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Peripheral gabapentin regulates mosquito allergy-induced itch in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:44-49. [PMID: 29842875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The antipruritic activity of gabapentin, an anticonvulsant, was studied in a mouse model of allergic itch. In mice sensitized by an extract of the salivary glands of the mosquito (ESGM), an intradermal injection of ESGM elicited scratching and increased peripheral nerve firing. Oral or intradermal administration of gabapentin at the ESGM injection site inhibited ESGM-induced scratching and peripheral nerve firing. However, gabapentin did not affect histamine-induced scratching. The distributions of immunoreactivity to the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2δ-1 subunit, a site of gabapentin action, and the histamine H1 receptor differed in the mouse dorsal root ganglia. The α2δ-1 subunit was mainly found in neurons that were 15-20 µm in diameter, whereas the H1 receptor was mainly in 20-30 µm neurons. In addition, α2δ-1 subunit immunoreactivity co-localized with that of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). These results suggest that gabapentin regulates allergic itch by acting on the calcium channel α2δ-1 subunit in peripheral TRPV1-positive neurons.
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2
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Kuraishi Y. Methods for preclinical assessment of antipruritic agents and itch mechanisms independent of mast-cell histamine. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:635-44. [PMID: 25947907 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. Mast-cell histamine was thought to be a key itch mediator. However, histamine and mast-cell degranulation were reported not to elicit scratching in animals. It was difficult to investigate the pathophysiology of itching and to evaluate the antipruritic efficacy of chemical agents in the early 1990 s. We showed that hind-paw scratching and biting were elicited by stimulation with pruritogenic agents in mice. Those results demonstrated for the first time that cutaneous itching could be evaluated behaviorally in animals. We established various animal models of pathological itch of the skin (dry skin, mosquito allergy, surfactant-induced pruritus, and herpes zoster) and mucus membranes (pollen allergy). Mast-cell histamine did not play a key role in itching in any animal model examined except for the pollen allergy model. Histamine is not an exclusive itch mediator of mast cells; tryptase and leukotriene B4 released from mast cells also act as itch mediators. Epidermal keratinocytes release several itch mediators, such as leukotriene B4, sphingosylphosphorylcholine, thromboxane A2, nociceptin, nitric oxide, and histamine, which may play important roles in pathological itching. Appropriate animal models of pathological itching are needed for pharmacological evaluation of the antipruritic efficacy of chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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3
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The interaction between histamine H1 receptor and μ- opioid receptor in scratching behavior in ICR mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 777:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Haruna T, Soga M, Morioka Y, Hikita I, Imura K, Furue Y, Yamamoto M, Imura C, Ikeda M, Yamauchi A, Deguchi M, Shichijo M, Arimura A, Yasui K. S-777469, a Novel Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist, Suppresses Itch-Associated Scratching Behavior in Rodents through Inhibition of Itch Signal Transmission. Pharmacology 2015; 95:95-103. [DOI: 10.1159/000371890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Andoh T, Yoshida T, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Cathepsin E induces itch-related response through the production of endothelin-1 in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 686:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Andoh T, Kuwazono T, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Gastrin-releasing peptide induces itch-related responses through mast cell degranulation in mice. Peptides 2011; 32:2098-103. [PMID: 21933692 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), secreted from the central terminals of primary afferents, is involved in the transmission of itch signals in the spinal dorsal horn. Although primary afferents containing GRP are distributed throughout the skin, the role of peripherally released GRP in the itch response is unknown. We investigated whether GRP acts on the skin to induce an itch response in mice. Intradermal injections of GRP(18-27) (1-300 nmol/site) elicited scratching. GRP(18-27)-induced scratching was inhibited by the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone hydrochloride, the BB(2) bombesin receptor antagonist RC-3095, the H(1) histamine receptor antagonists fexofenadine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate, and the PAR(2) proteinase-activated receptor antagonist FSLLRY-NH(2). Mast cell deficiency significantly, but not completely, reduced the GRP(18-27)-induced scratching. BB(2) bombesin receptors are present in mast cells in the skin, and intradermal injection of GRP(18-27), not only induced scratching, but also led to mast cell degranulation. GRP(18-27)-induced mast cell degranulation was inhibited by the BB(2) bombesin receptor antagonist RC-3095. These results suggest that peripherally released GRP can induce an itch response, at least partly, through activation of BB(2) receptors present in the mast cells, triggering their degradation and the release of histamine and the serine proteinase, tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Gotoh Y, Andoh T, Kuraishi Y. Noradrenergic regulation of itch transmission in the spinal cord mediated by α-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:825-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Klein A, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Facial injections of pruritogens or algogens elicit distinct behavior responses in rats and excite overlapping populations of primary sensory and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:1078-88. [PMID: 21653727 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00302.