosuvastatin (R) for 6 months vs. placebo. Morphometric and echocardiographic measurements showed that R reduced cardiac mass and increased left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter despite unchanged cardiomyocyte dimensions. Similarly, R had no effect on the hypertrophic response to neurohormones in isolated cardiomyocytes. Conversely, R reversed the age-dependent development of MF as well as mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and several pro-fibrotic markers (procollagen type I, its carboxy-terminal proteinase, Lysyl oxidase). R similarly inhibited the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1 on procollagen type I, alpha Smooth Muscle Actin expression and migratory properties of cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. In parallel, R increased the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known inhibitor of fibrosis, in vivo and in vitro, and the anti-fibrotic effects of R were abrogated in fibroblasts transfected with AMPKα1/α2 siRNA. The reversal of MF by R in DKO mice was accompanied with improved diastolic properties assessed by P-V loop analysis (slope of EDPVR, dP/dt min and cardiac output). CONCLUSION In this model of MS, statin treatment reverses myocardial remodelling and improves ventricular relaxation through AMPK-mediated anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hermida
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique , Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.53.09 à 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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The mitochondrial unfolded protein response activator ATFS-1 protects cells from inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5981-6. [PMID: 23530189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218778110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol via the mevalonate pathway. This pathway also produces coenzyme Q (a component of the respiratory chain), dolichols (important for protein glycosylation), and isoprenoids (lipid moieties responsible for the membrane association of small GTPases). We previously showed that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is useful to study the noncholesterol effects of statins because its mevalonate pathway lacks the sterol synthesis branch but retains all other branches. Here, from a screen of 150,000 mutagenized genomes, we isolated four C. elegans mutants resistant to statins by virtue of gain-of-function mutations within the first six amino acids of the protein ATFS-1, the key regulator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response that includes activation of the chaperones HSP-6 and HSP-60. The atfs-1 gain-of-function mutants are also resistant to ibandronate, an inhibitor of an enzyme downstream of HMG-CoA reductase, and to gliotoxin, an inhibitor acting on a subbranch of the pathway important for protein prenylation, and showed improved mitochondrial function and protein prenylation in the presence of statins. Additionally, preinduction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in wild-type worms using ethidium bromide or paraquat triggered statin resistance, and similar observations were made in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and in a mammalian cell line. We conclude that statin resistance through maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is conserved across species, and that the cell-lethal effects of statins are caused primarily through impaired protein prenylation that results in mitochondria dysfunction.
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Bopp A, Wartlick F, Henninger C, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 modulates acute and subacute genotoxin-induced hepatic stress responses, fibrosis and liver aging. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e558. [PMID: 23519127 PMCID: PMC3613835 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the importance of the Ras-homologous GTPase Rac1 for the hepatic response to genotoxic insults and liver aging, rac1 was deleted in liver of mice by Mx1-Cre-based recombination. Knockout of rac1 caused complex changes in basal as well as doxorubicin and ionizing radiation-induced mRNA expression of various genotoxic stress response-related genes, including hspa1b, rad51, wrn and xpc. Rac1 deletion protected the liver from acute toxicity following doxorubicin treatment. Moreover, the level of S139 phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), which is indicative of DNA damage, and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (CTGF, TGFβ, αSMA) factors were mitigated in rac1 knockout animals. By contrast, lack of rac1 promoted subacute hepatotoxicity, which was determined 3 weeks after injection of multiple low doses of doxorubicin by assaying the γH2AX level, mitotic index and pro-fibrotic gene expression. Regarding ionizing radiation, rac1 deficiency had no major effects on DNA damage induction or acute pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic stress responses. Mice lacking hepatic rac1 for extended period of time (15 months) revealed increased mRNA expression of fibrosis-related factors (CTGF, TGFβ, collagen, MMP1) and fibrotic tissue remodeling. In addition, protein expression of the senescence marker p16 was enhanced in the absence of rac1. Taken together, the data provide evidence that Rac1 is required for doxorubicin-induced DNA damage induction. It is also involved in both the acute and delayed inflammatory and fibrotic stress response in the liver following doxorubicin, but not ionizing radiation, treatment and, furthermore, protects against endogenous liver aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bopp
- Department of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suppression of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and prevention of cerebral vasospasm by combination treatment with statin and fasudil after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbit. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:368-74. [PMID: 23658597 PMCID: PMC3644406 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rho/Rho-kinase pathway is considered important in the pathogenesis of sustained smooth muscle cell contraction during cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aims of this study were to investigate whether combination treatment, with pitavastatin as an inhibitor of RhoA and fasudil as an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, prevents the cerebral vasospasm. SAH was simulated using the double-hemorrhage rabbit model, and pitavastatin, or fasudil, or both (combination treatment) were administrated. The basilar artery (BA) cross-sectional area only in the combination treatment group was statistically larger than in the SAH group (p < 0.05). BA Rho-kinase, as measured by ELISA, was statistically reduced only in the combination treatment group compared with the SAH group (p < 0.05). In the other two treatment groups, pitavastatin or fasudil treatment group showed larger BA cross-sectional areas and lower value for BA Rho-kinase, but there were no statistically significant differences compared with the SAH group. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the pitavastatin group and the combination group, was higher than in the SAH group. Results indicate that combination treatment could extensively prevent cerebral vasospasm due to the synergic effect of combining pitavastatin and fasudil on the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and on eNOS.
