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Upadhya MA, Upadhya HM, Borkar CD, Choudhary AG, Singh U, Chavan P, Sakharkar A, Singru P, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Nicotine-induced Brain Stimulation Reward is Modulated by Melanocortin-4 Receptors in Ovariectomized Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 431:205-221. [PMID: 32035118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apart from reproduction, estrogen influences a multitude of processes. Increase in estrogen levels in women is known to promote reward probably mediated via the melanocortin and dopamine systems. Reduced estrogen in post-menopausal women attenuates reward, evoking the need for stimulation with greater rewarding salience. This is reflected in the well-recognized phenomena of difficulty in quitting and increased craving for nicotine in women following the onset of menopause. The present study aims at understanding the role of melanocortin receptors (MC-R) in nicotine-induced reward behavior following ovariectomy in rats. The MC4-R mRNA level was increased in ipsilateral nucleus accumbens (Acb) of the intact rats implanted with electrode in medial forebrain bundle and trained in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm. Additional groups of ICSS trained rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and subjected to reward evaluation. Trained OVX rats revealed a significant increase in threshold frequency and rightward shift in rate frequency curve, suggesting reward deficit behavior. However, pre-administration with nicotine, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or NDP-MSH (MC4-R agonist) to OVX animals restored the rewarding activity in ICSS protocol; HS014 (MC4-R antagonist) suppressed the lever press activity. Prior treatment with sub-effective doses of α-MSH or NDP-MSH potentiated the reward effect of nicotine, but was attenuated by HS014. Alpha-MSH-immunoreactivity was decreased in the Acb shell, arcuate and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, and ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis in the OVX rats, while nicotine treatment restored the same. We suggest a role for the endogenous MC system, perhaps acting via MC4-R, in the nicotine-induced reward in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj A Upadhya
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Harshita M Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Chandrashekhar D Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Amit G Choudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India
| | - Uday Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha 752 050, India
| | - Priyanka Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Amul Sakharkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Praful Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha 752 050, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, India.
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Bupropion increases activation in nucleus accumbens during anticipation of monetary reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3655-3665. [PMID: 31342097 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bupropion is used for major depressive disorder, smoking cessation aid, and obesity. It blocks reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline and antagonizes nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Animal studies showed that bupropion enhanced rewarding effects. In addition, bupropion has the potential to treat patients with reward processing dysfunction. However, neural substrates underlying the bupropion effects on reward function in human subjects are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We investigated single-dose administration of bupropion on neural response of reward anticipation in healthy subjects using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), especially focusing on nucleus accumbens (NAc) activity to non-drug reward stimuli under bupropion treatment. METHODS We used a randomized placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design. Fifteen healthy adults participated in two series of an fMRI study, taking either placebo or bupropion. The participants performed the MID task during the fMRI scanning. The effects of bupropion on behavioral performance and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in NAc during anticipation of monetary gain were analyzed. RESULTS We found that bupropion significantly increased BOLD responses in NAc during monetary reward anticipation. The increased BOLD responses in NAc were observed with both low and high reward incentive cues. There was no significant difference between placebo and bupropion in behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide support for the notion that bupropion enhances non-drug rewarding effects, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying therapeutic effects for patients with motivational deficit.
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Freitas K, Carroll FI, Negus SS. Comparison of effects produced by nicotine and the α4β2-selective agonist 5-I-A-85380 on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:65-75. [PMID: 26461167 PMCID: PMC4821675 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is one type of preclinical procedure for research on pharmacological mechanisms that mediate abuse potential of drugs acting at various targets, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This study compared effects of the nonselective nAChR agonist nicotine (0.032-1.0 mg/kg) and the α4β2-selective nAChR agonist 5-I-A-85380 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) on ICSS in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were implanted with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus and trained to respond under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for a range of brain stimulation frequencies (158-56 Hz). A broad range of 5-I-A-85380 doses produced an abuse-related increase (or "facilitation") of low ICSS rates maintained by low brain-stimulation frequencies, and this effect was blocked by both the nonselective nAChR antagonist mecamylamine and the selective α4β2 antagonist dihyrdo-β-erythroidine (DHβE). Conversely, nicotine produced weaker ICSS facilitation across a narrower range of doses, and higher nicotine doses decreased high rates of ICSS maintained by high brain-stimulation frequencies. The rate-decreasing effects of a high nicotine dose were blocked by mecamylamine but not DHβE. Chronic nicotine treatment produced selective tolerance to rate-decreasing effects of nicotine but did not alter ICSS rate-increasing effects of nicotine. These results suggest that α4β2 receptors are sufficient to mediate abuse-related rate-increasing effects of nAChR agonists in this ICSS procedure. Conversely, nicotine effects at non-α4β2 nAChRs appear to oppose and limit abuse-related effects mediated by α4β2 receptors, although tolerance can develop to these non-α4β2 effects. Selective α4β2 agonists may have higher abuse potential than nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelen Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