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether intradermal cheek injection of pruritogens or algogens differentially elicits hindlimb scratches or forelimb wipes in Sprague-Dawley rats, as recently reported in mice. We also investigated responses of primary sensory trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, as well as second-order neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), to pruritic and algesic stimuli. 5-HT was the most effective chemical to elicit dose-dependent bouts of hindlimb scratches directed to the cheek, with significantly less forelimb wiping, consistent with itch. Chloroquine also elicited significant scratching but not wiping. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; mustard oil) elicited dose-dependent wiping with no significant scratching. Capsaicin elicited equivalent numbers of scratch bouts and wipes, suggesting a mixed itch and pain sensation. By calcium imaging, ∼ 6% of cultured TG and DRG cells responded to 5-HT. The majority of 5-HT-sensitive cells also responded to chloroquine, AITC, and/or capsaicin, and one-third responded to histamine. Using a chemical search strategy, we identified single units in Vc that responded to intradermal cheek injection of 5-HT. Most were wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive specific (NS), and a few were mechanically insensitive. The large majority additionally responded to AITC and/or capsaicin and thus were not pruritogen selective. These results suggest that primary and second-order neurons responsive to pruritogens and algogens may utilize a population coding mechanism to distinguish between itch and pain, sensations that are behaviorally manifested by distinct hindlimb scratching and forelimb wiping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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9
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Clonidine inhibits itch-related response through stimulation of α2-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Zhang Q, Andoh T, Konno M, Lee JB, Hattori M, Kuraishi Y. Inhibitory effect of methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum on acute itch-associated responses in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:909-11. [PMID: 20460776 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the antipruritic effect of the methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (MEGL) was studied in mice. Oral administration of MEGL (10-1000 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of scratching, an itch-related response, induced by intradermal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (100 nmol/site), alpha-methyl-5-HT (100 nmol/site), and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2))-activating peptide SLIGRL-NH(2) (50 nmol/site). However, MEGL (100-1000 mg/kg) did not inhibit the scratching induced by histamine (100 nmol/site), substance P (100 nmol/site), and compound 48/80 (10 microg/site). These results raise the possibility that MEGL is effective against pruritus mediated by proteinases and 5-HT and that primary afferents expressing PAR(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptors are the sites of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
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11
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Andoh T, Zhang Q, Yamamoto T, Tayama M, Hattori M, Tanaka K, Kuraishi Y. Inhibitory effects of the methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum on mosquito allergy-induced itch-associated responses in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:292-7. [PMID: 20948166 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10180fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that a methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum inhibits scratching, an itch-related response, induced by intradermal injections of some pruritogens in mice. The present study investigated whether G. lucidum extract would inhibit allergic itch. In mice sensitized with an extract of salivary gland of mosquito (ESGM), an intradermal injection of ESGM elicited scratching, which was suppressed by oral administration of G. lucidum extract (100 and 300 mg/kg). The scratching was inhibited by the H₁ histamine-receptor antagonist azelastine, but not by the peripherally acting H₁-antagonist terfenadine, at the oral dose of 30 mg/kg. In sensitized mice, ESGM increased the activity of cutaneous nerve, which was suppressed by G. lucidum extract (300 mg/kg). Although terfenadine (30 mg/kg) inhibited plasma extravasation induced by ESGM in the sensitized mice, G. lucidum extract (300 mg/kg) was without effect. These results suggest that G. lucidum extract relieves allergic itch through a peripheral action. The results support the idea that mast cells and H₁ histamine receptors are not the primary sites of the antipruritic action of G. lucidum extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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12