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Pouwels KB, Visser ST, Hak E. Effect of pravastatin and fosinopril on recurrent urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:708-14. [PMID: 23111852 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a problem affecting both women and men. Animal experiments and in vitro studies indicate that statins might prevent recurrent UTIs. We assessed the effects of pravastatin on UTI antibiotic prescribing among adults. METHODS A post hoc analysis was conducted with data from PREVEND IT, a trial among participants randomized to receive pravastatin, fosinopril or placebo in a 2 × 2 factorial design over 4 years. Trial data were linked to the pharmacy prescription database IADB.nl. The primary outcome was the number of prescriptions with a nitrofuran derivate, a sulphonamide or trimethoprim as a proxy for UTI antibiotic prescribing. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the effect on the number of UTI antibiotic prescriptions. Cox regression was used to determine the effect on first and second (recurrent) UTI antibiotic prescriptions. RESULTS Of the 864 trial participants, 655 were eligible for analysis. During an average follow-up of 3.8 years, 112 (17%) participants received at least one UTI antibiotic prescription. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that pravastatin was associated with a reduced total number of UTI antibiotic prescriptions (relative risk, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.88) and occurrence of second UTI antibiotic prescriptions [hazard ratio (HR), 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.77]. No significant effect on occurrence of first UTI antibiotic prescriptions was found (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.20). Fosinopril was associated with an increased occurrence of first UTI antibiotic prescriptions (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.16-2.88). Combination therapy with fosinopril and pravastatin did not significantly influence the number of UTI antibiotic prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that pravastatin can reduce the occurrence of recurrent UTIs. Larger studies among patients with recurrent UTIs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen B Pouwels
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology and PharmacoEconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Huelsenbeck SC, Schorr A, Roos WP, Huelsenbeck J, Henninger C, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 protein signaling is required for DNA damage response stimulated by topoisomerase II poisons. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38590-9. [PMID: 23012366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potency of the topoisomerase II (topo II) poisons doxorubicin and etoposide to stimulate the DNA damage response (DDR), S139 phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX) was analyzed using rat cardiomyoblast cells (H9c2). Etoposide caused a dose-dependent increase in the γH2AX level as shown by Western blotting. By contrast, the doxorubicin response was bell-shaped with high doses failing to increase H2AX phosphorylation. Identical results were obtained by immunohistochemical analysis of γH2AX focus formation, comet assay-based DNA strand break analysis, and measuring the formation of the topo II-DNA cleavable complex. At low dose, doxorubicin activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) but not ATM and Rad3-related (ATR). Both the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin and the Rac1-specific inhibitor NSC23766 attenuated doxorubicin- and etoposide-stimulated H2AX phosphorylation, induction of DNA strand breaks, and topo II-DNA complex formation. Lovastatin and NSC23766 acted in an additive manner. They did not attenuate doxorubicin-induced increase in p-ATM and p-Chk2 levels. DDR stimulated by topo II poisons was partially blocked by inhibition of type I p21-associated kinases. DDR evoked by the topoisomerase I poison topotecan remained unaffected by lovastatin. The data show that the mechanisms involved in DDR stimulated by topo II poisons are agent-specific with anthracyclines lacking DDR-stimulating activity at high doses. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 signaling counteracts doxorubicin- and etoposide-stimulated DDR by disabling the formation of the topo II-DNA cleavable complex. Based on the data we suggest that Rac1-regulated mechanisms are required for DNA damage induction and subsequent activation of the DDR following treatment with topo II but not topo I poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Huelsenbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Henninger C, Huelsenbeck J, Huelsenbeck S, Grösch S, Schad A, Lackner KJ, Kaina B, Fritz G. The lipid lowering drug lovastatin protects against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:66-73. [PMID: 22712078 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the main detoxifying organ and therefore the target of high concentrations of genotoxic compounds, such as environmental carcinogens and anticancer drugs. Here, we investigated the usefulness of lovastatin, which is nowadays widely used for lipid lowering purpose, as a hepatoprotective drug following the administration of the anthracycline derivative doxorubicin in vivo. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed to either a single high dose or three consecutive low doses of doxorubicin. Acute and subacute hepatotoxicities were analyzed with or without lovastatin co-treatment. Lovastatin protected the liver against doxorubicin-induced acute pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic stress responses as indicated by an attenuated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), respectively. Hepatoprotection by lovastatin was due to a reduced induction of DNA damage following doxorubicin treatment. The statin also mitigated subacute anthracycline-provoked hepatotoxicity as shown on the level of doxorubicin- and epirubicin-stimulated CTGF mRNA expression as well as histopathologically detectable fibrosis and serum concentration of marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity (GPT/GLDH). Kidney damage following doxorubicin exposure was not detectable under our experimental conditions.Moreover, lovastatin showed multiple inhibitory effects on doxorubicin-triggered hepatic expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response, drug transport, DNA repair, cell cycle progression and cell death. Doxorubicin also stimulated the formation of ceramides. Ceramide production, however, was not blocked by lovastatin, indicating that hepatoprotection by lovastatin is independent of the sphingolipid metabolism. Overall, the data show that lovastatin is hepatoprotective following genotoxic stress induced by anthracyclines. Based on the data, we hypothesize that statins might be suitable to lower hepatic injury following anthracycline-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Henninger
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinases (ROCKs), the downstream target proteins of RhoA, are ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine protein kinases. ROCKs have diverse cellular functions, e.g. smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, and gene expression. Accumulating evidence has revealed that ROCKs are substantially involved in cardiovascular disorders such as angina, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac hypertrophy. So far, the significant relationship of ROCKs with endothelial function has been reported. ROCKs inhibition by statins or other selective inhibitors leads to the upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, resulting in the reduction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, it has been also demonstrated that endogenous nitric oxide could inhibit RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Taken together, there might be critical crosstalk of ROCKs with endothelial function. In addition, we further focus on leukocyte ROCK activity as a surrogate marker in patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases. Indeed, leukocyte ROCK activity has been shown to be increased in atherosclerotic patients, indicating the possible usage of leukocyte ROCK activity as a surrogate marker similar to endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilation. Here, we review concerning ROCK signaling pathway, especially focusing on the crosstalk of ROCKs with endothelial function.
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Aoki C, Nakano A, Tanaka S, Yanagi K, Ohta S, Jojima T, Kasai K, Takekawa H, Hirata K, Hattori Y. Fluvastatin upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity via enhancement of its phosphorylation and expression and via an increase in tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular endothelial cells. Int J Cardiol 2012; 156:55-61. [PMID: 21093076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, appears to act directly on the blood vessel wall to stabilize plaques in situ, agents that share this property have been termed vascular statins. METHODS We investigated the effects of fluvastatin on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and expression, as well as terahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). RESULTS Fluvastatin was observed to enhance eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177 and Ser-633 through the PI3-kinase/Akt and PKA pathways, respectively. Inhibition of eNOS phosphorylation using inhibitors of these pathways attenuated acute NO release in response to fluvastatin. The mRNA of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the first step of de novo BH4 synthesis, as well as eNOS, was upregulated in HUVEC treated with fluvastatin. In parallel with this observation, fluvastatin increased intracellular BH4. Pre-treatment of HUVEC with the selective GTPCH inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, reduced intracellular BH4 and decreased citrulline formation following stimulation with ionomycin. Furthermore, the potentiating effect of fluvastatin was reduced by limiting the cellular availability of BH4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that fluvastatin phosphorylates and activates eNOS, and increases eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells. In addition to modulating eNOS, fluvastatin potentiates GTPCH gene expression and BH4 synthesis, thereby increasing NO production and preventing relative shortages of BH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Aoki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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