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Filip M, Frankowska M, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Suder A, Szumiec Ł, Mierzejewski P, Bienkowski P, Przegaliński E, Cryan JF. GABAB receptors as a therapeutic strategy in substance use disorders: Focus on positive allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2015; 88:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Esumi S, Sagara H, Nakamoto A, Kawasaki Y, Gomita Y, Sendo T. Effect of GBR12909 on affective behavior: Distinguishing motivational behavior from antidepressant-like and addiction-like behavior using the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:313-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sellings L, Pereira S, Qian C, Dixon-McDougall T, Nowak C, Zhao B, Tyndale RF, van der Kooy D. Nicotine-motivated behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans requires the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits acr-5 and acr-15. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:743-56. [PMID: 23351035 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Signaling at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans controls many behaviors, including egg-laying and locomotor activity. Here, we show that C. elegans approaches a point source of nicotine in a time-, concentration- and age-dependent manner. Additionally, nicotine paired with butanone under starvation conditions prevented the reduced approach to butanone that is observed when butanone is paired with starvation alone and pairing with nicotine generates a preference for the tastes of either sodium or chloride over baseline. These results suggest nicotine acts as a rewarding substance in C. elegans. Furthermore, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, the smoking cessation pharmacotherapy varenicline, mutation of the dop-1 and dop-2 dopamine receptors, and mutations of either acr-5 or acr-15, two nicotinic receptor subunit genes with sequence homology to the mammalian α7 subunit, all reduced the nicotine approach behavior. These two mutants also were defective at associating the presence of nicotine with butanone under starvation conditions and acr-5 mutation could obviate the effect of pairing nicotine with salts. Furthermore, the approach deficit in acr-15 mutants was rescued by selective re-expression in a subset of neurons, but not in muscle. Caenorhabditis elegans may therefore serve as a useful model organism for nicotine-motivated behaviors that could aid in the identification of novel nicotine motivational molecular pathways and consequently the development of novel cessation aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Sellings
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Itasaka M, Hanasawa M, Hironaka N, Miyata H, Nakayama K. Facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation behavior in rats by environmental stimuli associated with nicotine. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tobey KM, Walentiny DM, Wiley JL, Carroll FI, Damaj MI, Azar MR, Koob GF, George O, Harris LS, Vann RE. Effects of the specific α4β2 nAChR antagonist, 2-fluoro-3-(4-nitrophenyl) deschloroepibatidine, on nicotine reward-related behaviors in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:159-68. [PMID: 22526534 PMCID: PMC3464481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alleviating addiction to tobacco products could prevent millions of deaths. Investigating novel compounds selectively targeting α4β2 nAChRs hypothesized to have a key role in the rewarding effects of nicotine may be a useful approach for future treatment. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to evaluate 2-fluoro-3-(4-nitrophenyl) deschloroepibatidine (4-nitro-PFEB), a potent competitive antagonist of neuronal α4β2 nAChRs, in several animal models related to nicotine reward: drug discrimination, intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), conditioned place preference, and limited access to self-administration. METHODS Long Evans rats were trained in a two-lever discrimination procedure to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg nicotine (s.c.) from saline. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were stereotaxically implanted with electrodes and trained to respond for direct electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. ICR mice were evaluated using an unbiased place preference paradigm, and finally, male Wistar rats were implanted with intrajugular catheters and tested for nicotine self-administration under limited access (1 h/day). RESULTS 4-Nitro-PFEB attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine, but alone did not produce nicotine-like discriminative stimulus effects. Nicotine-induced facilitation of ICSS reward thresholds was reversed by 4-nitro-PFEB, which alone had no effect on thresholds. 4-Nitro-PFEB also blocked the conditioned place preference produced by nicotine, but alone had no effect on conditioned place preference. Finally, 4-nitro-PFEB dose-dependently decreased nicotine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that neuronal α4β2 nAChRs play a key role in mediating the rewarding effects of nicotine and further suggest that targeting α4β2 nAChRs may yield a potential candidate for the treatment of nicotine dependence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Discrimination, Psychological/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Structure
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotinic Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Nicotinic Antagonists/chemistry
- Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Reward
- Self Administration
- Self Stimulation/drug effects
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Tobey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St., PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - D. M. Walentiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St., PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - J. L. Wiley
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - F. I. Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M. I. Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St., PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - M. R. Azar
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G. F. Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O. George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L. S. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St., PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - R. E. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St., PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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Sagara H, Araki H, Gomita Y. A New Method for Evaluation of Motivational Effects of Drugs. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 120:1-5. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11r09cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Repeated administration of the GABAB receptor positive modulator BHF177 decreased nicotine self-administration, and acute administration decreased cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 215:117-28. [PMID: 21181127 PMCID: PMC3072487 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and is implicated in the modulation of central reward processes. Acute or chronic administration of GABA(B) receptor agonists or positive modulators decreased self-administration of various drugs of abuse. Furthermore, GABA(B) receptor agonists inhibited cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine- and cocaine-seeking behavior. Because of their fewer adverse side effects compared with GABA(B) receptor agonists, GABA(B) receptor positive modulators are potentially improved therapeutic compounds for the treatment of drug dependence compared with agonists. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We examined whether the acute effects of the GABA(B) receptor positive modulator N-[(1R,2R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-2-methyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-pyrimidinamine (BHF177) on nicotine self-administration and food-maintained responding under a fixed-ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement were maintained after repeated administration. The effects of acute BHF177 administration on cue-induced nicotine- and food-seeking behavior, a putative animal model of relapse, were also examined. RESULTS Repeated administration of BHF177 for 14 days decreased nicotine self-administration, with small tolerance observed during the last 7 days of treatment, whereas BHF177 minimally affected food-maintained responding. Acute BHF177 administration dose-dependently blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-, but not food-, seeking behavior after a 10-day extinction period. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that BHF177 selectively blocked nicotine self-administration and prevented cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking, with minimal effects on responding for food and no effect on cue-induced reinstatement of food seeking. Thus, GABA(B) receptor positive modulators could be useful therapeutics for the treatment of different aspects of nicotine dependence by facilitating smoking cessation by decreasing nicotine intake and preventing relapse to smoking in humans.
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