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Tsukumo Y, Harada D, Manabe H. Pharmacological characterization of itch-associated response induced by repeated application of oxazolone in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:255-62. [PMID: 20595784 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10050fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated pharmacological characteristics of the itch-associated response to chronic dermatitis induced by 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (oxazolone) repeated application in mice. Application of an oxazolone challenge to mice with oxazolone-induced chronic dermatitis evoked severe and transient scratching behavior for up to 1h. Thereafter, mild and continuous scratching behavior was observed for at least 8 h. Both severe and continuous scratching behaviors were suppressed by the opioid-receptor antagonist naltrexone, but not by the H(1) histamine-receptor antagonist fexofenadine, 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 (5-HT(2))-receptor antagonist methysergide, NK(1)-receptor antagonist LY303870, cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, or the platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonist YM264. The severe scratching behavior was suppressed by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton and leukotriene B(4)-receptor antagonist ONO-4057, but not by the cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor antagonist montelukast. The continuous scratching behavior was suppressed by pretreatment with the non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor antagonist atropine and M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor antagonist darifenacin. These results suggest that leukotriene B(4) receptor and M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor are involved in the itch-associated response induced by repeated application of oxazolone in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Tsukumo
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Yamamoto A, Kuyama S, Kamei C, Sugimoto Y. Characterization of scratching behavior induced by intradermal administration of morphine and fentanyl in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 627:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kuraishi Y, Yageta Y, Konno M, Andoh T, Yamaguchi-Miyamoto T, Nojima H. Intracisternal, but not intrathecal, injection of naloxone inhibits cutaneous itch-related response in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 31:2143-5. [PMID: 18981588 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine whether cutaneous itch involves mu-opioid receptors in either of the spinal cord or lower brainstem or in both regions in mice. An intraplantar injection of serotonin hydrochloride (100 nmol/site) induced biting, an itch-related behavior. The behavior was inhibited by subcutaneous (0.3-1 mg/kg) and intracisternal (1--10 nmol/site), but not intrathecal (1--10 nmol/site), injections of naloxone hydrochloride. An intradermal injection of serotonin (100 nmol/site) to the rostral back induced scratching, an itch-related behavior, which was inhibited by subcutaneous (1 mg/kg) and intracisternal (10 nmol/site) injections of naloxone. These results suggest that mu-opioid receptor in the lower brainstem, but not spinal cord, is a site of central pruritogenic action of opioids and is involved in the facilitatory regulation of itch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
We examined whether different itch signals converge on the same dorsal horn neurons in mice. Intradermal injections of histamine and SLIGRL-NH2 (protease-activated receptor-2 agonist) induced scratching in naive mice and so did mosquito allergen in sensitized mice. These stimuli induced Fos expression in cells in the superficial dorsal horn. Fos-positive cells were mainly distributed within the isolectin B4-labeled region (inner aspect of lamina II) after histamine injection. In contrast, they were in the region dorsal to the isolectin B4-labeled region after injections of SLIGRL-NH2 and mosquito allergen. These results suggest that allergic itch signal is mediated by primary afferents expressing protease-activated receptor-2 and the neurons receiving signals of protease-associated itch and allergy-associated itch are different from those of histamine-induced itch.
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Nakano T, Andoh T, Tayama M, Kosaka M, Lee JB, Kuraishi Y. Effects of topical application of tacrolimus on acute itch-associated responses in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:752-4. [PMID: 18379077 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using mice, we examined whether the topical application of tacrolimus would produce an acute anti-pruritic effect. An itch-related response, scratching, was elicited by intradermal injections of mosquito allergen (10 microg/site) in sensitized mice and SLIGRL-NH2 (protease-activated receptor-2 agonist, 50 nmol/site), histamine (100 nmol/site), serotonin (100 nmol/site) and substance P (100 nmol/site) in naive ones. Topical application of 1%, but neither 0.1% nor 0.3%, tacrolimus to the skin 1 h before injection inhibited scratching induced by mosquito allergen and SLIGRL-NH2, without effects on scratching induced by histamine, serotonin, and substance P. Topical tacrolimus also inhibited licking induced by an intraplantar injection of capsaicin (0.1 microg/site). These results suggest that topical tacrolimus exerts acute inhibitory effects on allergic and protease-activated receptor-2-mediated itching. Though precise mechanisms remain unclear, the action on sensory neurons expressing protease-activated receptor-2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 capsaicin receptor may be involved in the inhibitory effects of tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakano
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Kuraishi Y, Ohtsuka E, Nakano T, Kawai S, Andoh T, Nojima H, Kamimura K. Possible involvement of 5-lipoxygenase metabolite in itch-associated response of mosquito allergy in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:41-7. [PMID: 17827870 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated endogenous mediators involved in mosquito allergy-associated itching in mice. An intradermal injection of an extract of mosquito salivary gland elicited marked scratching in sensitized mice. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton (100 mg/kg), the 5-lipoxygenase activating peptide inhibitor MK-886 (10 mg/kg), and the glucocorticoid betamethasone 17-valerate (3 mg/kg) inhibited the scratching. The scratching was not affected by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and ketoprofen, the TP prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ-29548, the leukotriene B(4) antagonist ONO-4057, the cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist pranlucast, the leukotriene D(4) antagonist MK-571, the platelet-activating factor antagonist CV-3988, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the H(2) histamine-receptor antagonist cimetidine, the H(1) histamine-receptor antagonist terfenadine plus cimetidine, and cypoheptadine that blocks the 5-HT(1/2) serotonin receptors. Zileuton (100 mg/kg) inhibited the increased activity of the cutaneous nerve branch induced by an intradermal injection of the extract, suggesting the peripheral action. Zileuton and MK-886 (10 and 100 microM) did not affect high K(+)-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. The results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase metabolite(s) other than leukotriene B(4) and cysteinyl leukotrienes are involved in mosquito allergy-associated itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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Shim WS, Tak MH, Lee MH, Kim M, Kim M, Koo JY, Lee CH, Kim M, Oh U. TRPV1 mediates histamine-induced itching via the activation of phospholipase A2 and 12-lipoxygenase. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2331-7. [PMID: 17329430 PMCID: PMC6673467 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4643-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine provokes itching and is a major skin disease complaint. Histamine is known to excite a subset of sensory neurons, predominantly C-fibers. Although histamine is pruritogenic, its signaling pathways that excite sensory neurons have not been identified. Because the metabolic products of lipoxygenases (LOs) activate transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) in sensory neurons, we hypothesized that histamine excites sensory neurons by activating TRPV1 via phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and LO stimulation. In cultured sensory neurons, histamine evoked inward currents that were reduced by capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker. Moreover, histamine provoked inward currents when histamine receptor subtype 1 (H1R) and TRPV1 were expressed heterologously, but not when H1R or TRPV1 was expressed alone. In addition, histamine caused Ca2+ influxes in sensory neurons in wild-type mice but not in TRPV1-/- mice. Furthermore, histamine caused a 2.5-fold increase in the production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a metabolite of LO, in cultured sensory neurons. When injected subcutaneously into the necks of mice, histamine caused bouts of scratching, which were greatly reduced by pretreatment with capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker, and by inhibitors of PLA2, LO, and H1R. Furthermore, mice lacking TRPV1 markedly reduced histamine-induced scratching compared with wild type. Together, these results indicate that TRPV1 plays a key role in mediating the pruritogenic action of histamine via the PLA2/LO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Shim
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Tak
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Lee
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Koo
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Misook Kim
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Uhtaek Oh
- Sensory Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Yamashita H, Makino T, Mizukami H, Nose M. Pharmacological characterization of a chronic pruritus model induced by multiple application of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene in NC mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:233-9. [PMID: 17336291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Female NC/Jic mice were sensitized and challenged repeatedly at 48 h intervals for 10 and 30 days by painting 1% 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on both ears. Mice challenged with TNCB for 30 days developed an inflammatory dermatitis with high immunoglobulin E (IgE) titer. Histological analysis with acidic Toluidine Blue staining revealed that dermal mast cells markedly differentiated and intensely degranulated, consistent with a dramatic increase in scratching behavior. A significant increase in total scratching events could be observed in mice treated with TNCB for a short period of 10 days. Extending the term of TNCB application to 30 days, the IgE titer and number of mast cells elevated significantly, and thus various drugs were evaluated pharmacologically by using the mice treated with TNCB for 30 days. Terfenadine and cyproheptadine attenuated the chronic scratching behavior. Tacrolimus and dexamethasone were less effective and cromolyn showed no effect. In addition, terfenadine and tacrolimus suppressed the degranulation of mast cells. The present chronic scratching model could be suitable to evaluate drugs effective for suppression of mast cell differentiation and degranulation by irritation, and may represent a promising tool to develop new drugs for inflammatory pruritus associated with, for example, atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Yamashita
- Graduate School of Phrmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Andoh T, Kuraishi Y. Suppression by bepotastine besilate of substance P-induced itch-associated responses through the inhibition of the leukotriene B4 action in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 547:59-64. [PMID: 16914135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-pruritic effects of the antihistamine bepotastine besilate were studied in mice. Bepotastine besilate (10 mg/kg) inhibited scratching induced by an intradermal injection of histamine (100 nmol/site), but not serotonin (100 nmol/site). Bepotastine besilate (1-10 mg/kg, oral) dose-dependently suppressed scratching induced by substance P (100 nmol/site) and leukotriene B(4) (0.03 nmol/site). An intradermal injection of substance P (100 nmol/site) increased the cutaneous concentration of leukotriene B(4), which was not affected by bepotastine besilate (10 mg/kg, oral). Leukotriene B(4) increased Ca(2+) concentration in cultured neutrophils, which was suppressed by bepotastine besilate (1-100 microM). Leukotriene B(4) increased Ca(2+) concentration in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, which was also suppressed by bepotastine besilate (100 microM). The results suggest that the inhibition of the actions of leukotriene B(4) as well as histamine is involved in the anti-pruritic effect of bepotastine besilate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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22
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Maekawa T, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y, Aisaka K. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor inverse agonist JTE-907 suppresses spontaneous itch-associated responses of NC mice, a model of atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 542:179-83. [PMID: 16824511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
JTE-907, N-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2-oxo-8-pentyloxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide, is a selective cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. The anti-pruritic activity of JTE-907 was studied in NC mice with chronic dermatitis, a model of atopic dermatitis. The oral dose of JTE-907 (1 and 10 mg/kg/day), an immunosuppressant agent tacrolimus (1 mg/kg/day) and a glucocorticoid betamethasone 17-valerate (1 mg/kg/day) for 20 days suppressed the spontaneous scratching and cutaneous nerve activity of NC mice. JTE-907 (10, but not 1, mg/kg) and tacrolimus, but not betamethasone, tended to alleviate the dermatitis. Betamethasone inhibited the body weight gain. These results suggest that JTE-907 suppresses spontaneous itch-associated responses of NC mice without adverse effects such as weight loss.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Betamethasone Valerate/administration & dosage
- Betamethasone Valerate/pharmacology
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/physiopathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Dioxoles/administration & dosage
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Pruritus/pathology
- Pruritus/physiopathology
- Pruritus/prevention & control
- Quinolones/administration & dosage
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Severity of Illness Index
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/innervation
- Skin/pathology
- Tacrolimus/administration & dosage
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maekawa
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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23
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Green AD, Young KK, Lehto SG, Smith SB, Mogil JS. Influence of genotype, dose and sex on pruritogen-induced scratching behavior in the mouse. Pain 2006; 124:50-8. [PMID: 16697529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Itch features considerable interindividual variability in humans, and initial studies using animal models have demonstrated a likely role of genetic factors in mediating such variability. In an attempt to systematically study genetic mediation of itch in the mouse such that gene identification by linkage mapping might be achieved, we examined scratching behavior induced by histamine and chloroquine in mice of 11 inbred mouse strains. Multiple chloroquine drug doses were used, revealing the existence of inverted-U dose-response relationships in every strain, allowing us to determine strain-dependent peak scratching behavior over the entire dose range. Peak chloroquine-induced scratching varied by 2.5-fold in this set of strains; scratching behavior shows moderate heritability in the mouse. The present data also reveal, for the first time, significant sex differences in pruritogen-induced scratching behavior, with female mice scratching an average of 23% more than males. Finally, a comparison of the strain means obtained here with previously collected data using nociceptive assays revealed a suggestive negative genetic correlation between chloroquine-induced itch and thermal pain, such that strains sensitive to pain are resistant to itch and vice versa. This finding may have implications both for our understanding of itch pathophysiology and for the identification of itch-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Green
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 1B1
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24
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Ui H, Andoh T, Lee JB, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y. Potent pruritogenic action of tryptase mediated by PAR-2 receptor and its involvement in anti-pruritic effect of nafamostat mesilate in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 530:172-8. [PMID: 16359660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pruritogenic potency of tryptase and its involvement in anti-pruritic effect of intravenous nafamostat mesilate (NFM) were studied in mice. An intradermal injection of tryptase (0.05-1 ng/site) elicited scratching in ICR mice, while chymase was without effects at doses of 0.05-50 ng/site. The dose-response curve of tryptase action was bell-shaped and the effect peaked at 0.1 ng/site (approximately 0.7 fmol/site). NFM (10 mg/kg) inhibited scratching induced by tryptase but not by histamine and serotonin. NFM (1-10 mg/kg) produced the dose-dependent inhibition of scratching induced by intradermal compound 48/80 (10 microg/site). The inhibition by NFM (10 mg/kg) was abolished in mast cell-deficient (WBB6F1 W/W(V)) mice, but not in wild-type (WBB6F1 +/+) mice. NFM (10 mg/kg) suppressed tryptase activity in the mouse skin. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) neutralizing antibody (0.1 and 1 microg/site) and the PAR-2 antagonist FSLLRY (10 and 100 microg/site) inhibited scratching induced by tryptase (0.1 ng/site) and compound 48/80 (10 microg/site). These results suggest that mast cell tryptase elicits itch through PAR-2 receptor and that NFM inhibits itch-associated responses mainly through the inhibition of mast cell tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Ui
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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25
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Oliveira FA, Lima-Junior RCP, Cordeiro WM, Vieira-Júnior GM, Chaves MH, Almeida FRC, Silva RM, Santos FA, Rao VSN. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, alpha,beta-amyrins, suppress the scratching behavior in a mouse model of pruritus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 78:719-25. [PMID: 15301927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search for natural compounds useful against pruritus, alpha,beta-amyrins, the pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from the resin of popular medicinal plant Protium heptaphyllum were examined on scratching behavior induced by dextran T40 and compound 48/80 in mice. The animals were pretreated orally with alpha,beta-amyrins (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) or cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg), an antagonist of histamine and serotonin receptors and 2 h later, they were given subcutaneous injections of dextran T40 (75 mg/kg) or compound 48/80 (3 mg/kg) into the rostral back, and scratching was quantified for 20 min. The scratching behavior induced by dextran T40 and compound 48/80 was significantly inhibited in mice pretreated with alpha,beta-amyrins (100 and 200 mg/kg) or cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg), In addition, the compound 48/80-elicited degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells (ex vivo) was also markedly reduced in animals pretreated with alpha,beta-amyrins (100 mg/kg) or ketotifen (1 mg/kg), a known mast cell stabilizer. In the open-field test, alpha,beta-amyrins (100 and 200 mg/kg)-pretreated mice showed no impairment of spontaneous locomotion, suggesting that these triterpenoids possess no sedative activity that could account for suppression of scratching behavior. These results clearly indicate the antipruritic effect of alpha,beta-amyrins and suggest that this effect may be related to a stabilizing action on mast cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Rua Cel Nunes de Melo-1127, Caixa Postal-3157, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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26
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Andoh T, Yageta Y, Takeshima H, Kuraishi Y. Intradermal nociceptin elicits itch-associated responses through leukotriene B(4) in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:196-201. [PMID: 15191560 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin, the endogenous peptide ligand for opioid receptor like-1 (ORL1) receptor, has been implicated in the inflammation and pain in the skin. We examined whether nociceptin is a pruritogen in mice. Intradermal injections of nociceptin (1-100 nmol per site) concentration dependently increased scratching in ICR mice; the effect started within 1 min, peaked at 10-20 min, and almost subsided by 30 min. The nociceptin action was absent in ORL1 receptor-deficient (ORL1(-/-)) mice. Systemic, but not local, treatment with naloxone significantly inhibited scratching induced by nociceptin. The action of nociceptin was inhibited by the leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist ONO-4057 and azelastine, which inhibits the action and production of leukotriene B(4) in the skin. Prepronociceptin and ORL1 receptor mRNAs were substantially expressed in the skin, whereas their expression levels were very low in the dorsal root ganglia. In the skin, nociceptin- and ORL1 receptor-like immunoreactivities were localized in the epidermis. Administration of nociceptin to primary cultures of keratinocytes from ICR and C57BL/6 (ORL1(+/+)) mice, but not ORL1(-/-) mice, produced leukotriene B(4). The results suggest that nociceptin acts on ORL1 receptor on the keratinocytes to produce leukotriene B(4), which induces itch-associated responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunoubu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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27
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Bell JK, McQueen DS, Rees JL. Involvement of histamine H4 and H1 receptors in scratching induced by histamine receptor agonists in Balb C mice. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:374-80. [PMID: 15066908 PMCID: PMC1574944 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of histamine H(1), H(2), H(3) and H(4) receptors in acute itch induced by histamine was investigated in female BalbC mice. Scratching was induced by intradermal injections of pruritogen into the back of the neck and "itch" assessed by quantifying the scratching evoked. Histamine (0.03-80 micromol), histamine-trifluoromethyl-toluidine (HTMT, H(1) agonist, 0.002-2 micromol), clobenpropit (H(4) agonist, H(3) antagonist, 0.002-0.6 micromol) and to a lesser extent imetit (H(3)/H(4) agonist, 0.03-3 micromol) all induced dose-dependent scratching. Dimaprit (H(2) agonist, 0.04-40 micromol) did not cause scratching. Mepyramine (H(1) antagonist, 20 mg kg(-1), i.p.) reduced scratching evoked by histamine and HTMT, but not that caused by H(3) or H(4) agonists. Thioperamide (H(3)/H(4) antagonist, 20 mg kg(-1), i.p.) reduced scratching induced by histamine, H(3) and H(4) agonists, but not that caused by HTMT. The non-sedating H(1) antagonist, terfenadine, also significantly reduced the scratching induced by the H(1) agonist, HTMT. Cimetidine (H(2) antagonist, 20 mg kg(-1), i.p.) did not affect histamine-induced scratching. These results indicate that activation of histamine H(4) receptors causes itch in mice, in addition to the previously recognised role for H(1) receptors in evoking itch. Histamine H(4) receptor antagonists therefore merit investigation as antipruritic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Bell
- Division of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ
| | - D S McQueen
- Division of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ
- Author for correspondence:
| | - J L Rees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 9YW
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28
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Abstract
We investigated a spinal site for opioid modulation of itch-related scratching behavior in rats. Intradermal 5-HT (2%, 10 microl) elicited intermittent bouts of hindlimb scratching directed toward the injection site (nape of neck) beginning within minutes and lasting >1 hr. 5-HT-evoked scratching was significantly reduced by systemic administration of the opiate antagonist naltrexone but was not affected by systemic morphine at a dosage (3 mg/kg) that induces analgesia. Intradermal 5-HT elicited a significant increase in c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in superficial laminas I-III at the lateral aspect of the cervical C3-C6 dorsal horn compared with controls receiving intradermal saline. Neither systemic morphine nor naltrexone significantly affected counts of 5-HT-evoked FLI. The lack of effect of morphine suggests that intradermal 5-HT activates dorsal horn neurons, signaling itch but not pain. Attenuation of 5-HT-evoked scratching but not spinal FLI by naltrexone suggests a supraspinal site for its antipruritic action. In contrast, morphine significantly attenuated FLI elicited by intradermal capsaicin, a chemical that induces pain but not scratching.
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29
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Abstract
A 35% EtOH extract of the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis, long utilized as a folk medicine for cough, significantly inhibited the pruritogenic agent compound 48/80 (COM)-induced scratching behavior in mice. Antipruritic activity-guided fractionation and purification yielded active quercetin, apigenin, and catechin derivatives, which exhibited significant inhibitory effects on COM-induced scratching behavior. To the best of our knowledge, apigenin (5), apigenin 7-glucronide (6), and apigenin 4'-methoxy-7-glucronide (acacetin 7-glucronide) (7) were isolated from the fruits of C. sinensis for the first time. The active fraction and these compounds also inhibited serotonin-, platelet activating factor-, and prostaglandin E(2)-induced scratching behavior, but did not inhibit histamine-induced scratching behavior or locomotive behavior. This study also showed that the fruits of C. sinensis could be used to treat allergic itching sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Oku
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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30
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Hossen MA, Sugimoto Y, Kayasuga R, Kamei C. Involvement of histamine H3 receptors in scratching behaviour in mast cell-deficient mice. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149:17-22. [PMID: 12890190 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the roles of histamine H3 receptors have been studied in several tissues such as the brain, lung, spleen, colon and peripheral sensory nerve endings, the involvement of H3 receptors in skin responses particularly in relation to scratching behaviour are not well documented. OBJECTIVES This work was performed to study the effects of histamine H3 antagonists on scratching behaviour in mast cell-deficient mice. METHODS Histamine H3 antagonists iodophenpropit and clobenpropit, histamine and substance P were injected intradermally into the rostral part of the back of mast cell-deficient (WBB6F1 W/Wv) and wild-type (WBB6F1+/+) mice and scratching behaviour was measured for 60 min. The effects of H1 antagonists on scratching behaviour induced by H3 antagonists were also investigated. RESULTS Intradermal injection of iodophenpropit and clobenpropit at doses of 10 and 100 nmol per site caused significant increases in scratching behaviour in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. Histamine also caused a dose-related increase in the incidence of scratching behaviour, and a significant effect was observed at a dose of 100 nmol per site in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. Substance P was also effective in causing scratching behaviour in both mast cell-deficient and wild-type mice. However, histamine H1 antagonists diphenhydramine and chlorphenamine failed to inhibit H3 antagonist-induced scratching behaviour in both types of mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that intradermal injection of H3 antagonists induces scratching behaviour and that chemical mediators other than histamine seem to be involved in the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hossen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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31
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Ohtsuka E, Kawai S, Nojima H, Andoh T, Kamimura K, Kuraishi Y. Inhibitory effect of azelastine on allergic itch-associated response in mice sensitized with mosquito salivary glands extract. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 91:263-6. [PMID: 12686751 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.91.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether azelastine would inhibit itch-associated responses of mice to mosquito allergy. Repeated injections of mosquito salivary gland extract increased scratching and sensory nerve activity. Azelastine inhibited the increased scratching and nerve activity, while terfenadine was without effects. Dexamethasone did not affect the increased scratching. Azelastine suppressed high K(+)-induced increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) in primary cultures of mouse sensory neurons. Direct inhibition by azelastine of sensory neurons may be at least involved in the anti-pruritic effect of azelastine. Histamine, substance P, and leukotriene B(4) may not play a key role in the itching of mosquito allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ohtsuka
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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32
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Maekawa T, Yamaguchi-Miyamoto T, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y. Effects of naltrexone on spontaneous itch-associated responses in NC mice with chronic dermatitis. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 90:193-6. [PMID: 12419891 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.90.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on spontaneous itch-associated behaviors and cutaneous nerve activities were examined to determine whether it inhibits pruritus through peripheral action in NC mice with chronic dermatitis. Their rostral-back scratching and caudal-back biting were 19 and 3.4 times more, respectively, than those of control mice. The activities of cutaneous nerves innervating the rostral and caudal back were 9.5 and 5.4 times more, respectively, in affected mice than in control mice. Subcutaneous injections of naltrexone significantly inhibited the scratching and biting, without effects on the nerve activities. The results suggest that the peripheral action does not play a central role in inhibiting chronic itch-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maekawa
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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33
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Miyamoto T, Nojima H, Shinkado T, Nakahashi T, Kuraishi Y. Itch-associated response induced by experimental dry skin in mice. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:285-92. [PMID: 11949883 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to establish a new mouse model of dry skin pruritus. The rostral back was treated daily with cutaneous application of acetone/ether (1:1) mixture (AE), water following AE (AEW), 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or tape stripping (TS). On the day after 5-day treatment, although all four treatments significantly decreased stratum corneum (SC) hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), only AEW treatment significantly increased spontaneous scratching. An increase in the frequency of TS produced the marked increase of TEWL, without significant effects on SC hydration and spontaneous scratching. In AEW-treated mice, changes in SC hydration and TEWL were marked in the initial 2-day period, while spontaneous scratching increased gradually from 3 days after starting the treatment. The degranulation of cutaneous mast cells was increased by SLS treatment but not by other treatments. There was no apparent difference in AEW-induced spontaneous scratching between mast cell-deficient mice (WBB6F1-W/Wv) and normal littermates (WBB6F1-+/+). Opioid antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) significantly suppressed spontaneous scratching in AEW-treated mice. It is suggested that spontaneous scratching of AEW-treated mice is an itch-related response and a useful model for studying the mechanisms of dry skin pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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34
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Andoh T, Kuraishi Y. Inhibitory effects of azelastine on substance P-induced itch-associated response in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 436:235-9. [PMID: 11858803 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The anti-pruritic mechanisms of azelastine were studied in mice. Scratching induced by intradermal histamine was inhibited by azelastine (30 mg/kg) and chlorpheniramine (30 mg/kg). Substance P-induced scratching was dose dependently suppressed by azelastine (3-30 mg/kg), but not by chlorpheniramine (10 and 30 mg/kg). Azelastine (30 mg/kg) inhibited the substance P-induced production of leukotriene B4, but not prostaglandin E2, in the skin. Azelastine (3-30 mg/kg) suppressed scratching induced by intradermal injection of leukotriene B4. The results suggest that inhibition of the production and action of leukotriene B4, as well as an anti-histamine action, is involved in the anti-pruritic action of azelastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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